734:
830:
770:
784:
816:
798:
914:
886:
333:
507:
550:
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874:
898:
938:
275:
35:
584:. According to this treaty, about one-fifth of the Vilnius Region, including the city of Vilnius itself, was returned to Lithuania in exchange for stationing 20,000 Soviet troops in Lithuania. Lithuanians at first did not want to accept this, but later the Soviet Union said that troops would enter Lithuania, anyway, so Lithuania accepted the deal. 1/5 of the Vilnius region was ceded, even though the Soviet Union always recognised the whole Vilnius region as part of Lithuania previously.
926:
365:
214:
354:
27:
1076:, had already declared in September 1917: "Giving the right of self-determination to the inhabitants of Wilno, a population devoid of culture, would mean giving an opportunity to agitators to fool people. The thing is to unite former branches with the old trunk. Based on that, we draw the border far beyond Wilno, near Oszmiana. Lida County is also Lithuanian..."
577:
Soviets in the summer of 1920 and having been forcibly converted into a socialist republic. They believe it was only the Polish victory against the
Soviets in the Polish–Soviet War (and the fact that the Poles did not object to some form of Lithuanian independence) that derailed the Soviet plans and gave Lithuania an experience of interwar independence.
653:
censuses showed that
Vilnius and its environs had a Polish majority. Vilnius at that point was divided nearly evenly between Poles and Jews, with Lithuanians constituting a mere fraction (about 2–2.6%) of the total population. These censuses and their organisation were heavily criticized by contemporary Lithuanians of the region as biased.
829:
850:
and migrations, Lithuanians became the undisputed ethnic majority in the
Vilnius region in 1989 (50,5%). The share of Lithuanians in the Vilnius city grew from 2% in the first half of the 20th century to 42.5% in 1970, 57.8% in 2001 (while the total population of the city expanded several times). and
541:
The Polish government never acknowledged the Russo-Lithuanian convention of July 12, 1920, that granted the latter state territory seized from Poland by the Red Army during the Polish–Soviet War, then promised to
Lithuania as the Soviet forces were retreating under the Polish advance; particularly as
282:
Initially, the
Vilnius Region did not possess exact borders per se, but encompassed Vilnius and the surrounding areas. This territory was disputed between Lithuania and Poland after both countries had successfully reestablished their independence in 1918. Later, the western limit of the region became
652:
was occupied predominantly by
Belarusian speakers (56,05%), while Polish speakers amounted to only 8,17% of the population. The Russians maintained that the local Polish population consisted mainly of nobles, while the region's peasantry could not be Polish. The later German (1916) and Polish (1919)
433:
Poles based their claims on demographic grounds and pointed to the will of the inhabitants. Lithuanians used geographical and historical arguments and underlined the role
Vilnius played as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to Lithuanian national activists, Poles and Belarusians
576:
Some historians speculated, that the loss of
Vilnius might have nonetheless safeguarded the very existence of the Lithuanian state in the interwar period. Despite an alliance with the Soviets (Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty) and the war with Poland, Lithuania was very close to being invaded by the
502:
would soon recapture the area. Seeing that they could not secure it, the
Bolshevik authorities started to transfer the area to Lithuanian sovereignty. The advancing Polish Army managed to retake much of the disputed area before the Lithuanians arrived, while the most important part of it with the
296:
Today the eastern limit of the region lies between the
Lithuanian and Belarusian border. This border divides the Vilnius Region into two parts: western and eastern. The Western Vilnius Region, including Vilnius, is now part of Lithuania. It constitutes about one-third of the total Vilnius Region.
564:
In 1922 the Republic of Central Lithuania voted to join Poland and the choice was later accepted by the League of Nations, The area granted to Lithuania by the Bolsheviks in 1920 continued to be claimed by Lithuania, with the city of Vilnius being treated as that state's official capital and the
340:
and Lithuania, criticizing Lithuanian unwillingness to compromise over Vilnius region. Marshal Piłsudski offers the sausage labelled "agreement" to the dog (with the collar labelled Lithuania); the dog barking "Wilno, wilno, wilno" replies: "Even if you were to give me Wilno, I would bark for
656:
At the end of the First World War, 50% of the Vilnius inhabitants were Polish and 43% were Jewish. According to E. Bojtar, who cites P. Gaučas, the surrounding villages were mainly inhabited by Belarusian speakers who considered themselves Poles. There was also a large group who chose their
707:
language to be purely Polish. The population, including those of "the locals" (Tutejshy) who live in the other part of Vilnius region that was occupied by the Soviet Union and passed on to Belarus, still has a strong presence of Polish identity. Despite the fact, that this language is the
522:
withheld diplomatic recognition of Lithuania until 1922. Since the two states were not at war, diplomatic negotiations were begun. The negotiations and international mediation led to nowhere and until 1920 the disputed territory remained divided into a Lithuanian and a Polish part.
