Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

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conviction that it would serve the true interest of all peoples to put an end to the state of war existing at present between Germany on the one side and England and France on the other. Both Governments will, therefore, direct their common efforts, jointly with other friendly powers if the occasion arises, toward attaining this goal as soon as possible. Should, however, the efforts of the two Governments remain fruitless, this would demonstrate the fact that England and France are responsible for the continuation of the war, whereupon, in case of the continuation of the war, the Governments of Germany and of the USSR shall engage in mutual consultations with regard to necessary measures.

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signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's termination also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber but that Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Litvinov with Molotov on 3 May 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian

2640:, who sketched a new Comintern line on the war that stated that the war was unjust and imperialist, which was approved by the secretariat of the Comintern on 9 September. Thus, western communist parties now had to oppose the war and to vote against war credits. Although the French communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and declared their "unshakeable will" to defend the country on 19 September, the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist on 27 September. By 1 October, the French communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and leader 9447:, Introduction: 'Perhaps the only thing that can be salvaged from the wreckage of the orthodox interpretation of Litvinov's dismissal is some notion that, by appointing Molotov foreign minister, Stalin was preparing for the contingency of a possible deal with Hitler. In view of Litvinov's Jewish heritage and his militant anti-Nazism, that is not an unreasonable supposition. But it is a hypothesis for which there is as yet no evidence. Moreover, we shall see that what evidence there is suggests that Stalin's decision was determined by a quite different set of circumstances and calculations.' 1648: 9577:, p. 33: 'By replacing Litvinov with Molotov, Stalin significantly increased his options in foreign policy. Litvinov's dismissal served as a warning to London and Paris that Moscow had a third option-rapprochement with Germany. After Litvinov's dismissal, the pace of Soviet–German contacts quickened. This did not, however, mean that Moscow had abandoned the search for collective security, now exemplified by the Soviet draft triple alliance. Meanwhile, Molotov's appointment served as an additional signal to Berlin that Moscow was open to offers. The signal worked; the warning did not.' 3190:, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack." According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the pact "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack." According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved." However, during the last decades, that view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by 2424: 164: 132: 1747:, in Moscow in August 1939, recalled how the news of the 19 August commercial agreement surprised journalists and diplomats, who hoped for world peace. They did not expect the 21 August announcement of the non-aggression pact: "Nothing more unbelievable could be imagined. Astonishment and skepticism turned quickly to consternation and alarm". The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware of only the British–French–Soviet negotiations, which had taken place for months; by Germany's allies, notably Japan; by the 2848: 3204:] of success," which must not have been known to Stalin. Carr further stated that for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions. On the other hand, Soviet-born Australian historical writer Alex Ryvchin characterized the pact as "a Soviet deal with the devil, which contained a secret protocol providing for the remaining independent states of East-Central Europe to be treated as courses on some debauched degustation menu for two of the greatest monsters in history." 2031: 1832: 6236:АВП СССР, ф. 06, оп. 1, п. 8, д. 74, л. 20. л. 26. Item 4: "Hilger asked to pass the request of the German Air forces' Chief of Staff (the Germans wanted the radio station in Minsk, when it is idle, to start a continuous broadcast needed for urgent aeronautical experiments. This translation should contain the embedded call signs "Richard Wilhelm 1.0", and, in addition to that, to broadcast the word "Minsk" as frequent as possible. The Molotov's resolution on that document authorised broadcasting of the word "Minsk" only)." 2127: 9620: 2923: 1351: 2247: 1230: 1656: 13259: 984: 996: 219: 2907: 1918: 1537: 2835:

affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940 and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the East, regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth

2391:. That effort resulted in the forced resettlement of two million Poles. Families were forced to travel in the severe winter of 1939–1940, leaving behind almost all of their possessions without compensation. As part of Operation Tannenberg alone, 750,000 Polish peasants were forced to leave, and their property was given to Germans. A further 330,000 were murdered. Germany planned the eventual move of ethnic Poles to 2270:. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, who deported or killed 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians. Elections took place, with a single pro-Soviet candidate listed for many positions, and the resulting people's assemblies immediately requesting admission into the Soviet Union, which was granted. (The Soviets annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the 1817:. On 25 August, Voroshilov told them that "in view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation". The same day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two-front war, which changed the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands on Poland. 2760:

an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans only intensified the Germans' mistrust. On 16 June, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

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definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted had to be reached at the same time as any political agreement. One day before the military negotiations began, the Soviet

9589:, pp. 695–722: 'The choice of Molotov reflected not only the appointment of a nationalist and one of Stalin's leading lieutenants, a Russian who was not a Jew and who could negotiate with Nazi Germany, but also someone unencumbered with the baggage of collective security who could obtain the best deal with Britain and France, if they could be forced into an agreement.' 1974:, and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. That was followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. Polish troops already fighting much stronger German forces on its west desperately tried to delay the capture of Warsaw. Consequently, Polish forces could not mount significant resistance against the Soviets. On 18 September, 1226:. The policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and to stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany in the hope that Germany and the Soviet Union would wear each other out and put an end to both regimes. 1453:, the chief of Stalin's personal chancellery. The Germans were led up a flight of stairs to a room with lavish furnishings. Stalin and Molotov greeted the visitors, much to the Nazis' surprise. It was well known that Stalin avoided meeting foreign visitors, and so his presence at the meeting showed how seriously that the Soviets were taking the negotiations. 2953:, in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by US State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, the head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA). 1328:, chief of the general staff. Without written credentials, Drax was not authorised to guarantee anything to the Soviet Union and had been instructed by the British government to prolong the discussions as long as possible and to avoid answering the question of whether Poland would agree to permit Soviet troops to enter the country if the Germans invaded. 1109:" masters. Hitler had spoken of an inevitable battle for the acquisition of land for Germany in the east. The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused a dramatic decline in German–Soviet trade. Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1934 by the more 13538: 3003:, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie and published on 21 January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President 2403:. All Polish males were made to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as the 380,000 held in the 1493:, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point on the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; 1190:, Ribbentrop showed Hitler a film of Stalin viewing his military in a recent parade. Hitler became intrigued with the idea of allying with the Soviets and Ribbentrop recalled Hitler saying that Stalin "looked like a man he could do business with". Ribbentrop was then given the nod to pursue negotiations with Moscow. 1343: 3287:", which legitimises the current government and its policies. In February 2021, the State Duma voted in favor of a law to punish the dissemination of "fake news" regarding the Soviet Union's role in World War II, including claiming that Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union held equal responsibility due to the pact. 1465:

secret police would be on our heels." Baur also recalled trying to tip his Russian driver, which led to a harsh exchange of words: "He was furious. He wanted to know whether this was the thanks he got for having done his best for us to get him into prison. We knew perfectly well it was forbidden to take tips."

9601:, pp. 639–57: 'the foreign policy factor in Litvinov's downfall was the desire of Stalin and Molotov to take charge of foreign relations in order to pursue their policy of a triple alliance with Britain and France – a policy whose utility Litvinov doubted and may even have opposed or obstructed.' 3456:

The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000 to over 2 million, mostly World War II estimates by the underground. The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, who were

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The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 onward, amounting to some 9,800 pages, to be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign

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Despite a warning by the Comintern, German tensions were raised when the Soviets stated in September that they must enter Poland to "protect" their ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian brethren from Germany. Molotov later admitted to German officials that the excuse was necessary because the Kremlin could

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opposed the Allies, stated that Britain represented "the most reactionary force in the world", and argued, "The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people

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of the secret protocol on the vital interests in the countries' allotted "spheres of influence" but failed to reveal the annexation rights for "territorial and political rearrangement". The agreement's public terms so exceeded the terms of an ordinary non-aggression treaty—requiring that both parties

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would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals because they feared the Soviets' proposed language would justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion of a

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in the Manchuria. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the Soviet Union than Britain was. As a continental power, France was more willing to make concessions and more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany. The contrasting attitudes partly explain why

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at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with the microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as personal insurance

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with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union that would oppose Britain and the United States. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union

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until 1 August 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of the first year of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic states that were now occupied by the Soviets and covered other issues. It also

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and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought the Germans in various ways for a decade prior to signing the pact. Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that "fascism is a matter of

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recalled that Soviet secret police followed every move. Their job was to inform authorities when he left his residence and where he was headed. Baur's guide informed him: "Another car would tack itself onto us and follow us fifty or so yards in the rear, and wherever we went and whatever we did, the

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By the end of May, drafts had been formally presented. In mid-June, the main tripartite negotiations started. Discussions were focused on potential guarantees to Central and Eastern Europe in the case of German aggression. The Soviets proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the

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stated that "there are grounds to condemn the Pact", but described it in 2014 as "necessary for Russia's survival". Accusations that cast doubt on the positive portrayal of the USSR's role in World War II have been seen as highly problematic for the modern Russian state, which sees Russia's victory

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discussed the areas of collaboration between the regimes in which hundreds of German citizens, the majority of whom were Communists, had been handed over to the Gestapo from Stalin's administration. Weitz also stated that a higher proportion of the KPD Politburo members had died in the Soviet Union

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stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster German negotiations but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security

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Some scholars believe that, from the very beginning of the Tripartite negotiations between the Soviet Union, Great Britain and France, the Soviets clearly required the other parties to agree to a Soviet occupation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and for Finland to be included in the Soviet sphere

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The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin since the intent to accomplish them had not been communicated to the Germans beforehand, and they prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form

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During the early months of the Pact, the Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the Fifth Session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939, Molotov analyzed the international situation, thus giving the direction for communist propaganda. According to

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In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan, an Axis power. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism to reinforce a public

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After the Government of the German Reich and the Government of the USSR have, by means of the treaty signed today, definitively settled the problems arising from the collapse of the Polish state and have thereby created a sure foundation for lasting peace in the region, they mutually express their

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There was also a secret protocol to the pact, which was revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945 although hints about its provisions had been leaked much earlier, so as to influence Lithuania. According to the protocol, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland were divided into

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From April to July, Soviet and German officials made statements on the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, but no actual negotiations took place. "The Soviet Union had wanted good relations with Germany for years and was happy to see that feeling finally reciprocated", wrote the

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with France and Britain and a pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany. Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the Soviet Union was open to offers. The dismissal also

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Both successor states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment that they were signed: the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 September 1989 and the Soviet Union on 24 December 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

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personally approved the publication, but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove to be constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made

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became necessary. Besides economic reasons, an expected British blockade during a war would also create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich Agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery made

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condemned the pact and its secret protocol as "legally deficient and invalid". In modern Russia, the pact is often portrayed positively or neutrally by the pro-government propaganda; for example, Russian textbooks tend to describe the pact as a defensive measure, not as one aiming at territorial

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Concerns over the possible existence of a secret protocol were expressed first by the intelligence organizations of the Baltic states only days after the pact was signed. Speculation grew stronger when Soviet negotiators referred to its content during the negotiations for military bases in those

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was signed with provisions that included consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power and no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other". The article "On Soviet–German Relations" in the Soviet newspaper

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The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little hope either of preventing war and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain to provide guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany. Stalin's

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On 31 March 1939, Britain extended a guarantee to Poland that "if any action clearly threatened Polish independence, and if the Poles felt it vital to resist such action by force, Britain would come to their aid". Hitler was furious since that meant that the British were committed to political

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to the eighteenth congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 10 March 1939, discounted any idea of German designs on the Soviet Union. Stalin had intended: "To be cautious and not allow our country to be drawn into conflicts by warmongers who are accustomed to have others pull the

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In mid-March 1939, attempting to contain Hitler's expansionism, the Soviet Union, Britain and France started to trade a flurry of suggestions and counterplans on a potential political and military agreement. Informal consultations started in April, but the main negotiations began only in May.

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on 16 August that the Soviet Union would "join in sharing in the Polish spoils". In September 1939, the Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda and explained that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking one another for imperialist purposes. Western

2007:, and the countries' military commanders met in the latter city. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of 1479:

In early August, Germany and the Soviet Union worked out the last details of their economic deal and started to discuss a political agreement. Both countries' diplomats explained to each other the reasons for the hostility in their foreign policy in the 1930s and found common ground in both

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revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. The Soviets were still negotiating with the British and the French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret German–Soviet pact. On 23 August, a ten-year

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was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended the tripartite military talks and cited other reasons. The same day, Stalin received assurances that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place the half of Poland east of the

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with Karl Schnurre stating: "there is one common element in the ideology of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union: opposition to the capitalist democracies" or that "it seems to us rather unnatural that a socialist state would stand on the side of the western democracies".

1844: 3214:, Berlin requested Finland to permit the transit of German troops, and five weeks later Hitler issued a secret directive "to take up the Russian problem, to think about war preparations," a war whose objective would include establishment of a Baltic confederation. 9270:"The Russian president made the comments at a meeting with young historians in Moscow, during which he urged them to examine the lead-up to the war, among other subjects." - how does Parfitt know that ? Which young historicans ? Where in Moscow ? 2398:

Although Germany used forced labourers in most other occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda and thus better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for

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to join the Axis and potentially to enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the Soviet sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

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In early September however, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting its oil fields. That move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the pact.

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In late July and early August 1939, Soviet and German officials agreed on most of the details of a planned economic agreement and specifically addressed a potential political agreement, which the Soviets stated could come only after an economic agreement.

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argued that Stalin had destroyed thousands of foreign communists capable of leading socialist change in their respective countries. He referenced the thousands of German communists that were handed over from Stalin to the Gestapo after the signing of the

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At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939 that aimed to define what the agreement would specify on the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The

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for starting World War II and called for a day of remembrance for victims of both Stalinism and Nazism on 23 August. In response to the resolution, Russian lawmakers threatened the OSCE with "harsh consequences". A similar resolution was passed by the

2979:, a former Foreign Office State Secretary. The Allied prosecutors objected, and the texts were not accepted into evidence, but Weizsäcker was permitted to describe them from memory, thus corroborating the Gaus affidavit. Finally, at the request of a 9257: 9047: 10228: 2949:, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Thomson and his American counterpart, Ralph Collins, agreed to transfer von Loesch to 2975:, who wrote the text and was present at its signing in Moscow. Later, Seidl obtained the German-language text of the secret protocols from an anonymous Allied source and attempted to place them into evidence while he was questioning witness 1311:

pessimistically expected the coming negotiations to go nowhere and formally decided to consider German proposals seriously. The military negotiations began on 12 August in Moscow, with a British delegation headed by the retired admiral Sir

1999:, and other officers signed a formal agreement in Moscow co-ordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs and the Red Army assisting with destruction of the "enemy". Joint German–Soviet parades were held in 2729:

bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools, and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment, and other items.

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of the University of Chicago had stated publicly his belief that "the Russo-German non-aggression pact conceals an agreement whereby Russia and Germany may have planned spheres of influence for Eastern Europe". On 30 August 1939, the

1692:, was assigned to the German sphere of influence, but a second secret protocol, agreed to in September 1939, reassigned Lithuania to the Soviet Union. According to the protocol, Lithuania would be granted its historical capital, 281:, after tripartite discussions with the Soviet Union, England and France had broken down, and committed neither government would aid or ally itself with an enemy of the other, for the next 10 years. Under the Secret Protocol, 2185:, to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months and inflicted stiff losses on Soviet forces, under the command of 3170:, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of 11922: 2702:. The new trade pact helped Germany surmount a British blockade. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half-a-million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of 2130:

Lithuania between 1939 and 1941. Germany had requested the territory west of the River Šešupė, the area in pink, in the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty but relinquished its claims for a compensation of $ 7.5

3087:. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols and condemning and denouncing them. The Soviet government thus finally acknowledged and denounced the Secret Treaty and 1884:

also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and by carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at

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in German imports (0.9% of Germany's total imports and 6.3% of Russia's total exports) and 34 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ in German exports (0.6% of Germany's total exports and 4.6% of Russia's total imports) in

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acquired a copy of the secret protocols from Seidl and had it translated into English. They were first published on 22 May 1946 in a front-page story in that newspaper. Later, in Britain, they were published by

2201:(9% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000 although Soviet Premier 2897:

continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion to October 1941.

