Mount Kenya - Knowledge

1974:

steep ice couloir fed by the fusion of the upper Diamond Glacier, was first climbed by National Park staff Phil Snyder and Thumbi Mathenge in October 1973. A direct finish was pioneered in 1975 by Yvon Chouinard and Michael Covington The couloir was once climbable in summer or winter but now is virtually unclimbable in summer conditions and is seldom deemed in climbable condition even in winter. Last climbing reports describe the route very difficult, especially in the lower section. The route has changed into a modern ice climb with a very difficult 60m first pitch, starting with 8m of overhanging M7 dry tooling, followed by 50m of USA Grade V ice and by 6 pitches of moderate climbing on good ice and finally one pitch of water ice USA Grade IV+ ice at the headwall before getting to the Upper Diamond Glacier.

917: 576:, lived on Mount Kenya when he came down from the sky. They believe that the mountain is Ngai's throne on earth. It is the place where Gĩkũyũ, the father of the tribe, used to meet with God. Thus according to the Kikuyu records, Gĩkũyũ is the first person on Earth to ascend the mountain. 'Mwene Nyaga' in the Kikuyu language can also translate as the "Owner of the Ostriches" or "Owner of the white patches (of snow)" where 'Mwene' translates to 'owner', and 'Nyaga' to Ostriches or white patches. The snow (in Kikuyu: Ira) caps of the mountain symbolically represent a crown on God's habitation. Kikuyu used to build their houses with doors facing the mountain. The Kikuyu name for Mount Kenya is 2081: 2109: 953: 989: 1990: 2067: 941: 2043: 965: 553: 2093: 463: 223: 5329: 1763: 2121: 724: 859: 216: 1212: 521: 1119: 2055: 1235: 929: 977: 664: 1013: 1530: 1935: 1330: 708: 1029: 1455: 5341: 1057: 1001: 1130:, the largest river in Kenya, and the Ewaso Nyiro North. The Mount Kenya ecosystem provides water directly for over 2 million people. The rivers on Mount Kenya have been named after the villages on the slopes of the mountain that they flow close to. The Thuchi River is the district boundary between Tharaka Nithi and Embu. Mount Kenya is a major water tower for the Tana river which in 1988 supplied 80% of 1346: 31: 5105: 1913: 5353: 1041:

crampons, but this is true only in some cases and at higher elevations. Every year there is less new snow accumulating in winter than melting in summer, even on the Lewis Glacier (the largest of them) in winter, so there is no formation of new ice. It is predicted to be less than 30 years before there will no longer be ice on Mount Kenya.

1297: 1231:. This zone is almost continuous but is restricted to small isolated bunches in the north because of low rainfall. The bamboo is natural, and does not require forest disturbance. Tracks are common through the bamboo. Bamboo suppresses other vegetation, so it is uncommon to find trees or other plants here. 2032:

The Peak Circuit Path is a path around the main peaks, with a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) and height gain and loss of over 2,000 m (6,600 ft). It can be walked in one day, but more commonly takes two or three. It can also be used to join different ascent and descent routes. The

1537:

A typical day is clear and cool in the morning with low humidity. The mountain is in direct sunlight which causes the temperatures to rise quickly with the warmest temperatures occurring between 09:00 and 12:00. This corresponds to a maximum in the pressure, usually around 10:00. Low on the mountain,

1179:

which itself is a tributary of the Tana, which joins at the Masinga Reservoir. The rivers in the northern part of the mountain, such as the Burguret, Naru Moru, Nanyuki, Likii, and Sirimon flow into the Ewaso Nyiro. The rivers to the southwest, such as the Keringa and Nairobi flow into the Sagana and

779:

there was some satellite activity. The northeastern side of the mountain has many old volcanic plugs and craters. The largest of these, Ithanguni, even had its own ice cap when the main peaks were covered in ice. This can be seen by the smoothed summit of the peak. Circular hills with steep sides are

1730:

Mackinder pushed on up the mountain and established a camp at 3,142 m (10,310 ft) in the Höhnel Valley. He made his first attempt on the summit on 30 August with Ollier and Brocherel up the southeast face, but they had to retreat when they were within 100 m (330 ft) of the summit

1621:

Krapf also noted that the rivers flowing from Mount Kenya, and other mountains in the area, were continuously flowing. This was very different from the other rivers in the area, which swelled up in the wet season and completely dried up after the rainy season had ended. As the streams flowed even in

1546:

winds caused by warm rising air gradually bring these clouds to the summit region in the afternoon. Around 15:00 there is a minimum in sunlight and a maximum in humidity causing the actual and perceived temperature to drop. At 16:00 there is a minimum of pressure. This daily cover of clouds protects

1494:

The current climate on Mount Kenya is wet, but drier than it has been in the past. The temperatures span a wide range, which diminishes with altitude. In the lower alpine zone temperature usually do not go below 12 °C (54 °F). Snow and rain are common from March to December, but especially

1478:

which mirror the wet and dry seasons in the Kenyan lowlands. As Mount Kenya ranges in height from 1,374 to 5,199 m (4,508 to 17,057 ft), the climate varies considerably over the mountain and has different zones of influence. The lower, southeastern slopes are the wettest as the predominant

1969:

Mount Kenya's climbing seasons are a result of its location only 20 km (12 mi) from the equator. During the northern summer, the rock routes on the north side of the peak are in good summer condition, while at the same time, the ice routes on the south side of the peak are in prime shape.

1823:

made the first traverse of the peaks. They ascended by the West Ridge of Batian, traversed the Gate of Mists to Nelion, and descended the Normal Route. During this trip, Shipton and Tilman made the first ascents of several other peaks, including Point Peter, Point Dutton, Midget Peak, Point Pigott,

1637:

passed close by the west side of the mountain and confirmed Krapf's claim. He diverted his expedition and reached 1,737 m (5,700 ft) up the slopes of the mountain but had to retreat because of trouble with local people. The first European exploration high onto the mountain was achieved in

1629:

In 1851 Krapf returned to Kitui. He travelled 65 kilometres (40 mi) closer to the mountain, but did not see it again. In 1877 Hildebrandt was in the Kitui area and heard stories about the mountain, but also did not see it. Since there were no confirmations to back up Krapf's claim people began

1040:

on Mount Kenya are retreating rapidly. The Mountain Club of Kenya in Nairobi has photographs showing the mountain at the time of the first recorded ascent in 1899, and again more recently; the retreat of the glaciers is very evident. Descriptions of ascents of several of the peaks advise the use of

511:

Kenya's government has announced a project to discourage animals from straying into small holdings surrounding the Park and devastating crops, which will see the Park enclosed by an electric fence with five electrified strands. Kenya's Rhino Ark Trust, a non-profit organization, has been putting up

1882:

Many new routes were climbed on Batian and Nelion in the next three decades, and in October 1959 the Mountain Club of Kenya produced their first guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. On Kenyan independence in 1963, Kisoi Munyao raised the Kenyan flag at the top of the mountain. He died in 2007 and

2013:

town up to the peaks circuit path. It heads through the forest to the south-east of the mountain to the moorland, with views over areas such as Ithanguni and the Giant's Billiards Table before following the Gorges Valley past the Temple and up to Simba Col below Point Lenana. The Mountain Club of

2001:

up to the main peaks. Starting clockwise from the north these are the: Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon, and Timau Routes. Of these Chogoria, Naro Moru, and Sirimon are used most frequently and therefore have staffed gates. The other routes require special permission from the

1973:

Mount Kenya is home to several good ice routes, the two most famous being the Diamond Couloir and the Ice Window route. Snow and ice levels on the mountain have been retreating at an accelerated rate in recent years, making these climbs increasingly difficult and dangerous. The Diamond Couloir, a

1965:

grade IV+ (or 5.6+ YDS). The first recorded ascent of Batian was on 13 September 1899 by Sir Halford John Mackinder, Cesar Ollier, and Josef Brocherel. The Normal Route is the most climbed route up Nelion, and thence across to Batian. It was first climbed by Eric Shipton and Percy Wyn-Harris on 6

1356:

The majority of animals live lower down on the slopes of Mount Kenya. Here there is more vegetation and the climate is less extreme. Various species of monkeys, several antelopes, tree hyrax, porcupines, and some larger animals such as elephants and buffalo all live in the forest. Predators found

1223:

Mount Kenya is surrounded by forests. The vegetation in the forests depend on rainfall, and the species present differ greatly between the northern and southern slopes. As time has passed the trees on the edge of the forest have been logged and the farmland has encroached further up the fertile

771:

The lower slopes of the mountain have never been glaciated. They are now mainly cultivated and forested. They are distinguished by steep-sided V-shaped valleys with many tributaries. Higher up the mountain, in the area that is now moorland, the valleys become U-shaped and shallower with flatter

2028:

The Sirimon route approaches Mount Kenya from the northwest. The path splits on the moorlands, with the more frequently used fork following the Mackinder Valley and the quieter route traversing into the Liki North Valley. The paths rejoin at Shipton's Cave just below Shipton's Camp on the Peak

897:

Other peaks around the central plug include Pt Piggot (4,957 m or 16,263 ft), Pt Dutton (4,885 m or 16,027 ft), Pt John (4,883 m or 16,020 ft), Pt John Minor (4,875 m or 15,994 ft), Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft), Pt Peter (4,757 m or

1812:. They climbed the Normal Route, then descended to the Gate of Mists before ascending Batian. On 8 January they reascended, this time with G. A. Sommerfelt, and in December Shipton made another ascent with R. E. G. Russell. They also made the first ascent of Point John. During this year the 1547:

the glaciers on the southwest of the mountain which would otherwise get direct sun every day, enhancing their melt. The upwelling cloud eventually reaches the dry easterly air streams and dissipates, leading to a clear sky by 17:00. There is another maximum temperature associated with this.

1836:

ascended to map the mountain, and stocked several of the streams with trout. By 1938 there had been several more ascents of Nelion. In February, Miss C Carroll and Mtu Muthara became the first woman and African respectively to ascend Nelion, in an expedition with Noel Symington, author of

1569: 759:

below the glaciers. The lowest moraine is found at around 3,300 m (10,800 ft). Today the glaciers reach no lower than 4,650 m (15,260 ft). After studying the moraines, Gregory put forward the theory that at one time the whole summit of the mountain was covered with an

1611: 905:

Significant craggy outlying peaks include Terere (4,714 m or 15,466 ft) and Sendeyo (4,704 m or 15,433 ft) which form a pair of twin peaks to the north of the main plug. Together, they form a large parasitic plug. Other notable peaks include The Hat (4,639 m or

1958:. The highest peak that can be ascended without climbing is Point Lenana, 4,985 m (16,355 ft). The majority of the 15,000 visitors to the national park each year climb this peak. In contrast, approximately 200 people summit Nelion and 50 summit Batian, the two highest peaks. 1916: 1894:

On 19 July 2003, a South African registered aircraft, carrying 12 passengers and two crew, crashed into Mount Kenya at Point Lenana; nobody survived. This was not the first aircraft lost on the mountain; there is also the wreckage of at least one helicopter that crashed before 1972.

