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3542:(and later "Cité du Fada" "City of the crazy one" in Marseille French), after his book about futuristic urban planning. Following his doctrines of design, the building had a concrete frame raised up above the street on pylons. It contained 337 duplex apartment units, fit into the framework like pieces of a puzzle. Each unit had two levels and a small terrace. Interior "streets" had shops, a nursery school, and other serves, and the flat terrace roof had a running track, ventilation ducts, and a small theater. Le Corbusier designed furniture, carpets, and lamps to go with the building, all purely functional; the only decoration was a choice of interior colors that Le Corbusier gave to residents. Unité d'Habitation became a prototype for similar buildings in other cities, both in France and Germany. Combined with his equally radical organic design for the
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5893:, constructed between 1956 and 1961. Costa made the general plan, laid out in the form of a cross, with the major government buildings in the center. Niemeyer was responsible for designing the government buildings, including the palace of the President;the National Assembly, composed of two towers for the two branches of the legislature and two meeting halls, one with a cupola and other with an inverted cupola. Niemeyer also built the cathedral, eighteen ministries, and giant blocks of housing, each designed for three thousand residents, each with its own school, shops, and chapel. Modernism was employed both as an architectural principle and as a guideline for organizing society, as explored in
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5300:" system. The Skylobby design created three separate, connected elevator systems which would serve different segments of the building, depending on which floor was chosen, saving approximately 70% of the space used for a traditional shaft. The space saved was then used for office space. In addition to these accomplishments, he had also designed the Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project, the largest ever housing project built in the United States, which was fully torn down in 1976 due to bad market conditions and the decrepit state of the buildings themselves. Separately, he had also designed the Century Plaza Towers and One Woodward Avenue, among 63 other projects he had developed during his career.
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2939:" or sometimes just Streamline. This style, sometimes modeled after for the form of ocean liners, featured rounded corners, strong horizontal lines, and often nautical features, such as superstructures and steel railings. It was associated with modernity and especially with transportation; the style was often used for new airport terminals, train and bus stations, and for gas stations and diners built along the growing American highway system. In the 1930s the style was used not only in buildings, but in railroad locomotives, and even refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. It both borrowed from
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796:, previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings. Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows.
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2663:; but, unlike the modernist styles of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe, it made lavish use of decoration and color. It reveled in the symbols of modernity; lightning flashes, sunrises, and zig-zags. Art Deco had begun in France before World War I and spread through Europe; in the 1920s and 1930s it became a highly popular style in the United States, South America, India, China, Australia, and Japan. In Europe, Art Deco was particularly popular for department stores and movie theaters. The style reached its peak in Europe at the
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The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight â he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo
University speech last year â changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. ... Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.
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3468:, Brest, Marseille, Cherbourg had been destroyed by bombing. In the United States, little civilian construction had been done since the 1920s; housing was needed for millions of American soldiers returning from the war. The postwar housing shortages in Europe and the United States led to the design and construction of enormous government-financed housing projects, usually in run-down center of American cities, and in the suburbs of Paris and other European cities, where land was available,
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2591:, after considerable editing by Corbusier and others, was finally published in 1957 and became an influential text for city planners in the 1950s and 1960s. The group met once more in Paris in 1937 to discuss public housing and was scheduled to meet in the United States in 1939, but the meeting was cancelled because of the war. The legacy of the CIAM was a roughly common style and doctrine which helped define modern architecture in Europe and the United States after World War II.
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resemble a bird on the ground perched for flight. Each of the four curving roof vaults has two sides attached to columns in a Y form just outside the structure. One of the angles of each shell is lightly raised, and the other is attached to the center of the structure. The roof is connected with the ground by curtain walls of glass. All of the details inside the building, including the benches, counters, escalators, and clocks, were designed in the same style.
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3273:, was intended to awe the spectators by its huge scale. Adolf Hitler intended to turn Berlin into the capital of Europe, grander than Rome or Paris. The Nazis closed the Bauhaus, and the most prominent modern architects soon departed for Britain or the United States. In Italy, Benito Mussolini wished to present himself as the heir to the glory and empire of ancient Rome. Mussolini's government was not as hostile to modernism as The Nazis; the spirit of
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3240:, in a German neoclassical style topped by eagle and swastika, faced the pavilion of the Soviet Union, topped by enormous statues of a worker and a peasant carrying a hammer and sickle. As to the modernists, Le Corbusier was practically, but not quite invisible at the Exposition; he participated in the Pavilion des temps nouveaux, but focused mainly on his painting. The one modernist who did attract attention was a collaborator of Le Corbusier,
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identical sixty-story tall skyscrapers surrounded by open parkland. He designed modular houses, which would be mass-produced on the same plan and assembled into apartment blocks, neighborhoods, and cities. In 1923 he published "Toward an
Architecture", with his famous slogan, "a house is a machine for living in." He tirelessly promoted his ideas through slogans, articles, books, conferences, and participation in Expositions.
2846:
zig-zags, lightning flashes, fountains, sunrises, and, at the top of the
Chrysler building, Art Deco "gargoyles" in the form of stainless steel radiator ornaments. The interiors of these new buildings, sometimes termed Cathedrals of Commerce", were lavishly decorated in bright contrasting colors, with geometric patterns variously influenced by Egyptian and Mayan pyramids, African textile patterns, and European cathedrals,
6129:. He is known for the sculptural qualities of his buildings, and their relationship with the landscape. The five concrete shells of the structure resemble seashells by the beach. Begun in 1957, the project encountered considerable technical difficulties making the shells and getting the acoustics right. Utzon resigned in 1966, and the opera house was not finished until 1973, ten years after its scheduled completion.
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3476:, a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete and prefabricated materials, designed and built an entirely new center to the city, with apartment blocks, cultural, commercial, and government buildings. He restored historic monuments when possible, and built a new church, St. Joseph, with a lighthouse-like tower in the center to inspire hope. His rebuilt city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005.
1652:, and designed the modernist Fagus turbine factory. The Bauhaus was a fusion of the prewar Academy of Arts and the school of technology. In 1926 it was transferred from Weimar to Dessau; Gropius designed the new school and student dormitories in the new, purely functional modernist style he was encouraging. The school brought together modernists in all fields; the faculty included the modernist painters
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4215:(1962) was re-examination of the modest single-family dwelling. It was built of inexpensive materialâwood, plaster, and glassâand completed at a cost of just under $ 18,000. Neutra scaled the house to the physical dimensions of its owner, a small woman. It features a reflecting pool which meanders under of the glass walls of the house. One of Neutra's most unusual buildings was
3298:
831:(1904â1906). Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior. The reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, a large open space of steel, glass, and concrete where the only decoration was the structure itself.
