196:
49:
184:
1150:
841:
169:
829:
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854:
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1219:
1184:, a distinguished theologian of the early Church, and eyewitness to the early days of Constantine's edifice, speaks of Golgotha in eight separate passages, sometimes as near to the church where he and his listeners assembled: "Golgotha, the holy hill standing above us here, bears witness to our sight: the Holy Sepulchre bears witness, and the stone which lies there to this day." And just in such a way the
1116:
date to
Hadrian's temple of Aphrodite, Lavas suggested that it could have been the site of the crucifixion, as it would be strong enough to hold in place a wooden trunk of up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in height (among other things). The same restoration work also revealed a crack running across the surface of the rock, which continues down to the
904:
the location of the
Golgotha within a precision of less than two meters, below the circular passage situated a metre away from where the bloodstained shirt of Christ was traditionally recovered and immediately before the stairs leading down to St. Helena's Chapel (the above-mentioned mother of Emperor Constantine), alternatively called St. Vartan's Chapel.
175:
173:
170:
174:
172:
1087:
was struck; surviving parts of the quarry to the north-east of the chapel of St. Helena are now accessible from within the chapel (by permission). Inside the church is a rock, about 7 m long by 3 m wide by 4.8 m high, that is traditionally believed to be all that now remains visible of
1179:
speaks of
Golgotha in 333: "... On the left hand is the little hill of Golgotha where the Lord was crucified. About a stone's throw from thence is a vault (crypta) wherein His body was laid, and rose again on the third day. There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built
1128:
rock itself would have caused it to jut through the platform level of the
Aphrodite temple, where it would be clearly visible. The reason for Hadrian not cutting the rock down is uncertain, but Virgilio Corbo suggested that a statue, probably of Aphrodite, was placed on it, a suggestion also made by
1115:
by the art historian George Lavas and architect Theo
Mitropoulos, a round slot of 11.5 cm (4.5 in) diameter was discovered in the rock, partly open on one side (Lavas attributes the open side to accidental damage during his repairs); although the dating of the slot is uncertain, and could
1062:
Archaeological excavations under the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre have revealed Christian pilgrims' graffiti, dating from the period that the Temple of Aphrodite was still present, of a ship, a common early Christian symbol and the etching "DOMINVS IVIMVS", meaning "Lord, we went", lending possible
903:
she concluded, through multiple arguments (mainly theological and archaeological), that the true site of
Golgotha was precisely at the vertical of the now buried Constantinian basilica's altar and away from where the traditional rock of Golgotha is situated. The plans published in the book indicate
2516:
Hesemann 1999, pp. 171–172: "....Georg Lavas and ... Theo
Mitropoulos, ... cleaned off a thick layer of rubble and building material from one to 45 cm thick that covered the actual limestone. The experts still argue whether this was the work of the architects of Hadrian, who aimed thereby to adapt
2486:
Hesemann 1999, p. 170: "Von der Stadt aus muß er tatsächlich wie eine Schädelkuppe ausgesehen haben," and p. 190: a sketch; and p. 172: a sketch of the geological findings by C. Katsimbinis, 1976: "der
Felsblock ist zu 1/8 unterhalb des Kirchenbodens, verbreitert sich dort auf etwa 6,40 Meter und
913:
1123:
Based on the late 20th century excavations of the site, there have been a number of attempted reconstructions of the profile of the cliff face. These often attempt to show the site as it would have appeared to
Constantine. However, as the ground level in Roman times was about 4–5 feet
684:
In the 19th century, Wilhelm Ludwig Krafft proposed an alternative derivation of these names, suggesting that the place had actually been known as "Gol Goatha"—which he interpreted to mean "heap of death" or "hill of execution"—and had become associated with the similar sounding
420:
And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should
890:
On the left hand is the little hill of Golgotha where the Lord was crucified. About a stone's throw from thence is a vault wherein his body was laid, and rose again on the third day. There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built a
791:. Proponents of the traditional Holy Sepulchre location point to the fact that first-century Jerusalem had a different shape and size from the 16th-century city, leaving the church's site outside the pre-AD 70 city walls. Those opposing it doubt this.
416:
And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting
1268:, is beneath a cliff that contains two large sunken holes, which Gordon regarded as resembling the eyes of a skull. He and a few others before him believed that the skull-like appearance would have caused the location to be known as Golgotha.