1109:

present around 4,000 m (13,123 ft) where the ground has cracked to form hexagons. Solifluction occurs when the night temperatures freeze the soil before it thaws again in the morning. This daily expansion and contraction of the soil prevent the establishment of vegetation.

1550:

Being an equatorial mountain the daylight hours are constant with twelve-hour days. Sunrise is about 06:30 with the sun setting at 18:30 (both EAT = UTC+3). Over the year there is a one-minute difference between the shortest and longest days. At night, the sky is usually clear with

1915: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1194:

Mount Kenya has several altitudinal ecological zones, from the savanna surrounding the mountain to the nival zone by the glaciers. Each zone has a dominant species of vegetation. Many of the species found higher up the mountain are endemic, either to Mount Kenya or East Africa.

2202:. Wangari Maathai tells the following story about the naming: Krapf and Johannes Rebmann asked their guide, a member of the Kamba community, who was carrying a gourd, what they called the mountain, and the guide, believing that the Germans were referring to the gourd, replied 1920: 1734:

On 5 September, Hausberg, Ollier, and Brocherel made a circuit of the main peaks looking for an easier route to the summit. They could not find one. On 11 September Ollier and Brocherel made an ascent of the Darwin Glacier, but were forced to retreat due to a

1219:

The climate of Mount Kenya changes considerably with altitude, forming belts of community types. Around the base of the mountain is fertile farmland. The people living around the mountain have cultivated this cool, relatively moist area for centuries.

512:

fences in key areas around the country. As of 2021, 250 kilometres (160 miles) out of a planned 450 kilometres (280 miles) have been constructed in the Mt. Kenya area. The fence discharges an electric shock, but is not dangerous to humans or animals.

1918: 889:

The highest peaks are Batian (5,199 m or 17,057 ft), Nelion (5,188 m or 17,021 ft) and Pt Lenana (4,985 m or 16,355 ft). Batian and Nelion are within 250 m (270 yd) of each other, separated by the

1742:

When Saunders returned from Naivasha with the relief party, Mackinder had another attempt at the summit with Ollier and Brocherel. They traversed the Lewis Glacier and climbed the southeast face of Nelion. They spent the night near the

2479:– Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source – Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines" 587:

which literally means 'the one with the ostrich'. The ostrich has black or brownish–grey feathers with patches of white. The Kikuyu attributed an ostrich's likeness to an object that was dark-coloured with white patches. The name

4930:

A full survey of the long glacial and periglacial reconstructive history of Mt. Kenya, its geological and environmental settings, sequences of paleosols (ancient soils) and their significance in understanding the multiplicity of

2080: 1198:

There are also differences within the zones, depending on the side of the mountain and the aspect of the slope. The southeast is much wetter than the north, so species more dependent on moisture can grow. Some species, such as

849:

expedition reached the Lewis Glacier at 5,000 m (16,400 ft). He confirmed that the volcano was extinct and that there were glaciers present. The first thorough survey by Europeans was not undertaken until 1966.

1606:

that rolled down the mountains with a loud noise. This led him to infer that glaciers existed on the mountain. It was Krapf who gave the mountain the name "Kenya", but the derivation of this is not known with certainty.

2243:

The peaks of Mount Kenya have been given names from three different sources. Firstly, several Maasai chieftains have been commemorated, with names such as Batian, Nelion, and Lenana. They commemorate Mbatian, a Maasai

683:

are semi-nomadic people, who use the land to the north of the mountain to graze their cattle. They believe that their ancestors came down from the mountain at the beginning of time. The Maasai name for Mount Kenya is

1966:

January 1929. It is possible to traverse between the two peaks, via the Gates of Mist, but this often involves spending a night in the Howell hut on top of Nelion. There is a bolted abseil descent route off Nelion.

1796:

New approach routes were cleared through the forest, which made access to the area of the peak far easier. In 1920, Arthur and Sir Fowell Buxton tried to cut a route in from the south, and other routes came in from

1281:, which are 80 km (50 mi) away. Many of the species here are endemic, with adaptations to the cold and fluctuating temperatures. Typical plants here include giant groundsels (senecios) and giant lobelias. 1254:

Above the bamboo is the timberline forest. The trees here are often smaller than the trees in the forests lower down the mountain. The forest here is more intact because it is less accessible and better protected.

480:

Mount Kenya National Park, established in 1949, protects the region surrounding the mountain. Currently, the national park is within the forest reserve which encircles it. In April 1978 the area was designated a

3129: 499:

had four reasons for creating a national park on and around Mount Kenya. These were the importance of tourism for the local and national economies, preserving an area of great scenic beauty, conserving the

4245:

It was the missionary Rebmann of Mombasa who, in 1848, first reported the existence of Kilimanjaro. In the following year his colleague, Krapf, saw Kenya from Kitui, a spot 90 miles southeast of the peak.

364:. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (5,199 metres (17,057 feet)), Nelion (5,188 m (17,021 ft)) and Point Lenana (4,985 m (16,355 ft)). Mount Kenya is located in the former 2108: 1970:

The situation is reversed during the southern summer. The two seasons are separated by several months of the rainy season before and after, during which climbing conditions are generally unfavorable.

298:

13 September 1899 by Mackinder, Ollier, and Brocherel, although the peoples of Kenya believed God (Ngai in Gikuyu) resided on this mountain and regularly ascended the peaks to perform spiritual rites.

1317:

Plants in the Afro-alpine zone have overcome these difficulties in several ways. One adaptation is known as the giant rosette, which is exhibited by giant senecio, giant lobelia, and giant thistle (

603:. This is the name that Ludwig Krapf was given when he sighted the mountain from Kitui (in Kamba country). He recorded it as Kenya. It became the name of not only the mountain but also the country. 747:. The original crater was probably over 6,000 m (19,700 ft) high; and potentially up to 7,000 m (23,000 ft) high, making the prehistoric Mount Kenya higher than present-day 2092: 544:. The first three are closely related. They all see the mountain as an important aspect of their cultures. All these cultures arrived in the Mount Kenya area in the last several hundred years. 1917: 647:

occupy the east, north, and north-western slopes of the mountain. They are generally agricultural and also keep livestock and occupy what is among the most fertile land in Kenya. The Meru god

1667:

George Kolb, a German physician, made expeditions in 1894 and 1896 and was the first to reach the moorlands on the east side of the mountain. More exploration occurred after 1899 when the

988: 2025:

town to the west of the mountain and climbs towards Mackinder's Camp before joining the Peak Circuit Path. The terrain is usually good, although one section is called the Vertical Bog.

1499:, which controls the wet and dry seasons, means that for most of the year there are south-easterly winds, but during January and February the dominant wind direction is north-easterly. 940: 580:(Mt.Kirinyaga), which literally translates to the mountain that has the "Nyaga" – Ostriches. The mountain, therefore, is locally accepted as 'God's Resting Place' or 'Where God Lives'. 692:

God bless our children, let them be like the olive tree of Morintat, let them grow and expand, let them be like Ngong Hills like Mt. Kenya, like Mt. Kilimanjaro and multiply in number.

2036:

Development is currently underway for a new route up the mountain starting from the Ragati conservancy and running up the ridge between the Naro Moru route and the old Kamweti trail.

1751:

at the head of the Darwin Glacier at dawn before cutting steps up the Diamond Glacier. They reached the summit of Batian at noon on 13 September 1899 and descended by the same route.

1310:

The flora found on Mount Kenya varies with altitude, aspect, and exposure. As the altitude increases, the plants have to be more specialised, with adaptations to strong sunlight with

916: 4087:

Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze; Margot Senser; Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants".

1326:

Many plant species in the Afro-alpine zone of Mount Kenya are giant versions of lowland (or temperate) relatives. However, nearer the nival zone the plants decrease in size again.

556:

Several ethnic groups that live around Mount Kenya believe the mountain to be sacred. They used to build their houses facing the mountain, with the doors on the side nearest to it.

1506:, brings approximately half of the annual rainfall on the mountain. This is followed by the wetter of the two dry seasons which lasts until September. October to December are the 1703:; and Josef Brocherel, guide, and porter. The expedition made it as far as the mountain but encountered many difficulties on the way. The country they passed through was full of 1510:

when the mountain receives approximately a third of its rainfall total. Finally from December to mid-March is the drier dry season when the mountain experiences the least rain.

2021:

The Naro Moru route is taken by many of the trekkers who try to reach Point Lenana. It can be ascended in only 3 days and has bunkhouses at each camp. The route starts at

1502:

Mount Kenya, like most locations in the tropics, has two wet seasons and two dry seasons as a result of the monsoon. From mid-March to June the heavy rain season, known as the

1180:

then into the Tana. The remaining rivers to the south and east, such as the Kathitâ (Largest River in Meru), Mutonga, Nithi, Thuchi, and Nyamindi, flow directly into the Tana.

1813: 1801:

in the north, but the most commonly used was the route from the Chogoria mission in the east, built by Ernest Carr. Carr is also credited with building Urumandi and Top Huts.

1105:

is present at 3,400 m (11,155 ft) to the west of Mugi Hill. These mounds grow because the repeated freezing and thawing of the ground draws in more water. There are

4370: 1981:

and vary in difficulty from a scramble to climbing at UIAA grade VI. They are useful for acclimatisation before climbing the higher peaks and as ascents in their own right.

623:).The Embu name for Mount Kenya is Kirenyaa. The mountain is sacred, and they build their houses with the doors facing toward it. The Embu people are closely related to the 2798: 2173:

believed by some to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others however say that this was on the contrary a very precise notation of the correct African pronunciation

1595:, a town 150 km (90 mi) away from the mountain. The sighting was made on 3 December 1849, a year after the first sighting of Mount Kilimanjaro by a European. 1462:

is at its southern extreme over the Indian Ocean. In July it is at its northern extreme over Tibet and Arabia. As it passes over the equator, Mount Kenya experiences a

2066: 2251:

The second type of name that was given to peaks is after European climbers and explorers. Some examples of this are Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton, and Arthur.