6092:(1905â1986), who had worked for Le Corbusier in Paris until 1930. His own house in Tokyo was an early landmark of Japanese modernism, combining traditional style with ideas he acquired working with Le Corbusier. His notable buildings include concert halls in Tokyo and Kyoto and the International House of Japan in Tokyo, all in the pure modernist style.
5296:. One particular design challenge of the World Trade Center's design related to the efficacy of the elevator system, which was unique in the world. Yamasaki integrated the fastest elevators at the time, running at 1,700 feet per minute. Instead of placing a large traditional elevator shaft in the core of each tower, Yamasaki created the Twin Towers' "
3055:
with textured blocks of cement; this became known as his "Mayan style", after the pyramids of the ancient Mayan civilization. He experimented for a time with modular mass-produced housing. He identified his architecture as "Usonian", a combination of USA, "utopian" and "organic social order". His business was severely affected by the beginning of the
1962:. It was supposed to be built of reinforced concrete, but because of technical problems it was finally built of traditional materials covered with plaster. His sculptural form, very different from the austere rectangular forms of the Bauhaus, first won him commissions to build movie theaters and retail stores in Stuttgart, Nuremberg, and Berlin. His
3440:(1939â1945) and its aftermath was a major factor in driving innovation in building technology, and in turn, architectural possibilities. The wartime industrial demands resulted in shortages of steel and other building materials, leading to the adoption of new materials, such as aluminum, The war and postwar period brought greatly expanded use of
4822:(1901â74) was another American architect who moved away from the Mies van der Rohe model of the glass box, and other dogmas of the prevailing international style. He borrowed from a wide variety of styles, and idioms, including neoclassicism. He was a professor of architecture at Yale University from 1947 to 1957, where his students included
879:, a prominent architectural commentator. Its goal was to bring together designers and industrialists, to turn out well-designed, high-quality products, and in the process to invent a new type of architecture. The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. The architects include
474:, he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate a new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including
3860:, Oklahoma (1956). The building is unusual that it is supported by its central core of four elevator shafts; the rest of the building is cantilevered to this core, like the branches of a tree. Wright originally planned the structure for an apartment building in New York City. That project was cancelled because of the
1954:, (who disliked the term Expressionism for his work) began his career designing churches, silos, and factories which were highly imaginative, but, for lack of resources, were never built. In 1920, he finally was able to construct one of his works in the city of Potsdam; an observatory and research center called the
4590:. Beginning in 1955 he began to go in his own direction, moving gradually toward expressionism with designs that increasingly departed from the orthodoxies of modern architecture. His final and decisive break with modern architecture was the AT&T Building (later known as the Sony Tower), and now the
1691:
His most famous modernist work was the German pavilion for the 1929 international exposition in
Barcelona. It was a work of pure modernism, with glass and concrete walls and clean, horizontal lines. Though it was only a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930, it became, along with Le Corbusier's
5149:
He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people." Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of
4695:
Academy in Paris before studying architecture at Yale
University. His architectural designs were more like enormous pieces of sculpture than traditional modern buildings; he broke away from the elegant boxes inspired by Mies van der Rohe and used instead sweeping curves and parabolas, like the wings
4388:, the gigantic government installation that produced plutonium for the first nuclear weapons. In 1964 the firm had eighteen "partner-owners", 54 "associate participants, "and 750 architects, technicians, designers, decorators, and landscape architects. Their style was largely inspired by the work of
4199:
It is composed of two structures, an architects residence and his studio, joined in the form of an L. The house, influenced by
Japanese architecture, is made of translucent and transparent panels organized in simple volumes, often using natural materials, supported on a steel framework. The frame of
2013:
specialized in building large-scale apartment complexes for working-class
Berliners. He built twelve thousand individual units, sometimes in buildings with unusual shapes, such as a giant horseshoe. Unlike most other modernists, he used bright exterior colors to give his buildings more life The use
1690:
movement in the
Netherlands, he built clusters of concrete summer houses and proposed a project for a glass office tower. He became the vice president of the German Werkbund, and became the head of the Bauhaus from 1930 to 1933. proposing a wide variety of modernist plans for urban reconstruction.
1493:
To illustrate his ideas, in the 1920s he built a series of houses and villas in and around Paris. They were all built according to a common system, based upon the use of reinforced concrete, and of reinforced concrete pylons in the interior which supported the structure, allowing glass curtain walls
5200:
Khan invented a new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could â given enough trussing, framing and bracing â be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter.
4098:
in New York City (1954â58) also set a new standard for purity and elegance. Based on granite pillars, the smooth glass and steel walls were given a touch of color by the use of bronze-toned I-beams in the structure. He returned to
Germany in 1962â68 to build the new Nationalgallerie in Berlin. His
1988:
was built as the headquarters of a shipping company, and was modeled after a giant steamship, a triangular building with a sharply pointed bow. It was constructed of dark brick, and used external piers to express its vertical structure. Its external decoration borrowed from Gothic cathedrals, as did
4713:
at JFK airport in New York (1956â1962). His declared intention was to design a building that was distinctive and memorable, and also one that would capture the particular excitement of passengers before a journey. The structure is separated into four white concrete parabolic vaults, which together
4081:
from 1939 to 1956, Mies (as he was commonly known) made
Chicago the leading city for American modernism in the postwar years. He constructed new buildings for the Institute in modernist style, two high-rise apartment buildings on Lakeshore Drive (1948â51), which became models for high-rises across
3054:
During the 1920s and 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright resolutely refused to associate himself with any architectural movements. He considered his architecture to be entirely unique and his own. Between 1916 and 1922, he broke away from his earlier prairie house style and worked instead on houses decorated
5959:
was another influential figure in Mexican modernism; his raw concrete residence and studio in Mexico City looks like a blockhouse on the outside, while inside it features great simplicity in form, pure colors, abundant natural light, and, one of is signatures, a stairway without a railing. He won
5288:
office buildings which led to his innovative design of the 1,360 ft (410 m) towers of the World Trade Center in 1964, which began construction 21 March 1966. The first of the towers was finished in 1970. Many of his buildings feature superficial details inspired by the pointed arches of
5287:
In the United States, Minoru Yamasaki found major independent success in implementing unique engineering solutions to then-complicated problems, including the space that elevator shafts took up on each floor, and dealing with his personal fear of heights. During this period, he created a number of
2481:
The New Objectivity (in German Neue Sachlichkeit, sometimes also translated as New Sobriety) is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in Europe, primarily German-speaking Europe, in the 1920s and 30s. It is also frequently called Neues Bauen (New Building). The New Objectivity
2586:
of Finland. No one attended from the United States. A second meeting was organized in 1930 in Brussels by Victor Bourgeois on the topic "Rational methods for groups of habitations". A third meeting, on "The functional city", was scheduled for Moscow in 1932, but was cancelled at the last minute.