1192:
wrote to the island presbyter Faustus in 440: "Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was."
2517:
the rock better to the temple plan, or whether it comes from 7th century cleaning....When the restorers progressed to the lime layer and the actual rock....they found they had removed a circular slot of 11.5 cm diameter".
958:
claims that the location had originally been a Christian place of veneration, but that Hadrian had deliberately buried these Christian sites and built his own temple on top, on account of his alleged hatred for Christianity.
171:
981:, an influential mid-2nd century bishop in the region, described the location as "in the middle of the street, in the middle of the city", which matches the position of Hadrian's temple within the mid-2nd century city.
1301:, identified Mount Zion as being the Western Hill (the current Mount Zion), which is south of both the Garden Tomb and the Holy Sepulchre. Eusebius' comment therefore offers no additional argument for either location.
1124:(1.2–1.5 m) lower and the site housed Hadrian's temple to Aphrodite, much of the surrounding rocky slope must have been removed long before Constantine built the church on the site. The height of the
427:
And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the
1199:
reports in 530: "From there (the middle of the basilica), you enter into Golgotha, where there is a large court. Here the Lord was crucified. All around that hill, there are silver screens." (See also:
759:
both note that the location would have been accessible to "passers-by". Thus, locating the crucifixion site involves identifying a site that, in the city of Jerusalem some four decades before
2938:
798:(41–44), who built the so-called Third Wall around a newly settled northern district, while at the time of Jesus' crucifixion around AD 30 it would still have been just outside the city.
1873:
Ancient Jerusalem: A New Investigation Into the History, Topography and Plan of the City, Environs, and Temple, Designed Principally to Illustrate the Records and Prophecies of Scripture
2384:
767:
70, would have been outside a major gate near enough to the city that the passers-by could not only see him, but also read the inscription 'Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews'.
1447:
1027:) is located on the crossroads of the West Cardo and what is now El-Bazar/David Street, with the Temple of Aphrodite adjacent, on the intersection of the Western Cardo and the
2903:
1011:
would traditionally be located on the intersection of the two roads, with the main temples adjacent. However, due to the obstruction posed by the Temple Mount, as well as the
815:, stated that "Six graves from the first century were found on the area of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. That means, this place outside of the city, without any doubt…".
2430:
2931:
1063:
support to the statement by Melito of Sardis' asserting that early Christians identified Golgotha as being in the middle of Hadrian's city, rather than outside.
424:
And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left.
2487:
verläuft weiter in die Tiefe"; and p. 192, a sketch by Corbo, 1980: Golgotha is distant 10 meters outside from the southwest corner of the Martyrion-basilica
2924:
2572:
1055:
layout, entirely unintentional, Hadrian is known to have concurrently built pagan temples on top of other holy sites in Jerusalem as part of an overall "
195:
1108:
priest and archaeologist, present at the excavations, suggested that from the city the little hill (which still exists) could have looked like a skull.
3157:
390:
804:(2003) argued that when Hadrian's builders replanned the old city, they "incidentally confirm the bringing of Golgotha inside a new town wall."
2675:
1235:
1955:
876:, in 325. Less than 45 meters (150 ft) away, Helena also identified the location of the tomb of Jesus and claimed to have discovered the
2722:"NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1853:
Institutiones ad fundamenta linguæ Hebrææ: quibus via panditur ad ejusdem analogiam restituendam, et vindicandam: in usum collegii domestici
794:
Defenders of the traditional site have argued that the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was only brought within the city limits by
2527:
2098:
1345:
2947:
954:
church Constantine built over the remainder of the enclosure was destroyed at the turn of the 11th century, and has not been replaced.
116:. The exact location of Calvary has been traditionally associated with a place now enclosed within one of the southern chapels of the
2884:
2628:
2597:
1275:, which Gordon proposed as the tomb of Jesus. The Garden Tomb contains several ancient burial places, although the archaeologist
901:
La Jérusalem Nouvelle et les premiers sanctuaires chrétiens de l'Arménie. Méthode pour l'étude de l'église comme temple de Dieu,
2126:
La Jérusalem Nouvelle et les premiers sanctuaires chrétiens de l'Arménie. Méthode pour l'étude de l'église comme temple de Dieu
2704:
2250:
2133:
2736:
2274:
1031:. The Northern Forum is located north of the Temple Mount, on the junction of the Via Dolorosa and the Eastern Cardo (the
577:
2434:
631:
1039:, intentionally built atop the Temple Mount. Another popular holy site that Hadrian converted to a pagan temple was the
1120:; the crack is thought by archaeologists to have been a result of the quarry workmen encountering a flaw in the rock.