1413:, containing German diplomats, officials, and photographers (about 20 in each plane), headed by Ribbentrop, descended into Moscow. As the Nazi emissaries stepped off the plane, a Soviet military band played " 13543: 9249: 9037: 5181: 1877:

from the west. Within a few days, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs, which took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of the German occupation. The

10232: 2893:. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and three million more had been captured. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Germany over the course of the 3008:

headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

2870:. Stalin had ignored repeated warnings that Germany was likely to invade and ordered no "full-scale" mobilisation of forces although the mobilisation was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the 10041: 9425:

was referred to by the German radio as 'Litvinov-Finkelstein' – was dropped in favor of Vyascheslav Molotov. 'The eminent Jew', as Churchill put it, 'the target of German antagonism was flung aside

9627: 9625: 9623: 2407:, where large numbers died of starvation and diseases under their harsh conditions, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the 5503: 3635: 5533: 5443: 5379: 2139:

had been forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland and was confident that its capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the

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interests in Europe and that his land grabs such as the takeover of Czechoslovakia would no longer be taken lightly. His response to the political checkmate would later be heard at a rally in

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also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by Soviet Union during that period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000; for example,

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months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and "White Russian" "nationals" in the German-held territories.

5409: 9969: 5473: 2064:, the "Lithuanian Strip", from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviet sphere. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared: 10358: 1766:

carried news of the pact's public portions, complete with the now-famous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty with a smiling Stalin looking on. The same day, German diplomat

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adherence to the collective security line was thus purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided and that since the Soviet Union was so weakened by the

12714: 3198:... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation invading the USSR even with the least perspective [ 2057: 1254:

required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment. German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without the Soviet supply.

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At the signing, Ribbentrop and Stalin enjoyed warm conversations, exchanged toasts and further addressed the prior hostilities between the countries in the 1930s. They characterised

13755: 1672:". In the north, Finland, Estonia, and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement": the areas east of the 12201: 278: 3295: 2676:

Molotov, Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power, and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.

2224:, 22,000 members of the military as well as intellectuals were executed, labelled "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" or kept at camps and prisons in western Ukraine and 1178:' to act in their interests, then they were sorely mistaken". Ultimately, Hitler's discontent with a British-Polish alliance led to a restructuring of strategy towards Moscow. 6285:'s supposed greeting to Livingstone in November 1871. Artistic reconstructions of that event (see relevant articles) showed them raising their hats to one another in greeting. 411: 3083:

headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the

2741:. That also provided a refueling and maintenance location and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the 1390:, since close military and diplomatic connections that existed before the mid-1930s had been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his foreign minister from 1930 to 1939, 1186:

of the potential alliance with the Soviet Union: "When Germany's life is at stake, even a temporary alliance with Moscow must be contemplated". Sometime in early May 1939 at

7663: 1959:, Stalin did not move instantly but was waiting to see whether the Germans would halt within the agreed area, and the Soviet Union also needed to secure the frontier in the 3508: 1277:

Meanwhile, throughout early 1939, Germany had secretly hinted to Soviet diplomats that it could offer better terms for a political agreement than could Britain and France.

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was a "secret agreement" between Germany and "the west" and a "highly important phase in their policy aimed at goading the Hitlerite aggressors against the Soviet Union."

3015:, for decades, the official policy of the Soviet Union was to deny the existence of the secret protocol. The secret protocol's existence was officially denied until 1989. 1567:

reported Japanese anger and French communist surprise over the pact. The same day, however, Tolischus filed a story that noted Nazi troops on the move near Gleiwitz (now

13770: 12053: 12018: 12014: 7145: 4802: 1261:, Britain pledged its support and that of France to guarantee the independence of Poland, Belgium, Romania, Greece and Turkey. On 6 April, Poland and Britain agreed to 9185:"К истории публикации советских текстов советско-германских секретных документов 1939—1941 гг." Форум новейшей восточноевропейской истории и культуры — Русское издание 1062:. Trade between the two countries had fallen sharply after World War I, but trade agreements signed in the mid-1920s helped to increase trade to 433 million 6000: 3509:"Faksimile Nichtangriffsvertrag zwischen Deutschland und der Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken, 23. August 1939 / Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB, München)" 13295: 13227: 12574: 2298: 1058:

in which they renounced territorial and financial claims against each other. Each party also pledged neutrality in the event of an attack against the other with the

2536:). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka River and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 2011:

of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organised staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimisation of the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.

13750: 12815: 12773: 12216: 11952: 11891: 7511: 5171: 2336: 970: 680: 2945:

for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lieutenant Colonel Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to

8594: 2710:. Those and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the 1528:

in the Soviet sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.

12954: 3030:

On 23 August 1986, tens of thousands of demonstrators in 21 western cities, including New York, London, Stockholm, Toronto, Seattle, and Perth participated in

1643:

Following completion of the Soviet–German trade and credit agreement, there has arisen the question of improving political links between Germany and the USSR.

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chestnuts out of the fire for them." This was intended to warn the Western powers that they could not necessarily rely upon the support of the Soviet Union.

13810: 13548: 12401: 11697: 10033: 7123:. BASEES – Russian and East European studies: British Association for Soviet, Slavonic and East European Studies. Vol. 20. Routledge. pp. 20–24. 3299: 3274: 3084: 13705: 11593: 3447:

On 28 July, Molotov sent a political instruction to the Soviet ambassador in Berlin that marked the start of secret Soviet–German political negotiations.

1040: 3052:, which included the claim that during the pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the 2297:

was initially not requested by the Soviets but was later occupied by force after the Romanians had agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent

13232: 13212: 12686: 11779: 5495: 3627: 1868: 1387: 5525: 3056:. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs, and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the 13710: 13316: 13222: 12306: 11712: 11649: 11602: 10071: 6478: 5435: 5371: 3075:

For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of

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and settled some Bulgarian claims, and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its

2529: 2035: 1931:, with the words: "The scum of the earth, I believe?" To which Stalin replies: "The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?"; 20 September 1939. 1376: 9953: 8734:"Secret Soviet-Nazi Pacts on Eastern Europe Aired: Purported Texts on Agreed Spheres of Influence Produced at Nuernberg but Not Admitted at Trial" 6975: 5465: 3812: 3315:

a decade later, blaming the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop pact for the outbreak of war in Europe and again leading to criticism by Russian authorities.

2449:'s neighbours and the Romanian government's own miscalculations, resulted in more territorial losses for Romania. Between 28 June and 4 July, the 2108:

were given no choice but to sign a so-called "Pact of Defence and Mutual Assistance", which permitted the Soviet Union to station troops in them.

13331: 13321: 13237: 12794: 3838: 1831: 1266: 1124: 722: 7633: 7609: 7333: 5627:

Ceslovas Laurinavicius, "The Lithuanian Reaction to the Loss of Klaipeda and the Combined Gift of Soviet "Security Assistance and Vilnius", in:

2771:, Germany's falling behind on its deliveries of goods under the pact and Stalin's worry that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after 1174:: "No power on earth would be able to break German might, and if the Western Allies thought Germany would stand by while they marshalled their ' 13775: 13394: 11480: 10350: 9782: 7762: 7022: 5883: 5821: 5015: 4241: 3184:

argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

11519:

Originals of the treaty and protocols from the archives of the Russian Foreign Ministry, published by History Foundation in Russia in May 2019

9010: 2335:", which meant assimilating the occupied territories politically, culturally, socially and economically into the German Reich. 50,000–200,000 13336: 13326: 13288: 13207: 12271: 12132: 11707: 9116:

Putin and pigs: social networks about interest of the president to history (Путин и свиньи: соцсети о странном интересе президента к истории)

8152:

Stalin was publicly making the none-too-subtle implication that some form of deal between the Soviet Union and Germany could not be ruled out

5945: 5915: 5852: 2775:. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations had improved again, as the countries had 2764: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2537: 2237: 1508: 1295: 10298: 13695: 13382: 12697: 11977: 11973: 11633: 10254: 1044: 1032: 963: 439: 6152: 3042:

In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition

2019: 851: 13388: 12329: 11932: 11831: 4942: 4891: 3361: 2503: 2440: 17: 10143: 8131: 2772: 1984:...The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and 13700: 12755: 12579: 9193: 5466:"Polish Made Easy for Reich Troops: Booklet on Sale Has Phonetic Aid—'Good Day, Mr. Mayor' Is the Opening Phrase: Gleiwitz Fears Raids" 3873: 3103:". At a press conference on 19 December 2019, Putin went further and announced that the signing of the pact was no worse than the 1938 3092: 1813:

The day after the pact was signed, the Franco-British military delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator

1035:, recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and 8209: 7777: 2331:

At the end of October 1939, Germany enacted the death penalty for disobedience to the German occupation. Germany began a campaign of "

1429:

that had been used in a local film studio for Soviet propaganda films. After stepping off the plane and shaking hands, Ribbentrop and

1386:. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of 13720: 13358: 12339: 12311: 11702: 2685: 2374:, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940, when Germany launched 1474: 1395: 1298:

in 1939 of carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France but secretly considering propositions from Germany.

728: 716: 11337:

Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

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that it could not be a main military participant. Many military sources were at variance with the last point, especially after the

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Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons that Britain and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938

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in camps that were a selection process to determine who would be killed. On 5 March 1940, in what would later be known as the

1802:

regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, but Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as "inevitable".

13670: 13341: 11464: 11406: 11298: 11276: 11230: 10999: 10937: 10824: 10760: 10639: 10620: 10137: 10110: 10005: 9963: 9936: 9878: 9843: 9812: 8307: 8267: 7948: 7920: 7746: 7711: 7407: 7377: 7186: 7128: 6939: 6596: 6081: 5778: 5736: 4835: 4162: 4105: 4031: 4003: 3713: 3549: 2964:, was able to place into evidence an affidavit that described them. It was written from memory by Nazi Foreign Office lawyer 2600:." Gunther wrote, however, that some knew "communism and Fascism were more closely allied than was normally understood", and 1971: 1828:

on 26 August to 1 September. In accordance with the defence pact, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September.

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used the route before the German invasion, which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

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Pietrow-Ennker, Bianka (2000). "Stalinistische Außen- und Deutschlandpolitik 1939–1941". In Pietrow-Ennker, Bianka (ed.).

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and lasted from fall of 1939 to the spring of 1940. As the result of the operation, in ten regional actions, about 60,000

13780: 13690: 12749: 12493: 12411: 12276: 12095: 3351: 2484:). After various events over the following months, Romania increasingly took on the aspect of a German-occupied country. 2293:

from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians acceded to the Soviet demands, and the Soviets occupied the territories. The

2060:, allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania, with the exception of the left bank of the River 1782:

consult with each other, and not aid a third party attacking either—that Gunther heard a joke that Stalin had joined the

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between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 250,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians. Forced re-settlements into

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The Soviet copy of the original document was declassified in 1992 and published in a scientific journal in early 1993.

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Germany unilaterally terminated the pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet Union in

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economic approach and an alliance with Britain were impossible and so closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain

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Modern History Sourcebook, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted texts in modern European and World history

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Carley, Michael J. (1993). "End of the 'Low, Dishonest Decade': Failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance in 1939".

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Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy

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and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from

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In the summer of 1940, fear of the Soviet Union, in conjunction with German support for the territorial demands of

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in 1940 violated the pact, since it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence that had been agreed with the Axis.

336:. After the invasions, the new border between the two countries was confirmed by the supplementary protocol of the 9069: 6449: 13740: 13730: 13472: 13304: 12959: 12446: 12441: 12421: 12369: 12085: 11738: 9127: 7780:[Repressions 1939–41. Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). PL: Ośrodek Karta. Archived from 3217:

A number of German historians have debunked the claim that Operation Barbarossa was a preemptive strike, such as

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Before the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was announced, Western communists denied that such a treaty would be signed.

13685: 13004: 12908: 12549: 12416: 11771: 9911: 4831: 3659:"'Frigid but Unprovocative': British Policy towards the USSR from the Nazi-Soviet Pact to the Winter War, 1939" 3226: 3207:

Many Polish newspapers published numerous articles claiming that Russia must apologise to Poland for the pact.

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The protocols gained wider media attention when they were included in an official State Department collection,

2784: 2746: 2532:, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for US$ 7.5 million (31.5 million 2085:

and its environs. On 8 October 1939, a new Nazi-Soviet agreement was reached by an exchange of letters between

1821: 1794: 1791:

repeatedly referred to the Pact as the "Communazi Pact" and its participants as "communazis" until April 1941.

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Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".

8132:"From the Red Flag to the Union Jack: The Rise of Domestic Patriotism in the Communist Party of Great Britain" 5746: 1406:

to allow the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, instead of only Britain and France.

1135: 414:. Of all the other territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, those detached from Finland (Western 13785: 12529: 12426: 11553: 10791:

A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941

8847: 2488: 1086: 585: 118: 7873: 2491:. During the two years after the annexation, the Soviets arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens and 1460:

The German presence in the Soviet capital during negotiations can be regarded as rather tense. German pilot

309:. In the west, rumoured existence of the Secret Protocol was proven only when it was made public during the 13184: 12949: 12611: 12461: 12374: 12100: 12090: 12063: 11800: 11681: 11676: 10947: 10613:

The Struggle for the Files: The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives after the Second World War

10199:"Putin fires fresh salvo on Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, this time singling out Poland | DW | 24 December 2019" 7820: 7293: 7075: 6947: 6278: 3135: 3053: 2800: 2412: 2209: 1935: 746: 10063: 6494: 1214:

of part of Czechoslovakia in late 1938, but in early 1939 it had been completely dissolved. The policy of

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Ericson, Edward E III (May 1998). "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941".

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rivers would go to the Soviet Union, and Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, which was adjacent to

911: 13411: 6613:"Declaration of the Government of the German Reich and the Government of the USSR of September 28, 1939" 6354: 3298:, to be commemorated with dignity and impartiality. In connection with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the 2366:, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the 1563:, "Nazi Talks Secret", whose subtitle included "Soviet and Reich Agree on East". On 26 August 1939, the 13244: 12974: 12964: 12929: 12466: 12122: 11373: 11218: 9250:"Vladimir Putin says there was nothing wrong with Soviet Union's pact with Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany" 9038:"Vladimir Putin says there was nothing wrong with Soviet Union's pact with Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany" 6997: 3798: 3146:, described the pact as a necessary measure because of the British and French failure to enter into an 2890: 2886: 2826: 2711: 2652: 2282: 1956: 757: 3729:

Senn, Alfred (January 1990). "Perestroika in Lithuanian Historiography: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact".

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she "remembered her father saying after : 'Together with the Germans we would have been invincible'."

2596:, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the 1731:

was aimed not at the Soviet Union but actually at Western democracies and "frightened principally the

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in 1991. The territories annexed from Romania were also integrated into the Soviet Union (such as the

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Crimes Committed by the Wehrmacht during the September Campaign and the Period of Military Government

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The United States, the Soviet Union and the geopolitical implications of the origins of the Cold War

10129:

Russia's hybrid aggression: lessons for the world: Russia's hybrid aggression: lessons for the world

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On 31 March 1939, in response to Germany's defiance of the Munich Agreement and the creation of the

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Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "Infamous Encounter? The Merekalov–Weizsacker Meeting of 17 April 1939".

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across Northern Europe. The pact was signed in Moscow on 23 August 1939 by Soviet Foreign Minister

9014: 8764:"Stalin-Hitler Plot to Divide Europe Told: U.S. Discloses Top Secret Documents Dealing With Plans" 7399: 5953: 5923: 5860: 1996: 13584: 13179: 12783: 12672: 12539: 12406: 10288: 9835: 7972: 7084: 5176: 3484: 3249: 2992: 2981: 2181: 1147: 1059: 1055: 929: 321: 31: 10102: 2976: 2874:

as a result of the pact were lost in a matter of weeks. The southeastern part was absorbed into

2733:

The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base,

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increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union, along with other countries with ethnic

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The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II

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Harmon, Brian; Drobnicki, John. "Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates".

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Vietnam, the Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

3048: 2469: 845: 839: 752: 546: 395: 10034:"Upheaval in the East – Soviet Congress Condemns '39 Pact That Led to Annexation of Baltics" 9350: 9180: 8925: 7231: 6320: 5138: 4756: 3877: 3423:

Nichtangriffsvertrag zwischen Deutschland und der Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken

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Territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923). Note that the creation of the

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Roberts, Geoffrey (1995). "Soviet Policy and the Baltic States, 1939–1940: A Reappraisal".

