Mont Blanc massif - Knowledge

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demands to be rescued. With up to 30,000 climbing parties now attempting to ascend Mont Blanc each year, it has gained the reputation of being one of the world's deadliest mountains. Deaths from mountaineering-related accidents across the Mont Blanc massif average almost 100 a year, with the majority occurring on Mont Blanc itself. There have also been various stunts, some of which the local authorities have called reckless or stupid. In recent years, guards have been placed on the most popular route of ascent to Mont Blanc's summit at peak periods in order to ensure that those entering the mountain environment are adequately equipped and skilled. This has led to calls to limit access to the most popular summits and for the mountains to be treated with greater respect.

715: 4144: 4160: 2884:, noted that the basin of the Glacier de Talèfre was "considered good hunting-ground for crystals", and that the slopes below les Courtes had yielded many large specimens. He recounted that in 1745 a guide had stated he had collected over 300 pounds (136 kg) of specimens there in just three hours. The first systematic account of the minerals of the Mont Blanc area was published in 1873 by Venance Payot. His list, entitled "Statistique minéralogique des environs du Mt-Blanc", catalogued 90 mineral types although it also included those present only as very small components of rocks. If these are excluded, it is known today that at least 68 separate mineral species occur across the whole range of the Mont Blanc massif. 3364: 2918: 5479: 5464: 4315:, and visitor numbers increased significantly. By the end of the 18th century, Chamonix was home to around 1,500 summer visitors. By 1850 it was welcoming 5,000 visitors, and by 1892 those numbers had risen to 24,000 a year. In 1906, the eleventh edition of a guidebook written by Edward Whymper about Chamonix and the Mont Blanc range estimated that 130,000 visitors had gone there during the previous season. It also reported that the railway service to Chamonix, which had previously been suspended in winter, was now running throughout the year. The tourist boom to the mountains had started. In 1924, a 4352: 673: 661: 5456: 4697: 142: 4542: 2869: 703: 4848: 742: 38: 1600: 11783: 1592: 4705: 5567:

quicker progress with World Heritage classification. In 2012 the organisation published a detailed assessment and supportive rationale into the state of the Mont Blanc application to be a World Heritage Site. ProMont Blanc also undertakes reviews of a suite of 24 environmental, 24 economic and 10 social indicators across 15 towns around the massif (seven French, five Italian and three Swiss), and monitors and reports on the effectiveness of measures intended to deliver sustainable development across the region.

4716: 1682:. Forty years later the remains of two of them were discovered, re-exposed within fissures in the Bossons glacier. They were 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) lower down from the point where they were lost; the corpse of the third guide was discovered the following year. In 2014, a group of climbers found a body on the Glacier du Talèfre, close to the Couvercle Hut. It was identified as that of a young Chamonix guide who had been caught in a winter storm during a solo ascent of the Nant Blanc face of the 4837: 3818: 11789: 765: 12930: 4336: 2950:

temperatures around −20 °C (−4 °F). The summit is also prone to strong winds and sudden weather changes. Because of the massif's great overall height, a considerable proportion is permanently glaciated or snow-covered and is exposed to extremely cold conditions. Even on the high passes of the Tour du Mont Blanc, around 2,000 to 2,500 m (6,600 to 8,200 ft), summer temperatures can be between 5 and 15 °C (41 and 59 °F), but feeling much colder because of

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halved there in the last 40 years, and there has been an increase in the melting and retreat of the massif's glaciers. The Mer de Glace has retreated 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in length since 1820 and, at Montenvers, has reduced in thickness by 150 m (490 ft). In the last 20 years the glacier has been retreating at a rate of around 30 m (98 ft) every year. Since 1994 it has lost 500 m (1,600 ft) in length and 70 m (230 ft) in depth.

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1,020 mm (40 in) of annual precipitation, whilst the Col du Midi, which is at 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) above sea level, receives significantly more, totalling 3,100 mm (122 in). However, at an even higher altitude (near to the summit of Mont Blanc) precipitation is considerably less, with only around 1,100 mm (43 in) recorded, despite the latter measurements being taken at a height of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft).

2721: 822:. Across the massif there are now more than two thousand different mountaineering routes to the summits, ranging greatly in both length and difficulty. These attract climbers from all over the world who, unlike the early ascensionists, now have access to numerous climbing guidebooks, modern safety equipment, good information on climbing routes and technical difficulty, as well as weather forecasts and mountain accommodation and food. 3615:, its name derives from the rich assemblage of plants which occur at great altitude there (between 2,650 and 3,000 m (8,690 and 9,840 ft)). Described as "one of the loftiest patches of vegetation in Europe upon an islet of rock in the midst of a wilderness of snow and ice", it is higher than the adjacent ground by tens of metres and, as a result, was spared glacial scouring and subsequent loss of its vegetation during the 3826: 381: 370: 4516:, and at an altitude of 4,250 m (13,944 ft). It produced an accurate timeline of contamination levels going back 200 years and was the first published uranium concentration data for any alpine or polar icefield. Ice that pre-dated 1940 was shown to contain fairly uniform and low levels of uranium, consistent with natural background contamination. In contrast, ice that had been laid down after 2946:), and is greatly influenced by altitude. The main valley settlements around the perimeter of the massif are at an altitude ranging between 600 and 1,200 metres (2,000 and 3,900 ft). Daytime valley temperatures in July and August may range up to 25 °C (77 °F), sometimes reaching 30 °C (86 °F). The greatest snowfall occurs between the months of November and April. 4183:. The descriptions of their exploits were published across Europe, bringing the mountains of the Mont Blanc range to the attention of a wide audience for the first time. In 1760, Horace-Bénédict de Saussure offered a large financial prize to the first people who successfully ascended Mont Blanc. The summit was finally attained on 8 August 1786 by two Chamonix men, the guide 11616: 714: 4798:, where Les Grand Montets is an important winter skiing area in the region. At 3,300 m (10,827 ft), the summit station also provides relatively easy access for climbers to the northeastern peaks of the range, including short introductory rock scrambles and a simple ice-face route on the NW face of the 5554:(or 'listed site') and this was extended in 1976 to cover 253.54 km (97.89 sq mi). By 1989 there had been calls for the creation of an International Park for Mont Blanc. In June 2000 France did add the Mont Blanc Massif to UNESCO's Tentative List, which is a first step to formal nomination for 4191:. The decades that followed saw the gradual opening up of Chamonix to the world, as well as the rest of the Mont Blanc massif. The many published accounts of climbs and impressive sights amongst or around the mountain range attracted numerous wealthy and notable visitors, for whom a visit to marvel at the 1659:, burst suddenly on the night of 11 July. It released 200,000 cubic metres (7,100,000 cu ft) of water and ice which flowed down the mountainside, killing 175 people in Saint-Gervais. The recent rediscovery of a further build-up of water deep within the glacier is now a cause of serious concern. 5535:

Plan (PIT) was announced, with the implementation of six regional projects running until 2013. In 2014, the group launched "Strategy for the Future", which is intended to be a strategic tool for ensuring that public policies are consistent across the different territories around the Mont Blanc massif.

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Following the construction of the new Goûter Hut used by most climbers ascending Mont Blanc, the authorities now strictly enforce a 'no wild-camping' ban above the level of Tête Rousses Hut. Each high altitude hut faces its own individual challenges, often relating to water and energy supply or waste

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being the first to be analysed. An area of its east face of 67,400 m (725,000 sq ft) was laser-scanned from a distance of 800 metres (2,625 feet). This revealed that over a twelve-month period the face had lost 536 m (18,900 cu ft) of rock. The project concluded that the

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in Europe. It contains around 800 plant species and covers an area of 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft). It was originally created in 1987 just as a tourist attraction but, with the subsequent designation of the adjacent Pavillon du Mont Frety as a protected area, it has since increased in

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The Mont Blanc massif includes eleven independent and six subsidiary summits over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) in height. These (including Mont Blanc) are shared between Italy and France only, the highest in Switzerland being the Aiguille d'Argentière. The massif is amongst the three major subranges

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In 1991, the environment ministers for France, Italy and Switzerland came together to agree the formation of Espace Mont Blanc – a partnership of national authorities and local communities to plan for the future development and protection of the Mont Blanc region. In 1998, the group was charged with

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is normally used by visitors travelling from one or other of the tourist centres of Chamonix or Courmayeur and gives views over the glaciated regions of the massif. It crosses the massif in a roughly north–south direction and connects the Aiguille du Midi with the Point Helbronner, each of which can

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The massif contains 11 main summits over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) in altitude, as well as numerous subsidiary points above this height. Crowning the massif is Mont Blanc (4,808 metres (15,774 ft)), the highest mountain in the Alps and in western Europe. From the summit of Mont Blanc to the

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The Mont Blanc massif has provided numerous opportunities for academic research, dating back to the very first ascent of Mont Blanc in 1786 during which Michel Paccard carried scientific equipment to confirm it as the highest summit. In 1820, an ill-fated expedition led by Dr Hamel included pigeons

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The inexorable downward movement and melting of glaciers can result in objects lost within them reappearing many years later. The first recorded account of a body reappearing from a glacier in the Mont Blanc range was made by Viscount Edmond de Catelin in 1861. It concerned three alpine guides who

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World Heritage Site status. As a result of long delays, many environmental groups from France, Italy and Switzerland have worked together under the umbrella organisation, proMONT BLANC, to jointly raise concerns and to put pressure on national governments and the European Union to support and make

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Increasing numbers of mountain tourists, ease of access into the high mountain environment, plus promotion and encouragement by tour companies offering ascents of Mont Blanc to people with little or no previous alpine experience, have led to an increase in mountain accidents and even inappropriate

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The region in which the Mont Blanc massif is located has been occupied by humans for at least 70,000 years, although, as now—and because of the great height and glaciated nature of the mountains—only the lower parts of the valleys around its perimeter would have been inhabited or used as routes of

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scheme for the region (finally launched in 2005), whilst in 2003 it adopted a plan for safeguarding sensitive environments and landscapes. In 2007, it produced its position statement regarding the classification of Mont Blanc as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in 2009 a Transboundary Integrated

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have been positioned strategically across the massif to give climbers easier access to the high summits by permitting an overnight stay. The majority are owned by national mountaineering clubs, and many are wardened during the summer months, although the smaller bivouac huts are unmanned and have

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The 19th century saw considerable economic development which turned the small agricultural town of Chamonix into a base for tourists, with luxurious hotels and mountain lodges being built to accommodate them. A trade in selling local items to visiting foreigners soon developed. Crystals collected

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and is cut by numerous glaciers, mostly flowing northwestwards on the French side; southeastwards on the Italian side and eastwards on the Swiss side. With much steeper slopes on the Italian side, many glaciers drop very sharply and some, such as the Miage Glacier and the Brenva Glacier, are very

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connects Chamonix and Courmayeur and permits cars and lorries to quickly reach the opposite valley. It took twenty years to complete and opened to vehicle traffic in 1965. The tunnel is known for an incident in March 1999, when a lorry caught alight inside; the resulting fire lasted 53 hours and

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The massif contains a very rich variety of biodiversity as a result of the huge height range and different habitats found between the valleys and the highest summits. Mild temperatures occur at altitudes between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft), whereas arctic conditions occur from

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Precipitation is distributed fairly evenly over all months of the year, and mostly originates from a westerly airflow. There is, however, significant variation in precipitation with altitude. For example, Chamonix has an elevation of approximately 1,030 metres (3,380 ft) and receives around

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The best weather for mountaineering or hiking occurs between late June to early October but, being the highest part of the Alps, the Mont Blanc massif can create its own weather patterns. Temperatures drop as the mountains gain in height, and the summit of Mont Blanc is a permanent ice cap, with

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4 km (2.5 mi)) and the Brenva Glacier. Whilst these glaciers appear to show similar fluctuations in length, research shows that each glacier of the Mont Blanc massif has its own individual and distinctive response time to changes in snowfall and climate. The Bossons Glacier is known to

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Weather records show that since the 1960s there has been a trend of less snow at lower altitudes, whilst since the 1990s average mountain temperatures have increased more than at lower levels. Temperatures in Chamonix have risen by 1.5 °C over the last 75 years, and fresh snow build-up has

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A wide range of glaciers and glacial structures can be found across the Mont Blanc massif, all of which can be easily reached or viewed. Glaciers cover 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi) of the massif, of which 110 km (42 sq mi) fall within France. The Mer de Glace is the

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for removing material were also banned, and a code of practice put in place which requires an annual declaration of all finds to be made. It also gives a right for the Chamonix crystal museum (Musée des Cristaux) to have first option to acquire specimens of significance for its collections. To

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on the Italian side of the massif—launched a dawn bombardment on Chamonix from positions adjacent to the cable car station on the Col du Midi. Their attack was met with fierce opposition from French resistance fighters, and took place at an altitude of 3,500 metres (11,500 feet). Nine of the

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The Leschaux Hut is included in this list because, unlike all other 'hotels' at equivalent altitude on the edges of the massif, it is extremely remote, in the middle of the massif, and requires experience in glacier travel to reach it and gives unique access to certain climbing routes. See

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The Romans occupied Martigny to the north of the massif, and their influence spread out well beyond the Alps into much of northern Europe. As a result of aggressive pressure from tribes in the north, the imperial forces of Rome were gradually withdrawn from the alpine regions until, by the

4092:. Courmayeur, on the southern side of the massif, began to develop as a stop-off along their trans-alpine trading routes between Italy and France. Parts of the modern Tour du Mont Blanc walking trail still follow the route of a Roman road along the Col du Bonhomme and the Col de la Seigne. 4817:

From Les Houches, one of two cable cars links to Bellevue plateau (1,800 m (5,906 ft)), giving access to walking paths, mountain bike trails and winter ski-runs as well as to a halt on the Mont Blanc Tramway, A second links the town to the adjacent Prarion plateau (1,900 m

4564:, known as the Casermetta, was active for many years at the Col de la Seigne, on the border between France and Italy. In the 1930s, during a period of increased international tension, the Mont Blanc massif was used by both countries wanting to demonstrate their military might, and large 288:

until they left around the 5th century AD. The region remained of some military importance through to the mid-20th century. A peasant farming economy operated within these valleys for many centuries until the glaciers and mountains were "discovered" by the outside world in the

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Towards the end of World War II, the highest engagement of the entire war occurred on the glaciers above Chamonix. With the Germans nearly defeated, and their garrison in Chamonix surrounded by the liberating forces, a contingent of Austro-German soldier—who were based around the

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management, and the provision of services to visitors can sometimes conflict with environmental protection. A range of individual solutions for a selection of huts within the massif and elsewhere in the Alps was identified by a project run by Espace Mont Blanc between 2007 and 2013.