331:
French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris. A further
5618:
traditions, emerging in the mid-20th century. The term is used to describe modernist architecture in various regions of the world, including Latin America, Asia and Africa, as detailed below. Architects adapted to local conditions by using features which encouraged protection from harsh sunlight
5134:(SOM), he began working in Chicago. He was made a partner in 1966. He worked the rest of his life side by side with Architect Bruce Graham. Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was the
5038:
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While the clean modernist façade was admired, the building developed an unexpected problem; it created a wind tunnel effect, and in strong winds the doors could not be opened. Pei was forced to construct a tunnel so visitors could enter the building
3285:
in Como, headquarters of the local Fascist party, was a perfectly modernist building, with geometric proportions (33.2 meters long by 16.6 meters high), a clean façade of marble, and a Renaissance-inspired interior courtyard. Opposed to Terragni was Marcello Piacitini, a proponent of monumental
2845:
in Detroit. The first skyscrapers in Chicago and New York had been designed in a neo-gothic or neoclassical style, but these buildings were very different; they combined modern materials and technology (stainless steel, concrete, aluminum, chrome-plated steel) with Art Deco geometry; stylized
1489:
and energetically promoted architecture that was functional, pure, and free of any decoration or historical associations. He was also a passionate advocate of a new urbanism, based on planned cities. In 1922 he presented a design of a city for three million people, whose inhabitants lived in
3871:
to design a museum for his collection of modern art. His design was entirely original; a bowl-shaped building with a spiral ramp inside that led museum visitors on an upward tour of the art of the 20th century. Work began in 1946 but it was not completed until 1959, the year that he died.
351:
6087:
Japan, like Europe, had an enormous shortage of housing after the war, due to the bombing of many cities. 4.2 million housing units needed to be replaced. Japanese architects combined both traditional and modern styles and techniques. One of the foremost Japanese modernists was
1943:
for theatre and films provided another outlet for the expressionist imagination, and provided supplemental incomes for designers attempting to challenge conventions in a harsh economic climate. A particular type, using bricks to create its forms (rather than concrete) is known as
3775:
3471:
One of the largest reconstruction projects was that of the city center of Le Havre, destroyed by the Germans and by Allied bombing in 1944; 133 hectares of buildings in the center were flattened, destroying 12,500 buildings and leaving 40,000 persons homeless. The architect
2954:, which launched gigantic construction programs in the U.S. to stimulate employment. It was essentially classical architecture stripped of ornament, and was employed in state and federal buildings, from post offices to the largest office building in the world at that time,
2130:
1502:. An elegant white box wrapped with a ribbon of glass windows around on the façade, with living space that opened upon an interior garden and countryside around, raised up by a row of white pylons in the center of a large lawn, it became an icon of modernist architecture.
5882:(1907â2012). Costa had the lead and Niemeyer collaborated on the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro (1936â43) and the Brazilian pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. Following the war, Niemeyer, along with Le Corbusier, conceived the form of the
4842:
as they moved toward a more neoclassical style. Unlike Mies, he did not try to make his buildings look light; he constructed mainly with concrete and brick, and made his buildings look monumental and solid. He drew from a wide variety of different sources; the towers of
800:
added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912â1914); the reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the
3864:, and he adapted the design for an oil pipeline and equipment company in Oklahoma. He wrote that in New York City his building would have been lost in a forest of tall buildings, but that in Oklahoma it stood alone. The design is asymmetrical; each side is different.
2858:
of 1924 in Los Angeles. The style appeared in the late 1920s and 1930s in all major American cities. The style was used most often in office buildings, but it also appeared in the enormous movie palaces that were built in large cities when sound films were introduced.
1222:
began to appear in the United States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety
4700:
in Warren, Michigan (1949â55), a glass modernist box in the style of Mies van der Rohe, followed by the IBM Research Center in Yorktown, Virginia (1957â61). His next works were a major departure in style; he produced a particularly striking sculptural design for the
3832:
was eighty years old in 1947; he had been present at the beginning of American modernism, and though he refused to accept that he belonged to any movement, continued to play a leading role almost to its end. One of his most original late projects was the campus of
3148:
2667:
in 1925, which featured art deco pavilions and decoration from twenty countries. Only two pavilions were purely modernist; the Esprit Nouveau pavilion of Le Corbusier, which represented his idea for a mass-produced housing unit, and the pavilion of the USSR, by
2500:
By the late 1920s, modernism had become an important movement in Europe. Architecture, which previously had been predominantly national, began to become international. The architects traveled, met each other, and shared ideas. Several modernists, including
5619:(such as solar shading) and encouraged the flow of cooling breezes through buildings (through narrow corridors). Some contend that the style originated in the 'hot, humid conditions' of West Africa in the 1940s. Typical features include geometric screens.
284:
Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new.
862:, in Brussels, in 1906â1911. This residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings, and a tower. A large pool in front of the house reflected its cubic forms. The interior was decorated with paintings by
7735:
2608:
2202:
of 1917, Russian avant-garde artists and architects began searching for a new Soviet style which could replace traditional neoclassicism. The new architectural movements were closely tied with the literary and artistic movements of the period, the
5804:
3748:, Between 1937 and 1941, following the rise Hitler and the Nazis in Germany, most of the leaders of the German Bauhaus movement found a new home in the United States, and played an important part in the development of American modern architecture.
1391:
5074:(1973), which was praised for its imaginative use of a small space, and its respect for the landscape and other buildings around it. This led to the commission for one of the most important museum projects of the period, the new East Wing of the
6183:
Post independence architecture in Pakistan is a blend of Islamic and modern styles of architecture with influences from Mughal, indo-Islamic and international architectural designs. The 1960s and 1970s was a period of architectural Significance.