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Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung der polnischen Oberschicht im Gau Danzig-Westpreußen

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talks between the two countries occur from late 1938 to March 1939. Also, the third Soviet

1117: 1098: 1024: 534: 478: 263: 112: 11542: 2528:. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the "Secret Additional Protocols" of the 1131:

proposed a military alliance with Poland against the Soviet Union, but this was rejected.

8: 13765: 13118: 13102: 13086: 12855: 12810: 12778: 12564: 12157: 12147: 12078: 11616: 11493: 10443: 10258: 9351: 9098: 9088:

The great press-conference of Vladimir Putin (Большая пресс-конференция Владимира Путина)

4804:

Soviet foreign policy : 1917-1980 Collectible Soviet foreign policy : 1917-1980

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and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan".

2628:

to employ all of its strength to paralyse "chauvinist elements". Moscow soon forced the

2171:

to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. The leader of the Leningrad Military District,

1223: 1043:, which ceded many western Russian territories to Germany. After the German collapse, a 332:, using alleged concern for ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians as a pretext, ordered the 320:. On 17 September, one day after a Soviet–Japanese ceasefire came into effect after the 305:

went to the Soviet Union. The protocol also recognized the interest of Lithuania in the

13142: 13070: 13062: 13021: 12994: 12989: 12726: 12679: 12471: 12364: 12256: 12115: 11728: 11474: 11441: 11433: 11286: 11163: 11155: 11126: 11118: 11089: 11037: 11029: 10926: 10525: 10494: 10460: 10095: 9776: 9721: 8590: 7756: 7016: 6551: 5341:"Nazi Talks Secret: Hitler Lays Plans with His Close Aides for the Partition of Poland" 5009: 4235: 4064: 3746: 3686: 3594: 3218: 3019:, one of the signatories, went to his grave categorically rejecting its existence. The 3016: 2883: 2879: 2742: 2446: 2086: 2078: 2045: 2030: 1992: 1976: 1928: 1874: 1858: 1825: 1814: 1705: 1403: 1325: 1321: 1139: 941: 863: 811: 360: 317: 267: 147: 11530: 7849:

Wierzbicki, Marek; Płużański, Tadeusz M (March 2001). "Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł".

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gives the number of 1,200,000 million; Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000.

2267: 2038:" of 28 September 1939. Map of Poland signed by Stalin and Ribbentrop (focused on the 1317: 13570: 13500: 13189: 12820: 12621: 12544: 12261: 12105: 12028: 11999: 11628: 11622: 11497: 11460: 11454: 11445: 11402: 11377: 11354: 11325: 11315: 11294: 11272: 11250: 11240: 11226: 11204: 11167: 11130: 11058: 11041: 10995: 10989: 10974: 10955: 10933: 10907: 10885: 10866: 10847: 10830: 10820: 10794: 10775: 10756: 10737: 10699: 10673: 10654: 10635: 10616: 10597: 10551: 10427: 10408: 10389: 10133: 10106: 10001: 9959: 9932: 9907: 9884: 9874: 9849: 9839: 9808: 9725: 9713: 9499: 9474: 9414: 9388: 9362: 9301: 8937: 8926: 8903: 8684: 8545: 8303: 8263: 8231: 8178: 8106: 8074: 8039: 7976: 7944: 7916: 7877: 7742: 7707: 7582: 7453: 7403: 7373: 7243: 7232: 7182: 7124: 6989: 6918: 6868: 6652: 6592: 6526: 6457: 6425: 6363: 6332: 6321: 6180: 6077: 5800: 5774: 5732: 5653: 5632: 5431: 5336: 5303: 5239: 5150: 5139: 4997: 4987: 4932: 4881: 4841: 4768: 4757: 4497: 4454: 4444: 4223: 4213: 4158: 4133: 4101: 4027: 3999: 3959: 3709: 3690: 3678: 3586: 3545: 3331: 3253: 3088: 3076: 2970: 2780: 2481: 2362: 2306: 2290: 2202: 2186: 1948: 1767: 1709: 1607:

reported a Soviet buildup on its Western frontiers by moving 200,000 troops from the

1575: 1560: 1544: 1418: 1199: 1143: 1106: 1020: 799: 775: 710: 573: 463: 12436: 11012:(2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact". 9151: 7887: 7370:

Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion

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Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

45:

Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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On the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of

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Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

4569:"Tentative Efforts To Improve German–Soviet Relations, April 17 – August 14, 1939" 3567:"German-Soviet Economic Relations at the Time of the Hitler-Stalin pact 1939-1941" 3023:

did not acknowledge the existence of the secret protocol until 1968, as the party

13512: 13446: 13423: 13078: 12870: 12788: 12584: 12513: 12344: 12189: 12179: 11968: 11537: 11525: 11392: 11346: 11264: 10921: 10169: 9995: 9798: 9122: 9094: 9076: 9042: 8763: 8733: 5573: 5436:"Berlin Talks Held: Nazi Quarters Now Feel General European war Has Been Averted" 5251: 3993: 3418: 3395: 3229:, but they also acknowledge that the Soviets were aggressive to their neighbors. 3119: 3004: 2875: 2814: 2785:

an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases

2664: 2637: 2356: 2144: 1940: 1839: 1548: 1350: 1155: 1120:

military controls, both of which decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.

1051: 435: 431: 10320: 9693: 9216: 9087: 8817: 8720:. National Archives and Records Administration. Box 100. Location 350/57/18/02. 7869:

Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941

5566: 4195:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis

3628:"See Secret in Accord: Dr. Harper Says Stalin-Hitler Pact May Prove an Alliance" 3273:

The pact was a taboo subject in the postwar Soviet Union. In December 1989, the

2922: 2126: 1980:

published an editorial arguing that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is

1417:". The Nazi arrival was well planned, with all aesthetics in order. The classic 13517: 13458: 13202: 13194: 12999: 12924: 12840: 12800: 12359: 12354: 12296: 11805: 11518: 11398: 11311: 11114: 11101:

Roberts, Geoffrey (October 1992b). "The Fall of Litvinov: A Revisionist View".

11072:

Roberts, Geoffrey (1992a). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany".

10971:

The Lure of Neptune: German–Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941

10508: 10477: 10472: 8578: 3674: 3279: 3163: 3124: 3100: 3096: 2986: 2648:

on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other communists also deserted from the army.

2641: 2621: 2568: 2461: 2312: 2221: 2172: 2167:

with the aim of annexing Finland into the Soviet Union. The Soviets formed the

2121: 1944: 1778: 1732: 1724: 1590:

had failed on its first day of convening to act on the pact. The same day, the

1587: 1481: 1438: 1391: 1203: 1128: 1102: 1028: 1016: 692: 597: 427: 423: 306: 64: 13544:

Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

11188: 11151: 11085: 10521: 10490: 10456: 9955:

Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

9853: 7052: 4322: 4180:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36

2767:

after relations were strained after disagreements over policy in Romania, the

2271: 2246: 2231: 2061: 1889:, allegedly "for urgent aeronautical experiments". Hitler declared at Danzig: 13649: 13598: 13094: 13054: 12850: 12743: 12738: 12594: 12517: 12483: 12246: 12241: 12127: 11874: 10834: 9888: 9741:"Putin Did Not Even Think to Apologize to Poland for Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" 9717: 8968: 7964: 7051:"Отчёт Украинского и Белорусского фронтов Красной Армии Мельтюхов, с. 367.". 6993: 6656: 6367: 6251: 6133: 5001: 4928:

Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations

4227: 3682: 3658: 3590: 3294:

proclaimed 23 August, the anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, as the

3261: 3244: 3143: 3012: 2946: 2726: 2585: 2514:

Further secret protocol modifications settling borders and immigration issues

2507: 2454: 2404: 2400: 2332: 2294: 2136: 2093: 2008: 2004: 1787: 1771: 1713: 1430: 1313: 1303: 1290: 1246: 1233:

All territories taken from Czechoslovakia by its neighbours in October 1938 (

1229: 1171: 1012: 923: 899: 591: 471: 372: 329: 56: 11329: 9694:"Understanding the Russo–Ukrainian War Through the Prism of Russian History" 4271: 2763:

In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under its

1751:

and foreign Communist parties; and Jewish communities all around the world.

1727:

as always attempting to disrupt Soviet–German relations and stated that the

1655: 1497: 279:

Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941) § 1938–1939 deal discussions

13150: 13046: 12865: 12606: 12391: 12301: 12162: 11025: 11009: 10816: 10717: 10692: 10687: 9829: 9764: 7664:"Die Zahl der Opfer von Auschwitz. Neue Erkentnisse durch neue Archivfunde" 6660: 6479:""Wybory" do Zgromadzeń Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Białorusi" 5705: 3176: 3167: 3142:, whose book carried an approving foreword by the Russian foreign Minister 2927: 2856: 2852: 2830:

Situation in Europe by May to June 1941, on the eve of Operation Barbarossa

2589: 2499: 2415:, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people perished. 2388: 1910: 1902: 1744: 1689: 1673: 1110: 1090: 704: 259: 255: 184: 169: 97: 10351:"Russia Slams EU Resolution Stating Nazi-Soviet Pact 'Paved Way' For WWII" 9868: 9115: 7826: 7038:Молотов на V сессии Верховного Совета 31 октября цифра "примерно 250 тыс." 4309:

Beloff, Max (October 1950). "Soviet Foreign Policy, 1929–41: Some Notes".

3582: 2926:

Soviet expansion, changes to Central European borders and creation of the

1342: 1218:

toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British Prime Minister

13612: 12883: 12709: 12396: 10808: 7872:. Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941 (in Polish). Rzeszów-Warsaw: 6218: 4272:"Agreement concluded at between Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy" 3284: 3147: 2915: 2645: 2477: 2056:, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the 1981: 1685: 1282: 1215: 1082: 1008: 387: 10670:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

9433:... The Jew Litvinov was gone and Hitler's dominant prejudice placated.' 7479: 4493:

Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America

3598: 3566: 1582:

was still reporting on fears of a Gleiwitz raid. On 29 August 1939, the

407: 13626: 12860: 12508: 12194: 12073: 11817: 11766: 11743: 11159: 9353:

The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust

6641:"The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: Legal and Political Consequences" 4068: 3434: 3325: 3240: 3187: 2961: 2836: 2768: 2734: 2703: 2533: 2302: 2286: 2164: 2117: 1799: 1701: 1572: 1525: 1446: 1105:. Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by " 1070: 1063: 995: 833: 635: 623: 610: 492: 483: 364: 356: 352: 302: 226: 11437: 11429: 11122: 11093: 11033: 10722:

The Deadly Embrace: Hitler, Stalin, and the Nazi–Soviet Pact 1939–1941

10529: 10498: 10464: 8848:"Remembrance and Solidarity. Studies in 20th Century European History" 6422:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939

6073:

Avoiding Armageddon: From the Great War to the Fall of France, 1918–40

5797:

Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow

5629:

Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa

4962: 4960: 3750: 1943:

at the end of the invasion of Poland. At the centre are Major General

390:

remained in the Soviet Union after the war and are now in Ukraine and

13633: 12488: 12379: 12236: 12174: 11456:

How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939

11054: 10229:"Russia Enacting Law to Back Heroic Narrative About Its Role in WWII" 9745: 9298:

On the Battlefields of the Cold War: A Soviet Ambassador's Confession

7297: 3458: 3328:, protest marking the 50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3303: 3153: 2941: 2707: 2660: 2609:

communists acted accordingly; although they had previously supported

2376: 2105: 1985: 1917: 1880: 1748: 1461: 1426: 1308: 1151: 1113: 1094: 983: 821: 403: 286: 6403: 6401: 6037: 6035: 6033: 4060: 3471: 1449:. The limousine arrived close to Stalin's office and was greeted by 481:

and invaded the Soviet Union, in pursuit of the ideological goal of

12431: 12142: 11567:

International Conference and booklet on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

11394:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

9929:

Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years

9221: 8482: 8279: 6588: 5578: 4957: 4855: 3742: 2738: 2371: 2160: 2148: 1964: 1835:

Planned and actual territorial changes in Central Europe: 1939–1940

1762: 1635: 1608: 1595: 1501: 1422: 368: 8858: 8718:

Record Group 84, POLAD, Classified General Correspondence, 1945–49

4643:

Stalin's Drive to the West, 1938–1945: The Origins of the Cold War

2679: 2380:, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in 1536: 351:

regions in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union following the

12167: 11992: 11987: 10293: 9438: 9189: 8960:Ведомости Съезда народных депутатов СССР и Верховного Совета СССР 8205: 6424:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 441. 6398: 6386: 6030: 3775:

Collier, Martin, and Pedley, Philip Germany 1919–45 (2000) p. 146

3470:

Having been banned in Stockholm, it continued to be published in

3307: 2950: 2906: 2745:

for both cargo ships and raiders though only the commerce raider

2392: 2225: 2216:

officers also conducted lengthy interrogations of 300,000 Polish

2194: 2097: 2082: 1848:

Nazis destroying border markers on the Polish-German border, 1939

1693: 1681: 1568: 1521: 1513: 1242: 1036: 455: 415: 391: 344: 298: 294: 11843: 10952:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

8798: 7349: 7117:

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory

5771:

Między Berlinem a Moskwą. Stosunki niemiecko-sowieckie 1939–1941

5106: 2354:

The elimination of Polish elites and intelligentsia was part of

2346:

Polish hostages being blindfolded during preparations for their

1543:

reported Nazi troop movement on 25 August 1939, soon before the

11246:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

10753:

Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II

9831:

Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941-1945

8964: 7703: 7671: 7507: 7058: 6943: 6882: 6486: 6156: 3296:

European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism

3191: 3117:

In August 2009, in an article written for the Polish newspaper

2617: 2451:

Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina

2254:

In mid-June 1940, while international attention focused on the

2101: 2058:

German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation

2024: 1756: 1624: 1620: 1517: 1399: 1359: 1265:, pending negotiations. On 28 April, Hitler denounced the 1934 477:

The pact was terminated on 22 June 1941, when Germany launched

290: 93: 7539: 1840:

Consequences in Finland, Poland, the Baltic States and Romania

27:

1939 neutrality pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

12386: 10539:

German–Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939

9997:

Inside Putin's Russia: Can There Be Reform without Democracy?

8406: 8404: 7467: 6793:

The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939-1940, Volume 312

6206: 2911: 2496: 2205:

later claimed that the casualties may have been one million.

2198: 2155:

on 26 November and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the

2111: 2053: 2040: 1886: 1677: 1078: 348: 11886:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

11601: 9411:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival

8012: 8010: 8008: 7866:

Głowacki, Albin (September 2003). Chmielowiec, Piotr (ed.).

7797: 6056:

Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War

5137:

Bertriko, Jean-Jacques; Subrenat, A; Cousins, David (2004).

2313:

Beginnings of Operation Tannenberg and other Nazi atrocities

10092: 9592: 8991:

Borejsza, Jerzy W; Ziemer, Klaus; Hułas, Magdalena (2006).

8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 7912:

Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917

7734:

Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time

7276: 7274: 7272: 6676: 6020: 6018: 4877:

Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II

4449:. Vol. II. New York: Anchor Press, Doubleday. p. 4097:

Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1939: The Road to World War II

3099:

condemned the pact as "immoral" but also defended it as a "

2809:

Ribbentrop taking leave of Molotov in Berlin, November 1940

2636:

to adopt anti-war positions. On 7 September, Stalin called

2524:

On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an

2232:

Soviet Union occupies the Baltic states and part of Romania

2217: 2213: 2081:

that the Soviet government was willing to cede the city of

2000: 1442: 1154:

between Germany and the Soviet Union. In 1936, Germany and

10928:

The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941

10582: 10506:

Carr, Edward Hallett (1949b). "From Munich to Moscow—II".

9870:

Hitler's war in the east, 1941-1945: a critical assessment

9580: 9385:

Operation Pike: Britain Versus the Soviet Union, 1939–1941

9005: 9003: 8521: 8401: 8337: 7485: 7196: 6224: 6139: 5244:"The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II" 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 3995:

Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment

3925: 3923: 2613:, they now denounced Britain and France for going to war. 1770:, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Italian diplomat 1500:

pointed out that the Polish government feared that if the

11051:

Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: 1939–1950

10324: 9611:

Deutscher, Tamara (1983). "EH Carr – a Personal Memoir".