482:, eventually joining the Po. However, the extreme western end of the southern side of the massif does lie within France and is bounded by the Vallée des Glaciers (which connects to the Val Veny over the watershed of the col de la Seigne), and its waters flow southwards towards the 3859:

Over 80 different bird species have been recorded on the Italian side of the massif from within Val Ferret, including 63 nesting species and nine regional or national rarities. The following birds have been recorded in different habitats right across the Mont Blanc massif:

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Mont Blanc is a heap of garbage ... a mountain covered with the crap, urine and detritus of the last 50 years. The problems are covered up by a nice, white blanket of snow. But I want to confront people with the reality and to reach those people who abuse the

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by 2020. The plan included proposals to improve air quality by banning those lorries from using the Mont Blanc Tunnel which were deemed to be the most polluting and which, at times, had reduced air quality to levels more usually associated with the streets of

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and Mont Blanc's summit from where numerous measurements and scientific experiments were conducted. One study involved taking simultaneous temperature measurements made over many months at Chamonix, the Grands Mulets and at the observatory itself. In 1893,

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Those on the most popular routes, such as the Goûter Hut, now require all climbers to pre-book. Some tiny huts, such as the remote Eccles Hut, can also be extremely crowded during good mountaineering weather, and some climbers prefer to bivouac outside.

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further protect the scientific value of material collected, all specimens offered for sale must be labelled with details of where they were found. The crystal museum opened to the public in 2006 and tells the story of the early crystal-hunters (known as

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By 1932 France had established the École de Haute Montagne in Chamonix to train mountain troops, but in 1945 it was reconstituted to provide specialised mountaineering training, skiing and tactical skills to the entire army. It was later renamed as the

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Arve near Chamonix there is a 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) drop in altitude over a distance of just 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). Because of its great elevation, much of the massif is snow- and ice-covered, and has been deeply dissected by glaciers. The

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at an altitude of 3,820 metres (12,533 ft). From here the French – Italian border runs southwestwards along a ridge of high summits on the southern side of the massif, many of which are over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) in height, including the

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In October 2017 representatives from all three nations finally signed a joint declaration of intent as the first formal step towards submitting a bid for the Mont Blanc massif to be a candidate for inclusion on UNESCO's World Heritage Site list.

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cable car on the Italian side of the massif is expected to increase visitor numbers to Courmayeur from 100,000 to 300,000 per annum, following complete replacement of an earlier cable car system in 2015. It takes tourists from La Palud up to the

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In just 50 years the Mont Blanc massif, and Chamonix and Courmayeur in particular, had become a popular destination for many travellers, and its economy changed from 80% agriculture to 80% tourism. It saw the emergence and spread of the sport of

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in 1982 and was assumed to have fallen into a crevasse. In 2013, a box of valuable gemstones was found by a climber on the Bossons Glacier. It had re-emerged, having been carried 3,048 metres (10,000 ft) downhill from the site of one of two

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respond first, then the Argentière and the Trient Glaciers respond four to seven years later, with the Mer de Glace reacting last —between eleven and fifteen years after changes are first observed in the movement of ice in the Bossons Glacier.

2932:, the Mont Blanc massif is also situated between the two different climatic regions of the northern and western Alps and that of the southern Alps. Climatic conditions on the Mer de Glace are similar to those found on the northern side of the 4576:, France found itself under attack again, but this time by Italian soldiers in many alpine locations including the area around the Col de la Seigne. Evidence of past fortifications and old firing points are still visible throughout the area 3450:

in 1807, observed a number of notable species in the mountains around Mont Blanc at altitudes above 3,100 metres (10,200 feet). This was well above the permanent snow line, but on rocks that were so steep that little snow could rest. These

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Concerns over the state of the environment around the most popular parts of the Mont Blanc massif, and the need for visitors to better respect it, were reflected in a statement in 2014 by Jean-Marc Peillex, the mayor of Saint-Gervais, who

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High up in the middle of the Glacier de Talèfre, completely surrounded by ice, and due south of Les Droites, lies a large triangular region of steep mountainside containing an unusual mixture of high-alpine vegetation. Known as the

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The Alps contain many subranges, some of which are mapped below. The loftiest are the Pennine Alps, which contain 13 of the highest 20 alpine peaks; the Bernese Alps contain four; and the Mont Blanc Massif in the Graian Alps has

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18th century. Word of these impressive sights began to spread, and Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, marking the start of the sport of mountaineering. The region is now a major tourist destination, drawing in over six

10783: 5586:, geological, historical and scientific importance. The 2011 schedule documents list over 150 species of animals and plants for which the massif is important. In Italy, the whole Val Ferret watershed was designated a 5601:

Despite these individual designations, the Mont Blanc massif as a whole is still regarded by conservationists as representing an important missing link in the wider network of protected areas of the western Alps.

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A number of noteworthy incidents have occurred across the massif over the last two centuries which stand out from the routine toll of mountain-related deaths, of which there are now approximately 100 per annum.

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takes tourists and hikers from Saint-Gervais to the Nid d'Aigle, near the Glacier de Bionnassay. It also provides mountaineers with ready access to the first stage of the Goûter Route for an attempt on the

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before dropping down to the Col de la Seigne. North of Mont Dolent the border between France and Switzerland meanders roughly north-northwestwards along a ridge-line of slightly lower peaks, including the

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In order to preserve the mineralogical heritage of Mont Blanc, in 2008 the commune of Chamonix banned all mineral-hunting activities and collection of specimens without a prior permit being issued by the

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of water, with maximum occurrence during warm summers. In 2015, climbers captured video footage of a huge rockfall on the Tour Ronde's east face, which suggests that instability continues in this area.

10639: 6844: 4367:). Some surveys have shown that tourists mostly come to the Mont Blanc massif and its environs for winter sports such as skiing as well as summer outdoor activities like hiking, climbing and cycling. 9733:

Ravanel, Ludovic (March 2011). "Climate influence on rockfalls in high-alpine steep rockwalls: The north side of the Aiguilles de Chamonix (Mont Blanc massif) since the end of the 'Little Ice Age'".

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ski routes in the Mont Blanc massif. Because heli-skiing is banned across France for environmental reasons, companies offering this service only operate on the Swiss and Italian sides of the range.

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The Aiguille du Midi Cable Car in Chamonix attracts 500,000 people each year and gives views over much of the massif, and up towards Mont Blanc itself. From Chamonix it rises to the summit of the

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at around 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) receive only around 600 to 700 mm (24 to 28 in) of precipitation per year, which is significantly less than that in either Courmayeur or Chamonix.

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toured the Alps and visited Chamouni (as it was then known), as well as the Mer de Glace and the Bossons Glacier. They jointly published their accounts and letters in a work entitled:

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During the mid-19th century the granite of the Mont Blanc massif was an important source of stone for buildings; one hundred Italian stonemasons were brought to the Chamonix valley by

9700:. In: Kane DL, Hinkel KM (eds) Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost 2008, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. pp. 349–354 9567:

Aglietta, M.; Badino, G.; Bologna, G; et al. (9 April 1987). "On the Event Observed in the Mont Blanc Underground Neutrino Observatory during the Occurrence of Supernova 1987a".

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History of a Six Weeks' Tour Through a Part of France, Switzerland, Germany and Holland: With Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva, and of the Glaciers of Chamouni

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History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; with Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva and of the Glaciers of Chamouni

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In the mountains further south of the Mont Blanc range, annual precipitation is significantly less than at equivalent altitudes within the massif. For example, the valleys in the

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Even the smallest glaciers can have a significant impact on the environment and on human activity. In 1892, a large body of water which had accumulated under the surface of the

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At around 10 km (6 mi) in length, the Miage Glacier is Italy's longest glacier and also the largest debris-covered glacier in Europe. Other large glaciers include the

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spent a month in Chamonix, from where he painted some of the massif's mountains before undertaking the Tour of Mont Blanc. When Savoy was eventually annexed to France in 1860,

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1908: On 1 July, the Swiss rail lines are joined to the French, following the completion of the final stretch of 9.6 km between Argentiere-Vallorcine-Le Chatelard-Frontier.

3666: 702: 3410:. The biological richness is further influenced by the different aspects of the faces, by the geology, and by the influence of man on the lower and middle slopes where 427:). At its widest point the massif is 20 km (12 mi) across. The northwestern side of the massif lies mostly within France, and is bounded by the valley of the 6783:[Notice on the discovery of corpses after forty-one years of living in the Ice - Edmond de Catelin (Stéphen d'Arve)] (in French). Annecy Library. 20 April 2011 9806:

Barbante, Carlo; Van de Velde, Katje; Cozzi, Giulio; Capodaglio, Gabriele; Planchon, Frederic; Hong, Sungming; Ferrari, Christophe; Boutron, Claude (September 2001).

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killed 39 people. The tunnel was renovated in the aftermath, re-opening three years later. By 2008, 1,600 trucks and 3,200 cars were using the tunnel every day (1.8

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saw vast glaciers advance, retreat, and then advance again. Their movement across the landscape ground down and shaped the mountains and the valleys as seen today.

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The massif can be quickly crossed in a north–south direction by one of two transport routes, one aimed at through-traffic, the other intended solely for tourists:

3799:, or on foot from La Palud within two hours and an ascent of 800 m (2,600 ft). The botanical garden derives its name from the genus of mountain flowers, 3432: 1957: 1798: 11103: 10977: 9508: 9079: 8761: 7914: 6509: 6341: 2329: 10875: 8465: 4051:. Located 600 metres (2,000 ft) above the village, the park was founded in 1968 and contains eighty animal species from mountain habitats around the world. 3470: 2139: 1769: 10245: 7979: 6113: 5558:

status. This was followed in January 2008 by a cross-border submission from Italy, which included France and Switzerland. However, as of 2016, it had neither a

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Three examples of modern-day uses of the high mountains for scientific research include neutrino detection, uranium pollution monitoring and climate change:

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showed large excesses. These were attributed to aerial transport of uranium dust, produced by extensive mining and milling operations that occurred in

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intended for release at varying altitudes to measure the impact of reduced air density on their ability to fly. In 1890, Joseph Vallot built a small

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The French and Swiss sides of the massif are linked since 1908 with a narrow-gauge railway running from Saint-Gervais to Martigny, via Chamonix and

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Seven of the massif's largest indigenous mammal species are housed in the Merlet Animal Park near Les Houches, including ibex, chamois, marmot,

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Col de Champex 1,497 m (4,911 ft) and La Forclaz, or Fenêtre d'Arpette 2,655 m (8,711 ft) (path and road, links Orsières -

566:, before dropping down to the Col de Balme. The Swiss – Italian border runs southwest from Mont Dolent, down to the twin passes of Col Ferret. 309:. Around one hundred people a year die across its mountains and, occasionally, bodies have been lost and entombed in its glaciers for decades. 9315: 6957: 4374:

at 3,842 metres (12,605 ft), and holds the world record for the highest vertical ascent of any cable car (2,807 m (9,209 ft)).

4135:

and crossed the Alps into southern Germany, Austria and northern Italy to sell their products and bring back goods for sale in local markets.

10547: 9181: 8099: 5377: 4469:(m.w.e.) of solid rock surrounding it in every direction. In February 1987, the underground neutrino observatory reported the detection of a 8738: 7436: 7084: 5582:(ZNIEFF). This does not give regulatory protection, but is a recognition of the outstanding biodiversity of the area, and of its landscape, 214:

at its northeastern end. It contains eleven major independent summits, each over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) in height. It is named after

9991: 5083: 4175:

valley and its glaciers on the north side of the massif were discovered and written about by two aristocratic travelling Englishmen, named

11193: 10909: 10577: 10304: 10119: 10059: 9437:[Second series of simultaneous meteorological observations carried to the summit of Mont Blanc, the Grands Mulets and Chamonix.]. 5307: 3856:

have been reintroduced into the French Alps and, although present around the Mont Blanc massif, are extremely unlikely to be encountered.

489:

The northernmost section of the massif falls within Switzerland, and is bounded to the east by a separate valley, confusingly also called

11702: 9618: 10396: 8039: 7653: 3430:

have been recorded across the massif, from the valley bottoms right up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft) where the alpine chrysanthemum (

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The Romans, who occupied the region 2,000 years ago, used the main valleys around the massif for military purposes. They gave the name

3701: 10719: 10426: 7777: 7581: 7185: 10081: 9928: 8522: 11464: 10457: 8499: 7513: 6457: 4363:

million people per annum, with around one in five gaining access to its slopes by means of mechanical infrastructure (cable cars or

11486: 10517: 6578: 8795: 8638: 8069: 7695: 6659: 13173: 10327: 4451:

for measuring the oxygen content of the sun were installed. The observatory was removed when it started to collapse around 1906.

293:

million visitors per year. It provides a wide range of opportunities for outdoor recreation and activities such as sight-seeing,

10182: 7021: 4735:

to reach the Swiss Val Ferret. From within Italy the A40 from Aosta leads to Courmayeur, as does the higher mountain route from

4595: 4493:. This would formerly have held the mountain together more effectively, but it is now exposed to greater weathering through the 12786: 8366: 7117: 11524: 9435:"Deuxième série d'observations météorologiques simultanées exécutées au sommet du Mont Blanc, aux Grands Mulets et à Chamonix" 8400: 8333: 8129: 7949: 4794:

connects Chamonix to Montenvers near the foot of the Mer de Glace, whilst the Téléphérique du Lognan connects Argentière with

2806:

of the Alps, effectively being the outermost layers of rock. The central granites make up Mont Blanc, the steep slopes of the

11592: 11557: 10695: 10670: 9375: 9214: 8679: 8306: 8272: 8233: 7818: 7647: 6318: 6160: 5789: 11163: 10609: 10021: 8432: 8239: 6781:"Notice sur la découverte de cadavres après quarante et un ans de séjour dans la glace – Edmond de Catelin (Stéphen d'Arve)" 6427: 6240: 5549: 4401:

Other recent enhancements to tourist infrastructure across the massif have included construction of a new, and ultra-modern

13178: 12718: 11133: 9898: 4751: 11044: 8185: 6612:

Deline, P. (2005). "Change in surface debris cover on Mont Blanc massif glaciers after the 'Little Ice Age' termination".

4524:(and also in France to a lesser extent) between 1965 and the end of the 1980s. No evidence was found that either the 1986 11319: 11289: 11259: 11215: 11067: 10947: 7551: 7398: 6670: 4727:

The Mont Blanc massif is accessible by road from within France via the A40–E25, or from Switzerland via Martigny and the

4260: 11434: 10741: 9645:"Rock falls in high-alpine rock walls quantified by terrestrial lidar measurements: A case study in the Mont Blanc area" 8950: 5590:(Italian: Zone di Protezione Speciale) in 2003, and this 90.8 km (35.1 sq mi) area now forms part of the 4662:

1997: British mountain guide is successfully sued by six-year-old boy over father's death in a climbing accident on the

4572:

were undertaken at high altitude. During World War II, at a time when the French army had already been defeated by

13183: 13163: 12688: 11097: 10969: 9500: 9071: 8769: 8009: 7906: 5715: 5696: 5221: 10883: 9049: 8457: 13168: 10235: 8851: 7971: 6234: 6087: 6062: 5971: 3787: 2775:. But these rocks were then heavily eroded away, eventually being ground down and inundated by the sea, so allowing 672: 660: 10358: 5861: 5824: 4755: 4465:

in the early‑1980s in order to take advantage of the shielding from background radiation provided by the 4,800

3596:, published a number of articles on the flora around the Mont Blanc area, including a list of the flowering plants, 1880:

fed by Glacier du Mont Mallet and Glacier de Pierre Joseph, then merges with Glacier du Tacul to form Mer de Glace.