1642:. He managed to reach 4,350 m (14,270 ft) on the southwestern slopes. On this expedition Teleki mistakenly believed he had found the crater of a volcano. 1872: 1622:

the driest seasons he concluded that there must be a source of water up on the mountain, in the form of glaciers. He believed the mountain to be the source of the

952: 1518:

During the dry season, the mountain almost always follows the same daily weather pattern. Large daily temperature fluctuations occur which led Hedberg to exclaim

3592:(Map) (1st ed.). 1:125000. Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya. Edward Stanford Ltd. 1966. Archived from 3587: 1434:

of Mount Kenya has played a critical role in the development of the mountain, influencing the topography and ecology amongst other factors. It has a typical

688:, which means 'mountain of stripes', referring to the dark shades as observed from the surrounding plains. At least one Maasai prayer refers to Mount Kenya: 2042: 1656:, a British geologist. They managed to ascend the mountain to around 4,730 m (15,520 ft) and spent several hours on the Lewis Glacier with their 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 1323:), which use bud leaves to protect their buds from freezing. Giant rosette senecios form single-aged stands that drive community structure over decades. 4470: 1858:

camp at the base of the mountain in Nanyuki. They escaped from camp to climb the mountain's third peak, Point Lenana, before "escaping" back into camp.

5385: 3519:; Malmström, Maria; Matthews, John A; Odada, Eric; Risberg, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild; Sandgren, Per; Shemesh, Aldo; Westerberg, Lars-Ove (August 1999). 2206:, which became the name of the mountain and then the country. In any case, the name was for a long time pronounced by colonial-heritage Europeans as 1875:

split from the Mountain Club of East Africa, and the area above 3,400 m (11,150 ft) was designated a National Park. A road was built from

4454: 1724: 833:

exposed. However, as he had only seen the mountain from a distance his description was not widely believed in Europe, particularly after 1887 when

1754:

During the expedition, Mackinder ordered for 8 of the 90 African porters, who he had bought from a slave owner to carry his supplies, to be shot.

866:

The peaks of Mount Kenya are almost all of volcanic origin. The majority of the peaks are located near the centre of the mountain which have an

5695: 5136: 1176: 1153:

is still preserved, there have been millions of years for streams to erode the hillside. This area is therefore characterised by frequent deep

1274: 1266:, at around 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Heathland is found in the wetter areas, on the west side of Mount Kenya, and is dominated by giant 3549:

Ojany, Francis F. (1993). "Mount Kenya and its environs: A review of the interaction between mountain and people in an equatorial setting".

2942:"Population movement, settlement and the construction of society to the east of Lake Victoria in precolonial times: the western Kenyan case" 96: 5842: 1719:

on 18 August, they could not find any food, suffered two of their party killed by the local people, and eventually had to send Saunders to

2254:

The remaining names are after well-known Kenyan personalities, except John and Peter, which were named by the missionary Arthur after two

5812: 5394: 2120: 1273:

As the altitude increases the temperature fluctuations become extreme and the air becomes thinner and drier. This region is known as the

3971:

Camberlin, P; Okoola, R. E. (2003). "The onset and cessation of the 'long rains' in eastern Africa and their interannual variability".

3130:"Edifice growth and collapse of the Pliocene Mt. Kenya: Evidence of large scale debris avalanches on a high altitude glaciated volcano" 2258:. There is a group of four peaks to the east of the main peaks named after European settlers; Coryndon, Grigg, Delamere, and McMillan. 1770:

After the first ascent of Mount Kenya, there were fewer expeditions there for a while. The majority of the exploration until after the

1372:, can live here by burrowing into the giant senecios and using their thick stem of dead leaves as insulation. The Mount Kenya mole-rat 964: 898:

15,607 ft), Pt Slade (4,750 m or 15,584 ft) and Midget Peak (4,700 m or 15,420 ft). All of these have a steep

2086:

Austrian Hut is found near the Lewis Glacier on the slopes of Point Lenana. The hut sleeps 30 people, with Top Hut nearby for porters.

4620: 3036:

Butt, B. (March 2010). "Seasonal space-time dynamics of cattle behavior and mobility among Maasai pastoralists in semi-arid Kenya".

2054: 1832:

In the early 1930s, there were several visits to the moorlands around Mount Kenya, with fewer as far as the peaks. Raymond Hook and

1538:

between 2,400 and 3,900 m (7,874 and 12,795 ft), clouds begin to form over the western forest zone, due to moist air from

4459: 2897:

Ambler, Charles H. (March 1989). "The Renovation of Custom in Colonial Kenya: the 1932 Generation Succession Ceremonies in Embu".

2706: 928: 423:, which are shrinking rapidly, and may disappear by 2050. The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya. 5685: 4651: 4572: 3613:(Map) (1 ed.). 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage. 1991. 3338: 5852: 5378: 4978: 2749: 1898:

In March 2012 a massive fire raged on Mount Kenya, devouring thousands of hectares of ancient forests and endangered wildlife.

976: 5847: 5777: 5054: 4923: 4904: 4873: 4849: 4824: 4708: 4437: 4412: 4143: 3878: 3720: 3672: 3496: 3474: 3420: 3287: 3254: 2649: 2408: 2373: 1683:

set out from the site of Nairobi on an expedition to Mount Kenya. The members of the expedition consisted of 6 Europeans, 66

1648:

In 1893, an expedition managed to ascend Mount Kenya as far as the glaciers. This expedition was traveling from the coast to

1385:

have been found high in the alpine zone, and other sightings are remembered in names such as Simba Tarn (simba means lion in

4049:

Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya".

1998: 1483:

comes from the Indian ocean. This rainfall supports dense montane forests on these slopes. High on the mountain most of the

1106: 5822: 882:, and small alpine plants growing in rock crevices. Further away from the central peaks, the volcanic plugs are covered in 1012: 5817: 5575: 1602:

that lived around the mountain that they did not ascend high enough on the mountain because of the intense cold and the

5129: 1711:. Many Kikuyu porters tried to desert with women from the villages, and others stole from the villages, which made the 78: 2248:(Medicine Man), Nelieng, his brother, and Lenana and Sendeyo, his sons. Terere is named after another Maasai headman. 1691:

guides, and 96 Kikuyu. The Europeans were Campbell B. Hausberg, second in command and photographer; Douglas Saunders,

592:

therefore figuratively means 'the one with white patches', referring to the glaciers among the peaks of the mountain.

5837: 5832: 5807: 5802: 5782: 5371: 3618: 2775: 2439: 2308: 3083: 215: 5304: 4159: 3521:"Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa" 357: 3303:

Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance".

1850:

there was another drop in the ascents of the mountain. The most remarkable ascent during this period was by three

1045:

retreat and disappearance can be caused by changes in temperature trends, or by a change in precipitation trends.

1839: 485: 2474: 2363: 5079: 4760: 1459: 1189: 3462: 2563: 430:

from the base to the peak. The lower slopes are covered by different types of forest. Many alpine species are

5797: 5122: 5089: 4958: 1907: 615:

live to the south-east of Mount Kenya, and believe that the mountain is God's home (the Embu word for God is

1416:, the latter of which specializes in hunting hyraxes. Birds are important in this ecosystem as pollinators. 5094: 2501:(1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". 2141: 1793:, G. Dennis and A. R. Barlow. There were other ascents, but none succeeded in summitting Batian or Nelion. 89: 1081: sq mi) in the 1980s, far less than that recorded by the first observations, made in the 1890s. 5792: 2434:(Map) (9 ed.). 1:900,000. Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. Rough Guide. 2006. 1533:

In the dry season, mornings are typically clear and cool, but the mountain is hidden in cloud by mid-day.

1495:

in the two wet seasons. The wet seasons combined account for 5/6 or 83% of the annual precipitation. The

1484: 1137:

The density of streams is very high, especially on the lower slopes which have never been glaciated. The

275: 61: 4464: 4283: 3593: 1639: 1617:

was the first European to set foot on Mount Kenya. His expedition reached 4,350 m (14,270 ft).

1614: 834: 5787: 5319: 4360: 2455: 2267: 2114:

Shipton's Camp is at the top of the Sirimon Route. It has a large communal area and running cold water.

1680: 1645:

In 1892, Teleki and von Höhnel returned to the eastern side but were unable to get through the forest.

4550: 3520: 2600: 5074: 5047: 4783: 3926:"Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization" 3242: 2127: 1744: 1634: 1572: 871: 815: 475: 447: 3742: 3204:(1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa. Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". 719:(shown above). The lower slopes are still this shape, which is how the previous height is estimated. 5827: 5480: 5402: 4814: 4219: 2477:Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) 2368:(Map) (4th ed.). 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset. EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. EWP. 2007. 1989: 1864: 1790: 1215:

There are distinct vegetation zones around Mount Kenya which vary according to altitude and aspect.

369: 365: 5595: 3924:

Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann; Josiah M. Kariuki; John Aseyo; Jörg Klausen (November 2008).

3808:

Young, Truman P.; Peacock, Mary M. (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya".

2732: 2235:. The European pronunciation has been abandoned in modern times, in favor of the African version. 2146:

The origin of the name Kenya is not clear but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu, and Kamba words

811:. Kenyte was first reported by Gregory in 1900 following his study of the geology of Mount Kenya. 446:. An area of 715 km (276 sq mi) around the centre of the mountain was designated a 4788: 2255: 1443: 1000: 5084: 4837: 4318: 3925: 3457: 2272: 2003: 1425: 568:, and make use of the highly fertile volcanic soil on the lower slopes. They believe that God, 262: 53: 3128:

Schoorl, J. M.; Veldkamp, A.; Claessens, L.; van Gorp, W.; Wijbrans, J. R. (1 December 2014).

2641: 2634: 1891:

Team was formed, and by the end of the 1970s, all major routes on the peaks had been climbed.

1378:

occurs at high altitudes, living in visible mounds. Leopards are resident in the alpine zone.

1160:

valleys. The gradual transition from glaciated to the fluvial valley can be clearly observed.

552: 5610: 4796: 946:

Mount Kenya, left to right: Point Lenana (4985m), Nelion summit (5188), Batian summit (5199m)

1352:

swarm around the forest in long columns. They are easiest to see when they cross the tracks.

1270:. Chaparral is found in drier areas and grasses are more common. and bushfires still occur. 5772: 5751: 5721: 5530: 5520: 5145: 5040: 4365: 4023: 3980: 3937: 3045: 1302: 389: 82: 74: 4624: 4279: 1977:

The satellite peaks around the mountain also provide good climbs. These can be climbed in

1555:

blowing down the valleys. Above the lower alpine zone there is usually frost every night.

870:

appearance due to their craggy nature. Typically of Alpine terrain, the highest peaks and

838: 8: 5710: 4677: 4257: 4192: 3275: 3201: 2498: 2245: 1782: 1661: 1653: 1584: 1576: 1413: 846: 826: 785: 489: 451: 4027: 3984: 3941: 3794: 3049: 5590: 4894: 4733: 4523:

Rescue teams resume efforts to recover bodies of those killed in charter aircraft crash

4342: 4236: 4132: 4112: 4066: 4035: 3996: 3953: 3910: 3825: 3730: 3566: 3320: 3221: 3103: 3018: 3010: 2967: 2922: 2710: 2686: 2518: 1779: 1766:

Shipton and Russell made the first ascent of Point John up the south-east gully in 1929

1704: 1523: 1369: 1168: 1127: 994:

Mugi hill and the Giant's Billiards Table offers some of the best hillwalking in Kenya.