2471:
2082:
2042:
1893:. Vol. 1. Mosul; Piscataway, New Jersey: Imprimerie des pères dominicains. p. 117 – via dukhrana.com.
1738:
1430:
1279:
has proposed that the tomb dates to the 7th century BC and that the site may have been abandoned by the 1st century.
880:; her son, Constantine, then built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre around the whole site. In 333, the author of the
642:
2006:
1754:
1597:
752:
748:
360:
869:
559:
132:
1426:
1079:
During 1973–1978 restoration works and excavations inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and under the nearby
3117:
2988:
2576:
154:
on Green Hill (now "Skull Hill") about 500 m (1,600 ft) north of the traditional site and historian
3206:
3201:
2057:
1645:
1629:
1613:
756:
741:
17:
1188:
often reported in 383: "… the church, built by Constantine, which is situated in Golgotha…" and also bishop
1223:
776:
120:
53:
2791:
2558:
2024:
1728:
1096:
contains the upper foot or so of the rock, while the remainder is in the chapel beneath it (known as the
801:
694:
1298:
760:
624:
113:
2826:
1043:, possibly referenced to in the fifth chapter of the Gospel of John, on which was built the Temple of
2222:
1251:
1195:
98:
31:
2672:
2993:
2807:
2211:
2110:
1486:
1246:, was the first to publish a proposal that the rocky knoll north of Damascus Gate was the biblical
1176:
882:
35:
711::39 as a place near Jerusalem, although Krafft himself identified that location with the separate
2849:
2074:
1056:
932:. Constantine's construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure, and the
81:
2699:
Whalen, Brett Edward, Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, p. 40, University of Toronto Press, 2011;
1498:
1494:
1490:
745:
2721:
2339:
1905:
1871:
1851:
1817:
1793:
1133:. Some archaeologists have suggested that prior to Hadrian's use, the rock outcrop had been a
2916:
2908:
2682:, by Eucherius. "What is reported, about the site of the city Jerusalem and also of Judaea";
2240:
2034:
1867:
1579:
1467:, it has been more common to translate the meaning of the Greek name directly into German as
1255:
1157:
1149:
873:
674:
594:
183:
158:
has more recently proposed a location about 175 m (574 ft) to its south-southeast.
136:
102:
2320:
2306:
Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development
1924:
1771:
2741:. The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 103–20 – via archive.org.
1888:
1310:
1201:
1101:
840:
784:
666:
532:
106:
2707:; Iteneraria et alia geographica, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, vol. 175 (Turnhout,
2242:
The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome
524:) meaning "to roll". The form preserved in the Greek text, however, is actually closer to
48:
8:
3145:
3071:
1733:. Resources for Biblical Study 41. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 115.
1534:
1510:
1259:
1213:
1036:
812:
570:
or "Place of the Skull", the Greek forms of the name grammatically refer to the place of
323:
2756:
2635:
2604:
811:, the former City Archaeologist of Jerusalem and Professor of Land of Israel Studies at
2821:
2304:
Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 C.E". In Hershel Shanks (ed.).
1641:
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858:
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608:
2658:
2340:
The Jews under Roman rule: from Pompey to Diocletian, a study in political relations
775:
Christian tradition since the fourth century has favoured a location now within the
3196:
3031:
2459:
1847:
1714:
1185:
1040:
1032:
978:
970:
955:
690:
525:
290:
286:
207:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1051:. While the positioning of the Temple of Aphrodite may be, in light of the common
3076:
2983:
2679:
2028:
1912:. Vol. 1. Oxford: The Calerndon Press. p. 324 – via dukhrana.com.