8511: 8509: 8448: 8446: 8433: 8431: 8380:] (in French). Paris: J'ai Lu/A. Faiard. p. 233. 8005: 7527: 7213: 7211: 6736: 6712: 6700: 6688: 5070: 4362: 4360: 4130:

The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War

3757: 3708:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 536. 3260:

became victims of Stalinist terror. Similarly, historian

3200: 2387:

Germany also planned to incorporate all of the land into

2044:) adjusting the German-Soviet border in the aftermath of 1116:

regime asserting power and by the abandonment of postwar

491:

succeeded it. After the war, Ribbentrop was convicted of

13756:

Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II

11923:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

11892:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

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Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe

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Biskupski, Mieczyslaw B.; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (2003).

9906:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 160. 9637: 9315: 8698: 8470: 8316: 8300:

Präventivkrieg? Der Deutsche Angriff auf die Sowjetunion

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A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940

6015: 4984:

The devils' alliance: Hitler's pact with Stalin, 1939-41

4738: 4736: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4624: 4622: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4384: 4278: 4210:

The devils' alliance: Hitler's pact with Stalin, 1939-41

3973: 3935: 3854: 2700:

the one that the two countries had signed in August 1939

1346:

Molotov (left) and Ribbentrop at the signing of the pact

262:, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German 11557:

Molotov speech to the Supreme Soviet on August 31, 1939

9528: 9518: 9516: 9011:"Russian historians defend the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" 9000: 7563: 7257: 6288: 5136: 5082: 4782: 4709: 4523: 3920: 3901:"Treaty of Berlin Between the Soviet Union and Germany" 3541:

Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law

2956:

News of the secret protocols first appeared during the

462:, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region now form the 12955:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

11308:

A Frozen Hell: The Russo–Finnish Winter War of 1939–40

10882:

Der Wortbruch: Hitler, Stalin und der Zweite Weltkrieg

9673: 9540: 8506: 8494: 8458: 8443: 8428: 8416: 8302:(3 ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. p. 85. 7504:"Nazi German Camps on Polish Soil During World War II" 7429: 7208: 6894: 6844: 6724: 6525:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 396. 6300: 6194: 5679: 5667: 5118: 5058: 5034: 4372: 4357: 4329: 4290: 3038:

Stalin's "Falsifiers of History" and Axis negotiations

2460:

On 30 August, Ribbentrop and Italian Foreign Minister

277:

The treaty was the culmination of negotiations around

11749:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

8786: 6448:

Weiner, Myron; Russell, Sharon Stanton, eds. (2001).

6105: 5317: 5279: 5267: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5094: 5046: 4906: 4733: 4721: 4697: 4682: 4619: 4607: 4542: 4408: 4396: 3252:

pact. Rogovin also noted that sixteen members of the

2504:

exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union

2242:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

316:

A week after signing the pact, on 1 September, 1939,

13549:

Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania

12402:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

11555:

The Meaning of the Soviet–German Non-Aggression Pact

11370:

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939: The Baltic Case

11201:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

9661: 9649: 9568: 9513: 9450: 9327: 8542:

Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941

7778:"Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich" 6795:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114. 5714:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 137–138. 5548: 4801:

Gromyko, Andrei; Ponomarev, B. N. Ponomarev (1981).

4182:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 346. 3876:. Rapallo: Mt Holyoke. 16 April 1922. Archived from 3450: 3300:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

3166:, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavourably by 3127:

condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as "immoral".

2754: 2567:

German and Soviet soldiers meet in jointly-occupied

2487:

The Soviet-occupied territories were converted into

2052:

Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish

13303: 10841: 10651:

The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish Conflict, 1939–40

10289:"Russia scolds OSCE for equating Hitler and Stalin" 9344: 9342: 8990: 7848: 7286: 5773:. Warszawa: Polski Instytut SprawMiędzynarodowych. 5172:"Hitler and Stalin Weren't Such Strange Bedfellows" 5022: 4873: 4759:

The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War

4658: 4075: 3706:

Germany at war : 400 years of military history

3034:Rallies to draw attention to the secret protocols. 2934: 2859:from September 1939 to June 1941, somewhere in the 2014: 1698:

which was part of Poland during the interwar period

1294:the Soviets have often been charged with playing a 63:shaking hands after the signing of the pact in the 12687:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 10925: 10691: 10094: 8103:Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation 8066:City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s 7726: 7724: 6353: 4511: 4128:Jurado, Carlos Caballero; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2006). 3154:Postwar commentary on motives of Stalin and Hitler 2427:Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940 1619:On 22 August, one day after talks broke down with 11562:Italy and the Nazi–Soviet Pact of August 23, 1939 10946: 10842:Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti, eds. (1999). 10546:Chubaryan, Alexander O.; Shukman, Harold (2002). 10093:Fiona Hill; Clifford G. Gaddy (2 February 2015). 9496:Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective 8885: 8587:Review of books by Murphy, Pleshakov, and Service 8488: 8285: 8058: 8056: 7697: 7625: 6407: 6392: 6095: 6093: 6041: 5112: 4966: 4861: 4641:Roberts, G (December 1997). "Review of Raack, R, 4121: 3275:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 3085:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union 2151:, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the 735:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 384:territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 13647: 11291:The Winter war: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40 10583:Datner, S; Gumkowski, J; Leszczynski, K (1962). 10545: 10402: 9867:Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R (2002). 9866: 9339: 8993:Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe 8804: 8396:. Washington, DC: State Department. p. 151. 6591:, US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 20–21. 5799:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 124–5. 4800: 3992:Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R (2002). 3991: 3107:, which led to the partition of Czechoslovakia. 3070: 1798:taste". For its part, Germany also did a public 1504:entered Polish territory, it would never leave. 13751:Military history of Germany during World War II 12795:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 11543:Leonas Cerskus. The Story of Lithuanian soldier 10424:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 10283: 10281: 9174: 9172: 8902:. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 318. 8633: 8162: 8160: 7721: 7080:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field" 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 4837:Roosevelt and Stalin: Portrait of a Partnership 4442: 3786:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 2680:Expansion of raw materials and military trading 2672:find no other pretext for the Soviet invasion. 2418: 1388:economic negotiations between the two countries 386:following the 1939 Soviet invasion east of the 11780:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk 10950:; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L (1997). 10564: 10086: 10064:"Putin Condemns 1939 Soviet Treaty With Nazis" 8881: 8879: 8674: 8672: 8645: 8621: 8559: 8297: 8053: 7545: 7473: 7355: 6548:"German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty" 6443: 6441: 6212: 6090: 2510:, almost half of them were dead by July 1940. 2147:and a military base near the Finnish capital, 1869:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk 1263:formalise the guarantee as a military alliance 175: 13289: 12370:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 12272:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 12133:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 11859: 11587: 11490:Bitter Glory: Poland & Its Fate 1918–1939 10648: 8683:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–5. 8125: 8123: 7575: 7372:(in Polish). IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 6888: 6682: 6447: 6413: 6069: 5704: 5602:"Text of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact" 4127: 3011:Despite publication of the recovered copy in 2588:, denounced rumours as "Fascist propaganda". 2520:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 2274:area, which had been earmarked for Germany.) 2238:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 1991:On 21 September, Marshal of the Soviet Union 964: 10846:(in Finnish). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. 10793:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 10632:White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40 10278: 10255:"On European conscience and totalitarianism" 10125: 9989: 9987: 9273: 9209: 9169: 8928:The Origins of the Second World War, 1933–41 8770:. United Press. 22 January 1948. p. 1. 8391: 8358:Russian and the West, under Lenin and Stalin 8157: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8038:. Vol. 1925–27. Anmol. pp. 134–7. 7971:. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: 7606:"Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto" 7223: 7074: 6862: 6838:The Nordic Way: A Path to Baltic Equilibrium 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6145: 5691: 4977: 4975: 4924: 3564: 3544:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xix. 3285:the most venerated pillars of state ideology 2813:After Germany in September 1940 entered the 2530:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 2411:in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In 2258:, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in 2077:, the German ambassador in Moscow, informed 1830: 1370: 1206:would be both dangerous and useless. In the 12330:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 11550:, scanned photocopies of original documents 9993: 9958:. Princeton University Press. p. 280. 9247: 8876: 8669: 8657: 8544:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 74–5. 7957: 7936: 7730: 7631: 7070: 7068: 6509: 6438: 4931:. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. 4443:Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1978). 3268: 3212:Soviet armies had entered the Baltic states 2960:. Alfred Seidl, the attorney for defendant 2794: 2616:When anti-German demonstrations erupted in 2441:Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union 1939:Common parade of Wehrmacht and Red Army in 1927:depicting Hitler greeting Stalin after the 1267:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 1125:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 723:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 359:of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and parts of 13771:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941) 13706:1941 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 13296: 13282: 12756:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 11866: 11852: 11594: 11580: 11479:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10987: 10898: 10712: 10167: 10119: 9796: 9781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9493: 9282:Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890–1940 8678: 8120: 8029: 8027: 8025: 7761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7670:(review article) (in German). 52, Jg (5). 7662:Piper, Franciszek; Meyer, Fritjof (2002). 7661: 7533: 7441: 7367: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7229: 7202: 7021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6470: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5300:What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa 5014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4240:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3860: 2777:redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders 2558: 2472:to Hungary. On 7 September, Romania ceded 2112:Soviet war with Finland and Katyn massacre 1578:on 31 August 1939. On 28 August 1939, the 971: 957: 12340:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 12312:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 10920: 10860: 10728: 10649:Engle, Edwards; Paananen, Lauri (1985) . 10596:. Vol. II. Oxford University Press. 10565:Cyprian, Tadeusz; Sawicki, Jerzy (1961). 10548:Stalin and the Soviet–Finnish war 1939–40 10383: 9984: 9771:. Vol. II. Stuttgart. pp. 31–2. 9610: 8087: 8062: 7581: 7557: 7423: 7280: 6867:. New York: Manchester University Press. 6814: 6567: 6476: 6168: 5641: 5604:. Fordham. 23 August 1939. Archived from 5430: 5335: 5238: 5232: 4972: 4593: 4591: 4426: 3979: 3941: 2918:annexed by the Soviet Union after the war 2690:German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940) 2575: 2526:agreement settling several ongoing issues 2279:armistice between France and Nazi Germany 2277:Finally, on 26 June, four days after the 1822:Britain joined a defense pact with Poland 1708:. As a result, Bessarabia as well as the 1651:The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (German copy) 1210:that followed the conference agreed to a 1047:intervened in the civil war (1917–1922). 918:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 729:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 160: 13711:Eastern European theatre of World War II 12282:Great Construction Projects of Communism 11603:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941 11100: 11071: 10906:(5th ed.). Great Britain: Phoenix. 10421: 9827: 9598: 9444: 9295: 8967:: Law mix. 1989. Ст. 579. Archived from 8963:(text of the declaration) (in Russian). 8577: 8533: 8476: 8260:Die Entfesselung des Zweiten Weltkrieges 7865: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7486:Datner, Gumkowski & Leszczynski 1962 7447: 7104: 7065: 7030: 6829: 6820: 6799: 6784: 6225:Datner, Gumkowski & Leszczynski 1962 6140:Datner, Gumkowski & Leszczynski 1962 6117: 5993:"The Soviet Union and the Eastern Front" 5978:Communism and the Conscience of the West 5913: 5724: 5647: 5496:"Soviet Fails to Act on Pact With Reich" 5291: 5076: 5064: 4171: 4093: 3302:parliamentary resolution condemned both 2921: 2905: 2846: 2825: 2804: 2696:intricate trade pact on 11 February 1940 2694:Germany and the Soviet Union entered an 2562: 2541:covered the migration to Germany within 2422: 2341: 2245: 2175:, commissioned a celebratory piece from 2125: 2029: 2018: 1934: 1916: 1843: 1820:On 25 August, Hitler was surprised when 1654: 1646: 1535: 1377:Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) 1349: 1341: 1228: 994: 982: 894:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 13811:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 13681:1939 establishments in the Soviet Union 12698:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 11367: 11336: 11285: 11217: 11195: 11174: 11137: 10968: 10807: 10769: 10750: 10667: 10629: 10168:Shevchenko, Vitaly (26 December 2019). 10101:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 10000:. Oxford University Press. p. 25. 9926: 9738: 9691: 9035: 8951: 8897: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8627: 8615: 8565: 8527: 8515: 8500: 8464: 8452: 8422: 8410: 8371: 8343: 8166: 8129: 8022: 8016: 7937:Kushner, Tony; Knox, Katharine (1999). 7915:. Transaction Publishers. p. 132. 7591:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7569: 7313: 7263: 7217: 7110: 6982:Official publication of the Polish Army 6967: 6900: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6805: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6306: 6294: 6174: 6099: 5585: 5100: 5088: 4912: 4640: 4555: 4414: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4335: 4296: 4284: 4177: 4046: 4019: 3953: 3929: 3809:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3763: 3703: 3362:Timeline of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2882:, and the rest was integrated with the 2538:1940 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement 2437:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 1509:1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement 1162:. and they were joined a year later by 1150:. Thus, the Spanish Civil War became a 1093:Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both 394:. Vilnius was given to Lithuania. Only 14: 13648: 12733:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 11713:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941) 11415: 11390: 11263: 11239: 11048: 10973:. University of South Carolina Press. 10610: 10591: 10573: 10440: 10301:from the original on 20 September 2022 10209:from the original on 17 September 2022 10193: 10191: 10163: 10161: 9901: 9873:. New York: Berghahn. pp. 39–40. 9763: 9643: 9586: 9546: 9382: 9321: 9279: 8818:"Modern views on the Nazi–Soviet pact" 8792: 8731: 8704: 8437: 8355: 8331: 8033: 7995: 7963: 7908: 7803: 7770: 7435: 7044: 6912: 6790: 6582: 6450:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 6318: 6259:from the original on 18 September 2021 6200: 6111: 6063: 6024: 5914:Chambers, Whittaker (6 January 1941). 5768: 5752: 5685: 5673: 5323: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5052: 4830: 4807:. Progressive Publishers. p. 89. 4788: 4763:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4742: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4676: 4628: 4613: 4597: 4588: 4536: 4517: 4308: 3638:from the original on 22 September 2022 3278:expansion. In 2009, Russian President 2872:territories gained by the Soviet Union 1720:and integrated into the Soviet Union. 1468: 1441:, entered a limousine operated by the 1316:, French delegation headed by General 876:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 328:approved the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 13776:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 13277: 11847: 11575: 11293:(5th ed.). London: Aurum Press. 11008: 10879: 10634:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 10505: 10471: 10176:from the original on 27 December 2019 9951: 9679: 9667: 9655: 9574: 9534: 9522: 9456: 9408: 9357:. Harvard University Press. pp. 9260:from the original on 3 September 2022 9179:Борис, Хавкин (Boris Xavkin) (2007). 9178: 9050:from the original on 3 September 2022 8923: 8539: 8392:Sontag, RJ; Beddie, JS, eds. (1948). 8257: 8100: 7969:God's Playground. A History of Poland 7514:from the original on 7 September 2006 7491: 7393: 7179:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above 7170: 6638: 6515: 6419: 6053: 5975: 5372:"Japanese Protest Hitler-Stalin Pact" 5302:. Yale University Press. p. 23. 4981: 4754: 4575:from the original on 11 February 2011 4489: 4483: 4352: 4348: 4207: 4094:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1 March 2010). 3954:Lee, Stephen J; Paul, Shuter (1996). 3656: 3605:from the original on 21 December 2020 3537: 2985:reporter, American deputy prosecutor 2698:that was over four times larger than 2686:German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939) 2659:, a communist newspaper published in 1475:German–Soviet Credit Agreement (1939) 12816:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 12774:20th Congress of the Communist Party 12217:19th Congress of the Communist Party 12054:18th Congress of the Communist Party 12019:17th Congress of the Communist Party 11487: 11452: 11345: 10788: 10686: 10536: 10475:(1949a). "From Munich to Moscow—I". 10386:A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 10014:from the original on 21 October 2023 9972:from the original on 6 November 2023 9769:Generaloberst Halder. Kriegstagebuch 9739:Sudakov, Dmitry (2 September 2009). 9631: 9558: 9468: 9348: 9333: 9296:Israėli︠, Viktor Levonovich (2003). 8774:from the original on 27 January 2022 8597:from the original on 9 November 2017 8238:from the original on 20 October 2021 8173:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7817:"Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41" 7638:. The Nizkor Project. Archived from 7176: 6940:"Obozy jenieckie żołnierzy polskich" 6932: 6374:from the original on 21 October 2021 5794: 5554: 5402:"Paris Communists Stunned by Accord" 5369: 5124: 5040: 5028: 4664: 4561: 4402: 4157:. Simon & Schuster. p. 59. 4152: 4081: 3841:from the original on 5 December 2017 3728: 3622: 3620: 3483:According to Paul Flewers, Stalin's 2737:, in the northern Soviet Union near 2075:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg 2046:German and Soviet invasion of Poland 1893:Poland never will rise again in the 1852: 1824:. Hitler postponed his plans for an 1435:Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg 1362:" in the Polish satirical newspaper 1338:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations 1320:and the Soviet delegation headed by 1193: 513:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations 499:and executed. Molotov died in 1986. 454:). 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Munich: Yale. 29 September 1938. 3907:from the original on 31 March 2009 3815:from the original on 11 March 2020 3337:German–Soviet population transfers 3180:and could negotiate with Germany. 2157:Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1995:, German military attaché General 1614: 1598:, Canada, that American Professor 1123:In 1935 Germany, after a previous 991:and Northern Ireland is not shown. 852:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 326:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 25: 13822: 13701:1941 disestablishments in Germany 12935:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 12666:Marxism and the National Question 11873: 11512: 10904:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 10485:(1). Taylor & Francis: 3–17. 10146:from the original on 29 July 2023 9698:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 9217:"Putin condemns Nazi–Soviet pact" 8744:from the original on 18 July 2022 8170:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 7943:. Psychology Press. p. 219. 7608:. 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Archived from 5814: 5788: 5762: 5718: 5621: 5560: 5518: 5412:from the original on 3 June 2022 3477: 3464: 3232:According to Stalin's daughter, 3134:, including Russian negationist 2935:Discovery of the secret protocol 2634:Communist Party of Great Britain 2327:Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles 2208:Around that time, after several 2015:Modification of secret protocols 1988:, terror and war on the other." 1324:, the commissar of defence, and 1146:, but the Soviets supported the 474:, which is also now in Ukraine. 217: 177: 162: 141: 130: 50: 13791:1939 in international relations 13716:Occupation of the Baltic states 13305:Occupation of the Baltic states 12960:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 12096:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 12086:Occupation of the Baltic states 11739:Occupation of the Baltic states 11531:Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941 11103:Journal of Contemporary History 10355:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10170:"Why is Putin angry at Poland?" 10044:from the original on 4 May 2021 9692:Ryvchin, Alex (4 August 2022). 9471:A History of Russia: Since 1855 9248:Tom Parfitt (6 November 2014). 9196:from the original on 2 May 2011 9128:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8886:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 8489:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 8394:Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941 8286:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 7181:. 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In 2163:invaded Finland, launching the 1808:occupation of the Baltic States 1331: 699:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 541:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 442:and the Soviet Union after the 13676:1939 establishments in Germany 11667:Boundary and Friendship Treaty 11049:Rieber, Alfred Joseph (2000). 10969:Philbin, Tobias R III (1994). 10734:Poland in the Second World War 10615:. Cambridge University Press. 10537:Carr, Edward Hallett (1979) . 9931:. Mehring Books. p. 380. 9800:Germany and the Two World Wars 7940:Refugees in an Age of Genocide 6477:Kozłowski, Bartłomiej (2005). 6327:. Botley, UK: Osprey. p. 6076:. A&C Black. p. 251. 5952:. 7 April 1941. Archived from 5567:Media build up to World War II 4840:. Vintage Books. p. 173. 4026:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4020:Kershaw, Ian (17 April 2000). 3722: 3697: 3657:Doerr, Paul W. (1 July 2001). 3650: 3634:. 28 August 1939. p. 11. 3558: 3531: 3501: 3404: 3381: 3081:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev 2842: 2337:Polish children were kidnapped 2036:Second Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact 2023:Soviet and German soldiers in 1735:and the English shopkeepers." 1437:and Stalin's chief bodyguard, 1031:, the first leader of the new 663:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 520:Events leading to World War II 13: 1: 12801:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 12612:1946–1947 Soviet famine 12185:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 10954:. Columbia University Press. 10948:Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich 10698:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 10567:Nazi Rule in Poland 1939–1945 10132:. ТОВ "Каламар". p. 87. 9710:10.1080/23739770.2022.2105487 9284:. Cambridge University Press. 9070:putin nostalgia hitler stalin 8924:Henig, Ruth Beatrice (2005). 8360:. NY: Mentor. pp. 318–9. 8232:"Sozialistische Mitteilungen" 7731:Wasserstein, Bernard (2007). 6917:. HarperCollins. p. 88. 5980:. 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Rowman & Littlefield. 10384:Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). 9904:June 1941: Hitler and Stalin 9828:Hartmann, Christian (2011). 9797:Hillgruber, Andreas (1981). 9494:Gorodetsky, Gabriel (1994). 