899: 886:

and soils. The vegetation growing on these peaks is typical for their vegetation band.

796: 69: 4655: 4287: 3217: 2514: 1762: 1381:

Other mammal species are only occasional visitors. Remains of elephants, monkeys, and

1071:

The total area covered by glaciers on the mountain was recorded as about 0.7 km (

667:

Mount Kenya lies in the Kenyan highlands, 150 km (90 mi) north-northeast of

5650: 5620: 5540: 4919: 4900: 4869: 4845: 4820: 4756: 4704: 4576: 4433: 4408: 4210: 4139: 4104: 4000: 3957: 3874: 3716: 3668: 3614: 3492: 3470: 3416: 3342: 3283: 3250: 3225: 3149: 3107: 3061: 3022: 3002: 2971: 2959: 2926: 2914: 2645: 2522: 2435: 2404: 2369: 1961:

When ascended directly, Batian is usually climbed via the North Face Standard Route,

1368:

can live here, and are important to the ecosystem. Some smaller mammals, such as the

496: 462: 411:. Before glaciation, it was 7,000 m (23,000 ft) high. It was covered by an 408: 361: 4982: 4116: 3145: 2753: 1277:

zone. The environment here is isolated, with the only similar area nearby being the

1203:, are limited to certain aspects of the mountain because of the amount of moisture. 1052:

Northey, Krapf, Gregory, Lewis, Diamond, Darwin, Forel, Heim, Tyndall, Cesar, Josef.

723: 5746: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5510: 5430: 5357: 5333: 4334: 4228: 4096: 4086: 4058: 4031: 3988: 3945: 3923: 3906: 3817: 3790: 3558: 3312: 3213: 3141: 3095: 3057: 3053: 2994: 2949: 2906: 2816: 2510: 2209: 2176: 2014:

Kenya claims that Ithanguni and the Giant's Billiards Table offer some of the best

1946:

Most of the peaks on Mount Kenya have been summited. The majority of these involve

1847: 1805: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1102: 744: 381: 3897:

Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora".

1149:

valleys which tend to only have one large stream. Where the original shape of the

1118: 419:

slopes and numerous valleys radiating from the peak. There are currently 11 small

5700: 5670: 5630: 5625: 5605: 5425: 5179: 4777: 3466: 2941: 2295: 1888: 1855: 1771: 1234: 1228: 1200: 1172: 858: 842: 565: 247: 162: 5525: 5505: 4998: 1360:

There are fewer mammals found at high altitudes on Mount Kenya. The Mount Kenya

1211: 1126:

Mount Kenya is the main water catchment area for two large rivers in Kenya; the

520: 5675: 5570: 5560: 5460: 5440: 5285: 3516: 2872: 1859: 1833: 1700: 1684: 1668: 1552: 1480: 1336:

can cope with a more extreme climate and are found up to the highest elevation.

1150: 1146: 1042: 862:

The main peaks and glaciers of Mount Kenya are near the centre of the mountain.

505: 337: 177: 5485: 4860: 3992: 2998: 2910: 2102:

in the Liki North Valley. It offers little more than shelter from the weather.

1134:'s electricity using a series of seven hydroelectric power stations and dams. 5766: 5665: 5600: 5565: 5465: 4890: 3153: 3099: 3065: 3006: 2963: 2918: 2396: 1947: 1939: 1688: 1539: 1405: 1365: 1267: 1157: 1060: 830: 781: 740: 728: 712: 680: 561: 541: 529: 345: 329: 310: 267: 192: 147: 111: 98: 780:

also frequent in this area, which are probably the remains of small plugged

735:. (Left to right: Point Thompson (4955m), Batian (5199m) and Nelion (5188m)) 663: 5615: 5545: 5470: 5445: 5420: 5363: 5345: 5227: 4108: 3949: 3846:

Young, Truman P.; Evans, M.E. (1993). "Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya".

2954: 2733:"World Heritage Nomination – IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)" 2629: 2162: 1843:, and on 5 March Miss Una Cameron became the first woman to ascend Batian. 1809: 1712: 1649: 1529: 1522:

There is variation in minimum and maximum temperatures day to day, but the

1242:

forest is commonly in cloud. The trees are relatively small and covered in

1064: 883: 644: 632: 624: 533: 501: 385: 303: 293: 4499: 3781:

Smith, Alan P.; Young, Truman P. (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology".

2312: 814:

The geology of the Mount Kenya area was first described scientifically by

5736: 5585: 5555: 5550: 5450: 5410: 5266: 5198: 2015: 1934: 1884: 1820: 1599: 1409: 1397: 1349: 1311: 1094: 748: 612: 537: 377: 373: 322: 4163: 1329: 1296: 776: 524:

Mount Kenya is important to all the ethnic communities living around it.

5726: 5500: 5490: 5455: 5435: 5415: 5114: 4346: 4240: 4100: 4070: 3873:(3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. 3829: 3570: 3324: 2072:

Looking towards the peaks up the Mackinder Valley on the Sirimon Route.

1951: 1623: 1588: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1285: 1098: 874:

occur at the intersection of ridges. The central peaks only have a few

752: 716: 443: 281: 4833:

Best, Nicholas (2014). Point Lenana. Thistle Publishing/Kindle Single.

4737: 3014: 488:. The national park and the forest reserve, combined, became a UNESCO 5731: 5475: 4942: 2985:

Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1973). "Early History of the Meru of Mt Kenya".

2379: 2022: 1876: 1789:, and several Scottish missionaries ascended to the peaks, including 1748: 1716: 1696: 1278: 1263: 1259: 1239: 1164: 800: 732: 707: 5017: 4338: 4322: 4232: 4214: 4062: 3821: 3637:

Hedberg, Olov (1951). "Vegetation belts of East African mountains".

3562: 3316: 1454: 1028: 922:

Batian on the left, Nelion on the right, and Slade in the foreground

5217: 4160:"Sunset & sunrise calculator (altitude not taken into account)" 4014:

Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya".

2010: 1978: 1786: 1736: 1720: 1692: 1543: 1488: 1401: 1142: 841:

ascended the mountain and described what they considered to be the

819: 808: 431: 4962: 3864: 2799:"In Kenya, electric fences protect forests from human destruction" 2601:"Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya" 400:. Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya. 5640: 5580: 5515: 5495: 3871:

Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference

3084:"Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience" 1798: 1775: 1568: 1496: 1435: 1431: 1393: 1319: 1288:. It is the area that plants have not yet been able to colonise. 1154: 1138: 1122:

Runoff from Mount Kenya provides water for over 2 million people.

1090: 1056: 1037: 907: 822: 761: 756: 668: 564:

live on the southern and western sides of the mountain. They are

439: 435: 420: 416: 412: 404: 397: 396:, around 150 km (90 mi) north-northeast of the capital 393: 4455:"Extreme Classics: The 100 Greatest Adventure Books of All Time" 3127: 1610: 5741: 5635: 4608:

The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro

3866: 3413:

The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro

1955: 1708: 1243: 958:

Krapf Rognon (4,800 m or 15,748 ft) and Krapf glacier

879: 804: 792: 788:, most of the activity must have occurred at the central plug. 765: 751:. Since it became extinct there have been two major periods of 628: 482: 467: 407:

created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the

43: 5104: 5032: 3759:

Hedberg, Olov (1964). "Features of Afroalpine Plant Ecology".

3514: 2218: 1345: 1306:, have to be specially adapted to the extremes in temperature. 1284:

The region where the glaciers have recently retreated from is

1258:

When the trees can no longer grow the vegetation changes into

30: 4371:

School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford

4323:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa" 4215:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa" 4197:

Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa

2099: 1851: 1657: 1592: 1392:

Several bird species live in the Afro-alpine zone, including

1361: 1333: 1131: 672: 427: 353: 235: 4539:. No. 49451. London. 23 January 1943. col C, p. 3. 4405:

Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide

3187:. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources. 1883:

was given a heroic funeral attended by the Kenyan president

1314:, lower mean temperatures, and freezing night temperatures. 4430:

No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb

3713:

Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya

2227: 2194: 2185: 2048:

The Gorges Valley is a major feature on the Chogoria Route.

1962: 1715:

very hostile towards the expedition. When they reached the

1603: 1247: 875: 867: 3532: 2817:"Mt Kenya to get electric fence to stop wildlife straying" 2612: 1993:

Map showing the walking routes and huts around Mount Kenya

1804:

On 6 January 1929, the first ascent of Nelion was made by

1357:

here include hyenas and leopards, and occasionally lions.

454:

in 1997. The park receives over 16,000 visitors per year.

392:

counties, about 16.5 kilometres (10.3 miles) south of the

4724:

B. J. Ratcliffe (January 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya".

2224: 2191: 2158:

which mean "God's resting place" in all three languages.

3469:, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, 3437: 2946:

Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review

635:

are the settlers of the southeast side of the mountain.

372:

provinces of Kenya; its peak is now the intersection of

5160: 4836: 3917: 3459:

Recession of Equatorial Glaciers. A Photo Documentation

3510: 3508: 2856: 697:

Collected by Francis Sakuda of Oloshoibor Peace Museum

5317: 3544: 3542: 2221: 2215: 2188: 2182: 1487:

falls as snow. Combined, these water sources feed 11

528:

The main ethnic groups living around Mount Kenya are

4138:. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. 3841: 3839: 3667:. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. 1778:

in Kenya, who were not on scientific expeditions. A

1671:

was completed as far as the future site of Nairobi.

1583:

The first European to report seeing Mount Kenya was

934:

Lenana, the third highest peak, is the most ascended

4703:. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. 3869:. In Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M (eds.). 3848:

Journal of the East African Natural History Society

3505: 2212: 2179: 2060:

Vertical bog on Mount Kenya on the Naro Moru Route.