797:
769:
783:
1306:, pp. 500–507; A Bolshevik victory over the Poles would have certainly meant a move by the Lithuanian communists, backed by the Red Army, to overthrow the Lithuanian nationalist government... Kaunas, in effect, paid for its independence with the loss of Vilna.
913:
493:
with Lithuania on 12 July 1920. According to it, all area disputed between Poland and Lithuania, at the time controlled by the Bolsheviks, was to be transferred to Lithuania. However, the actual control over the area remained in the Bolsheviks' hands. After the
815:
1154:, p. 244; Lithuanians based their claims to Vilnius on its role as the historical capital of the medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whereas Poland staked its claim on the grounds that the city and surrounding area were predominantly ethnically Polish.
1072:, "the issue of belonging to a certain nationality is not decided by everyone at will, it is not a matter that can be resolved according to the principles of political liberalism, even one cloaked in democratic slogans." Another leading activist,
897:
2151:
Romer, Eugenjusz (1920). "Spis ludności na terenach administrowanych przez Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich (Grudzień 1919)" [Census in the areas administered by the Civil Administration of the Eastern Territories (December 1919)].
457:
proclaimed an independent Lithuanian state with its capital in Vilnius. The Lithuanian government, however, failed to recruit soldiers among the Vilnius area inhabitants and was unable to organize the defence of the region against the
632:, while the Vilnius region became exceptionally ethnically diverse Belarusian-Polish-Lithuanian territory. The Belarusian population moved into the areas devastated by wars of the 17th and the early 18th centuries (Northern
1142:, p. 36; Lithuanians used historical and geographical arguments to defend their claims, Poles pointed to the overwhelmingly Polish ethnic character of the Land of Vilnius, and to the explicit will of its inhabitants.
462:. During November and December 1918, local Polish self-defence formations were created in Vilnius and many surrounding localities. They were formally included into the Polish Army by the end of the year. The Lithuanian
546:. In turn, the Lithuanian authorities did not acknowledge the Polish–Lithuanian border of 1918–1920 as permanent nor did they ever acknowledge the sovereignty of the puppet Republic of Central Lithuania.
305:) on August 3, 1940, from the Byelorussian SSR. The Eastern Vilnius Region became part of Belarus. No parts of the region are in modern Poland. None of the countries have any further territorial claims.
685:. The majority of the population was composed of Poles (roughly 60%) according to the latter three censuses. and the Lithuanian government claimed that the majority of local Poles were in fact
289:
administration line between Poland and Lithuania following Polish military action in autumn 1920. Lithuania refused to recognize this action or the border. The eastern limit was defined by the
324:
in the annexed areas. After eighteen months of existing under Poland's military protection, it was annexed by Poland on 24 March 1922 thus finalizing Poland's claims over the territory.
293:. The eastern line was never turned into an actual border between states and remained only a political vision. The total territory covered about 32,250 km (12,450 sq mi).
165:, the entire region was occupied by the Soviet Union. About one-fifth of the region, including Vilnius, was ceded to Lithuania by the Soviet Union on 10 October 1939 in exchange for
1318:, p. 163; If the Poles didn't stop the Soviet attack, Lithuania would fell to the Soviets... Polish victory costs the Lithuanians the city of Wilno, but saved Lithuania itself.
1743:
1977:
673:
side post-war Polish censuses of 1921 and 1931, found 5% of Lithuanians living in the area, with several almost purely Lithuanian enclaves located to the south-west, south (
200:. From the late 1940s to 1990, the region was divided between the Lithuanian SSR and Byelorussian SSR, and since 1990 between modern-day independent Lithuania and Belarus.
1691:
661:
conducted by the German authorities Lithuanians constituted 18.5% of the population. However, during this census the Vilnius region was expanded greatly and ended near
585:
885:
2127:
Ochmański, Jerzy (1986). "The National Idea in Lithuania from the 16th to the First Half of the 19th Century: The Problem of Cultural-Linguistic Differentiation".