411:

is 46 kilometres (29 mi) long and lies in a southwest to northeasterly direction across the borders of France (

12617: 10845: 8981: 7305: 5627: 4152: 3806: 3386:

to it, there are many rare and legally protected species found within its four major habitat zones. These are the:

1753:

Fed by Glacier du Chardonnet, Glacier du Milieu, Glacier des Améthistes, Glacier du Tour Noir, Glacier des Rognons

810:

were instrumental in many of the first ascents, usually accompanied by guides from Chamonix or Courmayeur, such as

13122: 12753: 4782: 2940: 269:

by separating the northern and western Alps from the southern Alps. The mountains of the massif consist mostly of

12260: 12255: 11695: 10812: 9776: 8821: 8396: 7275: 7245: 7215: 6150: 4320: 4303:

visited the region to mark the event and undertook to enhance road access leading to the end of the Arve valley.

4208: 9469: 8920: 4443:

on the top of Mont Blanc, partially buried within the summit ice to hold it in place. A 33 cm (13 in)

1691:

plane crashes. These occurred at almost identical locations high up near the summit of Mont Blanc: one in 1950 (

1624:, and the second largest in Europe. It has a total length of 12 km (7.5 mi) from highest snowfield to 806:(1865–82) that the majority of the main summits of the massif were first attained. Members of the England-based 13087: 12903: 11632: 11375: 10999: 10604: 6393: 5161: 4288: 2209: 349: 9011: 4143: 4104:

tribes from Germany moved into eastern parts, resulting in the linguistic divide found today across the Alps.

4096:

5th century AD, they had left completely. The areas left behind were occupied in the western part by the

11991: 9531: 8155: 1454: 11660: 10479: 7603: 6546: 6389: 4307:

from across the massif were much in demand, as were locally produced goods such as horn trinkets and honey.

4159: 4107:

For many centuries thereafter, the settlements around the Mont Blanc massif comprised a rural population of

3573: 11916: 11826: 9719: 5730:

For winter use only. Abri Simond bivouac hut is only available in winter when the Cosmiques Hut is not open

4550: 3809:, whose enthusiasm for scientific research in the mountains led to the first ascent of Mont Blanc in 1786. 2543: 1086: 973: 550: 74: 12432: 11128:[Mont Blanc massif (registration as cross-border natural heritage, with France and Switzerland)]. 3634: 12683: 12492: 12397: 11866: 11861: 11546:

Ehringhaus, Barbara (30 Mar 2010). Worboys, Graeme; Francis, Wendy L. Francis; Lockwood, Michael (eds.).

4795: 4791: 4635: 4600:(EMHM) and it continues to fulfil that role to this day, training approximately 1,500 troops every year. 1376: 771: 352:

across the massif and an awareness of the need for better environmental protection, including a call for

20: 11941: 11811: 9860: 7327: 6899:

Ravanel, Ludovic; Allignol, Françoise; Deline, Philip; Gruber, Stephan; Ravello, Mario (December 2010).

5886: 4649: 4284: 2279: 1612: 1099: 555: 13153: 12779: 12402: 12275: 11891: 11688: 10267: 7357: 7046: 6304: 6226: 5916: 4256: 3736: 3475: 2849: 2779:

to form. Then, once again, this part of the Earth's crust was uplifted as a result of the collision of

2683: 1220: 6479: 2020: 1981: 1764:

descends from the Aiguille des Grands Montets, along with Glacier de la Pendent and Glacier de Lognan

1744: 1272: 12838: 7465: 6268: 6010: 5048: 4613:

1820: First recorded deaths on Mont Blanc. Three Chamoniards die in a climbing group led by Dr Hamel.

3437: 1962: 1803: 1677: 594: 578:

in the range as well as the longest in France and the second longest in the Alps. The debris-covered

345: 340:

in the south. The high mountains have provided many opportunities for scientific research, including

328:

hiking trail circumnavigates the whole massif in an 11-day trek of 170 kilometres (110 mi). The

11126:"Massif du Mont-Blanc (inscription comme patrimoine naturel transfrontalier, avec France et Suisse)" 7876: 4123:. Some farmers in the valley of Chamonix joined their counterparts from the neighbouring valleys of 2759:

rocks. These were destined to form the base of the Alps range, and this period of upheaval ended 300

2334: 723:

summit (3,816 metres (12,520 ft)) bordering Italy and France, the watershed between the rivers

12703: 12562: 12522: 12482: 12011: 11886: 11185: 9307: 7148: 6949: 6054:

Barbero, Rossana Serandrei; Zanon, Giorgio (1993). Williams, Richard S.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (eds.).

5499: 5267: 3719: 2144: 1774: 1671:

on 20 August 1820 near the Rocher Rouges, high up on Mont Blanc, during an expedition organised by

858: 827:

Main summits of the Mont Blanc massif. Independent peaks over 4,000 metres are shown in bold.

11821: 10539: 9173: 8524:

Chamouni and Mont Blanc: A visit to the valley and an ascent of the mountain in the autumn of 1855

8091: 4489:

high rockfall rate on the Tour Ronde and elsewhere in the massif was linked to the degradation of

1848: 12662: 11981: 11767: 8730: 7425: 7077: 6981:"The structural history of the Mont Blanc massif with regard to models for its recent exhumation" 5587: 5531: 5252: 5068: 3581: 3509: 2922: 2837:

heavily covered in rock debris. The massif is itself defined by broad valleys which formed along

2259: 1441: 929: 448: 444: 9999: 5494:

To help counter these effects, in 2012 the various Chamonix-Mont Blanc authorities introduced a

3790:

above Courmayeur is located at 2,173 m (7,129 ft) above sea level, and is the highest

2813:

The granite mountains around Chamonix have been eroded into steep needle-shaped peaks (known as

12698: 12572: 12487: 11831: 11816: 10569: 10296: 10111: 10051: 7633: 7632: 4740: 4466: 4188: 4089: 4024: 3998: 3642: 3447: 2783:. The huge mountain ranges of today's Alps began to form. This happened towards the end of the 2091: 1869: 1151: 1001: 803: 799: 608:

Col du Bonhomme 2,329 m (7,641 ft) (path, links Contamines – Beaufort – Les Chapieux)

559: 542: 266: 12172: 9611: 8709: 8296: 8262: 7808: 7746: 7681: 4621: 3488: 2802:

Both the Mont Blanc massif, and the Aiguilles Rouges range to its north, now form part of the

2126: 1656: 13188: 12772: 12728: 11906: 11851: 10388: 9365: 9338: 8031: 7637: 6586: 6308: 4799: 4085: 3920: 3607:

found at les Grands Mulets and elsewhere in the massif around Chamonix and the Aosta Valley.

2303: 1177: 1058: 720: 526: 12642: 12147: 11871: 11856: 9434: 9139:"'We are not a taxi service': Lazy climber left on Mont Blanc after rescuers refuse to help" 8609: 7636:; Bonpland, Aimé; Jackson (translator), Stephen T.; Romanowski (translator), Sylvie (2014). 4616:

1892: 175 people are killed in St Gervais and nearby settlements from the sudden release of

4398:, the Skyway Monte Bianco is regarded as the world's most expensive cable car installation. 4359:

The Mont Blanc massif is now a significant tourist destination. The region attracts over six

4300: 1632: 1363: 1298: 13067: 13057: 13037: 12427: 10711: 10418: 9819: 9742: 9656: 9576: 8669: 8599: 8061: 7573: 7177: 6621: 5141: 4656: 4642: 4324: 4241: 4203: 4176: 4036: 3773: 3562: 3363: 2917: 2599: 2379: 1696: 1692: 582:

on the southern side of the massif is the longest in Italy. The summit of Mont Blanc is an

13052: 13042: 11956: 11284:[The candidature of the Mont Blanc Massif inclusion in World Heritage of UNESCO]. 11282:"La candidature du Massif du Mont-Blanc a l'inscription au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO" 9920: 9694:"Ground-based LIDAR data on permafrost-related rockfall activity in the Mont Blanc Massif" 5478: 3536: 1029: 467: 8: 12723: 12457: 12417: 12372: 12016: 11951: 11921: 11896: 11836: 11772: 11456: 10449: 9998:. Committee for the Commemoration of the B17 of the Aiguille des Glaciers. Archived from 8487: 6872: 6449: 6346: 5555: 5483: 5333: 5088: 4736: 4720: 4529: 4513: 4431: 4378: 4084:

Celtic tribe in 25 AD and engineered roads which extended northwards into Europe via the

3885: 3796: 3706: 3462: 2771:

formed the base of the mountains we now call the Mont Blanc massif as well as the nearby

2715: 2174: 1900: 1532: 1112: 915: 900: 626: 612: 353: 12856: 11841: 10509: 9823: 9746: 9660: 9580: 6692: 6625: 5885:. International Boundary Study. US. Department of State. 23 October 1961. Archived from 1311: 490: 13007: 12969: 12949: 12733: 12708: 12377: 12230: 12195: 12046: 11876: 11621: 9758: 9674: 9592: 8791: 8646: 7703: 7669: 7013: 6928: 6684: 6637: 5495: 5362: 5017: 4825: 4806: 4708: 4541: 4525: 4351: 4340: 3951: 3877: 3750: 3379:

2,500 metres (8,200 ft) up to the highest point at 4,808 metres (15,774 ft).

2893: 1728: 886: 685: 590: 325: 13077: 12592: 12265: 4952: 4323:. It attracted over 10,000 paying visitors and was retrospectively named as the first 4264: 1389: 13102: 13032: 13027: 12713: 12567: 12557: 12542: 12502: 12497: 12327: 12250: 12240: 12066: 12056: 12051: 11598: 11588: 11553: 10691: 10666: 10172: 9835: 9807: 9762: 9713: 9693: 9643:

Rabatel, Antoine; Deline, Philip; Jaillet, Stéphane; Ravanel, Ludovic (28 May 2008).

9596: 9588: 9415: 9371: 9210: 8703: 8675: 8302: 8268: 8229: 7814: 7754: 7643: 6980: 6932: 6920: 6900: 6750:

Notice sur la dècouverte de cadavres après quarante et un ans de sejour dans la glace

6688: 6641: 6314: 6230: 6156: 6114:"Leica Nova MS50 MultiStation delivers first exact 3D scan of the Mont Blanc ice cap" 6021: 5785: 5382: 5181: 5121: 4965: 4840: 4770: 4728: 4684: 4677: 4569: 4462: 4458: 4387: 4214: 4132: 4006: 3893: 3779: 3765: 3695: 3395: 2776: 2580: 1493: 1480: 1467: 635: 329: 12462: 12422: 12205: 9678: 8575: 8356: 7109: 7017: 5463: 5004: 4413:

in Les Grands Montets and other ski areas over a six-year period from 2014 onwards.

1246: 779:

of the Alps having the highest concentration of four-thousanders, together with the

546: 447:

and the river Le Bon Nant which flows northwards to a confluence with the Arve near

348:

on its highest slopes. Recent rises in average temperatures have led to significant

13002: 12987: 12552: 12512: 12472: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12347: 12124: 12061: 12001: 11911: 11901: 11881: 11719: 11516: 9827: 9750: 9664: 9584: 9407: 8388: 8325: 8301:(2nd, updated ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone Press Limited. p. 114. 8121: 7941: 7480: 7003: 6995: 6912: 6674: 6629: 6120: 5575: 5471: 4546: 4494: 4371: 4112: 4032: 3873: 3865: 3791: 3744: 3550: 3457: 3411: 2772: 2768: 2725: 2035: 2031: 1625: 1415: 1285: 1259: 1125: 943: 807: 597:, with top competitors expected to complete the whole route in less than 21 hours. 563: 522: 317: 187: 13017: 12850: 11946: 8603: 8550: 4669:

1999: Avalanche kills 12 people and destroys 17 houses in villages of Le Tour and

2729: 2071: 1044: 728: 530: 483: 13072: 13047: 12527: 12382: 12357: 12337: 12317: 12167: 12152: 12129: 12021: 11996: 11846: 11664: 11547: 11155: 11125: 10599: 10177: 10029: 9204: 8426: 8223: 8032:"Sites – Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): Mont Blanc (Italian side)" 6419: 6220: 5719: 5700: 5659: 5455: 4856: 4786:

themselves be reached by téléphérique from Chamonix and Courmayeur, respectively.

4687:

on Mont Maudit, affecting 28 climbers. Nine climbers killed, nine others injured.

4659:

crashes close to summit of Mont Blanc. All 106 passengers and 11 crew are killed.

4565: 4508:

contamination of the wider environment by wind-borne particles. They analysed an

4427: 4180: 3994: 3974: 3966: 3840:

The mountains around Mont Blanc are home to many mammal species, including ibex,

3685: 3679: 3671: 3656: 3593: 3556: 3544: 3522: 3387: 2897: 2838: 2807: 2803: 2780: 2635: 2053: 1644: 1636: 1233: 987: 819: 246: 179: 42:

Aerial view of western half of the Mont Blanc massif, seen from the Italian side.

11642: 9890: 4696: 4406: 3795:

scientific importance. It can be reached either from the mid-way station of the

708:

Glacier travel – beginners learning the ropes on the Aiguille des Grands Montets

632:

Col de Balme 2,191 m (7,188 ft) (path, links Trient Valley – Chamonix)

13132: 13127: 12897: 12891: 12657: 12627: 12547: 12537: 12532: 12517: 12507: 12387: 12352: 12332: 12322: 12300: 12177: 11966: 11926: 11036: 9411: 9398:

Richalet, Jean-Paul (July 2004). "The Scientific Observatories on Mont Blanc".

7144: 6679: 5591: 4436: 4312: 4184: 4148: 4028: 4016: 3978: 3897: 3616: 3517: 3367: 3062: 2881: 2868: 2842: 2764: 2424: 1683: 1640: 1519: 1506: 958: 795: 791: 506: 302: 250: 223: 219: 195: 161: 11669: 11311: 11281: 11251: 10939: 8552:

The Hand-book for Travellers in Switzerland and the Alps of Savoy and Piedmont

7543: 7008: 6999: 6916: 6633: 4847: 3817: 13147: 13062: 13022: 12959: 12954: 12915: 12879: 12832: 12826: 12647: 12632: 12602: 12577: 12362: 12312: 12220: 12215: 12162: 12111: 12086: 12076: 11971: 11426: 9754: 9143: 8958: 7725: 7390: 7178:"Resources minéralogiques du massif du Mont-Blanc et des régions limitrophes" 6924: 6755:

Notice on the discovery of corpses after forty-one years of living in the Ice

6025: 5583: 5559: 5467: 5030: 4917: 4891: 4855:

Since the very early days of alpine mountaineering a number of high-altitude

4645:

crashes close to summit of Mont Blanc. All 48 passengers and crew are killed.