1922:
of 1919, resulted in a utopian outlook and a romantic socialist agenda. Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid-1920s, As result, many of the most innovative expressionist projects, including
3933:
2243:. Their manifesto proclaimed that their goal was to find the "communist expression of material structures". Soviet architects began to construct workers' clubs, communal apartment houses, and communal kitchens for feeding whole neighborhoods.
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exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century.
3979:. They did not receive an important commission until 1941, when they designed housing for workers in Kensington, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh., In 1945 Gropius and Breuer associated with a group of younger architects under the name TAC (
3463:
The unprecedented destruction caused by the war was another factor in the rise of modern architecture. Large parts of major cities, from Berlin, Tokyo, and Dresden to Rotterdam and east London; all the port cities of France, particularly
5061:
In the late modernist area, art museums bypassed skyscrapers as the most prestigious architectural projects; they offered greater possibilities for innovation in form and more visibility. Pei established himself with his design for the
5566:, who worked with great success in Spain, France, and the United States. In his early career, he worked for a time under Le Corbusier, and designed the Spanish pavilion for the 1937 Paris Exposition. His notable later work included the
1466:
3235:
in Paris effectively marked the end of the Art Deco, and of pre-war architectural styles. Most of the pavilions were in a neoclassical Deco style, with colonnades and sculptural decoration. The pavilions of Nazi Germany, designed by
5906:
Mexico also had a prominent modernist movement. Important figures included FĂ©lix Candela, born in Spain, who emigrated to Mexico in 1939; he specialized in concrete structures in unusual parabolic forms. Another important figure was
5161:
Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the
3105:
1918:, wanted to create architecture that was poetic, expressive, and optimistic. Many expressionist architects had fought in World War I and their experiences, combined with the political turmoil and social upheaval that followed the
7923:
3674:, arguedâagainst doctrineâthat architects must consider local culture and climate in their designs. This generated great debate among modernist architects around the world and eventually provoked a schism and the creation of
3491:
2294:
The main centers of constructivist architecture were Moscow and Leningrad; however, during the industrialization many constructivist buildings were erected in provincial cities. The regional industrial centers, including
1271:
in 1929. The structure was purely modern, but its exterior was decorated with Neo-Gothic ornament, complete with decorative buttresses, arches and spires, which caused it to be nicknamed the "Cathedral of Commerce".
4691:, the most famous Finnish architect of the Art Nouveau period, who emigrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero was thirteen. He studied art and sculpture at the academy where his father taught, and then at the
1698:
When the Nazis came to power in Germany, they viewed the Bauhaus as a training ground for communists, and closed the school in 1933. Gropius left Germany and went to England, then to the United States, where he and
5902:
Following a military coup d'Ă©tat in Brazil in 1964, Niemeyer moved to France, where he designed the modernist headquarters of the French Communist Party in Paris (1965â1980), a miniature of his United Nations plan.
5464:
4570:(1906â2005) was one of the youngest and last major figures in American modern architecture. He trained at Harvard with Walter Gropius, then was director of the department of architecture and modern design at the
2266:
in Paris in 1925; it was a highly geometric vertical construction of glass and steel crossed by a diagonal stairway, and crowned with a hammer and sickle. The leading group of constructivist architects, led by
1707:, and became the teachers of a generation of American postwar architects. In 1937 Mies van der Rohe also moved to the United States; he became one of the most famous designers of postwar American skyscrapers.
1159:
5555:, a specialist in reinforced concrete. Nervi created concrete beams of exceptional length, twenty-five meters, which allowed greater flexibility in forms and greater heights. Their best-known design was the
4925:
4206:
continued to build influential houses in Los Angeles, using the theme of the simple box. Many of these houses erased the line distinction between indoor and outdoor spaces with walls of plate glass. Neutra's
2654:
in France), was modern, but it was not modernist; it had many features of modernism, including the use of reinforced concrete, glass, steel, chrome, and it rejected traditional historical models, such as the
449:
The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in the late 19th century, most notably
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907:, who had both worked for Behrens, built another revolutionary industrial plant, the Fagus Factory in Alfeld an der Laine, a building without ornament where every construction element was on display. The
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Instead, the delegates held their meeting on a cruise ship traveling between Marseille and Athens. On board, they together drafted a text on how modern cities should be organized. The text, called The
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6140:. Although Nehru advocated for young Indians to be part of Le Corbuiser's design team in order to refine their skills whilst building their city, the team included only one female Indian architect,
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on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin (1931) was a prototype for the modernist office buildings that followed. (It was torn down in 1957, because it stood in the zone between East and West Berlin, where the
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in Paris (1983â89). Pei chose the pyramid as the form that best harmonized with the Renaissance and neoclassical forms of the historic Louvre, as well as for its associations with Napoleon and the
398:
3971:, who had worked with him at the Bauhaus, joined him and opened an office in Cambridge. The fame of Gropius and Breuer attracted many students, who themselves became famous architects, including
1068:(1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of the earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His
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Many of the notable modern buildings in the postwar years were produced by two architectural mega-agencies, which brought together large teams of designers for very complex projects. The firm of
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3067:(1934â37), a vacation house in Pennsylvania for Edgar J. Kaufman. Fallingwater is a remarkable structure of concrete slabs suspended over a waterfall, perfectly uniting architecture and nature.
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5540:, who adapted his version of modernism to the Nordic landscape, light, and materials, particularly the use of wood. After World War II, he taught architecture in the United States. In Denmark,
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played a major part. In 1927 Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau, and others proposed the foundation of an international conference to establish the basis for a common style. The first meeting of the
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moved to the United States in 1923, worked for a short time with Frank Lloyd Wright, also quickly became a force in American architecture through his modernist design for the same client, the
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on the façade and open floor plans, independent of the structure. They were always white, and had no ornament or decoration on the outside or inside. The best-known of these houses was the
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company to build apartment for workers in the suburbs of Berlin, and in 1929 he proposed the construction of clusters of slender eight- to ten-story high-rise apartment towers for workers.
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in 1923. He was an advocate of standardization in architecture, and the mass construction of rationally designed apartment blocks for factory workers. In 1928 he was commissioned by the
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and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s. The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the
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fascist architecture, who rebuilt the University of Rome, and designed the Italian pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition, and planned a grand reconstruction of Rome on the fascist model.
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of birds. In 1948 he conceived the idea of a monument in St. Louis, Missouri in the form of a parabolic arch 192 meters high, made of stainless steel (1948). He then designed the
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was critical of him for serving as a tool of the French colonial regime and for ignoring the economic and social necessity that Moroccans live in higher density vertical housing.