724:) who live in the other part of Vilnius region that was occupied by the Soviet Union and passed on to Belarus, still has a strong presence of Polish identity.
297:
Lithuania gained about 6,880 km (2,660 sq mi) on October 10, 1939, from the Soviet Union and 2,650 km (1,020 sq mi) (including
478:
621:. It was subjected to East Slavic and Polish cultural influences and settlement, which led to its gradual Ruthenization and Polonization. According to
466:
left Vilnius together with the German garrison at the start of January 1919, when the first Polish-Soviet military clashes occurred east of the city.
2176:
2067:
1826:
581:
573:, and the states officially remained at war. It was not until the Polish ultimatum of 1938, that the two states resolved diplomatic relations.
170:
1925:Česnavičius, Darius; Stanaitis, Saulius (2010). "Dynamics of national composition of Vilnius population in the 2nd half of the 20th century".
1906:Čekmonas, Valerijus; Grumadienė, Laima (2017). "Kalbų paplitimas Rytų Lietuvoje" [Distribution of languages in Eastern Lithuania].
1330:, p. 417; In summer 1920 Russia was working on a communist revolution in Lithuania... From this disaster, Lithuania was saved by the
873:
847:
197:
1751:
1789:
Balkelis, Tomas (2013). "Nation State, Ethnic Conflict, and Refugees in Lithuania: 1939–1940". In Bartov, Omer; Weitz, Eric D. (eds.).
1591:
2303:
612:
2352:
1123:
937:
628:, Vilnius was culturally Polish by the 17th century. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the city was almost completely surrounded by
658:
2119:
1633:
1566:
2347:
864:
856:
696:
174:
2286:
1870:
954:
600:
538:, which were boycotted by most Lithuanians, but also by many Jews and Belarusians because of strong Polish military control.
669:. Due to the addition of further Polish regions, the percentage of the Lithuanian population was diluted. The questioned by
925:
193:
964:
2357:
989:
904:
851:
67.1% in 2021. The Poles are still concentrated in the area around Vilnius, and constituted 63.6% of the population in
490:
290:
2091:
2051:
2028:
1962:
1915:
1896:
1852:
919:
Polish ethnographic map from 1916, showing the proportions of Polish population, according to German censuses of 1916
357:
261:
243:
2234:
454:
127:
103:
530:
twice attempted to organise plebiscites, although neither side was eager to participate. After a staged mutiny by
427:
235:
20:
1606:
1973:
903:
Polish ethnographic map from 1912, showing the proportions of Polish population on the territory of the former
239:
657:
self-declared national identification in accordance with the particular political situation. According to the
860:
852:
700:
535:
313:
135:
39:
2259:
1791:
Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands
189:
162:
1991:
Karjaharm, Toomas (2010). "Terminology Pertaining to Ethnic Relations as Used in Late Imperial Russia".
422:. With the German defeat in World War I and the outbreak of hostilities between various factions of the
709:
332:
278:
Eastern (brown) and Western (orange) Vilnius Regions in relation to the current territory of Lithuania
2129:
648:(which studied the linguistic situation, but didn't include the category of ethnic affiliation)) the
506:
482:
372:
158:
146:
321:
150:
1794:
396:
224:
99:
51:
549:
2342:
1942:
543:
495:
228:
1692:"Migracijos procesai Vilniuje: kaip ir kodėl per sovietmetį keitėsi Vilniaus gyventojų sudėtis"
959:
139:
119:
19:"Vilna land" and "Vilnius Land" redirect here. For Vilnius Region in the interwar period, see
2245:
1839:
1069:
713:
645:
644:
and Vilnius counties) and only a few Lithuanian settlements remained there. According to the
519:
470:
110:, claimed the Vilnius Region based on this historical legacy. Poland argued for the right of
47:
2255:
1676:
1662:
1982:
1747:
450:
403:
392:
337:
336:
A satirical picture from interwar Polish press (around 1925–1935): a caricature of marshal
1950:
1910:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. pp. 108–114, 864–866, 965–967.
716:
relics from Lithuanian language, its speakers consider themselves to be Poles and believe
531:
383:, Vilnius and its environs had become a nucleus of the early ethnic Lithuanian state, the
317:
8:
1884:
1802:
Barwiński, Marek; Leśniewska, Katarzyna (2010). "Vilnius region as a historical region".