8805:Biskupski & Wandycz 2003 7822:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN 7706:: Inicjał. pp. 250–62. 7452:. John Murray. p. 358. 6948:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN 6840:. Howells House. p. 78. 6766: 6277:The cartoon is a parody of " 5728:Encyclopedia of the Cold War 5725:van Dijk, Ruud, ed. (2008). 4874:Gerhard L. Weinberg (2010). 2901: 2861:occupied territory of Poland 2663:the exiled communist leader 2624:, the Comintern ordered the 2419:Romania and Soviet republics 1271:Anglo–German Naval Agreement 1182:wrote that he had spoken to 1039:were forced to agree to the 1011:was disastrous for both the 782:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 747:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 343:In March 1940, parts of the 270:and German Foreign Minister 7: 13761:Soviet military occupations 13352:Diplomatic treaties in 1939 13337:Soviet re-occupation (1944) 12965:Stalin Monument in Budapest 12632:Night of the Murdered Poets 12550:Allegations of antisemitism 12287:Engineers of the human soul 12034:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12010:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 11708:Commercial Agreement (1940) 11703:Commercial Agreement (1939) 11391:Wegner, Bernd, ed. (1997). 11351:Stalin: The Man and His Era 11339:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10861:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018). 10844:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 10668:Ericson, Edward E. 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NYU Press. p. 330. 9387:. Greenwood. p. xix. 9383:Osborn, Patrick R (2000). 8679:Dreifeilds, Juris (1996). 7874:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 7698:Vladimir Beshanov (2008). 7546:Cyprian & Sawicki 1961 7474:Cyprian & Sawicki 1961 7368:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). 7356:Cyprian & Sawicki 1961 7296:. Remember. Archived from 6213:Cyprian & Sawicki 1961 6128:. Free Europe. p. 15. 5648:Christie, Kenneth (2002). 4178:Gerhard, Weinberg (1970). 3874:"German–Russian agreement" 3675:10.1177/002200940103600302 2798: 2773:France signed an armistice 2683: 2653:Communist Party of Germany 2517: 2430: 2316: 2235: 2115: 1866: 1856: 1663:of the Pact (Russian copy) 1661:Additional Secret Protocol 1559:ran a front-page story by 1547:on 31 August 1939, led by 1472: 1374: 1335: 1222:and French Prime Minister 1103:both of which they opposed 1085:" (subhuman) according to 758:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 506: 29: 13736:Lithuania in World War II 13620:The Chronicles of Melanie 13562: 13531: 13488: 13433: 13405:Massacres and repressions 13404: 13351: 13311: 13253: 13170: 13031: 13013: 12985:Places named after Stalin 12970:Stalin Monument in Prague 12917: 12829: 12764: 12650: 12494:Repressions in Azerbaijan 12320: 12229: 12212:1950 legislative election 12138:1946 legislative election 12049:1937 legislative election 11961: 11910: 11901: 11881: 11826: 11788: 11734:Soviet invasion of Poland 11721: 11690: 11642: 11609: 11488:Watt, Richard M. (1979). 11397:. Providence and Oxford: 11368:Vizulis, Izidors (1990). 11314:: Algonquin Books. 1991. 11203:. Yale University Press. 11189:10.1080/09592299508405982 11152:10.1017/S0018246X00026224 11086:10.1080/09668139208411994 10774:. Routledge & Kegan. 10755:. Naval Institute Press. 10611:Eckert, Astrid M (2012). 10522:10.1080/09668134908409737 10491:10.1080/09668134908409726 10457:10.1080/09668139308412091 9498:. Routledge. p. 55. 8372:Cartier, Raymond (1962). 7088:. US: CIA. Archived from 6889:Engle & Paananen 1985 6836:Killham, EdwardL (1993). 6821:Kokoshin, Andrei (1998). 6806:Trotter, William (2013). 6683:Engle & Paananen 1985 6420:Sudoł, Adam, ed. (1998). 6319:Zaloga, Steven J (2002). 5769:Dębski, Sławomir (2007). 4598:Grogin, Robert C (2001). 4323:10.1080/09668135008409773 3998:. Berghahn. p. 244. 3958:. Heinemann. p. 33. 3414: 3392:Пакт Молотова-Риббентропа 3391: 3123:, Russian Prime Minister 3046:(1948), Stalin published 2584:, a future member of the 2368:German invasion of Poland 2348:mass execution in Palmiry 2256:German invasion of France 2193:. Finland ceded parts of 1863:Soviet invasion of Poland 1704:, which was then part of 1491:tripartite military talks 1371:Beginning of secret talks 687:Defense of the Great Wall 669:Pacification of Manchukuo 334:Soviet invasion of Poland 216: 211: 194: 153: 125: 103: 89: 71: 49: 44: 13666:Treaties of Nazi Germany 13412:Masļenki border incident 13395:Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty 13327:Soviet occupation (1940) 12806:Soviet Nonconformist Art 12722:1936 Soviet Constitution 12375:Soviet famine of 1932–33 12335:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 12307:Transformation of nature 12292:1936 Soviet Constitution 12252:Socialism in One Country 12091:German–Soviet Axis talks 11682:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 11536:11 February 2011 at the 11249:. Simon & Schuster. 11177:Diplomacy and Statecraft 10724:. W. W. Norton & Co. 10630:Edwards, Robert (2006). 10587:. Wydawnictwo Zachodnie. 10422:Brackman, Roman (2001). 10407:. Boydell & Brewer. 9805:Harvard University Press 9280:Salmon, Patrick (2002). 9184: 9182:Inhalt ForuumRuss 1,2006 8995:. Berghahn. p. 521. 8959: 8540:Weeks, Albert L (2003). 8274:Die Welt, February 1940. 8167:Jackson, Julian (2001). 8063:Friedrich, Otto (1997). 8036:Soviet Diplomacy 1925–41 7230:Pogonowski, Iwo (1998). 7146:"Stalin's Killing Field" 6825:. MIT Press. p. 93. 6757:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49 6583:Wettig, Gerhard (2008). 6175:Gilbert, Martin (1990). 5298:Murphy, David E (2006). 4602:. Lexington. p. 28. 4193:Spector, Robert Melvin. 4132:. Osprey. pp. 5–6. 4023:Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris 3374: 3347:Red–green–brown alliance 3269:Remembrance and response 3140:Nataliya Narotchnitskaya 2801:German–Soviet Axis talks 2795:German–Soviet Axis talks 2210:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 806:Second Sino-Japanese War 770:Arab revolt in Palestine 717:Inner Mongolian Campaign 618:Second Italo-Senussi War 324:, and one day after the 285:was to be shared, while 242:, and also known as the 13746:Romania in World War II 13726:Estonia in World War II 13656:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 13377:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 12930:Iosif Stalin locomotive 12673:Foundations of Leninism 12659:Anarchism or Socialism? 12540:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 12407:NKVD prisoner massacres 12059:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 11948:Death and state funeral 11775:Northern Sea Route Raid 11655:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 10900:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 10574:Datner, Szymon (1962). 9836:Oxford University Press 9473:. Anthem. p. 283. 9093:3 December 2020 at the 8898:Taubert, Fritz (2003). 8824:. BBC. 26 August 2009. 8738:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 8583:"Stalin's Intelligence" 8378:Hitler and his Generals 8374:Hitler et ses Généreaux 8356:Kennan, George (1961). 8262:. Lit. pp. 224–5. 8258:Hofer, Walther (2007). 8101:Cohen, Yohanon (1989). 7973:Oxford University Press 7448:Zamoyski, Adam (1989). 7085:Studies in Intelligence 6988:(in Polish). PL. 2005. 5795:Dunn, Dennis J (1998). 5177:The Wall Street Journal 4259:. London. 24 June 1941. 3956:Weimar and Nazi Germany 3903:. Yale. 24 April 1926. 3704:Zabecki, David (2014). 3400:Molotow-Ribbentrop-Pakt 2993:The Manchester Guardian 2982:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 2912:prewar Polish territory 2851:The new border between 2781:air battle with Germany 2769:Soviet war with Finland 2559:Soviet–German relations 2506:occurred. According to 2182:Suite on Finnish Themes 1963:. On 17 September, the 1718:occupied by the Soviets 1555:On 25 August 1939, the 1495:Polish Foreign Minister 1409:On 23 August 1939, two 1081:, who were considered " 1060:Treaty of Berlin (1926) 1041:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 936:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 930:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 322:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 236:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 223:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 137:Joachim von Ribbentrop 40:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 32:Treaty of Berlin (1926) 18:Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 13741:Poland in World War II 13731:Latvia in World War II 13578:Between Shades of Gray 13383:Soviet–Estonian Treaty 13359:German–Lithuanian Pact 13332:Nazi occupation (1941) 13138:(second father-in-law) 12392:Murder of Sergey Kirov 12267:Stalinist architecture 12153:Turkish Straits crisis 11524:3 October 2022 at the 11140:The Historical Journal 11026:10.1080/09668130098253 10880:Maser, Werner (1994). 10789:Hehn, Paul N. (2005). 10550:. London: Frank Cass. 9429:... like a broken tool 9349:Herf, Jeffrey (2006). 9150:. LFPR. Archived from 9075:2 October 2015 at the 8932:. Routledge. pp. 8130:Flewers, Paul (1995). 7238:. Hippocrene. p. 6791:Tanner, Väinö (1956). 6615:. Yale. Archived from 6550:. Yale. Archived from 6522:Revolution from Abroad 6355:"The Russian Betrayal" 6070:Black, Jeremy (2012). 5997:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 5884:"Communazi Columnists" 4153:Lind, Michael (2002). 3804:Holocaust Encyclopedia 3571:Cahiers du Monde russe 3422: 3399: 3283:in the war as one of " 3265:than in Nazi Germany. 3258:German Communist Party 3021:French Communist Party 2931: 2919: 2863: 2831: 2810: 2630:French Communist Party 2576:Early political issues 2572: 2428: 2351: 2251: 2159:. On 30 November, the 2132: 2071: 2049: 2027: 1952: 1932: 1915: 1875:Germany invaded Poland 1849: 1836: 1664: 1652: 1645: 1552: 1451:Alexander Poskrebyshev 1367: 1347: 1238: 1004: 1001:Second Polish Republic 992: 604:Occupation of the Ruhr 586:Franco-Polish alliance 489:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 318:Germany invaded Poland 272:Joachim von Ribbentrop 77:; 85 years ago 13686:World War II treaties 13389:Soviet–Latvian Treaty 13159:William Wesley Peters 12704:Falsifiers of History 12627:Rootless cosmopolitan 11933:Rule as Soviet leader 11812:Falsifiers of History 11650:Relations before 1941 10357:. 21 September 2019. 9902:Lukacs, John (2006). 9469:Moss, Walter (2005). 9121:11 April 2023 at the 7806:, pp. 14, 32–37. 7400:VDM Verlag Dr. Müller 7151:. CIA. Archived from 6913:Mosier, John (2004). 6362:. 18 September 1939. 5946:"In Again, Out Again" 5572:21 March 2022 at the 4255:"Hitler and Russia". 4049:German Studies Review 3837:. BYU. 3 March 1918. 3583:10.3406/cmr.1995.2425 3049:Falsifiers of History 3044:Nazi–Soviet Relations 2925: 2909: 2850: 2829: 2808: 2783:and the execution of 2566: 2470:Northern Transylvania 2431:Further information: 2426: 2345: 2299:waves of deportations 2249: 2143:, the islands of the 2129: 2066: 2033: 2022: 1970:, violating the 1932 1938: 1920: 1891: 1873:On 1 September 1939, 1847: 1834: 1658: 1650: 1641: 1539: 1353: 1345: 1232: 1134:In 1936, Germany and 998: 986: 840:Battle of Lake Khasan 753:December 9th Movement 553:Polish–Lithuanian War 375:) followed. Stalin's 109:(planned)22 June 1941 13786:Non-aggression pacts 13592:Nobody Wanted to Die 13365:German–Estonian Pact 13180:Stalin's house, Gori 13111:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 13039:Besarion Jughashvili 12980:Batumi Stalin Museum 12891:Nineteen Eighty-Four 12642:Censorship of images 12321:Crimes, repressions, 12024:1931 Menshevik Trial 12005:First five-year plan 11796:Operation Barbarossa 11672:Population transfers 11494:Simon & Schuster 11053:. London, New York: 10736:. Hippocrene Books. 10473:Carr, Edward Hallett 10040:. 25 December 1989. 9409:Levin, Nora (1988). 9143:Loeber, Dietrich A. 8864:on 29 September 2013 8681:Latvia in Transition 7852:Tygodnik Solidarność 7635:Techniques of denial 7394:Meier, Anna (2008). 7078:(Winter 1999–2000). 6283:Henry Morton Stanley 5248:University of Kansas 4755:Hiden, John (2003). 3799:"German-Soviet Pact" 3194:, as Stalin supposed 3095:condemned the pact. 2977:Ernst von Weizsäcker 2868:Operation Barbarossa 2765:commercial agreement 2602:Ernst von Weizsäcker 2382:Operation Tannenberg 2323:Operation Tannenberg 1784:anti-Comintern pact. 1670:spheres of influence 1571:), which led to the 1394:, who had advocated 1140:Spanish Nationalists 1118:Treaty of Versailles 1099:financial capitalism 1087:Nazi racial ideology 1025:Bolshevik Revolution 888:Slovak–Hungarian War 535:Treaty of Versailles 479:Operation Barbarossa 450:, or oblasts of the 444:collapse of the USSR 398:and a small part of 377:invasion of Bukovina 264:spheres of influence 13459:October deportation 13371:German–Latvian Pact 13172:Stalin's residences 13119:Galina Dzhugashvili 13103:Svetlana Alliluyeva 13087:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 13014:Cultural depictions 12856:Anti-Stalinist left 12811:Shvernik Commission 12779:Pospelov Commission 12555:Population transfer 12530:1941 Red Army purge 12504:Suppressed research 12158:First Indochina War 12101:Great Patriotic War 12079:Moscow Peace Treaty 11943:Cult of personality 11617:Anti-Comintern Pact 11418:Europe-Asia Studies 11305:First published as 11014:Europe-Asia Studies 10932:. The Bodley Head. 10772:A History of Poland 10770:Halecki, O (1983). 10444:Europe-Asia Studies 10259:European Parliament 10070:. 2 November 2009. 9130:. 26 December 2019 9101:. 19 December 2019 9099:President of Russia 8971:on 23 December 2010 8142:on 23 February 2006 8034:Johari, JC (2000). 7975:. pp. 449–55. 7909:Rummel, RJ (1990). 7784:on 10 December 2006 7700:Czerwony Blitzkrieg 7587:The World Must Know 7076:Fischer, Benjamin B 6619:on 26 November 2005 5894:on 28 February 2007 5652:. RoutledgeCurzon. 5608:on 14 November 2014 4474:Crozier, Andrew J. 3433:To 53 million 3342:National Bolshevism 3313:European Parliament 3292:European Parliament 3234:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3172:collective security 2884:Reichskommissariats 2611:collective security 2598:Chamber of Commerce 2594:Communist Party USA 2466:Second Vienna Award 2433:Second Vienna Award 2283:issued an ultimatum 2281:, the Soviet Union 2177:Dmitri Shostakovich 2153:shelling of Mainila 1729:Anti-Comintern Pact 1668:German and Soviet " 1630:non-aggression pact 1594:also reported from 1469:August negotiations 1384:Gerhard L. Weinberg 1366:of 8 September 1939 1220:Neville Chamberlain 1160:Anti-Comintern Pact 920:Apr.–Aug. 1939 902:Mar.–Aug. 1939 896:Mar.–Apr. 1939 842:July–Aug. 1938 788:Anti-Comintern Pact 675:January 28 incident 468:Southern Bessarabia 460:Northern Bessarabia 252:non-aggression pact 75:23 August 1939 41: 13806:Eponymous treaties 13796:August 1939 events 13143:Alexander Svanidze 13071:Konstantin Kuzakov 13063:Yakov Dzhugashvili 13022:Apocalypse: Stalin 12995:Stalin Peace Prize 12990:State Stalin Prize 12693:"Ten Blows" speech 12680:Dizzy with Success 12590:Operation "Priboi" 12570:Operation "Lentil" 12523:1937 Soviet Census 12202:Sino-Soviet Treaty 12116:Potsdam Conference 12069:Invasion of Poland 11729:Invasion of Poland 11698:Economic relations 11287:Trotter, William R 10991:Poland's Holocaust 10884:. München: Olzog. 10592:Davies, N (1986). 10585:Genocide 1939–1945 10038:The New York Times 9225:. 31 August 2009. 9017:on 8 December 2015 8900:The Myth of Munich 8888:, pp. 202–205 8666:, pp. 202–205 8642:, pp. 116–117 8591:The New York Times 8530:, pp. 129–30. 8413:, pp. 48, 59. 8346:, pp. 130–42. 7642:on 16 January 2009 7583:Berenbaum, Michael 7300:on 25 January 2018 6954:on 4 November 2013 6360:The New York Times 6255:. 2 October 1939. 6247:"Seven Years War?" 6142:, pp. 127–34. 6054:McDonough, Frank. 5926:on 3 December 2007 5434:(26 August 1939). 5432:Tolischus, Otto D. 5339:(25 August 1939). 5337:Tolischus, Otto D. 5180:. 22 August 2019. 5145:. Rodopi. p. 5127:, pp. 589–90. 5043:, pp. 509–10. 4969:, pp. 109–10. 4864:, pp. 107–11. 4679:, pp. 303–41. 3880:on 15 January 2010 3766:, pp. 163–64. 3731:The Russian Review 3435:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 3227:Christian Hartmann 3223:Rolf-Dieter Müller 3219:Andreas Hillgruber 3017:Vyacheslav Molotov 2932: 2930:after World War II 2920: 2895:economic relations 2880:General Government 2864: 2832: 2811: 2743:Northern Sea Route 2644:deserted from the 2592:, the head of the 2573: 2534:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 2429: 2352: 2339:to be Germanised. 2252: 2133: 2087:Vyacheslav Molotov 2079:Joachim Ribbentrop 2050: 2028: 1977:The New York Times 1955:In the opinion of 1953: 1933: 1929:invasion of Poland 1859:Invasion of Poland 1850: 1837: 1826:invasion of Poland 1815:Kliment Voroshilov 1665: 1653: 1586:reported that the 1553: 1541:The New York Times 1507:On 19 August, the 1411:Focke-Wulf Condors 1404:Vyacheslav Molotov 1368: 1348: 1326:Boris Shaposhnikov 1322:Kliment Voroshilov 1289:over the Japanese 1239: 1066:per year by 1927. 1064:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 1005: 993: 942:Invasion of Poland 932:May–Sep. 1939 864:First Vienna Award 741:He–Umezu Agreement 412:returned to Poland 268:Vyacheslav Molotov 244:Hitler–Stalin Pact 148:Vyacheslav Molotov 39: 13643: 13642: 13571:Ashes in the Snow 13539:Kersten Committee 13453:March deportation 13271: 13270: 13228:Kholodnaya Rechka 12925:Iosif Stalin tank 12846:Lenin's Testament 12821:Era of Stagnation 12622:Mingrelian Affair 12600:Forced settlement 12585:Operation "North" 12545:Soviet war crimes 12323:and controversies 12262:Socialist realism 12225: 12224: 12207:Tito–Stalin split 12106:Tehran Conference 12029:Spanish Civil War 12000:Chinese Civil War 11841: 11840: 11629:Spanish Civil War 11623:Jewish Bolshevism 11466:978-0-394-57916-0 11453:Watt, DC (1989). 11430:10.1080/713663077 11408:978-1-57181-882-9 11300:978-1-85410-881-4 11278:978-0-684-82947-0 11241:Shirer, William L 11232:978-0-14-101121-9 11225:. Penguin books. 11197:Roberts, Geoffrey 11001:978-0-7864-0371-4 10939:978-1-84792-205-2 10826:978-0-393-32252-1 10762:978-1-61251-098-9 10641:978-0-297-84630-7 10622:978-0-521-88018-3 10139:978-966-97478-6-0 10112:978-0-8157-2618-0 10007:978-0-19-029336-9 9965:978-0-691-22812-9 9938:978-1-893638-97-6 9880:978-1-84545-501-9 9845:978-0-19-870170-5 9814:978-0-674-35322-0 9646:, pp. 262–3. 9537:, pp. 33–56. 9324:, pp. 480–1. 9192:: KU Eichstaett. 8855:Issue 1, Number 1 8768:Los Angeles Times 8707:, pp. 62–67. 8491:, pp. 202–5. 8334:, pp. 668–9. 8309:978-3-596-14497-6 8288:, pp. 128–9. 8269:978-3-8258-0383-4 8234:. DE: FES. 1940. 8198:"Som von Außen", 8019:, pp. 150–3. 7950:978-0-7146-4783-8 7922:978-1-4128-2750-8 7890:on 3 October 2003 7748:978-0-19-873074-3 7713:978-83-926205-2-5 7409:978-3-639-04721-9 7379:978-83-7629-063-8 7358:, pp. 83–91. 7188:978-90-420-2225-6 7130:978-0-415-33873-8 6891:, pp. 142–3. 6865:Stalin's Cold War 6745:, pp. 44–45. 6721:, pp. 12–13. 6709:, pp. 32–33. 6697:, pp. 35–37. 6598:978-0-7425-5542-6 6554:on 20 August 2016 6517:Gross, Jan Tomasz 6163:on 31 March 2009. 6083:978-1-4411-5713-3 6027:, pp. 541–2. 5780:978-83-89607-08-9 5738:978-0-415-97515-5 5582:, August 24, 2009 5246:(lecture notes). 5240:Cienciala, Anna M 5079:, pp. 64–67. 4791:, pp. 710–1. 4718:, pp. 322–3. 4539:, pp. 696–8. 4405:, pp. 42–43. 4393:, pp. 29–35. 4287:, pp. 157–8. 4164:978-0-684-87027-4 4107:978-1-936274-84-0 4033:978-0-393-25420-4 4005:978-1-57181-293-3 3715:978-1-59884-981-3 3551:978-1-139-49617-9 3332:Italo-Soviet Pact 3254:Central Committee 3089:Mikhail Gorbachev 3077:Mikhail Gorbachev 2482:Treaty of Craiova 2363:Intelligenzaktion 2307:Northern Bukovina 2291:Northern Bukovina 2289:and unexpectedly 2203:Nikita Khrushchev 2187:Semyon Timoshenko 1949:Semyon Krivoshein 1899:Versailles treaty 1853:Initial invasions 1795:Soviet propaganda 1776:chargé d'affaires 1768:Hans von Herwarth 1710:Northern Bukovina 1659:Last page of the 1576:Gleiwitz incident 1561:Otto D. Tolischus 1545:Gleiwitz incident 1516:River as well as 1419:hammer and sickle 1212:German annexation 1200:Munich Conference 1194:Munich Conference 1144:Spanish Civil War 1056:Treaty of Rapallo 1021:Russian Civil War 981: 980: 776:Spanish Civil War 711:Italo-Soviet Pact 681:Geneva Conference 580:Treaty of Rapallo 574:Treaty of Trianon 547:Polish–Soviet War 464:Chernivtsi Oblast 238:, officially the 232: 231: 16:(Redirected from 13818: 13606:In the Crosswind 13585:Dangerous Summer 13523:Operation Jungle 13489:Armed resistance 13441:June deportation 13418:Rainiai massacre 13342:State continuity 13298: 13291: 13284: 13275: 13274: 13261: 13260: 13163: 13155: 13147: 13146:(brother-in-law) 13139: 13135:Sergei Alliluyev 13131: 13127:Joseph Alliluyev 13123: 13115: 13107: 13099: 13091: 13083: 13075: 13067: 13059: 13051: 13043: 12945:Pantheon, Moscow 12903:The Soviet Story 12877:Darkness at Noon 12766:De-Stalinization 12617:Leningrad Affair 12350:Decossackization 12148:1946 Iran crisis 12111:Yalta Conference 11983:Collectivization 11908: 11907: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11845: 11844: 11610:Prior antagonism 11596: 11589: 11582: 11573: 11572: 11507: 11484: 11478: 11470: 11449: 11412: 11387: 11364: 11353:. Beacon Press. 11347:Ulam, Adam Bruno 11342: 11333: 11304: 11282: 11260: 11236: 11214: 11192: 11171: 11134: 11097: 11068: 11045: 11005: 10984: 10965: 10943: 10931: 10922:Moorhouse, Roger 10917: 10895: 10876: 10857: 10838: 10804: 10785: 10766: 10747: 10730:Garlinski, Jozef 10725: 10709: 10697: 10688:Fest, Joachim C. 10683: 10664: 10653:. US: Westview. 10645: 10626: 10607: 10594:God's Playground 10588: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10542: 10533: 10502: 10468: 10437: 10418: 10399: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10285: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10261:. 2 April 2009. 