1950:as the easiest route, although some only require a 1887:. In the early 1970s the Mount Kenya National Park 1575:reached the foothills of Mount Kenya and confirmed 1175:rivers. A lot of Mount Kenyan rivers flow into the 906:15,220 ft), Delamere Peak, Macmillan Peak and 169: 4776: 4511:Charter aircraft crashes into Kenya's Mount Kenya. 4131: 3865:Musser, Guy G. & Carleton, Michael D. (2005). 3539: 2685: 2633: 1048:The glacier names are (clockwise from the north): 415:for thousands of years. This has resulted in very 3836: 3776: 3774: 1938:There are many peaks on Mount Kenya that require 5764: 4918:. Ellison Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A: Wm Caxton Ltd. 4469:Additional pages archived on 22 July 2004: 4278: 1862:, the team leader, retold his story in the book 1300:Many plants that live on Mount Kenya, like this 982:Terere and Sendeyo are two craggy outlying peaks 784:. However, as the remaining mountain is roughly 651:was from the skies. Their name for Mt. Kenya is 4775: 4750: 4723: 4498:Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 11 April 2007: 4007: 3970: 3710: 3632: 3630: 3249:(3 ed.). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. 2391: 2389: 1032:The Lewis Glacier is the largest on Mount Kenya 4981:. Kenya Wildlife Service. 2011. Archived from 3930:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 3892: 3890: 3771: 3605: 3603: 3196: 3194: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 1660:. On his return to Britain, Gregory published 1101:a few centimetres (inches) below the surface. 655:, which means 'mountain with white features'. 5379: 5130: 5048: 4913: 4680:(13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". 4260:(13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". 3964: 2776:"Biosphere Reserve Information – Mount Kenya" 2688:The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya 2493: 2491: 2472: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 1664:and a narrative account of his achievements. 818:in 1883. He saw the mountain from the nearby 5393: 4889: 4610:(Nairobi; Mountain Club of Kenya, 1998) p107 4525:, Airline Industry Information, 23 July 2003 4513:, Airline Industry Information, 21 July 2003 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 3807: 3627: 3582: 3580: 2561: 2386: 2301: 1438:mountain climate which Hedberg described as 1141:which used to cover the mountain during the 1093:the freezing nightly temperatures result in 457: 154: 4812: 4082: 4080: 3887: 3706: 3704: 3600: 3206:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 3191: 2742: 2581: 2503:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 2033:route does not require technical climbing. 1018:Looking down the Diamond Glacier to Pt John 791:The rocks that form Mount Kenya are mainly 772:bottoms. These were created by glaciation. 5386: 5372: 5137: 5123: 5055: 5041: 4943:"Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest" 4858: 4361:"Oxford Geography's Uncomfortable History" 4129: 4123: 3845: 3780: 3754: 3752: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3237: 3235: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2707:"Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest" 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2488: 2417: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2161:In the 19th Century, the German explorer, 1879:to the moorlands, allowing easier access. 184: 139: 5752:Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha 4961:. Mount Kenya Trust. 2006. Archived from 4769: 4670: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4317: 4296: 4209: 3899:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3688: 3686: 3684: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3577: 3486: 3435: 3077: 3075: 2953: 2701: 2699: 2622: 1674: 1563: 1163:Rivers that start on Mount Kenya are the 5144: 4755:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6. 4535:"Aircraft flown off Mount Kenya". News. 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4077: 4013: 3783:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3711:Niemelä, Tuomo; Pellikka, Petri (2004). 3701: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2395: 2298:Peaklist.org. Retrieved 6 February 2012. 1988: 1933: 1911: 1761: 1609: 1567: 1528: 1520:winter every night and summer every day. 1453: 1440:winter every night and summer every day. 1344: 1328: 1295: 1233: 1210: 1117: 1084: 1055: 1027: 857: 722: 706: 662: 551: 519: 461: 4698: 4692: 4427: 3896: 3801: 3758: 3749: 3636: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3274: 3263: 3241: 3232: 3200: 3167: 2984: 2658: 2628: 2599:Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (August 1999). 2598: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2497: 2284: 2126:Camping is allowed anywhere within the 755:, which are shown by two main rings of 5765: 4639: 4551:"Fire devours Kenya's ancient forests" 4452: 4421: 4385: 4289:Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie 4272: 4134:The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa 3692: 3681: 3662: 3649: 3589:Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area 3451: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3331: 3081: 3072: 2896: 2709:. United Nations. 2008. Archived from 2696: 2551:. Nairobi: Geological Survey of Kenya. 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 1827: 1470:The year is divided into two distinct 894:gap of 5,144 m (16,877 ft). 252:Mount Kenya by Wielochowski and Savage 5732:French Southern & Antarctic Lands 5367: 5118: 5036: 4676: 4565: 4402: 4256: 4191: 4178: 4048: 4042: 3548: 3410: 3302: 3296: 3182: 2940:Ndeda, Mildred A. J. (1 March 2019). 2939: 2835: 2796: 2546: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 1819:At the end of July 1930, Shipton and 1526:of the mean hourly pattern is small. 727:The central peaks of Mount Kenya are 4945:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2011 4797:participating institution membership 4726:Journal of the Royal African Society 3480: 3282:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 3035: 2768: 2725: 2529: 1446:'s atmospheric monitoring stations. 970:Midget peak can be climbed in a day. 504:within the park, and preserving the 5843:Protected areas established in 1949 4862:When We Began, There Were Witchmen 4652:"Mount Kenya Online Trekking Guide" 4573:"Mount Kenya Online Climbing Guide" 4199:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 3795:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033 3515:Karlén, Wibjörn; Fastook, James L; 3429: 3415:. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. 3357: 2683: 2466: 222: 13: 5813:Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley 4868:. University of California Press. 4806: 4036:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1966.tb02813.x 3911:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x 2327: 1929: 1652:in the Rift Valley and was led by 1442:Mount Kenya is home to one of the 1183: 595:Translated to the Kamba language, 434:to Mount Kenya, such as the giant 14: 5864: 4935: 4621:"Diamond Couloir Still Climbable" 3551:Mountain Research and Development 3487:Benn, Doug; David, Evans (1997). 3438:"Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage" 3305:Mountain Research and Development 3218:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.12 2797:Waita, Edwin (25 February 2021). 2515:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36 2238: 1984: 1901: 1854:who were being held in a British 768:the peaks to how they are today. 583:The Kikuyu name for Mt. Kenya is 5696:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5466:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5351: 5339: 5327: 5289:(4,760 m or 15,617 ft) 5270:(4,852 m or 15,919 ft) 5251:(5,199 m or 17,057 ft) 5231:(4,634 m or 15,203 ft) 5221:(5,205 m or 17,077 ft) 5202:(5,959 m or 19,551 ft) 5183:(6,893 m or 22,615 ft) 5164:(8,611 m or 28,251 ft) 5103: 4864:An Oral History from Mount Kenya 3715:. Vol. 40. pp. 14–20. 2562:TravelMedals (26 January 2020). 2208: 2175: 2119: 2107: 2091: 2079: 2065: 2053: 2041: 1925:Video from a hike on Mount Kenya 1727:, the Government Officer there. 1513: 1167:of two large Kenyan rivers: the 1011: 999: 987: 975: 963: 951: 939: 927: 915: 515: 221: 214: 29: 5308:(2,209 m or 7,247 ft) 5062: 4744: 4717: 4682:Church Missionary Intelligencer 4613: 4600: 4591: 4543: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4446: 4353: 4262:Church Missionary Intelligencer 4250: 4203: 4152: 3858: 3185:Geology of the Mount Kenya Area 3146:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.10.010 3121: 3088:Research in African Literatures 3029: 2978: 2933: 2890: 2865: 2857:Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), 2809: 2790: 2564:"Mount Kenya Summit Challenge!" 2555: 2549:Geology of the Mount Kenya area 2456:"Where is Mount Kenya Located?" 1840:The Night Climbers of Cambridge 1089:Although Mount Kenya is on the 715:and probably looked similar to 3663:Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). 3611:Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide 3058:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.025 2987:The Journal of African History 2899:The Journal of African History 2873:"Mount Kenya | volcano, Kenya" 2859:Mount Kenya Official Guidebook 2448: 2403:. London: Secker and Warburg. 2009:The Chogoria route leads from 1824:and either Terere or Sendeyo. 1460:Intertropical Convergence Zone 1227:Above the forest is a belt of 1190:Natural history of Mount Kenya 1006:Nelion from Batian in Dec 1974 1: 5853:World Heritage Sites in Kenya 5018:"Mount Kenya Climbing Routes" 4460:National Geographic Adventure 4280:von Höhnel, Lieutenant Ludwig 3761:Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 2823:. Bbc.co.uk. 7 September 2012 2278: 1908:Mountaineering on Mount Kenya 358:second-highest peak in Africa 58:3,825 m (12,549 ft) 48:5,199 m (17,057 ft) 5848:1949 establishments in Kenya 5778:East African montane forests 5737:Heard & McDonald Islands 4453:Brandt, Anthony (May 2004). 