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in Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle. The Convent, built of raw concrete, was austere and without ornament, inspired by the medieval monasteries he had visited on his first trip to Italy.
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2275:, was publishing the 'Contemporary Architecture' journal. This group created several major constructivist projects in the wake of the First Five Year Plan â including colossal
963:
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5086:. Each face of the pyramid is supported by 128 beams of stainless steel, supporting 675 panels of glass, each 2.9 by 1.9 meters (9 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in).
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1902:, which appeared in Germany between 1910 and 1925, was a counter-movement against the strictly functional architecture of the Bauhaus and Werkbund. Its advocates, including
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architecture school in London, UK, made important contributions to research and practice in the Tropical Modernism style, after founding the School of Tropical Study at the
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designed what could be called the first house in the modern style in 1922, the Schindler house. Schindler also contributed to American modernism with his design for the
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organized a major exposition of modernist design in Cologne just a few weeks before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. For the 1914 Cologne exhibition,
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in 1929 brought an end to lavishly decorated Art Deco architecture and a temporary halt to the construction of new skyscrapers. It also brought in a new style, called "
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5054:, in an open area at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The project differed from Pei's earlier urban work; it would rest in an open area in the foothills of the
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includes the buildings designed between 1945 and the 1960s. The late modernist style is characterized by bold shapes and sharp corners, slightly more defined than
3530:, who was nearly sixty years old and had not constructed a building in ten years, was commissioned by the French government to construct a new apartment block in
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This article goes into depth about Frank Lloyd Wright and his contributions to modern architecture. and what he focused on to be a part of modern architecture.
4709:, Connecticut (1956â59, an ice skiing rink with a parabolic roof suspended from cables, which served as a preliminary model for next and most famous work, the
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UdoviÄki-Selb, Danilo (1 January 2012). "Facing Hitler's Pavilion: The Uses of Modernity in the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris International Exhibition".
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4090:(1945â1951), a simple horizontal glass box that had an enormous influence on American residential architecture. The Chicago Convention Center (1952â54) and
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The style fell markedly out of favor in the 1930s, replaced by the more grandiose nationalist styles that Stalin favored. Constructivist architects and even
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in 1920: he proposed two interlaced towers of metal four hundred meters high, with four geometric volumes suspended from cables. The movement of Russian
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2001:. It featured elongated shapes like stalagmites hanging down from its gigantic dome, and lights on massive columns in its foyer. He also constructed the
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1247:, in the heart of Chicago in 1904â1906. While these buildings were revolutionary in their steel frames and height, their decoration was borrowed from
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6098:(1913â2005) worked in the studio of Kunio Maekawa from 1938 until 1945 before opening his own architectural firm. His first major commission was the
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style, but also included the new International Style that would replace Art Deco as the dominant style after the War. The Pavilions of Finland, by
6306:. In addition to the early experiments associated with Art Nouveau, these include a number of the structures mentioned above in this article: the
5018:, and a two-day visit by Le Corbusier to the campus in 1935 had a major impact on Pei's ideas of architecture. In the late 1930s, he moved to the
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Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903â1904 in Paris
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819:(1895) he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on "modern life". He designed a stylized ornamental metro station at
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that began in 1929; he had fewer wealthy clients who wanted to experiment. Between 1928 and 1935, he built only two buildings: a hotel near
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5529:, a major figure was Charles Vandenhove (born 1927) who constructed an important series of buildings for the University Hospital Center in
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described his architecture with the famous saying, "Less is more". As the director of the school of architecture of what is now called the
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from Czechoslovakia. A delegation of Soviet architects was invited to attend, but they were unable to obtain visas. Later members included
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The dominant figure in the rise of modernism in France was Charles-Ădouard Jeanerette, a Swiss-French architect who in 1920 took the name
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LĂșcio Costa also had overall responsibility for the plan of the most audacious modernist project in Brazil; the creation of new capital,
5585:, who played an important part in rebuilding German cities after World War II, and built several important museums and churches, notably
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1695:, one of the best-known landmarks of modernist architecture. A reconstructed version now stands on the original site in Barcelona.
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5871:". This reflects architects who adapted modernism to the tropical climate as well as the sociopolitical contexts of Latin America.
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5158:. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.
5058:. His design was a striking departure from traditional modernism; it looked as if it were carved out of the side of the mountain.
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of Germany, based on classical styles and designed to express power and grandeur. The Nazi architecture, much of it designed by
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was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement. Like
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remained the most prominent architect, though he built few buildings there. His most prominent late work was the convent of
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and became deeply involved in Modernism. After the war he worked on large projects for the New York real estate developer
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was constructed.) Following the rise of the Nazis to power, he moved to England (1933), then to the United States (1941).
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The article goes through the elaborations of the origin of modern architecture and what constitutes modern architecture.
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Chnaoui, Aziza (2 November 2010). "Depoliticizing Group GAMMA: contesting modernism in Morocco". In Lu, Duanfang (ed.).
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3452:. The years immediately after the war saw the development of radical experimental houses, including the enameled-steel
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residence, Majolika House (1898), before moving to a much more geometric and simplified style, without ornament, in the
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2283:. A number of architects from the pre-Soviet period also took up the constructivist style. The most famous example was
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movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction (particularly the use of
5146:, the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, which was the first building to use the framed-tube design.
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the house was assembled in sixteen hours by five workmen. He brightened up his buildings with panels of pure colors.
365:(1832â36), is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its hithertofore relatively streamlined
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895:. In 1909 Behrens designed one of the earliest and most influential industrial buildings in the modernist style, the
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was pure modernist glass and steel box. Inside it displayed the most modernist work of the Exposition, the painting
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After the first World War, a prolonged struggle began between architects who favored the more traditional styles of
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5518:(1967â1976) on the south bank of the Thames. Its raw concrete and blockish form offended British traditionalists;
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in Barcelona (1904â1907) had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles.
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5589:, which artfully combined stone masonry, concrete, and glass. Leading Austrian architects of the style included
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4223:, which featured an adjoining parking lot where worshippers could follow the service without leaving their cars.
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of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal
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designed the Olympic Stadium for the 1968 Olympics, and Antoni Peyri and Candela designed the Palace of Sports.
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marked a turning point in architecture between Art Deco and modern architecture. The theme of the Fair was the
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The Pavilion of Nazi Germany (left) faced the Pavilion of the Soviet Union (right) at the 1937 Paris Exposition.