4405:

to accommodate the increasing numbers of mountaineers attempting the popular

4344: 4272: 3970: 3947: 3889: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3829: 3589: 3452: 3196: 2509: 1704:

Glaciers of the Mont Blanc massif, listed by country and from north to south.

604:, that connect different valleys and towns around the Mont Blanc massif are: 579: 298: 284:

The valleys that delimit the massif were used as communication routes by the

278: 239: 96: 83: 37: 12607: 11727: 11670:

Retreating glaciers of Mont Blanc massif as revealed by French IGN Geoportal

11102:(video) (in French). l'Institute National de l'Audiovisuel. 16 August 1989. 10813:"A glorious winter, but the Alps face a warmer world – bringing huge change" 8645:(in French). Bibliothèques des villes-centres de Rhône-Alpes. Archived from 8001: 7702:(in French). Bibliothèques des villes-centres de Rhône-Alpes. Archived from 4904: 4402: 1599: 432: 265:

between France, Italy and Switzerland; it also marks the border between two

12992: 12964: 12944: 12885: 12844: 12795: 12738: 12652: 12622: 12587: 12477: 12437: 12367: 12304: 12245: 12210: 12187: 12157: 12071: 11976: 10817: 10240: 9839: 9419: 9243: 9041: 8358:

Colporteurs et marchands savoyards dans l'Europe des XVII et XVIIIe siècles

7730:

Catalogue des Principales Plantes qui croissent sur la Chaine du Mont-Blanc

6808: 6193: 6055: 6011:"Fluctuations of the 'Mer de Glace' (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500–2050" 5960: 5103: 4991: 4811: 4573: 4521: 4517: 4448: 4296: 4199: 4020: 4012: 3986: 3982: 3913: 3901: 3869: 2733: 1818: 1699:). Debris from these crashes is still commonly found on the glacier below. 1621: 1545: 1350: 1324: 784: 780: 571: 494: 420: 412: 321: 285: 235: 12929: 11782: 11602: 7484: 6302: 5613: 4628: 1591: 815: 242: – the longest glaciers in France and Italy, respectively. 226:. Because of its considerable overall altitude, a large proportion of the 141: 12909: 12873: 12693: 12637: 12467: 12412: 12342: 12285: 12235: 12200: 12081: 12036: 12031: 12026: 11961: 11752: 9669: 9644: 5632: 5619: 5595: 5435: 5422: 4440: 4292: 4276: 4268: 4128: 4097: 4044: 4002: 3935: 3905: 1706:

Those over 3 km (1.9 mi) in length are indicated in bold type.

1402: 1164: 1072: 872: 811: 751: 732: 534: 517: 475: 440: 313: 211: 8363:

Savoyard peddlers and merchants in Europe of the 17th and 18th centuries

7297: 6053: 5543:

In 1951 the French portion of the Mont Blanc massif was classified as a

5459:

Alpine mountaineers descending from the Aiguille du Midi above Chamonix.

4732: 2909:). Many specimens collected from across the massif are displayed there. 619: 401:(bottom left). The international tripoint lies at the centre of the map. 13097: 13012: 12743: 12612: 12407: 12392: 12290: 12280: 12270: 12225: 12119: 12101: 12091: 12041: 12006: 11986: 11936: 11742: 9692:

Deline, Philip; Jaillet, Stéphane; Rabatel, Antoine; Ravanel, Ludovic.

9239:"US climber condemned for filming his children in Mont Blanc avalanche" 7180:[Mineralogical Resources of Mont Blanc and surrounding areas]. 5959:

Reynaud, Louis (1993). Williams, Richard S.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (eds.).

5398: 5234: 4978: 4821: 4663: 4581: 4490: 4485: 4383: 4077: 3955: 3526: 3391: 2951: 2933: 2929: 2901: 2853: 2792: 2063: 1428: 1337: 1207: 1015: 844: 538: 471: 398: 337: 324:

which offer overnight refuge to climbers and skiers. The long-distance

258: 215: 56: 11652: 9831: 7267: 7237: 7207: 6804:"Mont Blanc mountaineer's frozen body discovered 32 years after death" 6660:"Origin of the Outburst flood from the Glacier de Tête Rousse in 1892" 6547:"Mont Blanc – A Wonderful Treasure That Is Vulnerable And Unprotected" 4715: 4704: 12997: 12597: 12582: 12096: 8674:(revised ed.). New York: Cornell University Press. p. 221. 5574:

All the French parts of the Mont Blanc massif, plus the neighbouring

4778:

million vehicles per year) – a little less than before the 1999 fire.

4617: 4444: 4364: 4124: 4076:, to the highest parts of the Alps—which extended from Mont Blanc to 3990: 3962: 3943: 3881: 3801: 3415: 2833: 2756: 1688: 1668: 1138: 11680: 11371: 9808:"Post-World War II Uranium Changes in Dated Mont Blanc Ice and Snow" 8762:"Chamonix, The Birthplace and One of the Capitals of Mountaineering" 6056:

The Italian Alps (in Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World)

4836: 4512:

that had been drilled to a depth of 140 m (459 ft) on the

3852:(including a small population of albino marmots within Val Ferret). 1595:

The Brenva glacier, which descends low down into the Val Veny, Italy

798:

initiated the sport of alpine mountaineering, and it was during the

505:. The west side of the northern end of the massif is drained by the 12748: 11931: 11803: 11794: 11762: 11747: 11732: 9805: 4851:

Bivouac du Petit Mont Blanc, Italy. Capacity: 9 people, unwardened.

4843:, Switzerland. Capacity: 48 people, wardened. Photo taken in April. 4561: 4509: 4474: 4470: 4280: 4101: 4048: 3931: 3909: 3399: 3382:

Whilst the Mont Blanc massif does not contain any species that are

3073: 2872:

Quartz crystals with chlorite, Lex Blanche glacier, Val Veny, Italy

2784: 2518:

The largest glacier within Italy. (Not to be confused with Glacier

1664: 1571: 755: 747: 643: 639: 513: 502: 463: 436: 394: 390: 341: 333: 262: 11788: 10143:"Death in the Alps and a son's claim for the father he never knew" 9174:"Climbing Mont Blanc Routes - Cosmique Route and Gouter Hut Route" 8298:

Walking in the Alps: A comprehensive guide to walking and trekking

5741: 5712: 5693: 5681: 5474:

with climbers camping illegally on the glacier below it. July 2010

4875:

If on a border they are listed by nationality of the owning body.

4638:

crashes into the Aiguille des Glaciers. All eight crew are killed.

4335: 3351: 618:

Col Ferret 2,490 m (8,169 ft) (path, links Courmayeur –

452: 254: 13082: 12139: 11757: 11737: 11657: 6837:"Frozen body of mountaineer discovered three decades after death" 4747: 4670: 4505: 4108: 4081: 3924: 3841: 3427: 3407: 3383: 2877: 2876:

The massif has been an important source of mineral specimens for

2822: 2796: 2740: 1558: 583: 575: 380: 270: 231: 11457:"ZNIEFF 820031668 Massif du Mont Blanc et ses Annexes (Espèces)" 10570:"Heli-Skiing and Heli-Boarding throughout the Mont Blanc Massif" 5823:(Map) (2nd ed.). 1:25,000. Serie bleue (in French). Paris: 12979: 12808: 12764: 9501:"Janssen et l'observatoire du sommet du Mont Blanc (1893–1909)" 6189:"The ultimate challenge: running the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc" 5580:

Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique

5563: 3604: 2860:, both of which had at that time just been destroyed by fires. 2857: 2841:

and which have subsequently been shaped by ice during the last

2826: 2752: 2748: 2747:

million years ago when upheaval of the earth's crust lifted up

498: 459: 424: 416: 408: 369: 306: 294: 274: 227: 203: 64: 11647: 9209:. Vol. 1: The Four-Thousand-Metre Peaks. London: Diadem. 6724:(in French). Mairie de Saint-Gervais-les-Bains. Archived from 3825: 9367:

High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine

6155:(4th ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone Press Limited. 5504: 5498:

action plan, committing the region to a 22% reduction in its

4558: 4532:

had caused the high levels of observed uranium contamination.

4501: 4481: 4473:

event, believed to have originated from the explosion of the

4410: 4195:(the Mer de Glace) became a fashionable thing to experience. 3403: 3076:(1,054 metres (3,458 ft)) for historic period 1934–1962 2889: 479: 207: 11648:

CREA: Le Centre de Recherches sur les Ecosystèmes d'Altitude

10234:

Willsher, Kim; Beaumont, Peter; Douglas, Ed (12 July 2012).

8708:(2nd ed.). London: George Allen & Company. p. 7813:(in French). Montmélian: La Fontaine de Siloé. p. 145. 7747:"Proceedings of the Royal Institution: Ascent of Mont Blanc" 5651:

Distance measured from valley bottom to valley bottom, from

2939:

The climate of the Mont Blanc massif is cold and temperate (

2720: 1607: 443:. To the west it is bounded by the Val Montjoie, containing 12678: 11627: 9642: 9108:"Why Is Mont Blanc One of the World's Deadliest Mountains?" 8495: 6898: 4585:

attacking soldiers were killed, including their commander.

4430:

at approximately 4,350 m (14,272 ft) between the

4395: 3600: 3597: 2880:-hunters for over 250 years. The mountaineer and explorer, 724: 611:

Col de la Seigne 2,516 m (8,255 ft) (path, links

428: 199: 10546:. Office de Tourisme de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. 10516:. Office de Tourisme de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. 10480:"Tramway du Mont-Blanc - Timetables, Prices, Things to Do" 10425:. Office de Tourisme de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. 10395:. Office de Tourisme de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. 9277:"'Snow! Snow! Get Moving!': The Lethal Lure of Mont Blanc" 6456:. Office de Tourisme de la vallée de Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. 6061:(Report). Professional Paper 1386. U.S.Geological Survey. 4409:

to the summit of Mont Blanc, and investment of ½ billion

4120: 4116: 3939: 601: 10946:. Fédération Française des clubs alpins et de montagne. 10777:"Ascension Du Mont Blanc – Itineraire de Haute Montagne" 9275:

Eberle, Lukas; Weidemann, Victoria (11 September 2014).

6512:[Mont Blanc loses more than a meter in height]. 6342:"British mountaineers during the golden age of alpinism" 6008: 4549:) ascend to the summit of Mont Blanc. Illustration from 2739:

The Mont Blanc massif consists predominantly of ancient

11643:

Climate Live (above and below-ground temperature plots)

10233: 9691: 9612:"Supernova Neutrino Observations: What Could We Learn?" 7268:"Les Droites (north face), Mont Blanc Massif, Chamonix" 4167:, W.Rose. 1827 (written for young people aged 10 to 14) 2080:

feeds into la Vallee Blanche and then Glacier du Tacul

1910:

from Plateau du Géant; merges with Glacier de Leschaux

684:(National boundaries are shown as broad pink line; the 11552:. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp. 258–263. 11427:"ZNIEFF 820031668 Massif du Mont Blanc et ses Annexes" 11342:"Mont Blanc to become candidate for famed UNESCO list" 9895:

International Association of Military Mountain Schools

9439:

Annales de l'Observatoire Météorologique du Mont-Blanc

8852:"Survey Report: Savoie Mont-Blanc For Italian Tourism" 6901:"Rock falls in the Mont Blanc Massif in 2007 and 2008" 5917:"Aiguille du Midi 3842m - Chamonix Mont-Blanc, France" 3051:

between 15.3 and 16.2 °C (59.5 and 61.2 °F)

3043:

between −2.1 and −2.8 °C (28.2 and 27.0 °F)

1628:

and an area of 35–40 km (14–15 sq mi).

474:. From Courmayeur these waters flow southwards as the 218:(4,808 metres (15,774 ft)), the highest point in 9566: 9532:"Recent Results from the Mont Blanc Experiment NUSEX" 9308:"Mont Blanc deaths spark calls to end 'free-for-all'" 8555:(1839 ed.). London: John Murray & Sons. 1811 6009:

Nussbaumer, S.U.; Zumbuhl, H.J.; Steiner, D. (2007).

4339:

Val Veny, near Col de la Seigne, Italy. Route of the

3821:

Female alpine ibex with kid, near Tré la Tête glacier

11549:

Connectivity Conservation Management: A Global Guide

11068:"Espace Mont-Blanc satisfied with cross-border plan" 11037:"Espace Mont-Blanc: more than 20 years of existence" 9891:"High Mountain Military School: Historical Overview" 9168: 9166: 7751:

The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and Art

5711:

Glaciers and accompanying observations derived from

5609: 11433:(in French). Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 6979:Egli, Daniel; Mancktelow, Neil (15 November 2013). 6420:"Chamonix Mountaineering & Mont Blanc Alpinism" 6152:

Tour of Mont Blanc: Complete two-way trekking guide

5860:(Map) (2nd ed.). 1:25,000 (in French). Paris: 2928:Located on the watershed between the Rhône and the 758:

on the border between Italy, Switzerland and France

11400:Le massif du Mont-Blanc bientôt classé à l'UNESCO? 8162:. Vol. 7, no. 6. New York. p. 647. 6868:"Mountaineer finds Indian treasure off Mont Blanc" 6390:"Less difficult classics in the Mont Blanc Massif" 6377:(English ed.). Sevenoaks, Kent: Diadem Books. 6298: 6296: 6294: 6018:Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 5970:. Professional Paper 1386. U.S.Geological Survey. 4869:Mountain huts of the Mont Blanc massif above 2,500 10876:"Climate and Energy Plan for the Chamonix valley" 9163: 7536: 7238:"Miage Glacier, Veny Valley, Monte Bianco Massif" 4480:In 2005, the technique of remote laser-scanning ( 4246:Mont Blanc: Lines Written in the Vale of Chamouni 4229:Pile around it, ice and rock; broad vales between 545:. From here the border turns southwards over the 512:The borders of all three countries converge at a 277:rocks and at high altitudes the vegetation is an 13145: 10712:"refuge Ghiglione (col de Trident de la Brenva)" 9072:"1/2 Billion Euros to Invest in Chamonix Resort" 8428:A Tour to Great St Bernards and round Mont Blanc 8365:] (in French). Annecy: Académie Salésienne. 8267:. Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. pp. 270–. 4631:, dies during simple descent from Dent du Geant. 4165:A Tour to Great St Bernards and round Mont Blanc 770:Panorama of the Mont Blanc massif from near the 638:1,527 m (5,010 ft) (major road, links 589:The entire massif can be circumnavigated by the 10903: 10901: 10112:"Accident Description (Monday 24 January 1966)" 10052:"Accident Description (Friday 3 November 1950)" 9274: 9042:"Latest news on new lift at Les Grands Montets" 8792:"Chamonix 1924: The Olympic Winter Games begin" 6510:"Le Mont-Blanc perd plus d'un mètre de hauteur" 6291: 4648:1961: French jet fighter plane severs cable on 462:lies mostly within Italy and is bounded by the 146:Map of Mont Blanc massif and its location (red) 11617:Mont Blanc massif on French IGN mapping portal 10026:Chalet du Glacier des Bossons et du Mont Blanc 9950:Roberts, A.C. (May 1936). Strutt, E.L. (ed.). 9012:"Refuge du Gouter (3835M), Aiguille du Goûter" 8452: 8450: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 7942:"IT1204030 - Val Ferret (Formulario Standard)" 7385: 7383: 7298:"Talèfre glacier, Mont Blanc Massif, Chamonix" 7139: 7137: 7135: 7075: 6978: 5968:Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World 5958: 5280:Petit Mont Blanc Bivouac Hut /Refuge Rainetto 4873:metres, sortable by name, country or altitude. 4673:- the worst incident in Chamonix for 90 years. 4652:, killing six tourists and leaving 59 trapped. 4319:was held in Chamonix, with patronage from the 653:Main peaks and ridges of the Mont Blanc massif 336:on the northern side with the Italian town of 12780: 11696: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10173:"World: Europe Five killed in new avalanches" 9529: 9101: 9099: 9097: 8228:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 7936: 7934: 7932: 7883:(in French). Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta. 7328:"Arrêté du Maire, Code d'honneur, Convention" 5784:(Revised ed.). London: The Alpine Club. 5322:Boccalette Hut / Refuge des Grandes Jorasses 4100:tribes from what is today France, whilst the 2921:Mont Blanc massif in winter, seen from above 735:, and the site of a fatal plane crash in 1946 10898: 10806: 10804: 10209:One Stop Shop in Structural Fire Engineering 9203:Dumler, Helmut; Burkhardt, Willi P. (1994). 6375:The Mont Blanc Massif: The 100 Finest Routes 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 4500:In 2001, researchers from France, Italy and 4225:Mont Blanc appears—still, snowy, and serene— 3443:) can be found at a record-breaking height. 2829:than the granites commonly found elsewhere. 389:The region of the Mont Blanc massif between 312:Access into the mountains is facilitated by 11633:Map of all 4000m peaks in Mont Blanc Massif 11539: 10319: 9560: 9270: 9268: 9266: 8447: 8348: 8208: 8122:"French, Italian and Swiss Alps-Mont Blanc" 7426:"Trekking Guide: Climate & Environment" 7380: 7132: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5450: 4233:Blue as the overhanging heaven, that spread 4227:Its subject mountains their unearthly forms 12787: 12773: 11703: 11689: 11638:Google StreetView on the Mont Blanc Massif 11545: 10764: 10236:"Mont Blanc avalanche kills nine climbers" 9094: 8671:Franz Liszt: The virtuoso years, 1811–1847 8639:"Chamonix ou la fascination du Mont-Blanc" 8320: 8318: 7929: 7110:"Crystals and Crystal Hunting in the Alps" 6746: 6263: 6261: 4603: 4536: 4255:Amongst many other notable visitors were: 4223:Far, far above, piercing the infinite sky, 4155:in a monument erected at Chamonix in 1887. 790:The first ascent of Mont Blanc in 1786 by 754:summit (3,823 metres (12,543 ft)), a 586:whose thickness varies from year to year. 11461:Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel 11431:Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel 11190:European Outdoor Conservation Association 10801: 10679: 10654: 9777:"Huge rockfall on Tour Ronde, Mont Blanc" 9668: 8723: 8149: 8147: 7775: 7459: 7457: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7208:"Monte Bianco Massif (Mont Blanc Massif)" 7007: 6678: 5989: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 3805:(Saw-worts) which itself was named after 2832:A large part of the massif is covered by 11463:. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 10843: 10810: 10782:. Marie de Saint-Gervais. Archived from 9943: 9397: 9263: 8815: 8813: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8520: 8326:"A Brief History of the Chamonix Valley" 8294: 8254: 6944: 6942: 6653: 6651: 6532: 6372: 6366: 6148: 5904: 5821:3531 est st-gervais-les-bains mont blanc 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5477: 5462: 5454: 4846: 4835: 4758:. Trains running on the line are called 4714: 4703: 4695: 4540: 4350: 4334: 4158: 4142: 4115:, supplemented with a meagre harvest of 3824: 3816: 3362: 3350: 2916: 2867: 2719: 1606: 1598: 1590: 509:, also joining the Rhône near Martigny. 501:, flows northwards to join the Rhône at 13159:Mountain ranges of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 11582: 11419: 11065: 11031: 11029: 11027: 10910:"Mont Blanc responsible tourism issues" 10685: 10660: 10447: 9965:(252). London: The Alpine Club: 26–29. 9949: 9732: 9609: 9467: 9236: 9105: 8979: 8819: 8608:. London: Hookham and Ollier. pp. 8598: 8458:"Chamonix: The Grande Dame of the Alps" 8420: 8418: 8354: 8315: 8221: 8153: 8092:"The Merlet Animal Park in Les Houches" 7899: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7732:(in French). Chamounix (Savoie): Payot. 7639:Essay on the Geography of Plants (1807) 7143: 6801: 6718:"Poche d'eau du Glacier de Tête Rousse" 6657: 6387: 6258: 6047: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 4731:(1,527 m (5,010 ft)), or via 4235:And wind among the accumulated steeps; 3339:Source: Chamonix meteorological office 2821:, these rocks are lower in the mineral 13146: 11252:"Le Mont Blanc: Bilan et Perspectives" 10356: 10325: 10140: 9927:(in French). Ministère de la Défense. 9769: 9636: 9530:Ragazzi, S.; Milano, I.N.F.N. (1984). 9470:"The Observatory On Top Of Mont Blanc" 9432: 9305: 8957:. Funivie Monte Bianco. Archived from 8918: 8667: 8196:from the original on 27 September 2013 8144: 7907:"Alpine Animals – Chamonix Mont Blanc" 7806: 7776:Beaudevin, Claude (24 February 2011). 7463: 7454: 7413: 7153:(11th ed.). London: John Murray. 6865: 6611: 6480:"4,808.73m - Mont Blanc's new height!" 6313:. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. 5939: 5831: 5798: 4504:published the results of a study into 4420: 3525:amongst rocky debris around permanent 2743:rocks. The Alps have their origins 770 12768: 11710: 11684: 11628:Mont Blanc massif on Bing aerial view 11232:from the original on 16 February 2016 11106:from the original on 23 February 2016 11012:from the original on 5 September 2015 10357:Carrel, François (8 September 2008). 10062:from the original on 11 February 2006 9972:from the original on 18 November 2015 9357: 9339:"To walk the roofbeam of a continent" 9336: 9136: 9082:from the original on 25 February 2016 8832:from the original on 15 February 2016 8810: 8798:from the original on 11 November 2011 8624: 8114: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7218:from the original on 16 February 2016 7120:from the original on 16 February 2016 6939: 6834: 6648: 6593:from the original on 17 November 2015 6186: 5779: 5665: 5538: 5157:Dames Anglaises (Craveri) Bivouac Hut 4824:gives ready access to many remote or 4279:(1836), plus two successive wives of 4231:Of frozen floods, unfathomable deeps, 4138: 2791:million years ago. Finally, came the 1603:Climbers on Brouillard Glacier, Italy 688:route is shown finely dotted in red.) 11467:from the original on 27 January 2021 11322:from the original on 5 February 2016 11292:from the original on 5 February 2016 11262:from the original on 5 February 2016 11166:from the original on 2 November 2006 11136:from the original on 3 December 2021 11078:from the original on 2 February 2016 11024: 10980:from the original on 3 February 2016 10920:from the original on 29 January 2016 10825:from the original on 3 February 2016 10722:from the original on 3 February 2016 10642:from the original on 3 February 2016 10580:from the original on 1 February 2016 10550:from the original on 3 February 2016 10369:from the original on 2 February 2016 10338:from the original on 24 October 2017 10215:from the original on 29 October 2018 10122:from the original on 3 December 2013 10022:"The "Malabar Princess" Catastrophe" 9812:Environmental Science and Technology 9539:INSPIRE High-Energy Physics Database 9507:(in French). Observatoire de Paris. 9498: 9400:High Altitude Medicine & Biology 9363: 9151:from the original on 3 February 2016 9118:from the original on 25 January 2017 9052:from the original on 3 February 2016 8992:from the original on 6 February 2016 8982:"A Fierce Competition in Mont Blanc" 8864:from the original on 8 November 2023 8701: 8573: 8531:from the original on 8 November 2023 8435:from the original on 8 November 2023 8424: 8415: 8260: 8242:from the original on 8 November 2023 8102:from the original on 7 February 2016 8042:from the original on 7 February 2016 7982:from the original on 7 February 2016 7887:from the original on 7 February 2016 7864: 7150:Chamonix and the range of Mont Blanc 6960:from the original on 29 January 2016 6559:from the original on 8 December 2019 6035:from the original on 25 January 2016 5756: 5692:Summits and heights identified from 5524: 5346:Dolent Bivouac Hut / Fiorio Bivouac 4769:The 11.6 km (7.2 mi) long 4355:Powder skiing in Chamonix Mont Blanc 4163:View from Contamines-Montjoie. From 11099:Le parc international du Mont Blanc 11000:"Experimentations en Sites Isolees" 10460:from the original on 28 August 2016 10248:from the original on 17 August 2016 10092:from the original on 20 August 2016 9287:from the original on 1 October 2014 9251:from the original on 20 August 2014 8980:Marclay, Bernard (12 August 2015). 8794:. International Olympic Committee. 8759: 8741:from the original on 11 August 2016 8502:from the original on 11 August 2016 7842:"Saussurea Alpine Botanical Garden" 7057:from the original on 19 August 2016 7027:from the original on 19 August 2017 6866:Samuel, Henry (26 September 2013). 6671:International Glaciological Society 4700:Chamonix-Mont Blanc Tunnel Entrance 4343:, parts of which are accessible by 470:whose watercourses meet just above 344:measurements within the tunnel and 13: 12689:Giardino Botanico Alpino Saussurea 11576: 11527:from the original on 8 August 2016 11517:"IT1204030 - Val Ferret (Cartina)" 11497:from the original on 8 August 2016 11378:from the original on 17 March 2018 11352:from the original on 18 March 2018 11196:from the original on 27 April 2016 11047:from the original on 11 April 2016 10856:from the original on 15 April 2016 10844:Grainger, Marc (6 November 2014). 10490:from the original on 19 April 2016 10307:from the original on 14 April 2016 9617:. Max Planck Institut für Physik. 9511:from the original on 15 April 2016 9370:. New York: Springer. p. 75. 9022:from the original on 28 April 2016 8931:from the original on 2 August 2016 8900:from the original on 9 August 2015 8822:"Mass tourism siege on Mont-Blanc" 8820:Marclay, Bernard (14 March 2015). 8580:. London: Longmans, Green & Co 8468:from the original on 23 March 2016 8403:from the original on 4 August 2016 8336:from the original on 17 March 2016 8132:from the original on 23 March 2016 8012:from the original on 24 April 2016 7952:from the original on 8 August 2016 7917:from the original on 11 March 2016 7848:. Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta. 7788:from the original on 16 April 2016 7736: 7554:from the original on 20 April 2016 7524:from the original on 6 August 2016 7442:from the original on 24 April 2016 7304:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 7274:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 7244:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 7214:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. 6880:from the original on 25 March 2016 6847:from the original on 26 March 2016 6430:from the original on 23 March 2016 6354:from the original on 14 March 2016 6068:from the original on 23 April 2021 5977:from the original on 23 April 2021 2958:Weather for two main valley towns 493:, and which separates it from the 69:4,808.73 metres (15,776.7 ft) 14: 13200: 11610: 10950:from the original on 15 June 2016 10752:from the original on 29 June 2016 10520:from the original on 12 June 2016 10448:Fralich, Tom (19 November 2005). 10429:from the original on 19 June 2016 10399:from the original on 14 June 2016 10185:from the original on 5 April 2023 10153:from the original on 5 March 2016 9925:Ecole Militaire de Haute Montagne 9901:from the original on 29 June 2016 9871:from the original on 3 April 2016 9787:from the original on 4 March 2016 9624:from the original on 6 March 2016 9318:from the original on 4 April 2016 8919:Carrel, François (24 July 2015). 8705:The Life of John Ruskin, Volume 1 8464:. France Media. 27 January 2014. 8393:Gordon Library DigitalCommons@WPI 7852:from the original on 7 March 2016 7656:from the original on 5 April 2023 7614:from the original on 9 April 2016 7584:from the original on 9 April 2016 7368:from the original on 9 March 2016 7338:from the original on 7 April 2016 7248:from the original on 12 June 2016 7175: 7090:from the original on 3 March 2016 7076:Berger-Sabatel, Philippe (2007). 6816:from the original on 22 July 2016 6520:from the original on 12 June 2016 6490:from the original on 11 June 2016 6400:from the original on 3 March 2016 6388:Griffin, Lindsay (14 June 2013). 6279:from the original on 4 March 2016 6201:from the original on 15 June 2016 6130:from the original on 7 March 2016 5927:from the original on 9 April 2016 4711:(TMB) at the Nid d'Aigle in 1996. 4591:École Militaire de Haute Montagne 4330: 3788:Saussurea Alpine Botanical Garden 3529:and the highest alpine glaciers: 2324:Italian: Ghiacciaio di Gruevetta 12928: 12794: 12719:Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway 11793: 11787: 11781: 11583:Merrick, Hugh (1974). "1–4, 8". 11509: 11479: 11449: 11437:from the original on 10 May 2017 11390: 11364: 11334: 11304: 11274: 11244: 11208: 11178: 11148: 11118: 11090: 11059: 11005:(in French). Espace Mont Blanc. 10992: 10962: 10932: 10907: 10868: 10837: 10734: 10704: 10624: 10612:from the original on 10 May 2017 10592: 10562: 10532: 10502: 10472: 10441: 10411: 10381: 10350: 10289: 10274:from the original on 1 July 2021 10260: 10227: 10197: 10165: 10134: 10104: 10088:. 