1811:
1787:
1434:
1272:
1052:
540:
501:
313:
303:
276:
1730:
Building Your Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary Learning Words by Frequency and Cognate
1071:
828:
645:, the 9th-century patriarch of Alexandria. The usual form of the legend is that
3008:
2879:
2282:
1807:
1363:
1276:
788:
738:
405:
155:
63:
2686:"Eucherii, Quae fertur, de situ Hierusolimitanae urbis atque ipsius Iudaeae."
1083:, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white Meleke
853:
3190:
3172:
3159:
2897:
2356:
1574:
1550:
1460:
1334:
1315:
1008:
992:
920:: Two main east–west roads were built, as well as two main north–south roads.
795:
658:
437:
409:
344:
340:
300:
1710:
1694:
1660:
1411:
1395:
1379:
246:
227:
219:
2344:
2325:
1464:
1161:
1028:
1004:
726:
662:
616:
558:
can mean either "a skull" or "the skull" depending on context and numerous
272:
128:
846:
Disc marking traditional place, under the altar, where Jesus' cross stood.
271::17. Versions of these names have been used in English since at least the
2507:(proceedings of the 5th International Seminar in Jewish Art), pp. 147–150
1942:
1227:
1168:
999:(which is now the Suq Khan-ez-Zeit), and an east–west arterial road, the
708:
678:
650:
433:
200:
151:
147:
117:
1297:, the first-century AD historian who knew the city as it was before the
868:
The traditional location of Golgotha derives from its identification by
834:
Pilgrims queue to touch the rock of Calvary in Chapel of the Crucifixion
112:
Since at least the early medieval period, it has been a destination for
3092:
3061:
1264:
1105:
985:
942:
877:
670:
256:
214:
1258:
endorsed this view; subsequently the site has sometimes been known as
744:
describes the crucifixion site as being "near the city". According to
238:
230:
3041:
3036:
2978:
2968:
1164:
1084:
1044:
988:
929:
862:
808:
620:
536:
383:
since at least the 6th century. It has thus often been referenced as
252:
140:
1285:
comments that Golgotha was in his day (the 4th century) pointed out
899:
In Nazénie Garibian de Vartavan's doctoral thesis, now published as
101:'s walls where, according to Christianity's four canonical gospels,
3127:
3056:
3003:
2896: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2885:
Polish Calvaries: Architecture as a Stage for the Passion of Christ
2148:
1931:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 60 – via dukhrana.com.
1294:
1282:
1080:
1024:
951:
937:
892:
722:
587:
380:
336:
912:
539::18, although the term is traditionally considered to derive from
3140:
3122:
3066:
3026:
2955:
2708:
2505:
The Real and Ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Art
2416:
Archaeological researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874
2390:
2199:
Archaeological researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874
1890:
Treasure of the Syriac Language: A Dictionary of Classical Syriac
1407:
1391:
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1243:
1239:
1218:
1048:
917:
583:
368:
268:
264:
260:
211:
42:
2963:
2690:
XXXIX Itinera Hierosolymitana, Saeculi IIII–VIII, P. Geyer, 1898
2530:, photo by Paul Badde: der steinere Ring auf dem Golgothafelsen.
2071:
The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great
3112:
3051:
2728:
1130:
925:
612:
598:
2946:
1338:
1222:
Rocky escarpment resembling a skull, located northwest of the
1023:, two forums, and several temples. The Western Forum (now the
590:
since antiquity to refer to skulls and heads more generally.)
3018:
1293:
was used previously in reference to the Temple Mount itself,
1138:
996:
716:
575:
495:
485:
475:
465:
455:
445:
188:
2385:"Ship hangs in balance at Pella Evangelical Lutheran Church"
597:
offered various interpretations of the name and its origin.
275:, a tradition shared with most European languages including
92:
2998:
2973:
2308:. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.
1153:
654:
646:
376:
2875:
1180:
a basilica, that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty",
1075:
Natural stone of Golgotha in the Chapel of Adam below site
973:
had been built, Christians associated it with the site of
940:(which was replaced after the 12th century by the present
146:
Other locations have been suggested: in the 19th century,
2528:
Vatican 3/2007, p. 11, here p. 3 photo No. 4, quite right
2117:
1813:
The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament...
1583:. Vol. III. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1908.
531:, which also appears in reference to a head count in the
2554:
Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?
2789:
Barkay, Gabriel (March–April 1986). "The Garden Tomb".