1677:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Виленский уезд без города"
1040:
1020:
789:
775:
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1120:
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2061:
1820:
1422:
1344:
1331:
979:
969:
442:
384:
111:
2075:
1181:
2295:
2197:
2087:
2047:
2024:
1958:
1911:
1892:
1640:
1585:
1570:
649:
566:
527:
423:
411:
388:
154:
2101:
Merkys, Vytautas (2004). "Tautinė Vilniaus vyskupijos gyventojų sudėtis 1867-1917".
1663:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Виленский уезд, весь"
994:
2283:
2012:
835:
674:
592:
557:
486:
80:
34:
2290:
1127:
1095:
1032:
821:
803:
682:
641:
553:
302:
115:
2250:(in Polish). Vol. I. Polska Drukarnia Nakładowa "LUX" Ludwika Chomińskiego.
2140:
Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe
274:
974:
678:
622:
596:
407:
107:
720:
dialect to be purely Polish. The population, including those of "the locals" (
438:
Lithuanians". Their view is confirmed by both Polish and Lithuanian research.
2336:
2318:
2305:
2284:
Lithuanian-Belarusian language boundary in the 4th decade of the 19th century
2278:
2202:
2189:
2116:
Lithuanian ethnic border in the east: from the tribal era to the 16th century
2020:
2000:
1934:
1073:
691:
662:
625:
435:
88:
2296:
Lithuanian-Belarusian language boundary at the beginning of the 20th century
588:
unitl June 1940, when the entire Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union.
2225:
1864:(in Polish). Warsaw: Biblioteka Delegacji Rad Polskich Litwy i Białej Rusi.
1634:"Ethnic Processes in Southeastern Lithuania in the 2nd half of the 20th c."
984:
686:
418:, it was seized by Germany and given to the civilian administration of the
298:
185:
181:
131:
123:
666:
601:
About 150,000 of the Polish population was repatriated from Lithuanian SSR
346:
2186:
Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union: Rapallo and After, 1922-1934
2143:
670:
499:
415:
380:
368:
166:
130:, but in 1920 it was seized by Poland and became part of the short-lived
2112:
Litewska granica etniczna na wschodzie: od epoki plemiennej do XVI wieku
426:, the area was disputed by the newly established Lithuanian, Polish and
353:
2239:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I - Vilniaus Istorija. Vilnius: Edukologija.
1862:
Spisy ludności m. Wilna za okupacji niemieckiej od. 1 listopada 1915 r.
459:
84:
1971:
1724:
1520:
1518:
1187:
859:
in 1989, By 2011 the number had shrunk to 52.07% of the population in
2200:(1962). "The Formation of the Lithuanian Foreign Office, 1918-1921".
843:
114:
of the local Polish-speaking population. As a result, throughout the
68:
1353:
364:
213:
2279:
Repatriation and Resettlement of Ethnic Poles Maps of Ethnic Groups
1836:
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe
1696:
1515:
1347:(Polish translation of a Lithuanian article) "Veidas", 25 08 2005:
721:
633:
474:
446:
419:
285:
1549:
1547:
1545:
542:
the Soviets had previously renounced claims to that region in the
2044:
The genesis and internal history of Central Lithuania (1920-1922)
1236:
1234:
1232:
807:
760:
752:
387:, also referred to in Lithuanian historiography as a part of the
95:
72:
1542:
1433:
1431:
1068:
According to one of the leading Lithuanian national activists,
999:
637:
570:
463:
342:
43:
1530:
1229:
1133:
26:
1891:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas.
1875:
1849:
Foreword to the past: a cultural history of the Baltic people
629:
618:
477:, the region got under Soviet control as the part of planned
76:
1607:"Jankowiak: Polacy na Wileńszczyźnie mówią gwarą białoruską"
1428:
1349:"defended both Poland and Lithuanian from Soviet domination"
1345:
Józef Piłsudski - wróg niepodległości Litwy czy jej wybawca?
1443:
703:; its speakers consider themselves to be Poles and believe
591:
The Soviet Union was awarded the Vilnius region during the
445:
of September 1917, organized by Lithuanian activists under
1401:
1491:
30:
Map of the newly established states and frontiers in 1918
1957:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Valstybinis leidybos centras.
1389:
1169:
2244:
Turska, Halina (1930). "Język polski na Wileńsczyzne".