3531:(5): 409–418. Archived from 3341:. Ewpnet.com. Archived from 3339:"Mount Kenya Climbing guide" 3038:Journal of Arid Environments 2636:Kirinyaga: a fable of Utopia 2611:(5): 430–435. Archived from 2311:. Ewpnet.com. Archived from 2165:, recorded the name as both 2142:List of names on Mount Kenya 2135: 1814:Mountain Club of East Africa 1757: 1731:of Nelion due to nightfall. 466:Mount Kenya, as seen from a 7: 5823:Highest points of countries 4130:Hastenrath, Stefan (1984). 3134:Global and Planetary Change 2750:"Mount Kenya National Park" 2684:Coe, Malcolm James (1967). 2261: 1023: 352:) is an extinct volcano in 10: 5869: 5818:Five-thousanders of Africa 2296:"Africa Ultra-Prominences" 2268:List of volcanoes in Kenya 2139: 2098:Liki North Hut is a small 1905: 1681:Sir Halford John Mackinder 1558: 1449: 1423: 1419: 1187: 702: 508:for the surrounding area. 473: 452:UNESCO World Heritage Site 442:and a local subspecies of 5709: 5684: 5401: 5296: 5277: 5258: 5239: 5209: 5190: 5171: 5152: 5101: 5070: 4979:"Mt. Kenya National Park" 4844:. W W Norton and Co Inc. 4784:Oxford English Dictionary 4699:Foottit, Claire (2006) . 4428:Benuzzi, Felice (2005) . 3993:10.1007/s00704-002-0721-5 2999:10.1017/S0021853700012147 2911:10.1017/s0021853700030929 2365:Mount Kenya Map and Guide 1113: 825:and wrote that it was an 658: 547: 476:Mount Kenya National Park 458:Mount Kenya National Park 302: 292: 287: 274: 261: 256: 246: 208: 203: 132: 127: 88: 68: 52: 42: 37: 28: 23: 16:Highest mountain in Kenya 5838:Protected areas of Kenya 5833:Pliocene stratovolcanoes 5808:Volcanic plugs of Africa 5803:Stratovolcanoes of Kenya 5783:Eastern Province (Kenya) 5451:Central African Republic 5395:Highest points of Africa 4816:No Picnic on Mount Kenya 4751:Wangari Maathai (2006). 4327:The Geographical Journal 4220:The Geographical Journal 3697:. London: Jonathan Cape. 3465:14 February 2012 at the 3100:10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97 2861:, Kenya Wildlife Service 2692:. The Hague: Dr W. Junk. 2309:"Mount Kenya Map Sample" 1865:No Picnic on Mount Kenya 1340: 1291: 1224:slopes of the mountain. 1206: 853: 638: 4838:de Watteville, Vivienne 4789:Oxford University Press 4500:An hero is laid to rest 4403:Burns, Cameron (1998). 4319:Mackinder, Halford John 3693:Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). 3489:Glaciers and Glaciation 3082:Somjee, Sultan (2000). 2877:Encyclopedia Britannica 2616:(subscription required) 1444:Global Atmosphere Watch 764:, and it was this that 743:that was active in the 631:people. The Mbeere and 606: 185: 170: 140: 4914:Mahaney, W.C. (1990). 4597:Alpine Journal Vol. 42 3950:10.1175/2008JAMC1834.1 3867:"Superfamily Muroidea" 2955:10.4000/eastafrica.473 2640:. Ballantine. p. 2273:Volcanic Seven Summits 2004:Kenya Wildlife Service 1994: 1943: 1926: 1873:Mountain Club of Kenya 1767: 1675:Mackinder's expedition 1618: 1598:Krapf was told by the 1585:Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf 1580: 1564:European documentation 1534: 1467: 1426:Climate of Mount Kenya 1353: 1337: 1307: 1251: 1216: 1123: 1068: 1067:lobes below Mugi Hill. 1033: 863: 736: 720: 700: 676: 557: 525: 471: 155: 5611:São Tomé and Príncipe 5471:Republic of the Congo 4407:. Leicester: Cordee. 3973:Theor. Appl. Climatol 3280:The Great Rift Valley 3183:Baker, B. H. (1967). 2547:Baker, B. H. (1967). 2432:Rough Guide Map Kenya 1992: 1937: 1924: 1765: 1613: 1571: 1532: 1457: 1348: 1332: 1299: 1237: 1229:African alpine bamboo 1214: 1201:African alpine bamboo 1121: 1085:Periglacial landforms 1059: 1031: 861: 775:When Mount Kenya was 726: 710: 690: 666: 555: 523: 465: 5798:Seven Second Summits 5146:Seven Second Summits 4999:"Mount Kenya, Kenya" 4813:Benuzzi, F. (1953). 4678:Krapf, Johann Ludwig 4467:on 2 September 2004. 4366:University of Oxford 4284:Teleki, Count Samuel 4258:Krapf, Johann Ludwig 4193:Krapf, Johann Ludwig 4051:Geographical Journal 3535:on 31 December 2005. 3411:Allan, Iain (1981). 3276:Gregory, John Walter 2618:on 31 December 2005. 2382:on 27 February 2009. 1999:eight walking routes 1791:Rev Dr. J. W. Arthur 1303:Senecio keniodendron 1097:landforms. There is 671:, just northeast of 112:0.15083°S 37.30750°E 75:Seven Second Summits 5688:limited recognition 4959:"Mount Kenya Trust" 4859:Fadiman J. (1993). 4787:(Online ed.). 4658:on 17 December 2007 4579:on 14 February 2008 4432:. The Lyons Press. 4292:. London: Longmans. 4166:on 20 February 2008 4028:1966Wthr...21...48T 3985:2003ThApC..75...43C 3942:2008JApMC..47.2946H 3345:on 14 February 2008 3050:2010JArEn..74..403B 2803:Reuters New Service 2713:on 30 December 2006 2473:Philippe Nonnotte. 1828:1931 to present day 1640:Count Sámuel Teleki 1615:Count Sámuel Teleki 731:that have resisted 497:Government of Kenya 490:World Heritage Site 108: / 5793:Mountains of Kenya 4985:on 25 January 2010 4916:Ice on the Equator 4896:Facing Mount Kenya 4842:Speak to the Earth 4627:on 19 January 2011 4211:Mackinder, Halford 4101:10.1007/BF00397450 3810:Journal of Ecology 3639:Svensk Bot. Tidskr 3247:Through Masai Land 2756:on 25 January 2010 2401:Facing Mount Kenya 1995: 1944: 1927: 1780:Church of Scotland 1768: 1747:and traversed the 1654:Dr. John W Gregory 1630:to be suspicious. 1619: 1581: 1535: 1524:standard deviation 1468: 1370:groove-toothed rat 1354: 1338: 1308: 1252: 1217: 1124: 1069: 1034: 864: 737: 721: 711:Mount Kenya was a 677: 558: 526: 472: 426:There are several 117:-0.15083; 37.30750 79:Country high point 38:Highest point 5788:Extinct volcanoes 5760: 5759: 5715:other territories 5486:Equatorial Guinea 5315: 5314: 5232: 5112: 5111: 4925:978-0-940473-19-5 4906:978-0-394-70210-0 4899:. Vintage Press. 4875:978-0-520-08615-9 4851:978-0-39333-556-9 4826:978-1-59228-724-6 4795:(Subscription or 4753:Unbowed: a memoir 4710:978-1-84162-066-4 4439:978-1-59228-724-6 4414:978-1-871890-98-3 4373:. 22 October 2019 4145:978-90-277-1572-2 3936:(11): 2946–2962. 3880:978-0-8018-8221-0 3722:978-952-10-2077-3 3674:978-1-85339-253-5 3596:on 7 August 2011. 3498:978-0-340-58431-6 3475:978-0-9729033-3-2 3422:978-9966-9856-0-6 3289:978-0-7146-1812-8 3256:978-1-141-95717-0 2651:978-0-345-41701-5 2410:978-0-435-90219-3 2375:978-0-906227-96-1 2315:on 21 August 2010 1922: 1723:to get help from 1679:On 28 July 1899, 1474:and two distinct 1404:and the raptors, 1063:causes patterned 892:Gate of the Mists 797:rhomb porphyrites 739:Mount Kenya is a 578:Kirima Kĩrĩ Nyaga 486:Biosphere Reserve 409:East African Rift 403:Mount Kenya is a 316: 315: 64: 5860: 5403:Sovereign states 5388: 5381: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5224: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4929: 4910: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4855: 4830: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4654:. Archived from 4648: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4623:. Archived from 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4575:. Archived from 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4468: 4463:. Archived from 4450: 4444: 4443: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4400: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4315: 4294: 4293: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4162:. Archived from 4156: 4150: 4149: 4137: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4057:(5/6): 210–216. 4046: 4040: 4039: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3905:(1–2): 135–148. 3894: 3885: 3884: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3665:Facing Kirinyaga 3660: 3647: 3646: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3484: 3478: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3408: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3272: 3261: 3260: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3212:(1–4): 205–222. 3198: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3033: 3027: 3026: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2957: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2752:. Archived from 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2656: 2655: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2596: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2527: 2526: 2509:(1–4): 515–530. 2495: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2378:. Archived from 2360: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2123: 2111: 2095: 2083: 2069: 2057: 2045: 1923: 1848:Second World War 1806:Percy Wyn-Harris 1699:; Cesar Ollier, 1414:Verreaux's eagle 1375:Tachyoryctes rex 1103:Patterned ground 1080: 1079: 1075: 1015: 1003: 991: 979: 967: 955: 943: 931: 919: 745:Plio-Pleistocene 698: 566:agriculturalists 450:and listed as a 428:vegetation bands 306: 225: 224: 218: 196: 188: 181: 173: 166: 158: 151: 143: 123: 122: 120: 119: 118: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104: 101: 60: 33: 21: 20: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5828:Pliocene Africa 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5714: 5705: 5687: 5680: 5397: 5392: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5318: 5316: 5311: 5292: 5273: 5254: 5235: 5205: 5186: 5180:Ojos del Salado 5167: 5148: 5143: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5080:Natural History 5066: 5061: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4926: 4907: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4852: 4827: 4819:. Lyons Press. 