1015:
encampment on the Western Hill, Hadrian's city had two
950:) roughly overlap with the temple building itself; the
2321:
Christianity in the second century: the case of Tatian
1144:
924:
Prior to Helena's identification, the site had been a
737:
There is no consensus as to the location of the site.
2573:"Bordeaux Pilgrim – Text 7b: Jerusalem (second part)"
1943:
various translations of Matthew 27:33 at Biblehub.com
1766:
1764:
653:
retrieved the body of Adam from the resting place of
243:(all meaning "place of the Skull" or "a Skull"), and
2123:
1792:(3rd ed.), New York: Charles Scribner, p.
586:, the upper part of the skull, but it has been used
2629:"Cyril, Catechetical Lectures, year 347, lecture X"
2407:
1755:"H1538 - gulgoleth - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (KJV)"
1230:
with c. 1900s picture posted on pole for comparison
615:associated it with legends concerning the skull of
2372:Ship as a Symbol of the Church (Bark of St. Peter)
2190:
1761:
1271:Nearby is an ancient rock-cut tomb known today as
2431:"Exploring Aelia Capitolina, Hadrian's Jerusalem"
2184:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
984:The Romans typically built a city according to a
818:
601:considered it a place of execution by beheading (
3188:
2526:Vatican-magazin.com, Vatican 3/2007, pp. 12/13;
2428:
2281:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from
1446:Cf. Bavarian State Library MS. Rar. 880 (1494),
886:, entering from the east, described the result:
327:
163:
150:scholars proposed a different location near the
2279:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces
2177:
2175:
2173:
2030:An Essay on the Ancient Topography of Jerusalem
1137:– a Jewish funeral monument, equivalent to the
770:
611:describes it as a place resembling a head, and
574:skull and a place named Skull. (The Greek word
30:"Golgotha" redirects here. For other uses, see
2454:
2452:
1156:of Jesus being led to Golgotha, 16th century,
895:; that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty.
2932:
2776:A Special Place: The Story of the Garden Tomb
2238:
2216:
2062:
1830:
1262:. The location, usually referred to today as
294:
2480:
2413:
2196:
2170:
1656:
1654:
1468:
1349:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
787:and were rebuilt in the 16th century by the
702:
547:
519:
509:
317:
307:
280:
2799:
2449:
2273:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007).
2232:
1983:
1981:
1923:Payne Smith, J. (Mrs. Margoliouth) (1903).
1922:
1903:
602:
553:
244:
236:
225:
217:
210:names Calvary and Golgotha derive from the
71:
2948:New Testament places associated with Jesus
2939:
2925:
2901:
2750:
2748:
2266:
1833:Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament
1092:; the design of the church means that the
2761:Zeitschrift für die historische Theologie
2350:
2023:
1846:
1806:
1785:
1675:
1673:
1651:
1238:, a theologian and biblical scholar from
1111:During a 1986 repair to the floor of the
179:Altar at the traditional site of Golgotha
2634:. p. 160, note 1221. Archived from
2495:
2493:
2458:
2099:in German television ZDF, April 11, 2007
2068:
1978:
1856:(in Latin). Johannes Luzac. p. 334.
1704:
1333:
1217:
1148:
1070:
911:
852:
669:to Golgotha, a skull-shaped hill at the
194:
182:
167:
47:
2754:
2745:
2663:, ccel.org. Accessed February 25, 2024.
2272:
1876:. Macmillan & Company. p. 272.
1747:
1690:
1688:
1250:. He relied heavily on the research of
619:. This buried skull of Adam appears in
371:merely identify Golgotha as a "place",
14:
3189:
2788:
2734:
2603:. p. 51, note 313. Archived from
2374:Jesus Walk, accessed 11 February 2015.
1987:
1866:
1670:
969:, at least as early as 30 years after
907:
673:where Adam had previously crushed the
2920:
2878:– proposes that Golgotha was outside
2773:
2490:
2303:
1835:, United Bible Societies, p. 834
1800:
1726:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1422:
1420:
779:. This places it well within today's
514:, "skull"), ultimately from the verb
2912:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2763:(in German) – via archive.org.
2466:(in German). Freiburg. p. 170.
2429:followinghadrian (5 November 2014).