1908:
Valerijus Čekmonas: kalbų kontaktai ir sociolingvistika
1765:
1467:
1365:
1297:
1217:
169:
bases within the territory of Lithuania as part of the
2040:
Geneza i dzieje wewnętrzne Litwy Środkowej (1920-1922)
1712:
1258:
1145:
192:
and Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union as the
16:
Historical region in present-day Lithuania and Belarus
1503:
1479:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1157:
1924:
1730:
1377:
1321:
1205:
1193:
173:. The remaining part of the region was given to the
153:) were followed up by fruitless negotiations in the
2222:
Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
1801:
1455:
1359:
1309:
1246:
931:
Percentage of Poles by municipalities (2011 census)
180:The conflict over Vilnius Region was settled after
2007:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Enciklopedijų Redakcija.
1905:
1871:"Etnografinės Lietuvos Rytinės ir Pietinės Sienos"
1536:
1270:
1188:Lipscomb & Committee for a Free Lithuania 1958
586:Vilnius Region was under Lithuanian administration
188:, as Poland was the Soviet satellite state of the
2137:
1524:
1139:
161:in 1939, as part of the Soviet fulfilment of the
2334:
1949:
1553:
617:The area was originally inhabited by Lithuanian
534:Poles took control over the area, and organised
479:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
404:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
406:in the late 18th century it was annexed by the
118:the control over the area was disputed between
312:refers to the short-lived puppet state of the
2206:. Vol. 21, no. 3. pp. 500–507.
2086:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
943:Lithuanian language in the early 21st century
138:, and was subsequently incorporated into the
1927:Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
747:. Note: relative majority in Vilnius uyezd.
695:dialect is the native language for Poles in
203:
2254:
1810:
1473:
1223:
242:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
184:when both Poland and Lithuania were in the
2175:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1859:
1825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1449:
582:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
580:In 1939, the Soviets proposed to sign the
503:city of Vilnius was secured by Lithuania.
171:Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty
126:recognized it as part of Lithuania in the
2126:
2109:
2084:The Polish-Lithuanian Conflict, 1918–1920
2074:
2037:
1990:
1868:
1689:
1604:
1437:
1407:
1395:
1371:
1291:
1199:
613:Demographic history of the Vilnius region
595:, and it subsequently became part of the
262:Learn how and when to remove this message
2219:
2183:
2165:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 3. Cleveland.
2138:Owsinski, Jan; Eberhardt, Piotr (2003).
1833:
1788:
1771:
1718:
1413:
1264:
1240:
1163:
1151:
681:enclave) of Vilnius and to the north of
548:
505:
363:
352:
331:
273:
75:that was originally inhabited by ethnic
33:
25:
2262:[Polish-speaking Lithuanians].
1883:
1631:
1252:
879:Lithuanian language in the 16th century
518:Due to Polish-Lithuanian tensions, the
2335:
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2100:
2011:
1999:
1933:
1846:
1590:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1509:
1497:
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1383:
1279:
1211:
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175:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
50:claims on the territory of the former
2160:
2150:
1939:God's Playground: The origins to 1795
1461:
1327:
955:Disputed territories of Baltic States
739:Language spoken. Majorities. Green -
473:, during the summer offensive of the
2210:
2196:
2120:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
1860:Brensztejn, Michał Eustachy (1919).
1744:"Gyventojai gyvenamosiose vietovėse"
1605:Radczenko, Antoni (27 August 2015).
1315:
1303:
1047:. Also formerly known in English as
755:city; 41,85% if excluding Vilnius),
240:adding citations to reliable sources
207:
194:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
2215:. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.
2163:Kovos dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomybės
1955:Lietuvos rytai: straipsnių rinkinys
1094:
965:Union for the Liberation of Vilnius
498:it became clear that the advancing
13:
2080:Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918-1920
1632:Kalnius, Petras (17 August 2004).
1061:
1014:
990:Polish National-Territorial Region
763:city; 34,92% if excluding Vilnius)
327:
14:
2369:
2272:
1853:Central European University Press
865:Šalčininkai District Municipality
857:Šalčininkai District Municipality
697:Šalčininkai District Municipality
1811:Bieliauskas, Pranciškus (2009).