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rectangular façade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which became known as the
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in Washington, completed in 1978, and to another of Pei's most famous projects, the pyramid at the entrance of
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were inspired by the architecture of the Renaissance towns he had seen in Italy as a resident architect at the
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Late modernist architecture is generally understood to include buildings designed (1968â1980) with exceptions.
3678:. Ecochard's 8x8 meter model at CarriĂšres Centrales earned him recognition as a pioneer in the architecture of
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2516:. Seventeen leading modernist architects in Europe were invited to design twenty-one houses; Le Corbusier, and
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in New York City (2013), which replaced the building destroyed in the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001.
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6521:"Mies & Schinkel : Das Vorbild Schinkels im Werk Mies van der Rohes - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek"
5292:, and make use of extremely narrow vertical windows. This narrow-windowed style arose from his own personal
3987:, the U.S. Embassy in Athens (1956â57), and the headquarters of Pan American Airways in New York (1958â63).
3841:, begun in 1941 and completed in 1943. He designed nine new buildings in a style that he described as "The
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5034:, before breaking away and starting his own firm. One of the first buildings his own firm designed was the
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805:, a masterpiece of reinforced concrete construction, with Art Deco sculptural bas-reliefs on the façade by
664:(1910â1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925.
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was the best-known of the modernists, who designed furniture as well as carefully proportioned buildings.
5533:. His later work ventured into colorful rethinking of historical styles, such as Palladian architecture.
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in New York City, (1979) an essentially modernist skyscraper completely altered by the addition of broken
3845:". He wrote that he wanted the campus to "grow out of the ground and into the light, a child of the sun".
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Avant-garde et tradition dans les arts du décor en France. lectures critiques autour de Guillaume Janneau
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in Tokyo. The gymnasium, built of concrete, features a roof suspended over the stadium on steel cables.
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played a major part in the modern architectural history of New York; as the architectural advisor of the
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In the United States, the Great Depression led to a new style for government buildings, sometimes called
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5142:, which was the first building to use the trussed-tube design, and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed
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3258:. The original building was destroyed after the Exposition, but it was recreated in 1992 in Barcelona.
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7957:"Tropical Modernism: Architecture and Independence - Exhibition at V&A South Kensington · V&A"
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Remarks by Lee K. Jaffee, World Trade Center Press Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, 18 January 1964.
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and other artists, and the architect even designed clothing for the family to match the architecture.
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6102:. He designed many notable office buildings and cultural centers. office buildings, as well as the
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in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona,
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Crouch, Christopher. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press.
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Designing Destinations: Hotel Architecture, Urbanism, and American Tourism in Puerto Rico and Cuba
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1994:
1648:. Gropius was the son of the official state architect of Berlin, who studied before the war with
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movement, in the late 1920s. In 1932 it was recognized and given a name at an Exhibition at the
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1040:, he had no formal architectural training. From 1887 to 1893 he worked in the Chicago office of
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6290:, is well known for its modernist architecture dating from the period of Italian colonization.
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1267:, was completed in 1912, and was the tallest building in the world until the completion of the
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Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867â1959: Building for Democracy. Taschen, 2021.
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809:. Because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectator's view of the stage.
466:. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian
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In India, modernist architecture was promoted by the postcolonial state under Prime Minister
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In the late 1920s and early 1930s, an exuberant American variant of Art Deco appeared in the
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until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and
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This article is about modern movement architecture. For architecture in the present day, see
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in 1927. In the same year, the German Werkbund organized an architectural exposition at the
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often made a compromise between the two, combining modernist forms and stylized decoration.
300:, and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The
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2279:(1932) â and made an attempt to start the standardization of living blocks with Ginzburg's
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2045:
in Potsdam, Germany, were based on no traditional models and had entirely original shapes.
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59:
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6125:. In 1957 he designed one of the most recognizable modernist buildings in the world; the
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2409:
1048:". Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his
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with a circular opening. This building is generally considered to mark the beginning of
4216:
3376:, looked forward to a new style. They became leaders in the postwar modernist movement.
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in Moscow. Melnikov traveled to Paris in 1925 where he built the Soviet Pavilion for the
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2015:
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and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents.
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200:
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2227:. The most startling design that emerged was the tower proposed by painter and sculptor
1997:, an immense theater in Berlin, seating five thousand spectators for theater impresario
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is a style of architecture that merges modernist architecture principles with tropical
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5006:. He was born in China and educated in the United States, studying architecture at the
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258:. The movement emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after
155:
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8541:
The article goes in-depth about the original main contributors of modern architecture.
5874:
Brazil became a showcase of modern architecture in the late 1930s through the work of
5138:. During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story
4891:(1962â74), when that country won independence from Pakistan. It was Kahn's last work.
3671:
3659:
3565:
2330:
from 1931 to 1933, but the winner was an early Stalinist building in the style termed
1636:
In Germany, two important modernist movements appeared after the first World War, The
320:. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story
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The first house built of reinforced concrete, designed by François Coignet (1853) in
251:
13430:
12461:
10545:
4392:, and their buildings soon had a large place in the New York skyline, including the
3553:
745:
At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional
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took place in many German cities in that period, for example in Frankfurt with its
2473:
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1951:
1915:
1806:
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858:, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture, the
851:
385:
313:
301:
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11319:
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Influential residential architects in the new style in the United States included
3539:
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or International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM), was held in a chateau on
95:
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8389:
The Meaning of Modern Architecture: Its Inner Necessity and an Empathetic Reading
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1959:
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884:
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11109:
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8636:
7924:"Tropical Modernism review â a complex story of power, freedom, craft⊠and cows"
3550:, this work propelled Corbusier in the first rank of postwar modern architects.
487:
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5635:
Speaking about the adoption of modernism in post-independence Ghana, Professor
5582:
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4450:. Other landmark New York buildings designed by Harrison and his firm included
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7811:, World Trade Center Press Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, 18 January 1964.
6121:, studied the work of Le Corbusier, and traveled to the United States to meet
5875:
5661:
3604:
that provided a "culturally specific living tissue" for laborers and migrants
3373:
1981:
1791:
1322:
to emphasize the importance of utilitarian simplicity in modern architecture.
778:
304:
process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows.
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2958:(1941â43), begun just before the United States entered the Second World War.