1886:
1685:
548:
199:Chapel of Mount Calvary, painted by
52:Traditional site of Golgotha in the
2688:Corpus Scriptorum Eccles. Latinorum
2091:
1720:
1207:
1145:Pilgrimages to Constantine's Church
751:, it was "outside the city gate".
703:
632:Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
520:
510:
191:at the traditional site of Golgotha
24:
2902:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2847:
1786:Alexander, Joseph Addison (1863),
1560:
1417:
697:identified this "Goatha" with the
25:
3218:
2869:
2124:Garibian de Vartavan, N. (2008).
962:There is certainly evidence that
916:Jerusalem after being rebuilt by
97:) was a site immediately outside
3139:
2891:
2757:"Golgatha et Sanctum Sepulchrum"
2684:Epistola Ad Faustum Presbyterum.
2181:
1831:Louw, J.P.; et al. (1996),
839:
827:
725:, the "Garden Gate" west of the
623:medieval legends, including the
582:does more specifically mean the
375:has described the location as a
339:the Latin forms directly, while
2841:
2814:
2782:
2767:
2738:Golgotha and The Holy Sepulchre
2714:
2693:
2673:Letter To The Presbyter Faustus
2666:
2652:
2621:
2590:
2565:
2546:
2541:The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
2533:
2520:
2510:
2422:
2377:
2365:
2331:
2312:
2297:
2205:
2158:
2142:
2103:
2051:
2017:
1999:
1988:Krafft, Wilhelm Ludwig (1846),
1962:
1948:
1935:
1929:A Compendious Syriac Dictionary
1916:
1897:
1880:
1860:
1840:
1824:
1779:
1635:
1619:
1603:
1587:
1544:
1528:
1504:
440:, the relevant terms appear as
127:to have been recognized by the
2904:Congregations of Mount Calvary
2328:, Psychology Press, 2003, p. 7
2245:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–.
1969:Five Books in Reply to Marcion
1476:
1453:
1440:
1401:
1385:
1369:
1353:
1327:
1299:Roman destruction of Jerusalem
857:The Holy Sepulchre (1) in the
13:
1:
1816:, London: J.F. Dove, p.
1473:, equivalent to "Skullplace".
1321:
1035:), adjacent to the Temple of
963:
562:render the relevant passages
164:Biblical references and names
2862:– via jewishbible.org.
1904:Payne Smith, Robert (1879).
1789:The Gospel According to Mark
1254:. In 1882–83, Major-General
1224:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
819:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
777:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
771:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
121:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
93:
54:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
2837:– via britannica.com.
2792:Biblical Archaeology Review
2735:Wilson, Charles W. (1906).
2559:Biblical Archaeology Review
2414:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles.
2197:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles.
1990:Die Topographie Jerusalems
1304:
1066:
732:
10:
3223:
1887:Audo, Toma, ed. (2008) ].
1727:Lande, George M. (2001) .
1211:
717:
576:
552:) instead. Although Latin
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
139:, during her visit to the
85:
40:
29:
27:Location outside Jerusalem
3136:
3085:
3017:
2954:
2362:, accessed 25 March 2014.
1743:– via sbl-site.org.
1196:Breviarius de Hierosolyma
32:Golgotha (disambiguation)
2994:Mount of Transfiguration
2850:"The Unknown Mount Zion"
2598:"St. Cyril of Jerusalem"
2111:Itinerarium Burdigalense
1177:Itinerarium Burdigalense
883:Itinerarium Burdigalense
41:Not to be confused with
36:Calvary (disambiguation)
3146:Christianity portal
2827:Encyclopædia Britannica
2360:New Advent encyclopedia
2128:. London: Isis Pharia.
2075:Oxford University Press
1346:Encyclopædia Britannica
255:in his translations of
2755:Thenius, Otto (1842).
2503:, published (1996) in
2239:Peter Schäfer (2003).
2223:Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
1868:Thrupp, Joseph Francis
1774:. Abarim Publications.
1757:. blueletterbible.org.
1469:
1231:
1172:
1076:
991: – a north–south
921:
897:
865:
603:
554:
343:and other translators
328:
318:
308:
295:
281:
245:
237:
226:
218:
203:
192:
180:
72:
67:
56:
3173:31.77861°N 35.22944°E
2909:Catholic Encyclopedia
2876:Golgotha Rediscovered
2069:Chadwick, H. (2003).