30 August 1961. pp. 1–2. 10074: 10044: 10014: 9984: 9913: 9883: 9853: 9799: 9726: 9685: 9603: 9548:from the original on 10 May 2017 9523: 9492: 9480:from the original on 31 May 2015 9461: 9449:from the original on 10 May 2017 9426: 9391: 9330: 9299: 9230: 9196: 9184:from the original on 8 June 2016 9130: 9064: 9034: 9004: 8973: 8369:from the original on 11 May 2017 8166:from the original on 11 May 2017 8072:from the original on 2 June 2016 7494:from the original on 10 May 2017 7401:from the original on 11 May 2017 7188:from the original on 14 May 2016 7157:from the original on 11 May 2017 6516:(in French). 10 September 2015. 6460:from the original on 4 July 2016 6187:Reade, Kirsty (20 August 2015). 5733: 5724: 5713:French IGN online mapping portal 5694:French IGN online mapping portal 5628:Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix 5612: 4831: 4752:Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine section 4743:(2,188 m (7,178 ft)). 4080:. They took over Aosta from the 4059: 4054: 2956: 2852:for reconstructing the towns of 2564:Italian: Ghiacciaio d'Estelette 2344:Italian: Ghiacciaio di Frèbouze 2313:Italian: Ghiacciaio del Triolet 2184:not to be confused with Glacier 1932:feeds into Glacier des Périades 763: 740: 713: 701: 671: 659: 379: 368: 140: 36: 11408:from the original on 2018-12-26 11186:"Health of Mont Blanc Research" 11066:Deering, Robert (4 July 2013). 10846:"White mountain, green tourism" 10811:Willsher, Kim (31 March 2013). 10361:[Mont Blanc brooding]. 10326:Kisiri, Alex (September 2011). 10268:"History of Mont-Blanc express" 9931:from the original on 7 May 2016 9861:"The history of the Casermetta" 9306:Melvin, Joshua (17 July 2014). 8943: 8912: 8876: 8844: 8784: 8753: 8695: 8661: 8592: 8567: 8543: 8514: 8480: 8431:. London: Harvey & Darton. 8397:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 8389:"Saussure-Balmat monument 1887" 8381: 8288: 8178: 8084: 8054: 8024: 7994: 7964: 7834: 7800: 7769: 7718: 7688: 7626: 7596: 7566: 7506: 7362:Club de minéralogie de Chamonix 7350: 7332:Club de minéralogie de Chamonix 7320: 7308:from the original on 9 May 2016 7290: 7278:from the original on 5 May 2016 7260: 7230: 7200: 7182:Club de minéralogie de Chamonix 7169: 7102: 7083:(in French). Saga Information. 7069: 7039: 6972: 6892: 6859: 6828: 6795: 6773: 6761:(in French). Chamonix: V. Payot 6740: 6710: 6605: 6571: 6502: 6472: 6442: 6412: 6381: 6334: 6269:"Chamonix: History of Alpinism" 6243:from the original on 2023-11-08 6213: 6180: 6169:from the original on 2016-01-27 6142: 6106: 6080: 5705: 5686: 4321:International Olympic Committee 3390:, sub-alpine, alpine and nival 1995:Glacier de Envers de Blaitière 1643:(4 km (2.5 mi)), the 1635:(9 km (5.6 mi)), the 541:and its western satellite, the 13174:Mountain ranges of Switzerland 11587:. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. 11521:Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta 11491:Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta 11288:(in French). 21 October 2011. 11132:(in French). 30 January 2008. 10852:. Royal Geographical Society. 10605:British Mountaineering Council 10141:Mellor, James (17 June 1997). 9867:. Fondazione Montagna Sicura. 9237:Penketh, Anne (28 July 2014). 9206:The High Mountains of the Alps 9106:Wallace, Lane (25 July 2012). 8068:. Fondazione Montagna Sicura. 7946:Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta 7514:"Chamonix Historical Snowfall" 7391:"Climate: Chamonix-Mont-Blanc" 7078:"Les Graniteurs du Mont Blanc" 7047:"Hiking near Chamonix, France" 6394:British Mountaineering Council 6020:. BAND 40 (2005/2006): 1–137. 5876:"Italy – Switzerland Boundary" 5868: 5862:Institut Géographique National 5858:3630 ouest chamonix-mont-blanc 5825:Institut Géographique National 5645: 5403:3,170 m (10,400 ft) 5358:Triolet Hut / Refugio Dalmazzi 5272:3,071 m (10,075 ft) 5259:3,140 m (10,302 ft) 5239:3,375 m (11,073 ft) 5226:3,396 m (11,142 ft) 5213:3,680 m (12,073 ft) 5210:Col de la Fourche Bivouac Hut 5202:3,690 m (12,106 ft) 5188:3,258 m (10,689 ft) 5168:3,490 m (11,450 ft) 5148:3,852 m (12,638 ft) 5128:3,850 m (12,631 ft) 4983:3,358 m (11,017 ft) 4970:3,051 m (10,010 ft) 4957:3,170 m (10,400 ft) 4944:3,450 m (11,319 ft) 4933:3,600 m (11,811 ft) 4922:3,613 m (11,854 ft) 4909:3,817 m (12,523 ft) 4896:4,362 m (14,311 ft) 4627:1895: Italian mountain guide, 4461:was installed deep inside the 2497:Glacier de Bionnassay Italien 1827:longest glacier in the massif 818:, as well as the Swiss guide, 1: 12754:Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway 11992:Grande Pointe des Planereuses 11676:The Mont Blanc massif in LEGO 11216:"L'Histoire de proMONT-BLANC" 10359:"Le Mont Blanc broie du noir" 10328:"Mont Blanc Tunnel at age 46" 10270:. Vallée du Trient Tourisme. 8760:Ive, Adam (4 February 2015). 7778:"Les nunataks et les jardins" 7642:. Chicago Press. p. 95. 7604:"Courmayeur: Climate Profile" 6802:Penketh, Anne (9 July 2014). 5750: 5482:Construction work on the new 5440:2,691 m (8,829 ft) 5427:2,735 m (8,973 ft) 5414:2,831 m (9,288 ft) 5390:2,590 m (8,497 ft) 5369:2,599 m (8,527 ft) 5349:2,724 m (8,937 ft) 5338:2,750 m (9,022 ft) 5325:2,804 m (9,199 ft) 5314:2,833 m (9,295 ft) 5294:2,958 m (9,705 ft) 5283:3,047 m (9,997 ft) 5108:2,431 m (7,976 ft) 5095:2,516 m (8,255 ft) 5075:2,602 m (8,537 ft) 5055:2,680 m (8,793 ft) 5035:2,687 m (8,816 ft) 5022:2,702 m (8,865 ft) 5009:2,771 m (9,091 ft) 4996:2,841 m (9,321 ft) 4814:to the summit of Mont Blanc. 4790:Elsewhere in the massif, the 4111:mountain farmers, living off 3269:Average snowfall mm (inches) 2991:1,139 mm (44.8 in) 2980:1,260 m (4,130 ft) 2941:Köppen climate classification 2503:Feeds into the Miage Glacier 2492:Feeds into the Miage Glacier 2479:Feeds into the Miage Glacier 2408:Italian: Ghiacciaio di Toula 2397:Italian: Ghiacciaio di Crety 2369:Glacier des Grandes Jorasses 1648: 1455:Grande Pointe des Planereuses 600:The main mountain passes, or 156:France, Italy and Switzerland 11827:Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey 11318:(in French). November 2009. 10970:"Eco innovation en altitude" 10211:. University of Manchester. 10118:. Flight Safety Foundation. 10058:. Flight Safety Foundation. 9649:Geophysical Research Letters 9610:Raffelt, Georg (June 2006). 9337:Nield, Ted (December 1986). 9281:Spiegel Online International 9137:Allen, Peter (9 July 2014). 8921:"Mont Blanc vs Monte Bianco" 8225:The Alps: A Cultural History 6988:Swiss Journal of Geosciences 6835:Brown, Aaron (8 July 2014). 6222:Natural Wonders of the World 5598:network of protected sites. 3864:Valleys and lower pastures: 2988:1,055 mm (41.5 in) 2977:1,030 m (3,380 ft) 2954:in windy or wet conditions. 2614:Glacier des Ravines Rousses 2527:Glacier de Petit Mont Blanc 1921:feeds into Glacier du Tacul 974:Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey 615:– Les Chapieux – Courmayeur) 359: 332:connects the French town of 7: 13179:Mountain ranges of the Alps 12684:Chemin de fer du Montenvers 11867:Aiguille des Grands Montets 11862:Aiguille des Grands Charmoz 10389:"Montenvers - Mer de Glace" 9202: 8577:A Guide to the Western Alps 7807:Vivian, Robert (May 2015). 7574:"Chamonix: Climate Profile" 5782:The 4000m Peaks of the Alps 5780:Moran, Martin (July 2012). 5605: 4796:Aiguille des Grands Montets 4750:. It is constituted by the 4153:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 3807:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 3374:), Mont Blanc massif, Italy 3040:Average January temperature 3035:6.3 °C (43.3 °F) 2863: 2763:million years ago. Granite 1758:Glacier des Grands Montets 1716: 1713: 1710: 1639:(6 km (3.7 mi)), 1586: 1377:Aiguille des Grands Charmoz 772:Aiguille des Grands Montets 423:) and Switzerland (western 21:Mont Blanc (disambiguation) 10: 13205: 11892:Aiguille Noire de Peuterey 11162:(in French). 8 June 2000. 10974:Fondazione Montagna Sicura 10688:Mont Blanc Massif Volume 2 10663:Mont Blanc Massif Volume 1 10205:"Mont Blanc Tunnel, Italy" 10082:"59 Dangling in Sky Saved" 9952:"The Tragedy of Emile Rey" 9589:10.1209/0295-5075/3/12/011 9412:10.1089/152702901750067936 8891:Savoie Mont Blanc Tourisme 8521:Anderson, Eustace (1855). 7473:Revue de Géographie Alpine 6680:10.3189/002214310793146188 6305:Royal Geographical Society 6227:Dorling Kindersley Limited 5680:geographic detail also on 5222:Quintino Sella Bivouac Hut 4885: 4882: 4879: 4756:Martigny–Châtelard section 4676:1999: A lorry fire in the 4428:meteorological observatory 4212:. The book concludes with 3346: 3338: 3071: 3047: 3039: 3032:7.3 °C (45.1 °F) 3028: 3017: 3006: 2995: 2984: 2973: 2912: 2850:Charles Albert of Sardinia 2713: 2709: 2522:Miage on the French side) 2188:Miage on the Italian side 2005:Glacier de Envers du Plan 1221:Aiguille Noire de Peuterey 1198: 1195: 834: 831: 694: 486:and onwards to the Rhône. 431:, containing the towns of 192:Massiccio del Monte Bianco 18: 16:Mountain range in the Alps 13184:Mountains of Aosta Valley 13164:Mountain ranges of France 12978: 12937: 12926: 12865: 12839:Provence Alps and Prealps 12818: 12802: 12671: 12299: 12186: 12138: 12110: 11802: 11779: 11718: 11653:Espace Mont Blanc website 10686:Griffin, Lindsay (1991). 10661:Griffin, Lindsay (1990). 10419:"Lognan – Grands Montets" 9046:British Alpine Ski School 8731:"Le Massif du Mont-Blanc" 8527:. James Cornish, London. 8355:Maistre, Gilbert (1992). 7972:"Bird-life on Mont Blanc" 7000:10.1007/s00015-013-0153-5 6917:10.1007/s10346-010-0206-z 6634:10.1191/0959683605hl809rr 6373:Rebuffat, Gaston (1991). 5742:French IGN mapping portal 5682:French IGN mapping portal 4691: 3667:Helictotrichon versicolor 3446:Early explorers, such as 3394:. The major habitats are 3268: 3194: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3050: 3042: 2539:Glacier de la Lée Blanche 458:The southern side of the 160: 152: 138: 133: 125: 117: 112: 73: 63: 52: 47: 35: 30: 13169:Mountain ranges of Italy 12704:Mont Blanc glacier flood 12305:(first or major ascents) 12012:Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 11942:Le Châtelet (Mont Blanc) 11487:"IT1204030 - Val Ferret" 11312:"Mont-Blanc Thermomètre" 11258:(in French). June 2012. 9755:10.1177/0959683610374887 9718:: CS1 maint: location ( 9474:Today In Science History 9468:Tarbell, Ida M. (1894). 8222:Beattie, Andrew (2006). 8154:Ferrero, Felice (1910). 7053:. Travel Info Exchange. 6722:Saint Gervais mont-blanc 5883:Florida State University 5638: 5578:, have been listed as a 5500:greenhouse gas emissions 5451:Environmental protection 4783:Vallée Blanche Cable Car 4741:Col du Petit St. Bernard 4683:2012: Ice fall triggers 4650:Vallée Blanche Cable Car 4441:astronomical observatory 4377:The building of the new 4285:Joséphine de Beauharnais 3812: 3421: 3048:Average July temperature 2648:Glacier des Planereuses 2292:Ghiacciaio di Pré de Bar 2062:descends from summit of 1611:Saleina glacier and the 859:Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 678:Mont Blanc massif (east) 666:Mont Blanc massif (west) 346:impact of climate change 11917:Aiguille de Tré la Tête 11768:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains 10742:"Bivouac de la Fourche" 10690:. London: Alpine Club. 10665:. London: Alpine Club. 10632:"Mont Blanc – The Huts" 10600:"Alpine huts explained" 10450:"Petite Aiguille Verte" 10297:"The Mont Blanc Tunnel" 10116:Aviation Safety Network 10056:Aviation Safety Network 8190:Perseus Digital Library 7782:Les paysages glaciaires 7634:von Humboldt, Alexander 7464:Vivian, Robert (1969). 7358:"Le musée des cristaux" 6950:"The Birth of the Alps" 6747:de Catelin, E. (1861). 6088:"Mont Blanc has shrunk" 5588:Special Protection Area 5532:sustainable development 4860:very basic facilities. 4604:Incidents and tragedies 4537:Modern military history 4289:Marie Louise of Austria 3756:Saxifraga oppositifolia 3582:Saxifraga oppositifolia 3029:Mean annual temperature 2923:Les Contamines-Montjoie 2380:Glacier de Planpincieux 2234:Glacier des Lanchettes 1620:largest glacier in the 1087:Aiguille de Tré la Tête 551:Aiguille de Tré la Tête 449:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains 445:Les Contamines-Montjoie 129:20 km (12 mi) 121:46 km (29 mi) 59:(Italian: Monte Bianco) 12699:Marathon du Mont Blanc 11832:Aiguille du Chardonnet 11817:Aiguille de Bionnassay 11156:"Massif du Mont Blanc" 9921:"Historique de l'EMHM" 9476:. McClure's Magazine. 9364:West, John B. (1998). 9147:. Express Newspapers. 9076:High Mountain Holidays 8884:"Tourism Monitor 2014" 8425:Rose, William (1827). 8295:Reynolds, Kev (2010). 8036:BirdLife International 7810:Glaciers du Mont-Blanc 7696:"Venance Payot auteur" 6579:"Miage Glacier, Italy" 6149:Reynolds, Kev (2015). 5518: 5487: 5475: 5460: 5303:Gervasutti Bivouac Hut 5291:Estelette Bivouac Hut 4852: 4844: 4724: 4719:Rotating cabin on the 4712: 4701: 4554: 4545:French alpine troops ( 4467:meter water equivalent 4356: 4348: 4250: 4168: 4156: 4090:Little St Bernard Pass 3837: 3822: 3643:Arenaria serpyllifolia 3625:Alchemilla pentaphylla 3496:Cardamine bellidifolia 3448:Alexander von Humboldt 3433:Leucanthemopsis alpina 3426:Over a thousand plant 3375: 3360: 3357:Leucanthemopsis alpina 3355:Alpine chrysanthemum ( 2925: 2873: 2736: 2668:Glacier de Treutse Bô 2473:Glacier du Mont Blanc 2463:Glacier du Brouillard 2224:Glacier du Mont Tondu 2205:Glacier de Tré la Tête 2127:Glacier de Tête Rousse 1958:Glacier des Nantillons 1947:Glacier de Trelaporte 1937:Glacier de la Thendia 1799:Glacier de la Charpoua 1616: 1604: 1596: 1201: 1152:Aiguille du Chardonnet 1002:Aiguille de Bionnassay 837: 804:silver age of alpinism 800:golden age of alpinism 560:Aiguille du Chardonnet 543:Aiguille de Bionnassay 497:. Its watercourse, la 210:, but also straddling 191: 183: 12904:Bernese Alps i.t.w.m. 12729:Top of the Mont Blanc 11907:Aiguille de Rochefort 11887:Aiguille de l'A Neuve 11852:Aiguille des Glaciers 11822:Aiguille de Blaitière 11812:Aiguille d'Argentière 11658:proMONT BLANC website 11585:Companion to the Alps 10718:. 20 September 2009. 10086:Chicago Daily Tribune 8668:Walker, Alan (1987). 8600:Shelley, Percy Bysshe 8261:Dana, Krista (2007). 7976:The Spectator Archive 7913:. 19 September 2012. 7544:"Climate: Courmayeur" 7485:10.3406/rga.1969.3437 7051:France Travel Planner 6667:Journal of Glaciology 6587:European Space Agency 6486:. 10 September 2015. 6229:. 2017. p. 138. 5653:French IGN online map 5576:Aiguille Rouges range 5513: 5481: 5466: 5458: 4941:Periades Bivouac Hut 4850: 4839: 4800:Petite Aiguille Verte 4718: 4707: 4699: 4544: 4354: 4338: 4313:alpine mountaineering 4220: 4162: 4146: 4086:Great St Bernard Pass 3828: 3820: 3471:Androsace chamaejasme 3366: 3354: 2920: 2871: 2795:era, when successive 2723: 2447:Ghiacciaio di Freiney 2275:Glacier de Pré de Bar 2140:Glacier de Bionnassay 1915:Glacier des Périades 1770:Glacier du Nant Blanc 1613:Aiguille d'Argentière 1610: 1602: 1594: 1178:Aiguille des Glaciers 1100:Aiguille d'Argentière 1059:Aiguille de Rochefort 721:Aiguille des Glaciers 556:Aiguille d'Argentière 451:, and onwards to the 13088:Mercantour-Argentera 11982:Grand Pilier d'Angle 11624:on OpenStreetMap.org 10636:High Mountain Guides 10181:. 11 February 1999. 9865:Autour Du Mont Blanc 9670:10.1029/2008GL033424 9541:. pp. 635–643. 9314:. The Local Europe. 8066:Autour Du Mont Blanc 8008:. Mont Blanc Treks. 6658:Vincent, C. (2010). 