2691:(1926â28) and the Social and Economic Council building in Paris (1937â38) by
2688:
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2393:
2373:
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One of the first prominent constructivist architects to emerge in Moscow was
1998:
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133:
11626:
10531:
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7712:
7111:
Modernist architectural marvel made famous by Slim Aarons for sale for $ 25m
6298:
Several works or collections of modern architecture have been designated by
6114:
6036:
3343:
Living room of the House of Glass, showing what future homes would look like
2369:
159:
14016:
13855:
13810:
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6495:(in French). Marseille: Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille. p. 73.
6444:
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5559:
in Milan (1958â1960), which for decades was the tallest building in Italy.
5511:
5499:
5488:
5344:
5321:
5183:
5143:
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was the first building to use X-bracing to create the trussed-tube design.
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4702:
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also departed as far as possible from traditional architectural forms. His
1990:
1971:
1907:
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259:
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9213:
6828:
Vers une architecture", (1923), Flammarion edition (1995), pages XVIII-XIX
6705:, 1895, translation by Harry Francis Mallgrave, Getty Publications, 1988,
6164:. Much discussion around modernist architecture took place in the journal
5964:
in 1980, and the house was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.
4442:; Harrison headed a committee of international architects, which included
2342:(1937), where it faced the pavilion of Nazi Germany by Hitler's architect
88:
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14001:
13951:
13769:
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7072:. U.S. General Services Administration. 2006 . p. 27. Archived from
6765:. "Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity",
6118:
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6017:
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5537:
5519:
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2034:
1975:
1955:
1940:
1911:
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1837:
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1219:
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824:
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3098:
Paris International Exposition of 1937 and the architecture of dictators
2014:
of dark brick in the German projects gave that particular style a name,
753:
styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The
14041:
13996:
13880:
13558:
13290:
12844:
12615:
12538:
12517:
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10726:
10383:
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8019:
7475:"Understanding the Grid /1: Michel Ecochard's Planning and Building..."
6751:
The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture Before the First World War
6439:
6429:
6379:
is working to document and preserve modernist architecture in Morocco.
6137:
6059:
5908:
5293:
4888:
4868:
4860:
4826:. From 1957 until his death he was a professor of architecture at the
4819:
4811:
4787:
4752:
4559:
4504:
4226:
4091:
4043:
3601:
3445:
3380:
World War II: wartime innovation and postwar reconstruction (1939â1945)
2908:
2575:
2530:
in Switzerland 26â28 June 1928. Those attending included Le Corbusier,
2527:
2433:
2163:
2144:
2026:
2010:
1924:
1903:
1825:
1810:
1252:
1190:
912:
835:
820:
737:
587:
232:
6702:
Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to this Field of Art
5867:
Architectural historians sometimes label Latin American modernism as "
5574:
in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He served as Dean of Architecture at the
2714:
2104:
The USSR Pavilion at the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, by
681:
14046:
13986:
13931:
13860:
13830:
13339:
13297:
13162:
12872:
11955:
11710:
11577:
11298:
11249:
11214:
10775:
10202:
10065:
9570:
9156:
8792:
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6238:
6153:
5636:
5624:
5548:
5503:
5471:
5396:
5297:
5248:
4999:
4916:
4706:
4660:
4624:
4555:
3717:
3531:
3181:
2680:
2567:
2559:
2513:
2377:
2190:
2182:
2140:
1985:
1963:
1887:
1860:
1856:
1787:
1767:
1686:
led the modernist architectural movement in Berlin. Inspired by the
1661:
1624:
1275:
389:
289:
279:
8372:(in French). Editions du Patrimoine: Centre des Monument Nationaux.
5851:
4851:
in 1950. Notable buildings by Kahn in the United States include the
2707:
Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
1457:
1312:, who wanted only pure forms and the elimination of any decoration.
366:
13911:
13672:
11179:
11046:
10404:
10365:
10349:
10335:
10226:
10034:
9973:
9906:
9020:
8932:
8727:
8682:
8014:(PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Chicago. pp. 169â170.
6749:. ? : Hyperion Press. ISBN. Frederic J. Schwartz (1996).
6145:
5855:
4595:
3547:
3465:
3444:; largely for the military and government. The semi-circular metal
3410:
3394:
2720:
2647:
2600:
2469:
2220:
2204:
1993:
was another notable expressionist architect. In 1919 he built the
1730:
Foyer of the GroĂes Schauspielhaus, or Great Theater, in Berlin by
1687:
1323:
1224:
685:
333:
220:
7449:"Habitat collectif méditerranéen et dynamique des espaces ouverts"
5919:(1988); Pani was also instrumental in the construction of the new
5530:
5376:
5125:
in Chicago was the first building to use the bundled-tube design.
5002:(1917â2019) was a major figure in late modernism and the debut of
3848:
He completed several notable projects in the 1940s, including the
2505:, had participated in the competition for the headquarters of the
1189:
and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but
13966:
13926:
12938:
11976:
11438:
11053:
10342:
10326:
10312:
9911:
8940:
8692:
8627:, Overview of the architecture of the 1950s and 1960s in Brussels
8035:
The modernist city : an anthropological critique of BrasĂlia
6287:
5735:, offices of the Brazilian president, by Oscar Niemeyer (1958â60)
4872:
4540:
4380:, It soon went under the name of SOM. Its first big project was
3960:
3733:
3675:
3554:
Team X and the 1953 International Congress of Modern Architecture
3479:
3090:
in Los Angeles. Neutra's most notable architectural work was the
2665:
International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts
2304:
2300:
2264:
International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts
1829:
1676:
1637:
1511:
777:
conceived architecture as a form of sculpture; the façade of the
733:
293:
8267:. Translated by Bullock, Michael. Boston, Mass.: The MIT Press.
7743:
Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium
6808:
1984:
was another notable Expressionist architect of the period. His
761:, had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows. The
14076:
14036:
13890:
10260:
8624:
7274:
6376:
6323:
6299:
6283:
4446:(who produced the original plan approved by the committee) and
3751:
2307:, were rebuilt in the constructivist manner; some cities, like
1641:
1580:
1530:
1499:
1418:
875:(German Work Federation) had been created in Munich in 1907 by
847:
815:, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style. In his book
705:
9191:
6390:
6136:, most notably by inviting Le Corbusier to design the city of
1505:
52:
14071:
14011:
13976:
13971:
13956:
13906:
13475:
8598:
Six Building Designers Who Are Redefining Modern Architecture
7543:"Postmodern and late modern architecture: The ultimate guide"
7498:
Chaouni, Aziza (3 July 2014). "Interview with Elie Azagury".