2033:, J. Weale, pp.
1580:Catholic Encyclopedia
1256:Charles George Gordon
1221:
1158:Theophanes the Cretan
1152:
1074:
915:
888:
874:Constantine the Great
856:
783:, which surround the
689:words for "skull" in
595:Fathers of the Church
198:
186:
178:
137:Constantine the Great
51:
3207:New Testament places
3202:Crucifixion of Jesus
2774:White, Bill (1989).
2347:Brill, 1981, p. 460.
2275:"Palestine: History"
2011:Strong's Concordance
1311:Crucifixion of Jesus
560:English translations
504:equivalent would be
3169: /
2501:The Rock of Calvary
2437:on 18 February 2017
2153:Life of Constantine
1973:Ante-Nicene Fathers
1772:"The Name Golgotha"
1287:north of Mount Zion
1037:Jupiter Capitolinus
956:Christian tradition
908:Temple to Aphrodite
870:Queen Mother Helena
813:Bar-Ilan University
671:center of the earth
641:, and the works of
373:Christian tradition
347:them in forms like
118:multidenominational
3178:31.77861; 35.22944
2711:1965), pp. 109–112
2678:2008-06-13 at the
2660:Iteneraria Egeriae
2337:E. Mary Smallwood
2164:Melito of Sardis,
1958:. Perseus Project.
1910:Thesaurus Syriacus
1232:
1182:Cyril of Jerusalem
1173:
1077:
1003:(which is now the
922:
866:
781:walls of Jerusalem
604:locum decollatorum
566:place of the skull
402:King James Version
334:King James Version
204:
193:
181:
57:
3152:
3151:
3103:Caesarea Philippi
3098:Caesarea Maritima
2705:978-1-4426-0199-4
2460:Hesemann, Michael
2318:Emily Jane Hunt,
2252:978-3-16-148076-8
2135:978-0-9527827-7-3
1975:, Vol. 4, p. 276.
1848:Schultens, Albert
1427:Đa Halgan Godspel
1190:Eucherius of Lyon
1021:Decumanus Maximus
1001:Decumanus Maximus
859:Christian Quarter
638:Cave of Treasures
626:Book of the Rolls
609:Pseudo-Tertullian
533:Samaritan version
359:which were later
176:
91:
16:(Redirected from
3214:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3144:
3143:
3118:Road to Damascus
3072:Jerusalem Temple
2941:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2895:
2894:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2848:Zanger, Walter.
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2818:
2812:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2575:. Archived from
2569:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2539:Virgilio Corbo,
2537:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2426:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2335:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:on 10 March 2008
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2236:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2025:Fergusson, James
2021:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1665:Maththaion 27:33
1658:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1598:Matthew 27:33–35
1591:
1585:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1424:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1331:
1260:Gordon's Calvary
1214:Gordon's Calvary
1208:Gordon's Calvary
1041:Pool of Bethesda
979:Melito of Sardis
971:Hadrian's temple
968:
965:
843:
831:
766:
720:
719:
706:
705:
691:folk etymologies
665:and were led by
606:
581:
580:
569:
557:
551:
550:
523:
522:
513:
512:
499:
498:
489:
488:
479:
478:
469:
468:
459:
458:
449:
448:
432:In the standard
388:
331:
321:
311:
298:
284:
250:
242:
234:
223:
177:
96:
90:romanized:
89:
87:
75:
21:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3081:
3077:Mount of Olives
3013:
2950:
2945:
2892:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2698:
2694:
2680:Wayback Machine
2671:
2667:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2464:Die Jesus-Tafel
2457:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2237:
2233:
2229:, (2008), p. 29
2221:
2217:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2182:Ball, Warwick.