4930:Abri Simond Bivouac 4892:Vallot Emergency Hut 4771:Tunnel du Mont Blanc 4657:Air India Flight 101 4643:Air India Flight 245 4636:B-17 Flying Fortress 4530:nuclear power plants 4325:Winter Olympic Games 4242:Percy Bysshe Shelley 4204:Percy Bysshe Shelley 3834:Pyrrhocorax graculus 3774:Sibbaldia procumbens 3732:Ranunculus pyrenaeus 3727:Ranunculus glacialis 3563:Ranunculus glacialis 3505:Saxifraga androsacea 2817:). Known locally as 2679:Glacier de l'A Neuve 2558:Glacier d'Estelette 2453:Glacier du Chatelet 2413:Glacier de Entreves 2391:Glacier de Mt Frety 2349:Glacier de Tronchey 2255:Glacier des Glaciers 2193:Glacier de Covagnet 2116:Glacier de la Griaz 2106:Glacier du Bourgeat 2016:Glacier des Pélerins 1977:Glacier de Blaitière 1832:Glacier des Courtes 1745:Glacier d'Argentière 1697:Air India Flight 101 1695:), and one in 1966 ( 1693:Air India Flight 245 1442:Petite Pointe d'Orny 1273:Aiguilles d'Entrèves 930:Grand Pilier d'Angle 234:, which include the 202:, located mostly in 184:Massif du Mont-Blanc 97:45.83361°N 6.86500°E 19:For other uses, see 12724:Skyway Monte Bianco 12017:Mont Blanc du Tacul 11922:Aiguille de Triolet 11897:Aiguille du Pissoir 11837:Aiguilles du Diable 11374:. 25 October 2017. 11348:. 24 October 2017. 10544:Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 10540:"Prarion cable car" 10514:Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 10510:"Bellevue cablecar" 10423:Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 10393:Chamonix-Mont-Blanc 10002:on 11 November 2020 9824:2001EnST...35.4026B 9747:2011Holoc..21..357R 9661:2008GeoRL..3510502R 9581:1987EL......3.1315A 9569:Europhysics Letters 9433:Vallot, J. (1898). 9048:. 7 December 2014. 8986:Mountain Wilderness 8955:Skyway Monte Bianco 8826:Mountain Wilderness 8702:Cook, E.T. (1912). 8574:Ball, John (1866). 8098:. 28 October 2014. 6626:2005Holoc..15..302D 6454:Chamonix Mont-Blanc 6350:. 4 February 2016. 6094:. 11 September 2015 5556:World Heritage Site 5484:Skyway Monte Bianco 5177:Jacchia Bivouac Hut 4876: 4737:Bourg-Saint-Maurice 4721:Skyway Monte Bianco 4622:Tête Rousse Glacier 4421:Scientific research 4379:Skyway Monte Bianco 3797:Skyway Monte Bianco 3125:Daily mean °C (°F) 2959: 2716:Geology of the Alps 2624:Glacier des Plines 2569:Glacier des Grands 2359:Glacier de Pra Sec 2330:Glacier de Frébouze 2318:Glacier de Gruetta 2087:Glacier de Taconnaz 1885:Glacier du Capucin 1865:Glacier de Leschaux 1707: 1657:Tête Rousse Glacier 1533:Pointe des Ecandies 1113:Aiguille de Triolet 916:Mont Blanc du Tacul 828: 814:, Michel Payot and 613:Bourg Saint Maurice 516:near the summit of 354:World Heritage Site 245:The massif forms a 93: / 12970:Vaucluse Mountains 12950:Castellane Prealps 12734:Tour du Mont Blanc 12709:Mont Blanc tramway 12256:Plan de l'Aiguille 12047:Picco Luigi Amedeo 11877:Aiguille du Jardin 11872:Aiguille du Grépon 11857:Aiguille du Goûter 11663:2022-04-22 at the 10914:Responsible Travel 9959:The Alpine Journal 9783:. 27 August 2015. 9345:(1540/1541): 19–21 8857:. The Italy Team. 8006:Tour Du Mont Blanc 7978:. 30 August 1902. 7680:has generic name ( 7009:20.500.11850/74429 6450:"Mont Blanc guide" 5718:2020-03-12 at the 5699:2020-03-12 at the 5658:2018-01-12 at the 5539:Protected statuses 5496:climate and energy 5488: 5476: 5461: 5411:Cabane d'Orny Hut 5248:Brenva Bivouac Hut 5137:Canzio Bivouac Hut 5117:Eccles Bivouac Hut 5018:Albert Premier Hut 4880:Mountain Hut name 4868: 4853: 4845: 4818:(6,234 ft)). 4812:most popular route 4807:Mont Blanc Tramway 4792:Montenvers Railway 4760:Mont Blanc Express 4725: 4713: 4709:Mont Blanc Tramway 4702: 4555: 4526:Chernobyl disaster 4475:SN 1987A supernova 4390:. Costing over 105 4365:funicular railways 4357: 4349: 4341:Tour du Mont Blanc 4317:Winter Sports Week 4281:Napoleon Bonaparte 4189:Dr. Michel Paccard 4169: 4157: 4139:Tourist beginnings 3838: 3823: 3751:Saxifraga bryoides 3715:Potentilla frigida 3588:In the mid-1800s, 3455:species included: 3396:coniferous forests 3376: 3361: 2957: 2926: 2892:'s office. Use of 2874: 2781:continental plates 2737: 2697:Glacier du Dolent 2658:Glacier du Darrey 2636:Glacier de Saleina 2438:Glacier de Freiney 2299:Glacier de Triolet 2244:Glacier d'Enclave 2159:Glacier de Tricot 1844:Glacier de Talèfre 1703: 1633:Argentière Glacier 1617: 1605: 1597: 1364:Aiguille du Grépon 1299:Aiguilles Marbrées 887:Picco Luigi Amedeo 826: 802:(1854–65) and the 686:Tour du Mont Blanc 591:Tour du Mont Blanc 326:Tour du Mont Blanc 48:Highest point 13154:Mont Blanc massif 13141: 13140: 12924: 12923: 12811: 12762: 12761: 12714:Mont Blanc Tunnel 12236:Francesco Gonella 12067:Pointe des Plines 12057:Pointe Helbronner 12052:Pointe Allobrogia 11957:Dôme de Rochefort 11712:Mont Blanc massif 11622:Mont Blanc massif 11594:978-0-7134-2768-4 11559:978-1-84407-603-1 11041:Espace Mont-Blanc 10908:Mack, Catherine. 10697:978-0-900523-58-8 10672:978-0-900523-57-1 10486:. 27 March 2015. 9832:10.1021/es0109186 9818:(20): 4026–4030. 9575:(12): 1315–1320. 9377:978-1-4614-7573-6 9216:978-0-906371-43-5 8961:on 15 August 2016 8681:978-0-8014-9421-5 8492:Earth Observatory 8308:978-1-85284-476-9 8274:978-1-58843-649-8 8235:978-0-19-530955-3 8160:Putnam's Magazine 8002:"Flora and Fauna" 7820:978-2-84206-285-9 7755:Royal Institution 7649:978-0-226-36068-3 7466:"La Mer de Glace" 6728:on 13 August 2016 6320:978-0-241-19890-2 6162:978-1-85284-779-1 5961:"The French Alps" 5791:978-0-900523-66-3 5525:Espace Mont Blanc 5447: 5446: 5197:Ghiglione Bivouac 4966:Grands Mulets Hut 4678:Mont Blanc Tunnel 4518:World War II 4495:freeze-thaw cycle 4463:Mont Blanc Tunnel 4459:neutrino detector 4388:Pointe Helbronner 4291:(1814). In 1849, 3780:Trifolium alpinum 3696:Kalmia procumbens 3662:Epilobium alpinum 3613:Jardin de Talèfre 3569:Saxifraga biflora 3414:has created open 3343: 3342: 3072:Climate data for 3055: 3054: 2777:sedimentary rocks 2769:metamorphic rocks 2706: 2705: 2581:Glacier du Trient 2402:Glacier de Toule 1926:Glacier la Noire 1788:Glacier des Drus 1663:were buried in a 1615:on the Swiss side 1583: 1582: 1494:Pointe des Berons 1481:Pointe des Plines 1468:Pointe des Grands 1189: 1188: 1030:Dôme de Rochefort 636:Col de la Forclaz 330:Mont Blanc Tunnel 318:mountain railways 249:between the vast 176:Mont Blanc massif 172: 171: 102:45.83361; 6.86500 31:Mont Blanc massif 13196: 12988:Aiguilles Rouges 12932: 12857:Dauphiné Prealps 12816: 12815: 12806: 12789: 12782: 12775: 12766: 12765: 12125:Petit Col Ferret 12002:Grandes Jorasses 11912:Aiguille du Tour 11902:Aiguille du Plan 11882:Aiguille du Midi 11842:Aiguilles Dorées 11797: 11791: 11785: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11682: 11681: 11606: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11346:www.swissinfo.ch 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11231: 11220: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11033: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11011: 11004: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10966: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10944:Refuge Du Goûter 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10905: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10882:. Archived from 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10808: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10788: 10781: 10773: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10279: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10028:. Archived from 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9971: 9956: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9717: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9672: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9616: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9547: 9536: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9272: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9170: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9103: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8888: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8772:on 9 August 2016 8768:. Archived from 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8635: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8498:. 14 July 2003. 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8422: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8322: 8313: 8312: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8219: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8151: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7873: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7743: 7734: 7733: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7673: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7548:Climate-data.org 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7430: 7422: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7395:Climate-data.org 7387: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7141: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7082: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7026: 7011: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6691:. Archived from 6682: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6552:. proMontBlanc. 6551: 6543: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6310:The Mountaineers 6307:(October 2011). 6303:The Alpine Club/ 6300: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6121:Leica Geosystems 6118: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6015: 6006: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5913: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5854: 5829: 5828: 5817: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5663: 5649: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5584:geomorphological 5562:designation nor 5553: 5472:Aiguille du Midi 5386: 5366: 5334:Robert Blanc Hut 5311: 5256: 5185: 5165: 5145: 5125: 5092: 5072: 5052: 5044:Plan Glacier Hut 4883:Altitude (m/ft) 4877: 4872: 4867: 4857:mountain refuges 4777: 4680:kills 39 people. 4599: 4551:Le Petit Journal 4547:Chasseurs Alpins 4393: 4372:Aiguille du Midi 4362: 4248: 4113:animal husbandry 4033:peregrine falcon 3836:), Mer de Glace. 3792:botanical garden 3769: 3745:Saxifraga aspera 3740: 3723: 3710: 3675: 3648:Cardamine alpina 3638: 3630:Arenaria biflora 3577: 3551:Gentiana nivalis 3540: 3523:flowering plants 3513: 3492: 3479: 3466: 3458:Androsace carnea 3441: 3412:forest clearance 3408:glacial moraines 3069: 3068: 2985:Average rainfall 2960: 2845:of the ice age. 2790: 2773:Aiguilles Rouges 2762: 2746: 2726:Grandes Jorasses 2687: 2603: 2547: 2338: 2307: 2283: 2263: 2213: 2178: 2170:Glacier de Miage 2148: 2095: 2036:Aiguille du Plan 2032:Aiguille du Midi 2024: 1985: 1966: 1904: 1896:Glacier du Tacul 1873: 1852: 1807: 1778: 1732: 1708: 1702: 1681: 1650: 1312:Aiguilles Dorées 1286:Aiguille du Tour 1260:Aiguille du Plan 1199:Height (metres) 1193: 1192: 1126:Aiguille du Midi 944:Grandes Jorasses 835:Height (metres) 829: 825: 767: 744: 717: 705: 675: 663: 564:Aiguille du Tour 523:Grandes Jorasses 499:Dranse de Ferret 383: 372: 292: 164: 144: 108: 107: 105: 104: 103: 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 40: 28: 27: 13204: 13203: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13073:Grandes Rousses 12974: 12933: 12920: 12861: 12804: 12798: 12793: 12763: 12758: 12667: 12303: 12295: 12182: 12134: 12130:Col des Montets 12106: 12022:Mont Brouillard 11997:Grande Rocheuse 11847:Aiguille du Dru 11798: 11792: 11786: 11777: 11714: 11709: 11672:(YouTube video) 11665:Wayback Machine 11613: 11595: 11579: 11577:Further reading 11574: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11530: 11528: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11470: 11468: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11440: 11438: 11425: 11424: 11420: 11411: 11409: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11381: 11379: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11353: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11295: 11293: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11265: 11263: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11184: 11183: 11179: 11169: 11167: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11064: 11060: 11050: 11048: 11035: 11034: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10983: 10981: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10953: 10951: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10906: 10899: 10889: 10887: 10886:on 31 July 2016 10874: 10873: 10869: 10859: 10857: 10842: 10838: 10828: 10826: 10809: 10802: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10630: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10583: 10581: 10568: 10567: 10563: 10553: 10551: 10538: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10521: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10417: 10416: 10412: 10402: 10400: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10277: 10275: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10203: 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10178:BBC News Online 10171: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10147:The Independent 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10095: 10093: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10032:on 20 June 2009 10020: 10019: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9904: 9902: 9889: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9731: 9727: 9711: 9710: 9703: 9701: 9690: 9686: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9608: 9604: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9512: 9499:Malherbe, J.M. 9497: 9493: 9483: 9481: 9466: 9462: 9452: 9450: 9431: 9427: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9335: 9331: 9321: 9319: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9273: 9264: 9254: 9252: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9135: 9131: 9121: 9119: 9104: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9010: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8951:"The cable car" 8949: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8818: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8637: 8636: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8456: 8455: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8423: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8152: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7953: 7940: 7939: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7875: 7874: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7677: 7676: 7667: 7666: 7659: 7657: 7650: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7468: 7462: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7189: 7176:Comte, Armand. 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7145:Whymper, Edward 7142: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7024: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6698:on 4 March 2016 6695: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6301: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6246: 6244: 6237: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6185: 6181: 6172: 6170: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6013: 6007: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5892:on 10 June 2016 5889: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5832: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5792: 5778: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5720:Wayback Machine 5710: 5706: 5701:Wayback Machine 5691: 5687: 5679: 5666: 5660:Wayback Machine 5650: 5646: 5641: 5618: 5611: 5608: 5547: 5541: 5527: 5453: 5448: 5380: 5360: 5305: 5250: 5199:(removed 1999) 5179: 5159: 5139: 5119: 5086: 5066: 5046: 4953:Tête Rousse Hut 4874: 4870: 4834: 4775: 4694: 4606: 4593: 4570:troop exercises 4539: 4452: 4439:constructed an 4423: 4391: 4360: 4333: 4301:Empress Eugénie 4265:Madame de Staël 4252: 4249: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4181:Richard Pococke 4177:William Windham 4141: 4065:communication. 