1731:Česnavičius & Stanaitis 2010
936:
924:
912:
896:
884:
872:
828:
814:
796:
782:
768:
732:
455:Act of Independence of Lithuania
212:
198:Poles were repatriated to Poland
128:Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty of 1920
98:, the historical capital of the
67:is the territory in present-day
2353:Historical regions in Lithuania
2260:"Lenkiškai kalbantys lietuviai"
1889:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija
1813:Vilniaus dienoraštis. 1915-1919
1736:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1625:
1598:
1559:
1360:Barwiński & Leśniewska 2010
1337:
1121:Viduramžių Lietuvos provincijos
907:, according to pre-war censuses
855:and 82.4% of the population in
91:cultural influences over time.
1974:Committee for a Free Lithuania
1929:. No. 13. pp. 33–44.
1537:Čekmonas & Grumadienė 2017
1110:
1088:
1062:
1015:
905:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
806:, speaking Litvish dialect of
790:Lithuanian-speaking population
776:Belarusian-speaking population
745:Lithuanian-speaking population
741:Belarusian-speaking population
606:
491:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
291:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
1:
2348:Historical regions in Belarus
1525:Owsinski & Eberhardt 2003
1140:Owsinski & Eberhardt 2003
1081:
891:Lithuania in the 17th century
861:Vilnius District Municipality
853:Vilnius District Municipality
701:Vilnius District Municipality
314:Republic of Central Lithuania
54:
38:Map showing the territory of
2213:Lietuvos Valstybės Atkūrimas
2184:Salzmann, Stephanie (2013).
2133:. Vol. X, no. 3/4.
1953:; Grumadienė, Laima (1993).
1869:Budreckis, Algirdas (1967).
1750:. 2013-01-25. Archived from
1554:Garšva & Grumadienė 1993
7:
2211:Senn, Alfred Erich (1992).
2046:] (in Polish). Lublin.
1993:Acta Historica Tallinnensia
948:
836:Russian-speaking population
712:Belarusian vernacular with
699:and in some territories of
665:, and included the city of
145:Direct military conflicts (
21:Wilno Voivodeship (1926–39)
10:
2374:
1781:
822:Polish-speaking population
610:
469:After the outbreak of the
349:because this is who I am."
18:
2130:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
2110:Ochmański, Jerzy (1981).
2038:Krajewski, Zenon (1996).
1815:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius.
1690:Stravinskienė, Vitalija.
1130:. Retrieved on 2007.04.11
1044:
512:Remember enslaved Vilnius
373:Cathedral Square, Vilnius
204:Territory and terminology
159:Soviet invasion of Poland
2233:Šapoka, Adolfas (2013).
2220:Szporluk, Roman (2000).
2156:(in Polish). No. 7.
2017:The History of Lithuania
1834:Borzecki, Jerzy (2008).
1795:Indiana University Press
1005:
689:Lithuanians. Today, the
496:Battle of Warsaw of 1920
397:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
190:Polish People's Republic
100:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
52:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2247:Wilno i Ziemia Wilenska
2161:Rukša, Antanas (1982).
1943:Oxford University Press
1098:. "Lithuania Propria".
544:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
371:soldiers parade in the
163:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
94:The territory included
46:as compared with other
42:(green) created by the
1978:"Extension of Remarks"
1972:Lipscomb, Glenard P.;
1804:Region and Regionalism
1243:, pp. 2–3, 10–11.
1036:
1024:
960:Ethnographic Lithuania
646:Russian census of 1897
561:
515:
414:there. As a result of
410:which established the
376:
361:
350:
279:
140:Second Polish Republic
104:declaring independence
61:
44:Second Polish Republic
31:
2358:Polish–Lithuanian War
1840:Yale University Press
844:extermination of Jews
759:: (20,93 % with
552:
509:
483:Lithuanian–Soviet War
367:
356:
335:
277:
147:Polish–Lithuanian War
37:
29:
1983:Congressional Record
1748:Statistics Lithuania
751:: (25,8 % with
481:(Litbel). Following
451:council of Lithuania
434:of the region were "
393:Kingdom of Lithuania
236:improve this section
2315: /
2258:(31 January 2014).
2256:Zinkevičius, Zigmas
2118:] (in Polish).
2103:Istorijos Akiračiai
1847:Bojtar, E. (2000).
1797:. pp. 243–257.
1500:, pp. 408–409.
1178:, pp. 219–225.