4809: 4807:Further reading 4804: 4794: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4749: 4745: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4697: 4693: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4401: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4339:10.2307/1774261 4316: 4297: 4277: 4273: 4255: 4251: 4233:10.2307/1774261 4208: 4204: 4190: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4128: 4124: 4085: 4078: 4063:10.2307/1788958 4047: 4043: 4012: 4008: 3969: 3965: 3922: 3918: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3863: 3859: 3844: 3837: 3822:10.2307/2261071 3806: 3802: 3779: 3772: 3757: 3750: 3738: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3709: 3702: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3661: 3650: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3563:10.2307/3673659 3547: 3540: 3517:Holmgren, Karin 3513: 3506: 3499: 3485: 3481: 3467:Wayback Machine 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3436:Mountain Club. 3434: 3430: 3423: 3409: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3317:10.2307/3672965 3301: 3297: 3290: 3273: 3264: 3257: 3243:Thomson, Joseph 3240: 3233: 3199: 3192: 3181: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3080: 3073: 3034: 3030: 2983: 2979: 2938: 2934: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2855: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2682: 2659: 2652: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2597: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2545: 2530: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2430: 2429: 2418: 2411: 2394: 2387: 2376: 2362: 2361: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2264: 2241: 2211: 2207: 2178: 2174: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2115: 2112: 2103: 2096: 2087: 2084: 2073: 2070: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2046: 1987: 1932: 1930:Climbing routes 1912: 1910: 1904: 1889:Mountain Rescue 1830: 1772:First World War 1760: 1695:; C F Camburn, 1677: 1566: 1561: 1553:katabatic winds 1516: 1458:In January the 1452: 1428: 1422: 1343: 1294: 1209: 1192: 1186: 1184:Natural history 1116: 1087: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1026: 1019: 1016: 1007: 1004: 995: 992: 983: 980: 971: 968: 959: 956: 947: 944: 935: 932: 923: 920: 856: 827:extinct volcano 733:glacial erosion 705: 699: 696: 661: 641: 609: 550: 518: 506:water catchment 478: 460: 304: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 232: 231: 230: 226: 199: 190: 175: 160: 145: 116: 114: 110: 107: 102: 99: 97: 95: 94: 81: 77: 59: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5305:Mount Townsend 5300: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286:Puncak Mandala 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5222: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5090:Mountaineering 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5014: 5003:Peakbagger.com 4995: 4975: 4965:on 10 May 2015 4955: 4937: 4936:External links 4934: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4911: 4905: 4887: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4768: 4761: 4743: 4732:(166): 42–44. 4716: 4709: 4691: 4669: 4638: 4612: 4599: 4590: 4564: 4542: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4445: 4438: 4420: 4413: 4384: 4352: 4333:(5): 453–476. 4295: 4271: 4249: 4227:(5): 453–476. 4202: 4177: 4151: 4144: 4122: 4095:(3): 276–282. 4076: 4041: 4006: 3979:(1–2): 43–54. 3963: 3916: 3886: 3879: 3857: 3854:(202): 154–79. 3835: 3816:(1): 141–148. 3800: 3770: 3748: 3739:|journal= 3721: 3700: 3695:Kenya Mountain 3680: 3673: 3648: 3626: 3619: 3599: 3576: 3557:(3): 305–309. 3538: 3504: 3497: 3479: 3450: 3428: 3421: 3356: 3330: 3311:(2): 201–221. 3295: 3288: 3262: 3255: 3231: 3202:Gregory, J. W. 3190: 3166: 3120: 3071: 3044:(3): 403–413. 3028: 2977: 2948:(52): 83–108. 2932: 2905:(1): 139–156. 2889: 2864: 2834: 2808: 2789: 2778:. UNESCO. 1998 2767: 2741: 2724: 2695: 2657: 2650: 2621: 2580: 2554: 2528: 2499:Gregory, J. W. 2487: 2465: 2462:. 8 June 2018. 2447: 2440: 2416: 2409: 2397:Kenyatta, Jomo 2385: 2374: 2326: 2300: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2240: 2239:Names of peaks 2237: 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2029:Circuit Path. 1986: 1985:Walking routes 1983: 1931: 1928: 1906:Main article: 1903: 1902:Mountaineering 1900: 1860:Felice Benuzzi 1834:Humphrey Slade 1829: 1826: 1785:was set up in 1759: 1756: 1725:Captain Gorges 1676: 1673: 1669:Uganda Railway 1635:Joseph Thomson 1573:Joseph Thomson 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1515: 1512: 1481:weather system 1451: 1448: 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1342: 1339: 1293: 1290: 1208: 1205: 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1151:shield volcano 1115: 1112: 1086: 1083: 1054: 1053: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1010: 1008: 1005: 998: 996: 993: 986: 984: 981: 974: 972: 969: 962: 960: 957: 950: 948: 945: 938: 936: 933: 926: 924: 921: 914: 855: 852: 816:Joseph Thomson 729:volcanic plugs 704: 701: 694: 660: 657: 640: 637: 608: 605: 549: 546: 517: 514: 474:Main article: 459: 456: 314: 313: 308: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 285: 284: 278: 272: 271: 265: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 244: 243: 234: 228: 227: 220: 219: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 182: 167: 152: 136: 134: 130: 129: 125: 124: 92: 86: 85: 72: 66: 65: 56: 50: 49: 46: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5865: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Bouvet Island 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Guinea-Bissau 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191:North America 5189: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172:South America 5170: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5106: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:National Park 5073: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5019: 5015: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4609: 4603: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3620:0-906227-39-9 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094:(4): 97–103. 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2777: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2690: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2630:Resnick, Mike 2625: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2569: 2568:Travel Medals 2565: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2443: 2441:1-84353-359-6 2437: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2205: 2199: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2129: 2128:National Park 2122: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:rock climbing 1941: 1940:rock climbing 1936: 1909: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1579:'s discovery. 1578: 1574: 1570: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540:Lake Victoria 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1514:Daily pattern 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485:precipitation 1482: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:augur buzzard 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1366:common duiker 1363: 1358: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145:eroded large 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1066: 1062: 1061:Frost heaving 1058: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1014: 1009: 1002: 997: 990: 985: 978: 973: 966: 961: 954: 949: 942: 937: 930: 925: 918: 913: 912: 911: 909: 903: 901: 895: 893: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 860: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 778: 773: 769: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:stratovolcano 734: 730: 725: 718: 714: 713:stratovolcano 709: 693: 689: 687: 686:Ol Donyo Keri 682: 674: 670: 665: 656: 654: 650: 646: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 604: 602: 598: 593: 591: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562:Kikuyu people 554: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 522: 516:Local culture 513: 509: 507: 503: 498: 493: 491: 487: 484: 477: 469: 464: 455: 453: 449: 448:National Park 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 390:Tharaka Nithi 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328: 324: 320: 312: 309: 307: 305:Easiest route 301: 297: 295: 291: 286: 283: 279: 277: 276:Last eruption 273: 269: 268:Stratovolcano 266: 264: 263:Mountain type 260: 255: 251: 249: 245: 237: 217: 207: 202: 194: 187: 183: 179: 172: 168: 164: 157: 153: 149: 142: 138: 137: 135: 131: 126: 121: 93: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 73: 71: 67: 63: 57: 55: 51: 47: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5711:Dependencies 5636:South Africa 5626:Sierra Leone 5535: 5431:Burkina Faso 5303: 5284: 5265: 5247: 5246: 5228:Dufourspitze 5226: 5216: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5063: 5022:. Retrieved 5006:. Retrieved 5002: 4987:. Retrieved 4983:the original 4967:. Retrieved 4963:the original 4947:. Retrieved 4931:glaciations. 4915: 4895: 4891:Kenyatta, J. 4879:. Retrieved 4865: 4861: 4841: 4815: 4782: 4771: 4752: 4746: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4660:. Retrieved 4656:the original 4629:. Retrieved 4625:the original 4615: 4607: 4606:Iain Allan: 4602: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4577:the original 4567: 4557:11 September 4555:. Retrieved 4553:. Al Jazeera 4545: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4494: 4465:the original 4458: 4448: 4429: 4423: 4404: 4375:. Retrieved 4364: 4355: 4330: 4326: 4321:(May 1900). 4288: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4244: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4196: 4168:. Retrieved 4164:the original 4154: 4133: 4125: 4092: 4088: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4022:(2): 48–49. 4019: 4015: 4009: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3902: 3898: 3870: 3860: 3851: 3847: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3786: 3782: 3764: 3760: 3712: 3694: 3664: 3642: 3638: 3610: 3594:the original 3588: 3554: 3550: 3533:the original 3528: 3524: 3488: 3482: 3458: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3431: 3412: 3349:11 September 3347:. Retrieved 3343:the original 3333: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3279: 3246: 3209: 3205: 3184: 3157:. Retrieved 3137: 3133: 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3091: 3087: 3041: 3037: 3031: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2945: 2935: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2876: 2867: 2858: 2827:11 September 2825:. Retrieved 2820: 2811: 2802: 2792: 2780:. Retrieved 2770: 2758:. Retrieved 2754:the original 2744: 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2711:the original 2687: 2635: 2624: 2613:the original 2608: 2604: 2571:. Retrieved 2567: 2557: 2548: 2506: 2502: 2476: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2431: 2400: 2380:the original 2364: 2317:. Retrieved 2313:the original 2303: 2253: 2250: 2242: 2203: 2170: 2166: 2163:Ludwig Krapf 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1979:Alpine style 1976: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1945: 1897: 1893: 1881: 1871:In 1949 the 1870: 1863: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1818: 1816:was formed. 