4062: 4057: 3995:common redstart 3975:bearded vulture 3967:Alpine accentor 3815: 3763: 3734: 3717: 3704: 3691:Juncus trifidus 3686:Jacobaea incana 3680:Homogyne alpina 3669: 3657:Empetrum nigrum 3632: 3571: 3557:Juncus trifidus 3545:Achillea atrata 3534: 3507: 3486: 3484:Arabis caerulea 3473: 3460: 3435: 3424: 3388:montane forests 3368:Alpine toadflax 3349: 3344: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 2915: 2898:heavy machinery 2866: 2788: 2767:and associated 2760: 2744: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2681: 2597: 2541: 2485:Glacier du Dôme 2332: 2301: 2277: 2257: 2207: 2172: 2142: 2089: 2054:Bossons Glacier 2018: 1979: 1960: 1898: 1867: 1846: 1801: 1772: 1726: 1724:Glacier du Tour 1705: 1675: 1645:Bossons Glacier 1637:Saleina Glacier 1589: 1584: 1390:Petit Grépillon 1234:Aiguille du Dru 1190: 988:Mont Brouillard 820:Christian Almer 774: 768: 759: 745: 736: 718: 709: 706: 697: 692: 691: 690: 689: 681: 680: 679: 676: 668: 667: 664: 655: 654: 574:is the longest 527:Rochefort Ridge 407:The Mont Blanc 405: 404: 403: 402: 386: 385: 384: 375: 374: 373: 362: 350:glacial retreat 290: 267:climate regions 162: 148: 147: 101: 99: 95: 92: 87: 84: 82: 80: 79: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13202: 13192: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12898:Lugano Prealps 12894: 12892:Lepontine Alps 12888: 12882: 12876: 12869: 12867: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12829: 12822: 12820: 12813: 12800: 12799: 12792: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12769: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12663:Winthrop Young 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12309: 12307: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12261:Quintino Sella 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12196:Albert Premier 12192: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12116: 12114: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11952:Dôme du Goûter 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11927:Aiguille Verte 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11808: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11708: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11612: 11611:External links 11609: 11608: 11607: 11593: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11558: 11538: 11508: 11478: 11448: 11418: 11389: 11363: 11333: 11303: 11273: 11243: 11207: 11177: 11147: 11117: 11089: 11058: 11023: 10991: 10976:(in Italian). 10961: 10931: 10897: 10867: 10836: 10800: 10789:on 24 May 2016 10763: 10733: 10703: 10696: 10678: 10671: 10653: 10623: 10591: 10561: 10531: 10501: 10471: 10440: 10410: 10380: 10349: 10318: 10288: 10259: 10226: 10196: 10164: 10133: 10103: 10073: 10043: 10013: 9983: 9942: 9912: 9882: 9852: 9798: 9781:Planetmountain 9768: 9741:(2): 357–365. 9725: 9684: 9655:(10): L10502. 9635: 9602: 9559: 9522: 9491: 9460: 9425: 9390: 9376: 9356: 9329: 9298: 9262: 9229: 9215: 9195: 9162: 9129: 9093: 9063: 9033: 9003: 8972: 8942: 8911: 8875: 8843: 8809: 8783: 8752: 8722: 8694: 8680: 8660: 8649:on 10 May 2017 8623: 8591: 8566: 8542: 8513: 8479: 8446: 8414: 8380: 8347: 8314: 8307: 8287: 8273: 8253: 8234: 8207: 8177: 8143: 8113: 8083: 8053: 8023: 7993: 7963: 7928: 7898: 7863: 7833: 7819: 7799: 7768: 7753:. London: The 7735: 7726:Payot, Venance 7717: 7706:on 10 May 2017 7687: 7648: 7625: 7595: 7565: 7535: 7505: 7479:(3): 659–663. 7453: 7435:. p. 15. 7412: 7379: 7349: 7319: 7289: 7259: 7229: 7199: 7168: 7131: 7101: 7068: 7038: 6994:(3): 469–489. 6971: 6938: 6911:(4): 493–501. 6891: 6858: 6827: 6794: 6772: 6739: 6709: 6647: 6620:(2): 302–309. 6604: 6583:Earth Watching 6570: 6531: 6501: 6471: 6441: 6411: 6380: 6365: 6333: 6319: 6290: 6257: 6235: 6212: 6179: 6161: 6141: 6105: 6079: 6046: 5988: 5938: 5903: 5867: 5830: 5797: 5790: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5732: 5723: 5704: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5607: 5604: 5592:European Union 5540: 5537: 5526: 5523: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5005:Argentière Hut 5001: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4866: 4833: 4830: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4614: 4605: 4602: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4514:Dôme du Goûter 4498: 4478: 4437:Pierre Janssen 4432:Dôme du Goûter 4422: 4419: 4386:at its top on 4332: 4331:Modern tourism 4329: 4238: 4221: 4198:In July 1816, 4185:Jacques Balmat 4149:Jacques Balmat 4140: 4137: 4070:Alpes Penninae 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4040: 4010: 3979:black redstart 3959: 3928: 3917: 3814: 3811: 3761:Sedum alpestre 3617:Little Ice Age 3518:Silene acaulis 3423: 3420: 3372:Linaria alpina 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3063:Pelvoux massif 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2882:Edward Whymper 2865: 2862: 2843:glacial period 2825:and richer in 2816: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2595:Glacier d'Orny 2590: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425:Brenva Glacier 2420: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2025: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1701: 1684:Aiguille Verte 1641:Trient Glacier 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1507:Lancebranlette 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1247:Dômes de Miage 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1202:Height (feet) 1200: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 997: 996: 993: 990: 984: 983: 980: 977: 969: 968: 965: 962: 959:Aiguille Verte 954: 953: 950: 947: 939: 938: 935: 932: 926: 925: 922: 919: 911: 910: 907: 904: 901:Dôme du Goûter 896: 895: 892: 889: 883: 882: 879: 876: 868: 867: 864: 861: 855: 854: 851: 848: 840: 839: 838:Height (feet) 836: 833: 824: 796:Michel Paccard 792:Jacques Balmat 776: 775: 769: 762: 760: 746: 739: 737: 719: 712: 710: 707: 700: 696: 693: 683: 682: 677: 670: 669: 665: 658: 657: 656: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 647: 633: 630: 623: 616: 609: 547:Dômes de Miage 388: 387: 378: 377: 376: 367: 366: 365: 364: 363: 361: 358: 303:mountaineering 253:of the rivers 230:is covered by 224:European Union 220:western Europe 196:mountain range 170: 169: 166: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 77: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13201: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13123:Trois-Évêchés 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13068:Gran Paradiso 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12960:Digne Prealps 12958: 12956: 12955:Chablais Alps 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12931: 12917: 12916:Swiss Prealps 12913: 12911: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12893: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12881: 12880:Savoy Prealps 12877: 12875: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12866:North-western 12864: 12858: 12854: 12852: 12851:Dauphiné Alps 12848: 12846: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12834: 12833:Maritime Alps 12830: 12828: 12827:Ligurian Alps 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819:South-western 12817: 12814: 12810: 12801: 12797: 12790: 12785: 12783: 12778: 12776: 12771: 12770: 12767: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12328:Anderegg (M.) 12326: 12324: 12323:Anderegg (J.) 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Grands Mulets 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12087:Punta Baretti 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12077:Pointe Walker 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12062:Pointe d'Orny 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11972:Grand Capucin 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11947:Dent du Géant 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11706: 11701: 11699: 11694: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11581: 11580: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11542: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11407: 11403: 11401: 11393: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11321: 11317: 11316:proMont-Blanc 11313: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11286:proMont-Blanc 11283: 11277: 11261: 11257: 11256:proMont-Blanc 11253: 11247: 11228: 11225:(in French). 11224: 11223:proMont-Blanc 11217: 11211: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11181: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11093: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11008: 11001: 10995: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10902: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10807: 10805: 10785: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10751: 10748:(in French). 10747: 10743: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10699: 10693: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10595: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10368: 10365:(in French). 10364: 10360: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10285: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10230: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10001: 9997: 9996:B17 MontBlanc 9993: 9987: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9721: 9715: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9526: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9441:(in French). 9440: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9344: 9343:New Scientist 9340: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9302: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9007: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8930: 8927:(in French). 8926: 8922: 8915: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8879: 8860: 8853: 8847: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8740: 8737:(in French). 8736: 8732: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8698: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8595: 8579: 8578: 8570: 8554: 8553: 8546: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8421: 8419: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8351: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8291: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8156:"Val d'Aosta" 8150: 8148: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7916: 7912: 7911:Chamonixfirst 7908: 7902: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7851: 7847: 7846:Valle d'Aosta 7843: 7837: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7803: 7787: 7784:(in French). 7783: 7779: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7683: 7671: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7367: 7364:(in French). 7363: 7359: 7353: 7337: 7334:(in French). 7333: 7329: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7187: 7184:(in French). 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6873:The Telegraph 6869: 6862: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6782: 6776: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6347:The Telegraph 6343: 6337: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6242: 6238: 6236:9780241428436 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6092:The Connexion 6089: 6083: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5743: 5736: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5560:national park 5557: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5533: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5468:Cosmiques Hut 5465: 5457: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5064:Conscrits Hut 5062: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031:Couvercle Hut 5029: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Cosmiques Hut 4916: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4832:Mountain huts 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4353: 4346: 4345:mountain bike 4342: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273:Louis Pasteur 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:Chateaubriand 4258: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4171:In 1741, the 4166: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4060:Early history 4055:Human history 4052: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4025:honey buzzard 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:alpine chough 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948:mistle thrush 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3890:house sparrow 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3854:Eurasian lynx 3851: 3850:alpine marmot 3847: 3846:mountain hare 3843: 3835: 3831: 3830:Alpine chough 3827: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3652:Draba frigida 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3621:Achillea nana 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592:, a Chamonix 3591: 3590:Venance Payot 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3532:Achillea nana 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3453:arctic-alpine 3449: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3337: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3197:precipitation 3193: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018:Warmest month 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2996:Coldest month 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2804:external zone 2800: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2730:Dent du Géant 2727: 2722: 2717: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2510:Miage Glacier 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2072:Géant Glacier 2069: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2042:Glacier Rond 2041: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717:Observations 1711:Glacier Name 1709: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1609: 1601: 1593: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1416:Pointe d'Orny 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1045:Dent du Géant 1042: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 981: 978: 976: 975: 971: 970: 966: 963: 961: 960: 956: 955: 951: 948: 946: 945: 941: 940: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 918: 917: 913: 912: 908: 905: 903: 902: 898: 897: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 877: 875: 874: 870: 869: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 841: 830: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 773: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 743: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 711: 704: 699: 698: 687: 674: 662: 645: 641: 637: 634: 631: 628: 627:Trient Valley 624: 621: 617: 614: 610: 607: 606: 605: 603: 598: 596: 595:ultramarathon 592: 587: 585: 581: 580:Miage Glacier 577: 573: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531:Dent du Géant 528: 524: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 400: 396: 392: 382: 371: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:mountain huts 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 299:rock climbing 296: 287: 282: 280: 279:arctic-alpine 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 240:Miage Glacier 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 167: 165: 159: 155: 151: 143: 137: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 106: 78: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 58: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 13189:Western Alps 13092: 12965:Nice Prealps 12945:Aravis Range 12938:Other ranges 12886:Pennine Alps 12845:Cottian Alps 12796:Western Alps 12679:Arve (river) 12458:Graham Brown 12403:Cordier (P.) 12398:Cordier (H.) 12301:Mountaineers 12158:Mer de Glace 12072:Pointe Ronde 11977:Grand Darray 11711: 11584: 11563:. 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Blanc" 8439:15 February 8330:ChamonixNet 8096:ChamonixNet 8062:"The fauna" 7757:: 386. 1829 7550:. AmbiWeb. 7518:On The Snow 7397:. 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