1119:Viduramžių Lietuva
151:Żeligowski's Mutiny
122:and Lithuania. The
102:. Lithuania, after
2289:2011-05-17 at the
2198:Senn, Alfred Erich
2154:Prace Geograficzne
2005:Iš mano atsiminimų
1951:Garšva, Kazimieras
1733:, pp. 33, 36.
1527:, pp. 48, 59.
1440:, p. 11, 104.
1332:miracle at Vistula
1126:2007-04-19 at the
980:Poles in Lithuania
970:History of Vilnius
562:
516:
510:Lithuanian poster
443:Vilnius Conference
385:Duchy of Lithuania
377:
362:
360:in interwar Poland
351:
280:
112:self-determination
79:and was a part of
62:
32:
2319:54.500°N 25.417°E
2013:Kiaupa, Zigmantas
1986:. 104 - Appendix.
1452:, pp. 8, 21.
1410:, pp. 32–33.
1362:, pp. 95–98.
1102:(in Lithuanian).
650:Vilna Governorate
567:temporary capital
532:Lucjan Żeligowski
528:League of Nations
471:Polish–Soviet War
424:Russian Civil War
412:Vilna Governorate
389:Lithuania Propria
358:Wilno Voivodeship
322:his staged mutiny
318:Lucjan Żeligowski
310:Central Lithuania
272:
271:
264:
155:League of Nations
136:Central Lithuania
83:, but came under
40:Central Lithuania
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1578:
1569:. Archived from
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1224:Zinkevičius 2014
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1100:Darbai ir dienos
1096:Smetona, Antanas
1092:
1070:Mykolas Biržiška
1066:
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1025:Vilniaus kraštas
1019:
940:
928:
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800:
786:
772:
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677:enclave), east (
623:Polish historian
593:Yalta Conference
558:Gediminas Avenue
487:Bolshevik Russia
316:, proclaimed by
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81:Lithuania proper
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2054:
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1995:. Vol. 15.
1976:(29 May 1958).
1965:
1918:
1899:
1885:Čepėnas, Pranas
1818:
1817:
1806:. Vol. 10.
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560:, Vilnius, 1939
554:Lithuanian Army
447:German auspices
338:Józef Piłsudski
330:
328:Vilnius dispute
268:
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167:Soviet military
116:interwar period
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2343:Vilnius Region
2324:54.500; 25.417
2299:
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2273:External links
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1396:Ochmański 1986
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1292:Krajewski 1996
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1204:
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608:
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556:parade in the
526:In the 1920s,
408:Russian Empire
391:, that became
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1768:
1754:on 2017-02-02
1753:
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1720:
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1641:the original
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1571:the original
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234:Please help
222:
186:Eastern Bloc
182:World War II
179:
157:. After the
144:
132:puppet state
124:Soviet Union
93:
64:
63:
2322: /
2144:M.E. Sharpe
2019:. Vilnius:
1637:istorija.lt
1613:(in Polish)
1510:Bojtar 2000
1498:Merkys 2004
1486:Klimas 1991
1384:Davies 2005
1280:Kiaupa 2004
1212:Šapoka 2013
1176:Turska 1930
743:, yellow -
675:Dieveniškės
659:1916 census
607:Ethnography
603:to Poland.
514:, the 1930s
500:Polish Army
489:signed the
416:World War I
381:Middle Ages
369:Polish Army
85:East Slavic
58: 1921
2337:Categories
1758:2017-02-25
1611:Kresy24.pl
1577:2009-10-22
1462:Romer 1920
1328:Rukša 1982
1082:References
1045:Віленшчына
1041:Belarusian
1021:Lithuanian
842:After the
757:Lithuanian
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710:uncodified
683:Švenčionys
671:Lithuanian
642:Švenčionys
460:Bolsheviks
436:Slavicized
428:Belarusian
402:After the
395:and later
303:Švenčionys
252:March 2017
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1423:Demoscope
1316:Senn 1992
1304:Senn 1962
718:Po prostu
714:substrate
705:Po prostu
692:Po prostu
687:Polonised
679:Gervėčiai
667:Białystok
536:elections
453:, and an
347:Białystok
308:The term
223:does not
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69:Lithuania
2287:Archived
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1887:(1992).
1697:15min.lt
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1586:cite web
1124:Archived
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475:Red Army
430:states.
420:Ober-Ost
286:de facto
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2307:54°30′N
1782:Sources
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379:In the
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229:sources
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343:Grodno
320:after
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1006:Notes
630:Slavs
619:Balts
2177:link
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