2180:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1986:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1808:Lightfoot, John
1805:
1801:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1575:"Mount Calvary"
1573:
1572:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1509:
1505:
1481:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1425:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1364:Matthaeum 27:33
1358:
1354:
1340:"Calvary"
1332:
1328:
1324:
1307:
1273:the Garden Tomb
1252:Edward Robinson
1216:
1210:
1147:
1069:
966:
910:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
844:
836:
835:
832:
821:
773:
764:
761:its destruction
735:
707:) mentioned in
695:James Fergusson
563:
404:, the relevant
384:
168:
166:
73:Calvariae locus
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3009:Sea of Galilee
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2871:
2870:External links
2868:
2866:
2865:
2840:
2813:
2798:
2781:
2766:
2744:
2727:
2713:
2692:
2665:
2651:
2620:
2589:
2564:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2509:
2499:George Lavas,
2489:
2479:
2472:
2448:
2421:
2418:. p. 103.
2406:
2395:. 10 June 2008
2376:
2364:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2296:
2265:
2251:
2231:
2215:
2204:
2189:
2186:. p. 294.
2169:
2157:
2141:
2134:
2116:
2114:, pp. 593, 594
2102:
2090:
2083:
2077:. p. 21.
2061:
2050:
2043:
2016:
1998:
1977:
1961:
1947:
1941:Cf. e.g., the
1934:
1915:
1896:
1879:
1859:
1839:
1823:
1799:
1778:
1760:
1746:
1739:
1719:
1703:
1684:
1669:
1650:
1634:
1618:
1602:
1586:
1559:
1543:
1527:
1503:
1475:
1452:
1439:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1368:
1352:
1337:, ed. (1911).
1335:Chisholm, Hugh
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1277:Gabriel Barkay
1212:Main article:
1209:
1206:
1186:pilgrim Egeria
1146:
1143:
1118:Chapel of Adam
1113:Calvary Chapel
1102:Virgilio Corbo
1094:Calvary Chapel
1068:
1065:
948:Calvary chapel
909:
906:
845:
838:
837:
833:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:
820:
817:
802:Henry Chadwick
789:Ottoman Empire
772:
769:
734:
731:
677:following the
675:serpent's head
500:). Golgotha's
430:
429:
425:
422:
418:
165:
162:
82:Biblical Greek
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2898:public domain
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2641:on 2007-06-16
2637:
2630:
2624:
2610:on 2007-06-16
2606:
2599:
2593:
2579:on 2016-05-13
2578:
2574:
2568:
2562:May/June 1986
2561:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2475:
2473:3-451-27092-7
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2343:, p. 460, at
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2227:The Holy Land
2224:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2084:0-19-926577-1
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2044:9780524050347
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2007:"H1601: Goah"
2002:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1956:"κρανίον, τό"
1951:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1827:
1819:
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1465:translation
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1431:Lucas 23:33
1396:Lucam 23:33
1228:Garden Tomb
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1169:Mount Athos
986:Hippodamian
709:Jeremiah 31
679:Fall of Man
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511:גֻּלְגֹּלֶת
434:Koine Greek
201:Luigi Mayer
156:Joan Taylor
152:Garden Tomb
3191:Categories
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3161:31°46′43″N
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2989:Gennesaret
2805:Eusebius,
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2614:2007-06-12
2583:2011-10-25
2258:4 December
2097:Dan Bahat
2073:. Oxford:
2058:John 19:20
1996:. (German)
1971:, Book 2,
1925:"Golgotha"
1906:"Golgotha"
1630:Luke 23:33
1555:Luke 23:33
1539:Mark 15:22
1523:Joon 19:17
1519:Luke 23:33
1499:John 19:17
1495:Luke 23:33
1450:. (German)
1322:References
1291:Mount Zion
1265:Skull Hill
1106:Franciscan
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878:True Cross
757:Mark 15:29
395:literature
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329:Kalvarijos
324:Lithuanian
257:Matthew 27
148:Protestant
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3042:Bethphage
3037:Bethlehem
2979:Capernaum
2969:Bethsaida
2399:3 January
2166:On Easter
1717:. (Greek)
1701:. (Greek)
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1667:. (Greek)
1414:. (Latin)
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643:Eutychius
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228:Calvariae
220:Calvariae
141:Holy Land
123:, a site
107:crucified
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578:κρᾱνῐ́ον
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349:Caluarie
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309:Calvarie
301:Lutheran
296:Calvario
282:Calvaire
251:used by
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291:Italian
287:Spanish
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265:Luke 23
261:Mark 15
212:Vulgate
208:English
86:Γολγοθᾶ
60:Calvary
43:cavalry
3123:Sychar
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