1810:Eric Shipton 1803: 1795: 1769: 1753: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1678: 1666: 1650:Lake Baringo 1647: 1644: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1604:white matter 1597: 1582: 1549: 1536: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1469: 1439: 1429: 1398:alpine chats 1391: 1380: 1373: 1359: 1355: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1301: 1283: 1272: 1257: 1253: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1197: 1193: 1173:Ewaso Ng'iro 1162: 1136: 1125: 1088: 1070: 1065:solifluction 1047: 1035: 904: 896: 891: 888: 884:volcanic ash 865: 813: 790: 774: 770: 738: 691: 685: 678: 652: 648: 642: 620: 616: 610: 600: 596: 594: 589: 584: 582: 577: 573: 569: 559: 527: 510: 502:biodiversity 494: 479: 425: 402: 349: 341: 333: 326: 318: 317: 294:First ascent 18: 5773:Mount Kenya 5686:States with 5641:South Sudan 5531:Ivory Coast 5267:Mount Tyree 5248:Mount Kenya 5199:Mount Logan 5064:Mount Kenya 3789:: 137–158. 3113:21 February 2993:(1): 9–27. 2760:30 December 2717:23 February 2016:hillwalking 1885:Mwai Kibaki 1846:During the 1821:Bill Tilman 1697:taxidermist 1600:Embu people 1587:, a German 1508:short rains 1476:dry seasons 1472:wet seasons 1410:lammergeier 1350:Safari ants 1312:ultraviolet 1275:Afro-alpine 1165:tributaries 1107:blockfields 1095:periglacial 786:symmetrical 749:Kilimanjaro 621:Mwene Njeru 613:Embu people 574:Mwene Nyaga 362:Kilimanjaro 319:Mount Kenya 229:Mount Kenya 133:Native name 115: / 90:Coordinates 62:Ranked 32nd 24:Mount Kenya 5767:Categories 5701:Somaliland 5621:Seychelles 5586:Mozambique 5571:Mauritania 5556:Madagascar 5446:Cape Verde 5259:Antarctica 5095:Names list 4799:required.) 4762:0307263487 3645:: 140–202. 3491:. Arnold. 2882:14 October 2782:6 November 2460:WorldAtlas 2279:References 2018:in Kenya. 1997:There are 1624:White Nile 1589:missionary 1504:long rains 1464:wet season 1436:equatorial 1286:nival zone 1240:timberline 1099:permafrost 845:. In 1893 839:von Höhnel 801:phonolites 753:glaciation 597:kĩrĩnyaga, 444:rock hyrax 327:Kĩrĩmaara, 311:Rock climb 103:37°18′27″E 54:Prominence 5722:Bir Tawil 5576:Mauritius 5496:Swaziland 5358:Geography 5334:Mountains 5297:Australia 5024:1 October 4537:The Times 4001:118140053 3958:122971010 3741:ignored ( 3731:cite book 3477:, 144 pp. 3278:(1968) . 3245:(1968) . 3226:219242189 3159:13 August 3154:0921-8181 3140:: 44–54. 3108:144020233 3066:0140-1963 3023:162608268 3007:0021-8537 2972:198396394 2964:2071-7245 2927:245928948 2919:0021-8537 2523:129865997 2256:disciples 2148:Kirinyaga 2136:Etymology 2023:Naro Moru 1877:Naro Moru 1758:1900–1930 1749:snowfield 1717:base camp 1402:starlings 1279:Aberdares 1264:chaparral 1260:heathland 900:pyramidal 872:gendarmes 847:Gregory's 829:with the 809:trachytes 653:Kirimaara 599:would be 590:Kĩrĩnyaga 585:Kĩrĩnyaga 492:in 1997. 470:satellite 382:Kirinyaga 334:Kĩrĩnyaga 270:(extinct) 204:Geography 156:Kĩrĩnyaga 141:Kĩrĩmaara 44:Elevation 5676:Zimbabwe 5651:Tanzania 5501:Ethiopia 5476:Djibouti 5441:Cameroon 5426:Botswana 5218:Dykh-Tau 4893:(1962). 4840:(1935). 4286:(1894). 4213:(1900). 4195:(1860). 4117:36783645 4109:24253100 3767:: 1–144. 3463:Archived 2821:BBC News 2632:(1998). 2399:(1961). 2319:16 April 2262:See also 2204:kĩĩ-nyaa 2152:Kirenyaa 2011:Chogoria 2006:to use. 1952:scramble 1868:(1946). 1852:Italians 1787:Chogoria 1776:settlers 1745:gendarme 1737:blizzard 1721:Naivasha 1693:botanist 1685:Swahilis 1638:1887 by 1633:In 1883 1544:anabatic 1489:glaciers 1394:sunbirds 1268:heathers 1171:and the 1158:V-shaped 1147:U-shaped 1143:Pliocene 1038:glaciers 1024:Glaciers 820:Laikipia 757:moraines 717:Mt. Fuji 695:— 440:senecios 436:lobelias 421:glaciers 360:, after 356:and the 350:Kirinyaa 288:Climbing 280:2.6–3.1 248:Topo map 186:Kirinyaa 100:0°9′03″S 5747:Réunion 5742:Mayotte 5661:Tunisia 5631:Somalia 5616:Senegal 5601:Nigeria 5591:Namibia 5581:Morocco 5546:Liberia 5541:Lesotho 5491:Eritrea 5461:Comoros 5436:Burundi 5411:Algeria 5320:Portals 5278:Oceania 5085:Climate 5008:27 July 4989:28 June 4969:28 June 4949:28 June 4881:28 June 4778:"Kenya" 4631:11 July 4347:1774261 4241:1774261 4071:1788958 4024:Bibcode 4016:Weather 3981:Bibcode 3938:Bibcode 3830:2261071 3571:3673659 3325:3672965 3046:Bibcode 2156:Kiinyaa 1799:Nanyuki 1783:mission 1774:was by 1591:, from 1559:History 1497:monsoon 1450:Seasons 1432:climate 1420:Climate 1387:Swahili 1320:Carduus 1244:lichens 1155:fluvial 1139:ice cap 1091:equator 1076:⁄ 1043:Glacial 908:Rotundu 880:lichens 823:Plateau 805:kenytes 793:basalts 762:ice cap 703:Geology 669:Nairobi 649:Murungu 601:ki nyaa 432:endemic 413:ice cap 405:volcano 398:Nairobi 394:equator 370:Central 366:Eastern 342:Ki Nyaa 257:Geology 171:Ki Nyaa 70:Listing 5671:Zambia 5666:Uganda 5606:Rwanda 5561:Malawi 5521:Guinea 5511:Gambia 5416:Angola 5240:Africa 5210:Europe 5020:. 2014 4922: 4903: 4872: 4848: 4823: 4759: 4738:717465 4736: 4707: 4688:: 452. 4662:19 May 4583:19 May 4487:Page 5 4483:Page 4 4479:Page 3 4475:Page 2 4471:Page 1 4436: 4411: 4377:17 May 4345: 4268:: 345. 4239: 4170:3 June 4142: 4115: 4107: 4089:Planta 4069: 3999: 3956: 3877: 3828: 3719: 3671: 3617: 3569: 3495: 3473: 3443:26 May 3419: 3323: 3286: 3253: 3224: 3152: 3106: 3064: 3021: 3015:180774 3013: 3005: 2970: 2962: 2925: 2917: 2648: 2573:26 May 2521: 2438: 2407: 2372: 2246:Laibon 2171:Kegnia 1713:chiefs 1709:famine 1705:plague 1689:Maasai 1662:papers 1542:. The 1248:mosses 1177:Sagana 1114:Rivers 902:form. 876:mosses 868:Alpine 843:crater 835:Teleki 777:active 766:eroded 681:Maasai 659:Maasai 633:Akamba 629:Mbeere 548:Kikuyu 542:Maasai 530:Kikuyu 483:UNESCO 468:SkySat 417:eroded 330:Kikuyu 189: 174: 163:Gikuyu 159: 144: 128:Naming 5646:Sudan 5596:Niger 5551:Libya 5536:Kenya 5516:Ghana 5506:Gabon 5481:Egypt 5421:Benin 5346:Kenya 4793: 4734:JSTOR 4701:Kenya 4343:JSTOR 4237:JSTOR 4113:S2CID 4067:JSTOR 3997:S2CID 3954:S2CID 3826:JSTOR 3567:JSTOR 3525:Ambio 3321:JSTOR 3222:S2CID 3104:S2CID 3019:S2CID 3011:JSTOR 2968:S2CID 2923:S2CID 2736:(PDF) 2605:Ambio 2519:S2CID 2482:(PDF) 2167:Kenia 2100:bothy 1954:or a 1701:guide 1658:guide 1593:Kitui 1577:Krapf 1383:bongo 1362:hyrax 1341:Fauna 1334:Hyrax 1292:Flora 1207:Zones 1132:Kenya 854:Peaks 782:vents 673:Nyeri 645:Ameru 639:Ameru 625:Ameru 534:Ameru 386:Nyeri 354:Kenya 338:Kamba 236:Kenya 178:Kamba 83:Ultra 5656:Togo 5566:Mali 5456:Chad 5225:or 5153:Asia 5026:2014 5010:2013 4991:2011 4971:2011 4951:2011 4920:ISBN 4901:ISBN 4883:2011 4870:ISBN 4846:ISBN 4821:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4705:ISBN 4664:2009 4633:2010 4585:2009 4559:2013 4434:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4379:2023 4172:2007 4140:ISBN 4105:PMID 3875:ISBN 3743:help 3717:ISBN 3669:ISBN 3615:ISBN 3493:ISBN 3471:ISBN 3445:2007 3417:ISBN 3351:2013 3284:ISBN 3251:ISBN 3161:2024 3150:ISSN 3115:2008 3062:ISSN 3003:ISSN 2960:ISSN 2915:ISSN 2884:2020 2829:2013 2784:2016 2762:2009 2719:2008 2646:ISBN 2575:2020 2436:ISBN 2405:ISBN 2370:ISBN 2321:2010 2169:and 2154:and 1963:UIAA 1956:walk 1808:and 1707:and 1687:, 2 1430:The 1412:and 1400:and 1364:and 1262:and 1246:and 1238:The 1169:Tana 1128:Tana 1036:The 837:and 831:plug 807:and 679:The 643:The 627:and 617:Ngai 611:The 607:Embu 570:Ngai 560:The 540:and 538:Embu 495:The 438:and 388:and 378:Embu 374:Meru 368:and 346:Embu 323:Meru 193:Embu 148:Meru 5713:and 4335:doi 4229:doi 4097:doi 4093:162 4059:doi 4055:106 4032:doi 3989:doi 3946:doi 3907:doi 3818:doi 3791:doi 3559:doi 3313:doi 3214:doi 3142:doi 3138:123 3096:doi 3054:doi 2995:doi 2950:doi 2907:doi 2642:293 2511:doi 1856:POW 1389:). 619:or 572:or 282:MYA 5769:: 5161:K2 5001:. 4781:. 4730:42 4728:. 4684:. 4641:^ 4485:, 4481:, 4477:, 4473:, 4457:. 4387:^ 4369:. 4363:. 4341:. 4331:15 4329:. 4325:. 4298:^ 4282:; 4264:. 4243:. 4235:. 4225:15 4223:. 4217:. 4180:^ 4111:. 4103:. 4091:. 4079:^ 4065:. 4053:. 4030:. 4020:21 4018:. 3995:. 3987:. 3977:75 3975:. 3952:. 3944:. 3934:47 3932:. 3928:. 3901:. 3889:^ 3852:82 3850:. 3838:^ 3824:. 3814:80 3812:. 3787:18 3785:. 3773:^ 3765:49 3763:. 3751:^ 3735:: 3733:}} 3729:{{ 3703:^ 3683:^ 3651:^ 3643:45 3641:. 3629:^ 3602:^ 3579:^ 3565:. 3555:13 3553:. 3541:^ 3529:28 3527:. 3523:. 3507:^ 3359:^ 3319:. 3307:. 3265:^ 3234:^ 3220:. 3210:56 3208:. 3193:^ 3169:^ 3148:. 3136:. 3132:. 3102:. 3092:31 3090:. 3086:. 3074:^ 3060:. 3052:. 3042:74 3040:. 3017:. 3009:. 3001:. 2991:14 2989:. 2966:. 2958:. 2944:. 2921:. 2913:. 2903:30 2901:. 2875:. 2837:^ 2819:. 2801:. 2698:^ 2660:^ 2644:. 2609:28 2607:. 2603:. 2583:^ 2566:. 2531:^ 2517:. 2507:50 2505:. 2490:^ 2458:. 2419:^ 2388:^ 2329:^ 2286:^ 2219:iː 2150:, 1739:. 1626:. 1491:. 1408:, 1396:, 910:. 878:, 803:, 799:, 795:, 536:, 532:, 384:, 380:, 376:, 348:: 344:, 340:: 336:, 332:: 325:: 5387:e 5380:t 5373:v 5322:: 5138:e 5131:t 5124:v 5056:e 5049:t 5042:v 5028:. 5012:. 4993:. 4973:. 4953:. 4928:. 4909:. 4885:. 4854:. 4829:. 4791:. 4765:. 4740:. 4713:. 4686:i 4666:. 4635:. 4587:. 4561:. 4489:. 4442:. 4417:. 4381:. 4349:. 4337:: 4266:i 4231:: 4174:. 4148:. 4119:. 4099:: 4073:. 4061:: 4038:. 4034:: 4026:: 4003:. 3991:: 3983:: 3960:. 3948:: 3940:: 3913:. 3909:: 3903:1 3883:. 3832:. 3820:: 3797:. 3793:: 3745:) 3725:. 3677:. 3623:. 3573:. 3561:: 3501:. 3447:. 3425:. 3353:. 3327:. 3315:: 3309:2 3292:. 3259:. 3228:. 3216:: 3163:. 3144:: 3117:. 3098:: 3068:. 3056:: 3048:: 3025:. 2997:: 2974:. 2952:: 2929:. 2909:: 2886:. 2831:. 2805:. 2786:. 2764:. 2738:. 2721:. 2654:. 2577:. 2525:. 2513:: 2484:. 2475:" 2444:. 2413:. 2323:. 2231:/ 2228:ə 2225:j 2222:n 2216:k 2213:ˈ 2210:/ 2198:/ 2195:ə 2192:j 2189:n 2186:ɛ 2183:k 2180:ˈ 2177:/ 2130:. 1942:. 1466:. 1250:. 1078:4 1074:1 675:. 321:( 195:) 191:( 180:) 176:( 165:) 161:( 150:) 146:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index