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10231:. 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Archived from 9007: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8931: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8869: 8863: 8852: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8676: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8618:, pp. 67–68 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8581:(12 June 2005). 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8441: 8435: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8314: 8313: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8255: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8147: 8138:. Archived from 8127: 8118: 8116: 8098: 8085: 8084: 8060: 8051: 8049: 8031: 8020: 8014: 8003: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7886:. Archived from 7863: 7857: 7856: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7829:on 20 April 2005 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7728: 7719: 7717: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7500: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7326: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7237: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7136: 7134: 7122: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7072: 7063: 7062: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7002: 6996:. Archived from 6987: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6950:. Archived from 6936: 6930: 6928: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6659:. Archived from 6636: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6580: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6493:. Archived from 6474: 6468: 6467: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6357: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6326: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6159:. Archived from 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5956:on 31 March 2009 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5922:. Archived from 5911: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5832:on 31 March 2009 5818: 5812: 5810: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5766: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5702: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5645: 5639: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5583: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5254:on 1 August 2012 5250:. Archived from 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5091:, pp. 54–5. 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5005: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4762: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4534: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4429:Germany, 1919–45 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4009: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3932:, pp. 14–5. 3927: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3795: 3789: 3784:Brackman, Roman 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3577:(1/2): 161–178. 3562: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3513:1000dokumente.de 3505: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3385: 3367:Walter Krivitsky 3210:Two weeks after 3197: 3182:Geoffrey Roberts 3136:Aleksandr Dyukov 3105:Munich Agreement 3065:Munich agreement 3032:Black Ribbon Day 2974: 2958:Nuremberg trials 2606:Nevile Henderson 2582:Herbert Biberman 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2474:Southern Dobruja 2141:Karelian Isthmus 1924:Evening Standard 1908: 1600:Samuel N. Harper 1356:Prussian Tribute 1287:Soviet victories 1241:For Germany, an 1237:) and March 1939 1235:Munich Agreement 1224:Édouard Daladier 1208:Munich Agreement 1180:Alfred Rosenberg 1176:satellite states 1148:Spanish Republic 1107:Jewish Bolshevik 1089:. Moreover, the 989:Irish Free State 973: 966: 959: 858:Munich Agreement 794:Suiyuan campaign 642:Great Depression 630:Locarno Treaties 517: 516: 497:Nuremberg trials 311:Nuremberg trials 248:Nazi–Soviet Pact 221: 220: 187: 183: 181: 180: 172: 168: 166: 165: 146: 145: 144: 135: 134: 133: 85: 83: 78: 54: 42: 38: 21: 13826: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13661:Secret treaties 13646: 13645: 13644: 13639: 13558: 13527: 13513:Estonian Legion 13484: 13447:May deportation 13429: 13424:Kautla massacre 13400: 13347: 13346: 13307: 13302: 13272: 13267: 13249: 13245:Stalin's bunker 13195:Room at Kremlin 13185:Tiflis Seminary 13166: 13161: 13153: 13145: 13137: 13129: 13122:(granddaughter) 13121: 13113: 13105: 13097: 13089: 13081: 13079:Artyom Sergeyev 13073: 13065: 13057: 13049: 13041: 13027: 13009: 12913: 12871:True Communists 12834: 12832: 12825: 12789:Khrushchev Thaw 12760: 12727:Stalin's poetry 12646: 12514:Japhetic theory 12452:Medvedev Forest 12345:Georgian Affair 12322: 12316: 12277:Five-year plans 12221: 12190:Berlin Blockade 12180:Greek Civil War 11969:August Uprising 11957: 11938:Political views 11903: 11897: 11877: 11872: 11842: 11837: 11822: 11784: 11717: 11686: 11638: 11605: 11600: 11538:Wayback Machine 11526:Wayback Machine 11515: 11510: 11504: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11409: 11384: 11361: 11322: 11310:. Chapel Hill, 11306: 11301: 11279: 11257: 11233: 11219:Service, Robert 11211: 11065: 11002: 10981: 10962: 10940: 10914: 10892: 10873: 10854: 10827: 10801: 10782: 10763: 10744: 10706: 10680: 10661: 10642: 10623: 10604: 10558: 10434: 10415: 10396: 10379: 10374: 10364: 10362: 10349: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10332: 10327:. 3 July 2009. 10319: 10318: 10314: 10304: 10302: 10297:. 4 July 2009. 10287: 10286: 10279: 10268: 10266: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10236: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10197: 10196: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10166: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10140: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10091: 10087: 10077: 10075: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10047: 10045: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10008: 9992: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9966: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9900: 9896: 9881: 9865: 9861: 9846: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9795: 9791: 9774: 9773: 9762: 9758: 9737: 9733: 9690: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9621: 9613:New Left Review 9609: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9557: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9514: 9506: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9467: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9347: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9294: 9290: 9278: 9274: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9199: 9197: 9186: 9177: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9123:Wayback Machine 9113:Ivan Beliayev. 9112: 9108: 9102: 9095:Wayback Machine 9086: 9082: 9077:Wayback Machine 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9043:Daily Telegraph 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9009: 9008: 9001: 8989: 8985: 8974: 8972: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8877: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8831: 8829: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8745: 8730: 8726: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8691: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8579:Ferguson, Niall 8576: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8552: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8507: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8402: 8390: 8386: 8370: 8366: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8317: 8310: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8256: 8252: 8241: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8165: 8158: 8145: 8143: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8099: 8088: 8081: 8061: 8054: 8046: 8032: 8023: 8015: 8006: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7893: 7891: 7884: 7864: 7860: 7847: 7843: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7787: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7729: 7722: 7714: 7696: 7692: 7681: 7679: 7660: 7656: 7645: 7643: 7630: 7626: 7615: 7613: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7534:Piotrowski 2007 7532: 7528: 7517: 7515: 7502: 7501: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7339: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7314: 7303: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7250: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7209: 7203:Montefiore 2005 7201: 7197: 7189: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7120: 7112:Sanford, George 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7073: 7066: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7014: 7013: 7006: 7004: 7003:on 7 March 2008 7000: 6985: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6957: 6955: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6834: 6830: 6819: 6815: 6804: 6800: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6755:Manninen (2008) 6753: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6666: 6664: 6663:on 3 March 2021 6637: 6633: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6581: 6568: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6497:on 28 June 2006 6475: 6471: 6464: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6173: 6169: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6031: 6023: 6016: 6006: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5959: 5957: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5912: 5908: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5866: 5864: 5863:on 8 March 2008 5851: 5850: 5846: 5835: 5833: 5822:"Moscow's Week" 5820: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5767: 5763: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5703: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5646: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5586: 5574:Wayback Machine 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5257: 5255: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5007: 5006: 4994: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4939: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4829: 4825: 4814: 4812: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4543: 4535: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4441: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381:, pp. 3–4. 4377: 4373: 4369:, pp. 1–2. 4365: 4358: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4061:10.2307/1432205 4045: 4041: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3921: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3861:Montefiore 2005 3859: 3855: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3702: 3698: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3626: 3625: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3428: 3409: 3405: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3321: 3271: 3195: 3156: 3120:Gazeta Wyborcza 3073: 3040: 3005:Harry S. Truman 2968: 2937: 2904: 2876:Greater Germany 2845: 2824: 2815:Tripartite Pact 2803: 2797: 2757: 2692: 2684:Main articles: 2682: 2665:Walter Ulbricht 2638:Georgi Dimitrov 2578: 2561: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2522: 2516: 2443: 2421: 2357:Generalplan Ost 2329: 2317:Main articles: 2315: 2244: 2236:Main articles: 2234: 2145:Gulf of Finland 2124: 2116:Main articles: 2114: 2017: 1921:Cartoon in the 1906: 1871: 1865: 1857:Main articles: 1855: 1842: 1806:countries (see 1741: 1617: 1615:Secret protocol 1549:Alfred Naujocks 1534: 1477: 1471: 1379: 1373: 1340: 1334: 1196: 1052:Weimar Republic 1007:The outcome of 977: 948: 947: 808: 1937–1945 778: 1936–1939 772: 1936–1939 760: 1935–1936 719: 1933–1936 683: 1932–1934 671: 1931–1942 658: 657: 648: 647: 620: 1923–1932 606: 1923–1925 569: 568: 559: 558: 555: 1919–1920 549: 1919–1920 530: 529: 515: 507:Main articles: 505: 470:is part of the 436:successor state 424:Estonian Ingria 218: 207: 190: 178: 176: 163: 161: 142: 140: 139: 131: 129: 116: 110: 108: 81: 79: 76: 67: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13824: 13814: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13518:Latvian Legion 13515: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13478:from Lithuania 13475: 13470: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13444: 13437: 13435: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13385:(28 September) 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13301: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13278: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13176: 13174: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13156: 13148: 13140: 13132: 13124: 13116: 13108: 13100: 13092: 13084: 13076: 13068: 13060: 13052: 13044: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13025: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13002: 13000:Stalin Society 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12940:Stalin statues 12937: 12932: 12927: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12906: 12899: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12841:Stalin Epigram 12837: 12835: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12791: 12786: 12784:Rehabilitation 12781: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12712: 12707: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12562: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12511: 12506: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12404: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12360:Wittorf affair 12357: 12355:Dekulakization 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12297:New Soviet man 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12071: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11980: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11914: 11912: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11871: 11870: 11863: 11856: 11848: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11808: 11806:Katyń massacre 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754:Naval cruiser 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11652: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11619: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11599: 11598: 11591: 11584: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11551: 11545: 11540: 11528: 11514: 11513:External links 11511: 11509: 11508: 11502: 11485: 11465: 11450: 11424:(4): 695–722. 11413: 11407: 11399:Berghahn Books 11388: 11382: 11365: 11359: 11343: 11334: 11320: 11299: 11283: 11277: 11261: 11255: 11237: 11231: 11215: 11209: 11193: 11183:(3): 695–722. 11172: 11135: 11098: 11074:Soviet Studies 11069: 11063: 11046: 11006: 11000: 10985: 10979: 10966: 10960: 10944: 10938: 10918: 10912: 10896: 10890: 10877: 10871: 10858: 10852: 10839: 10825: 10805: 10799: 10786: 10780: 10767: 10761: 10748: 10742: 10726: 10710: 10704: 10684: 10678: 10665: 10659: 10646: 10640: 10627: 10621: 10608: 10602: 10589: 10580: 10571: 10562: 10556: 10543: 10534: 10509:Soviet Studies 10503: 10478:Soviet Studies 10469: 10451:(2): 303–341. 10438: 10432: 10426:. Frank Cass. 10419: 10413: 10400: 10394: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10342: 10312: 10277: 10257:(resolution). 10246: 10235:on 26 May 2022 10220: 10203:Deutsche Welle 10187: 10157: 10138: 10118: 10111: 10085: 10055: 10025: 10006: 9983: 9964: 9944: 9937: 9919: 9912: 9894: 9879: 9859: 9844: 9838:. p. 24. 9820: 9813: 9807:. p. 86. 9789: 9756: 9731: 9704:(2): 184–187. 9684: 9672: 9660: 9648: 9636: 9619: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9551: 9549:, p. 699. 9539: 9527: 9512: 9504: 9486: 9479: 9461: 9449: 9437: 9419: 9401: 9393: 9375: 9367: 9338: 9336:, p. 508. 9326: 9314: 9306: 9288: 9272: 9240: 9208: 9188:(in Russian). 9168: 9157:on 30 May 2009 9135: 9106: 9080: 9061: 9028: 8999: 8983: 8950: 8942: 8916: 8908: 8890: 8875: 8839: 8809: 8807:, p. 147. 8797: 8785: 8755: 8724: 8709: 8697: 8689: 8668: 8656: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8608: 8570: 8558: 8550: 8532: 8520: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8479:, p. 341. 8469: 8457: 8442: 8440:, p. 720. 8427: 8415: 8400: 8384: 8364: 8348: 8336: 8315: 8308: 8290: 8278: 8268: 8250: 8223: 8190: 8183: 8156: 8119: 8111: 8086: 8079: 8052: 8044: 8021: 8004: 7988: 7981: 7965:Davies, Norman 7956: 7949: 7929: 7921: 7901: 7882: 7858: 7841: 7808: 7796: 7769: 7747: 7720: 7712: 7690: 7678:on 21 May 2011 7654: 7624: 7597: 7593:. p. 114. 7574: 7572:, p. 313. 7562: 7558:Garlinski 1987 7550: 7548:, p. 139. 7538: 7526: 7490: 7478: 7466: 7458: 7450:The Polish Way 7440: 7438:, p. 446. 7428: 7424:Garlinski 1987 7416: 7408: 7386: 7378: 7360: 7348: 7312: 7285: 7281:Garlinski 1987 7268: 7266:, p. 312. 7256: 7248: 7234:Jews in Poland 7222: 7207: 7205:, p. 334. 7195: 7187: 7169: 7158:on 9 July 2008 7137: 7129: 7121:(Google Books) 7103: 7064: 7057:(in Russian). 7043: 7029: 6966: 6931: 6923: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6873: 6855: 6843: 6828: 6813: 6798: 6783: 6771: 6767:Rentola (2003) 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6631: 6604: 6597: 6566: 6539: 6531: 6508: 6469: 6462: 6437: 6430: 6412: 6410:, p. 131. 6397: 6395:, p. 130. 6385: 6345: 6337: 6311: 6299: 6297:, p. 256. 6287: 6270: 6238: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6203:, p. 437. 6193: 6185: 6167: 6144: 6132: 6116: 6104: 6089: 6082: 6062: 6046: 6044:, p. 123. 6029: 6014: 5984: 5968: 5937: 5906: 5875: 5844: 5813: 5805: 5787: 5779: 5761: 5745: 5737: 5717: 5690: 5688:, p. 540. 5678: 5676:, p. 539. 5666: 5658: 5640: 5620: 5584: 5559: 5557:, p. 367. 5547: 5530:New York Times 5517: 5500:New York Times 5487: 5470:New York Times 5457: 5440:New York Times 5423: 5406:New York Times 5393: 5376:New York Times 5362: 5345:New York Times 5328: 5326:, p. 528. 5316: 5308: 5290: 5288:, p. 715. 5278: 5276:, p. 525. 5266: 5231: 5229:, p. 537. 5219: 5217:, p. 536. 5207: 5205:, p. 713. 5195: 5163: 5155: 5129: 5117: 5115:, p. 115. 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5055:, p. 503. 5045: 5033: 5031:, p. 588. 5021: 4992: 4971: 4956: 4938:978-1139537001 4937: 4917: 4905: 4886: 4866: 4854: 4846: 4823: 4793: 4781: 4773: 4747: 4745:, p. 502. 4732: 4730:, p. 708. 4720: 4708: 4706:, p. 704. 4696: 4694:, p. 696. 4681: 4669: 4667:, p. 118. 4657: 4633: 4631:, p. 695. 4618: 4616:, p. 324. 4606: 4587: 4560: 4541: 4522: 4510: 4502: 4482: 4478:. p. 151. 4466: 4459: 4435: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4356: 4340: 4338:, p. 194. 4328: 4317:(2): 123–137. 4311:Soviet Studies 4301: 4299:, p. 124. 4289: 4277: 4263: 4247: 4218: 4200: 4197:. p. 257. 4185: 4170: 4163: 4145: 4138: 4120: 4106: 4086: 4084:, p. 212. 4074: 4039: 4032: 4012: 4004: 3984: 3982:, p. 159. 3980:Bendersky 2000 3972: 3964: 3946: 3944:, p. 177. 3942:Bendersky 2000 3934: 3919: 3892: 3865: 3853: 3826: 3790: 3777: 3768: 3756: 3743:10.2307/130082 3721: 3714: 3696: 3669:(3): 423–439. 3649: 3632:New York Times 3616: 3557: 3550: 3530: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3476: 3463: 3449: 3440: 3426: 3403: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3280:Vladimir Putin 3270: 3267: 3164:Maxim Litvinov 3159:of influence. 3155: 3152: 3125:Vladimir Putin 3101:necessary evil 3097:Vladimir Putin 3072: 3069: 3039: 3036: 2987:Thomas J. Dodd 2966:Friedrich Gaus 2936: 2933: 2903: 2900: 2844: 2841: 2823: 2822:Late relations 2820: 2799:Main article: 2796: 2793: 2756: 2753: 2681: 2678: 2642:Maurice Thorez 2622:Czechoslovakia 2577: 2574: 2560: 2557: 2518:Main article: 2515: 2512: 2462:Galeazzo Ciano 2420: 2417: 2314: 2311: 2285:that demanded 2233: 2230: 2222:Katyn massacre 2173:Andrei Zhdanov 2122:Katyn massacre 2113: 2110: 2073:On 3 October, 2016: 2013: 1968:invaded Poland 1957:Robert Service 1947:and Brigadier 1945:Heinz Guderian 1854: 1851: 1841: 1838: 1779:Charles Bohlen 1754:On 24 August, 1740: 1737: 1733:City of London 1616: 1613: 1605:New York Times 1592:New York Times 1588:Supreme Soviet 1584:New York Times 1580:New York Times 1565:New York Times 1557:New York Times 1533: 1530: 1524:, Finland and 1482:anticapitalism 1470: 1467: 1439:Nikolai Vlasik 1392:Maxim Litvinov 1372: 1369: 1336:Main article: 1333: 1330: 1252:five-year plan 1204:Czechoslovakia 1195: 1192: 1184:Hermann Göring 1138:supported the 1129:Hermann Goring 1029:Vladimir Lenin 979: 978: 976: 975: 968: 961: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 944:Sep. 1939 939: 938:Aug. 1939 933: 927: 921: 915: 914:Apr. 1939 909: 908:Mar. 1939 903: 897: 891: 890:Mar. 1939 885: 884:Mar. 1939 879: 878:Mar. 1939 873: 872:Mar. 1939 867: 866:Nov. 1938 861: 860:Sep. 1938 855: 854:Sep. 1938 849: 848:Aug. 1938 846:Bled Agreement 843: 837: 831: 830:Mar. 1938 825: 824:Mar. 1938 819: 809: 803: 800:Xi'an Incident 797: 791: 785: 779: 773: 767: 761: 755: 750: 744: 738: 732: 726: 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 693:Battle of Rehe 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 659: 655: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 639: 633: 627: 621: 615: 607: 601: 598:Corfu incident 595: 589: 583: 577: 570: 566: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 550: 544: 538: 531: 527: 526: 525: 522: 521: 504: 501: 430:) and Latvia ( 428:Petseri County 307:Vilnius region 230: 229: 214: 213: 209: 208: 206: 205: 202: 198: 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 173: 157: 155: 151: 150: 127: 123: 122: 107:23 August 1949 105: 101: 100: 91: 87: 86: 73: 69: 68: 55: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13823: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13622: 13621: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13603: 13601: 13600: 13599:Utterly Alone 13596: 13594: 13593: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13563:Art and media 13561: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 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13045: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12888: 12886: 12885: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12851:Ryutin Affair 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12831:Criticism and 12828: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12745: 12744:Order No. 270 12742: 12740: 12739:Order No. 227 12737: 12735: 12734: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12637:Doctors' plot 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12595:Nazino affair 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12559:German–Soviet 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12518:Slavists case 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12484:Moscow Trials 12482: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 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12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11909: 11906: 11900: 11893: 11890: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11875:Joseph Stalin 11869: 11864: 11862: 11857: 11855: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11834: 11833: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11801:Eastern Front 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11597: 11592: 11590: 11585: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11505: 11503:0-7818-0673-9 11499: 11495: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11468: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11383:0-275-93456-X 11379: 11375: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11360:0-8070-7005-X 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11321:1-56512-249-6 11317: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11256:0-671-72868-7 11252: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11210:0-300-11204-1 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11109:(4): 639–57. 11108: 11104: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11064:0-7146-5132-X 11060: 11056: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11010:Resis, Albert 11007: 11003: 10997: 10994:. McFarland. 10993: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10980:0-87249-992-8 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10961:0-231-10676-9 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10930: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10913:0-7538-1766-7 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10891:3-7892-8260-X 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10872:9781783087990 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10853:951-0-23536-9 10849: 10845: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10800:0-8264-1761-2 10796: 10792: 10787: 10783: 10781:0-7102-0050-1 10777: 10773: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10754: 10749: 10745: 10743:0-333-39258-2 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10718:Read, Anthony 10715: 10714:Fisher, David 10711: 10707: 10705:0-15-602754-2 10701: 10696: 10695: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10679:0-275-96337-3 10675: 10672:. Greenwood. 10671: 10666: 10662: 10660:0-8133-0149-1 10656: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10637: 10633: 10628: 10624: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10603:0-19-821944-X 10599: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10557:0-7146-5203-2 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10516:(2): 93–105. 10515: 10511: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10445: 10439: 10435: 10433:0-7146-5050-1 10429: 10425: 10420: 10416: 10414:1-58046-137-9 10410: 10406: 10401: 10397: 10395:0-8304-1567-X 10391: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10282: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10162: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10122: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10098: 10089: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9990: 9988: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9957: 9956: 9948: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9824: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9793: 9784: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9765:Halder, Franz 9760: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9670:, p. 42. 9669: 9664: 9658:, p. 64. 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9615:(137): 79–83. 9614: 9607: 9600: 9599:Roberts 1992b 9595: 9588: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9548: 9543: 9536: 9531: 9525:, p. 51. 9524: 9519: 9517: 9507: 9505:0-7146-4506-0 9501: 9497: 9490: 9482: 9480:1-84331-034-1 9476: 9472: 9465: 9459:, p. 35. 9458: 9453: 9446: 9445:Roberts 1992b 9441: 9434: 9422: 9420:0-8147-5051-6 9416: 9412: 9405: 9396: 9394:0-313-31368-7 9390: 9386: 9379: 9370: 9368:0-674-02175-4 9364: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9345: 9343: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9318: 9309: 9307:0-271-02297-3 9303: 9299: 9292: 9283: 9276: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9173: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9110: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9004: 8994: 8987: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8945: 8943:0-415-33262-1 8939: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8920: 8911: 8909:3-486-56673-3 8905: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8795:, p. 94. 8794: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8743: 8740:. p. 1. 8739: 8735: 8728: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8701: 8692: 8690:0-521-55537-X 8686: 8682: 8675: 8673: 8665: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8567: 8562: 8553: 8551:0-7425-2192-3 8547: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8518:, p. 66. 8517: 8512: 8510: 8503:, p. 63. 8502: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8477:Brackman 2001 8473: 8467:, p. 58. 8466: 8461: 8455:, p. 59. 8454: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8425:, p. 60. 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8405: 8395: 8388: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8186: 8184:0-19-820706-9 8180: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8124: 8114: 8112:0-7914-0018-2 8108: 8104: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8082: 8080:0-520-20949-4 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8057: 8047: 8045:81-7488-491-2 8041: 8037: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7984: 7982:0-19-925340-4 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7933: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7889: 7885: 7883:83-89078-78-3 7879: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7854: 7853: 7845: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7702:(in Polish). 7701: 7694: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7566: 7560:, p. 29. 7559: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7536:, p. 22. 7535: 7530: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7482: 7476:, p. 73. 7475: 7470: 7461: 7459:0-7195-4674-5 7455: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7426:, p. 27. 7425: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7352: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7283:, p. 28. 7282: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7265: 7260: 7251: 7249:0-7818-0604-6 7245: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7226: 7220:, p. 55. 7219: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7199: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7092:on 9 May 2007 7091: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7040:(in Russian). 7039: 7033: 7024: 7018: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6970: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6926: 6924:0-06-000977-2 6920: 6916: 6909: 6903:, p. 52. 6902: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6876: 6874:0-7190-4201-1 6870: 6866: 6859: 6853:, p. 98. 6852: 6847: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6779:Ravasz (2003) 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6733:, p. 55. 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6534: 6532:0-691-09603-1 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6485:(in Polish). 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6463:1-57181-339-X 6459: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6431:83-7096-281-5 6427: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6338:9781846035623 6334: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6315: 6309:, p. 43. 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6227:, p. 18. 6226: 6221: 6215:, p. 65. 6214: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6188: 6186:0-00-637194-9 6182: 6178: 6177:The Holocaust 6171: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6127: 6120: 6114:, p. 11. 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6058:. p. 86. 6057: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5979: 5972: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5808: 5806:0-8131-2023-3 5802: 5798: 5791: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5711:Inside Europe 5707: 5706:Gunther, John 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5661: 5659:0-7007-1599-1 5655: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637:90-04-24909-5 5634: 5630: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5445: 5442:. p. 1. 5441: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5381: 5378:. p. 1. 5377: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5347:. p. 1. 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5311: 5309:0-300-11981-X 5305: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5158: 5156:90-420-0890-3 5152: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5103:, p. 56. 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5077:Roberts 1992a 5073: 5067:, p. 64. 5066: 5065:Roberts 1992a 5061: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993:9780099571896 4989: 4985: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4921: 4915:, p. 46. 4914: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4887:9781936274840 4883: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4847:9780307741813 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4832:Butler, Susan 4827: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4776: 4774:0-521-53120-9 4770: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4610: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4558:, p. 30. 4557: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4514: 4505: 4503:0-7864-2066-9 4499: 4496:. McFarland. 4495: 4494: 4486: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4460:0-385-13355-3 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4439: 4430: 4423: 4417:, p. 44. 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4219:9780099571896 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4139:1-84176-899-5 4135: 4131: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055:(2): 263–83. 4054: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3967: 3965:0-435-30920-X 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3863:, p. 32. 3862: 3857: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3788:(2001) p. 341 3787: 3781: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290:In 2009, the 3288: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3263: 3262:Eric D. Weitz 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250:German-Soviet 3246: 3245:Vadim Rogovin 3242: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144:Sergei Lavrov 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:Head of State 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3025:de-Stalinized 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013:western media 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947:Duncan Sandys 2943: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725:fighters and 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586:Hollywood Ten 2583: 2570: 2565: 2556: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2508:Norman Davies 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2476:to Bulgaria ( 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2455:Hertsa region 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Warsaw Ghetto 2402: 2401:forced labour 2396: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2372:Polish nobles 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2333:Germanization 2328: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:Hertsa region 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:interim peace 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:Baltic states 2128: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Baltic states 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2009:Sovietisation 2006: 2005:Brest-Litovsk 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1846: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1788:Time Magazine 1785: 1780: 1777: 1774:and American 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1716:regions were 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1626: 1623:and Britain, 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445:to travel to 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:Gustav Hilger 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398:and was also 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:Reginald Drax 1310: 1305: 1304:Baltic states 1299: 1297: 1292: 1291:Kwantung Army 1288: 1284: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1269:and the 1935 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1247:raw materials 1244: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:Wilhelmshaven 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Fascist Italy 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Untermenschen 1080: 1076: 1075:rise to power 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Soviet Russia 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019:empires. The 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 997: 990: 985: 974: 969: 967: 962: 960: 955: 954: 952: 951: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 926:May 1939 925: 924:Pact of Steel 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 900:Danzig Crisis 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 836:May 1938 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 815: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 660: 652: 651: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592:March on Rome 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 571: 563: 562: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 532: 524: 523: 519: 518: 514: 510: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485: 480: 475: 473: 472:Odessa Oblast 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452:Ukrainian SSR 449: 448:Moldavian SSR 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 373:Hertsa region 370: 366: 362: 358: 355:. The Soviet 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 228: 224: 215: 210: 203: 200: 199: 197: 193: 186: 174: 171: 159: 158: 156: 152: 149: 138: 128: 124: 120: 115:)30 July 1941 114: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 13632: 13625: 13618: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13496:Guerilla war 13468:from Estonia 13434:Deportations 13397:(10 October) 13376: 13162:(son-in-law) 13154:(son-in-law) 13151:Yuri Zhdanov 13058:(first wife) 13047:Keke Geladze 13020: 12909:Antisemitism 12901: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12866:Kremlin Plot 12793: 12731: 12715: 12702: 12607:Tax on trees 12565:Deportations 12302:Stakhanovite 12163:Eastern Bloc 12064:World War II 12058: 12017: / 11904:and politics 11830: 11810: 11772: 11755: 11660:negotiations 11654: 11554: 11489: 11455: 11421: 11417: 11393: 11369: 11350: 11338: 11307: 11290: 11268: 11245: 11222: 11200: 11180: 11176: 11146:(4): 921–6. 11143: 11139: 11106: 11102: 11080:(2): 57–78. 11077: 11073: 11050: 11017: 11013: 10990: 10970: 10951: 10927: 10903: 10881: 10862: 10843: 10817:W. 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London. 10569:. Polonia. 10018:16 October 9976:30 October 9913:0300123647 9854:1005849626 9680:Carr 1949a 9668:Maser 1994 9656:Maser 1994 9575:Resis 2000 9535:Resis 2000 9523:Resis 2000 9457:Resis 2000 9264:6 November 9161:7 November 9021:22 January 8175:18, 114–15 7998:, p. 7894:23 January 7646:23 January 7616:23 January 7518:23 January 7340:23 January 7304:23 January 7096:23 January 7007:23 January 6623:3 February 6263:26 January 6007:26 January 5960:11 January 5930:11 January 5898:11 January 5867:11 January 5836:11 January 5755:, p. 5188:18 October 4986:. London. 4815:18 January 4579:26 October 4347:Carr 4212:. London. 3911:7 February 3884:7 February 3845:21 January 3609:25 January 3496:References 3326:Baltic Way 3241:Trotskyist 3188:E. H. Carr 2962:Hans Frank 2837:Axis power 2735:Basis Nord 2704:phosphates 2303:Bessarabia 2287:Bessarabia 2165:Winter War 2135:After the 2118:Winter War 2062:Scheschupe 1993:Voroshilov 1905:, but also 1867:See also: 1800:volte-face 1739:Revelation 1702:Bessarabia 1573:false flag 1532:News leaks 1526:Bessarabia 1498:Józef Beck 1473:See also: 1447:Red Square 1382:historian 1375:See also: 1127:, through 1071:Nazi Party 834:May Crisis 818: 1937 802: 1936 796: 1936 790: 1936 784: 1936 766: 1936 749: 1935 743: 1935 737: 1935 731: 1935 725: 1934 713: 1933 707: 1933 701: 1933 695: 1933 689: 1933 677: 1932 665: 1931 644: 1929 638: 1929 636:Young Plan 632: 1925 626: 1924 624:Dawes Plan 614: 1925 611:Mein Kampf 600: 1923 594: 1922 588: 1921 582: 1920 576: 1920 543: 1919 537: 1919 503:Background 493:war crimes 484:Lebensraum 365:Bessarabia 357:annexation 353:Winter War 303:Bessarabia 227:Wikisource 113:terminated 104:Expiration 82:1939-08-23 61:Ribbentrop 13634:The Mover 13223:New Athos 12489:Hotel Lux 12472:Vinnytsia 12427:Chortkiv 12417:Berezwecz 12412:Berezhany 12380:Holodomor 12237:Stalinism 12175:Cominform 11911:Overviews 11789:Aftermath 11643:Political 11475:cite book 11446:144385167 11289:(2002) . 11243:(1990) . 11221:(2003) . 11168:154228049 11131:159859306 11055:Routledge 11042:153557275 10902:(2005) . 10835:244169429 10578:. Poznan. 10365:1 January 10335:20 August 10305:20 August 10213:1 January 10180:1 January 10150:1 January 9889:836636715 9777:cite book 9746:Pravda.ru 9726:251353823 9718:2373-9770 9632:Carr 1979 9559:Carr 1979 9334:Ulam 1989 9254:Telegraph 9233:31 August 8868:24 August 8136:What Next 7757:cite book 7668:Osteuropa 7054:USA truth 7017:cite book 6994:1734-6584 6667:30 August 6657:0024-5089 6368:0362-4331 5853:"Revival" 5555:Watt 1989 5540:2 January 5510:2 January 5480:2 January 5450:2 January 5416:2 January 5386:2 January 5355:2 January 5242:(2006) . 5125:Fest 2002 5041:Ulam 1989 5029:Fest 2002 5010:cite book 5002:934937192 4665:Watt 1989 4653:(4): 787. 4403:Hehn 2005 4257:The Times 4236:cite book 4228:934937192 4082:Hehn 2005 3691:159616101 3683:0022-0094 3642:2 January 3591:1252-6576 3459:RJ Rummel 3304:communism 2942:Thuringia 2902:Aftermath 2708:Manchuria 2661:Stockholm 2604:had told 2468:, giving 2413:Auschwitz 2377:AB-Aktion 2301:began in 2260:Lithuania 2212:, Soviet 2106:Lithuania 1986:despotism 1881:Luftwaffe 1749:Comintern 1462:Hans Baur 1427:Nazi flag 1309:Politburo 1152:proxy war 1114:Stalinist 1095:communism 822:Anschluss 406:, around 404:San River 396:Podlaskie 287:Lithuania 212:Full text 195:Languages 13373:(7 June) 13367:(7 June) 13322:Timeline 13263:Category 13203:Kuntsevo 13050:(mother) 13042:(father) 12477:Zolochiv 12462:Valozhyn 12432:Kurapaty 12230:Concepts 12143:Cold War 11832:Category 11722:Military 11691:Economic 11534:Archived 11522:Archived 11349:(1989). 11330:58499386 11267:(1961). 11199:(2006). 10924:(2014). 10811:(2001). 10732:(1987). 10720:(1999). 10690:(2002). 10359:Archived 10329:Archived 10299:Archived 10263:Archived 10207:Archived 10174:Archived 10144:Archived 10072:Archived 10042:Archived 10012:Archived 9970:Archived 9767:(1962). 9751:Archived 9258:Archived 9227:Archived 9222:BBC News 9200:7 August 9194:Archived 9119:Archived 9091:Archived 9073:Archived 9048:Archived 8832:27 March 8826:Archived 8772:Archived 8742:Archived 8601:27 March 8595:Archived 8236:Archived 8210:archived 7967:(1982). 7833:14 March 7682:22 March 7610:Archived 7585:(2006). 7512:Archived 7334:Archived 7114:(2005). 6645:Lituanus 6519:(2003). 6501:13 March 6372:Archived 6257:Archived 6001:Archived 5708:(1940). 5631:, 2013, 5579:BBC News 5570:Archived 5534:Archived 5504:Archived 5474:Archived 5444:Archived 5410:Archived 5380:Archived 5349:Archived 5182:Archived 4943:Archived 4892:Archived 4834:(2016). 4809:Archived 4573:Archived 4571:. 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BBC. 9563:129–130 8208:: FES, 7510:: MSZ. 7330:"USHMM" 7162:19 July 5258:16 July 4113:25 July 4069:1432205 3819:7 April 3485:address 3411:Russian 3388:Russian 3308:fascism 3256:of the 2951:Marburg 2891:Ukraine 2887:Ostland 2550:⁄ 2447:Romania 2393:Siberia 2384:alone. 2264:Estonia 2226:Belarus 2195:Karelia 2098:Estonia 2083:Vilnius 1903:Germany 1897:of the 1725:Britain 1706:Romania 1694:Vilnius 1682:Vistula 1569:Gliwice 1522:Estonia 1514:Vistula 1425:of the 1402:, with 1188:Berghof 1142:in the 1037:Trotsky 1017:Russian 495:at the 456:Moldova 438:to the 420:Petsamo 416:Karelia 410:, were 400:Galicia 392:Belarus 361:Romania 345:Karelia 299:Finland 295:Estonia 204:Russian 170:Germany 154:Parties 80: ( 65:Kremlin 13461:(1951) 13455:(1949) 13449:(1948) 13443:(1941) 13426:(1941) 13420:(1941) 13414:(1940) 13032:Family 12457:Sambir 11756:Lützow 11500: 11492:. 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