7425:
Third World Modernism: Architecture, Development and Identity
6257:
5187:
4884:
4807:
2703:, both built by collectives of architects for the 1937 Paris
2030:
2005:, a massive corporate headquarters, now the main building of
1833:
899:, a functional monument of steel and concrete. In 1911â1913,
246:, the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of
216:
212:
70:
10171:
7846:
City in the sky: the rise and fall of the World Trade Center
5562:
The most famous Spanish modernist was the Catalan architect
3732:
of architecture had appeared in Europe, particularly in the
3666:
entitled "Habitat for the Greatest Number". The presenters,
3456:(1947â1950), and Buckminster Fuller's experimental aluminum
3331:
The RCA Pavilion featured early public television broadcasts
2863:
Streamline style and Public Works Administration (1933â1939)
2489:
1239:
in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world.
203:
that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier
14061:
13981:
10733:
10267:
7269:
Dahmani, Iman; El moumni, Lahbib; Meslil, El mahdi (2019).
6335:
6265:
Modernist architecture in Ghana is also considered part of
6079:
6055:
5947:, which destroyed many other buildings in the city center.
5010:. While the architecture school there still trained in the
4110:
4094:
at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1950â56), and The
4008:
3303:
The Trylon and Perisphere, symbols of the 1939 World's Fair
1671:
Gropius became an important theorist of modernism, writing
661:
8576:"South Australian modernism exhibition a study in modesty"
8256:
The Architecture of America- A Social and Cultural History
7872:
7245:
6669:
5303:
3261:
The rise of nationalism in the 1930s was reflected in the
2679:
Later French landmarks in the Art Deco style included the
2048:
9270:
8633:
Modernist designs from the 1958 international competition
6375:, an advocacy and conservation program. The organization
5359:
Auditorium of the University of Technology, Helsinki, by
4195:, California, (1949) Charles Eames in collaboration with
3538:
in Marseille, but it more popularly took the name of the
1710:
941:, by Frank Lloyd Wright, River Forest, Illinois (1893â94)
838:
also began removing any ornament from his buildings. His
8631:
A Grand Design: The Toronto City Hall Design Competition
6849:
6847:
6425:
List of post-war Category A listed buildings in Scotland
5595:
Art and Exhibition Center of the German Federal Republic
4107:, whose work was substantially influenced by his ideas.
918:
493:
288:
The revolution in materials came first, with the use of
8059:
7896:
7153:
5478:(1960), "Aesthetics of Number", architectural movement
3967:; Gropius became the head of the architecture faculty.
3094:
in 1946, and he designed hundreds of further projects.
2021:
The Austrian philosopher, architect, and social critic
332:
important step forward was the invention of the safety
7637:
7627:
7625:
7610:
7268:
7233:
7170:
7168:
7116:
6898:
6753:. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. ISBN.
6681:
6633:
4574:
from 1946 to 1954. In 1947, he published a book about
4507:
in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Philip Johnson (1969â72)
13460:
8265:
Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture
7139:(3rd ed.). Thames and Hudson. pp. 210â218.
7044:
6987:
6910:
6844:
6796:
6144:. Important Indian modernist architects also include
3983:). Their notable works included the building of the
2334:. The last major Russian constructivist building, by
1235:
in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by
842:, in Vienna (1910), was an example of what he called
8584:
Modernism & Modernist SA Architecture: 1934â1977
6539:
6527:
6386:
5498:
In Britain, the major figures in modernism included
4227:
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and Wallace K. Harrison
1337:
12170:
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
8083:
8071:
7884:
7685:
7673:
7661:
7649:
7622:
7581:
7569:
7557:
7299:"Adaptations of Vernacular Modernism in Casablanca"
7165:
6784:
6772:
6507:"6.12. Karl Friedrich Schinkel and the Bauakademie"
5245:
Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments
3875:
3277:of the 1920s continued, with the work of architect
2715:
American Art Deco; the skyscraper style (1919â1939)
2068:Model of the Tower for the Third International, by
8481:
8308:
8253:
8141:"Eritrea capital Asmera makes World Heritage list"
7774:
7091:
7032:
6886:
6832:
6814:
6767:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
6727:
6715:
6657:
6645:
6272:Some notable modernist architects in Morocco were
5570:in Saint-Paul-de-Provence, France (1964), and the
3718:Postwar modernism in the United States (1945â1985)
3702:: an early example of Late modernist architecture.
2239:was launched in 1921 by a group of artists led by
1774:, an early example of streamline moderne (1921â23)
1276:Rise of modernism in Europe and Russia (1918â1931)
1231:in 1852. The first steel-framed "skyscraper", The
8666:
8600:, an April 2011 radio and Internet report by the
6584:
6572:
6180:was an important Sri Lankan modernist architect.
3867:In 1943 he was commissioned by the art collector
2961:
2620:Paris International Exposition of Decorative Arts
14236:
6312:Bauhaus structures in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau
5551:, who worked often with the structural engineer
4675:The TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, by
641:Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by
5536:In Finland, the most influential architect was
3289:
3244:, the Spanish architect, whose pavilion of the
8617:"Preservation of Modern Buildings" edition of
8506:Conversations with I. M. Pei: Light is the Key
6562:"François Coignet | French house builder"
5514:(1914â2001). Lasdun's best-known work is the
4867:and his design of the government buildings in
4578:, and in 1953 designed his own residence, the
3689:
2349:
384:(1851) was one of the first buildings to have
13446:
10187:
9229:
8652:
8484:The Story of Architecture of the 20th century
8199:Conversations with I.M. Pei: Light is the Key
8128:An African City's Unusual Preservation Legacy
7814:
6950:
4863:, Texas (1966â72). Following the example of
4438:, was the builder and chief architect of the
4416:, formerly Sears Tower in Chicago (1973) and
4404:(1954). Later buildings by the firm include
4187:. The most celebrated work of the Eames was
3497:Salon and Terrace of an original unit of the
3063:, and the most famous of all his residences,
2523:CongrĂšs Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
2496:CongrĂšs Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
869:In Germany, a modernist industrial movement,
13109:
13098:
10292:
10281:
10235:
10224:
8422:
8403:
8161:
7979:
7977:
7185:
7183:
7029:(2009), Parigramme, pages 318â319 and 300-01
5130:In 1955, employed by the architectural firm
3752:Frank Lloyd Wright and the Guggenheim Museum
3643:
3613:
3573:
3526:Shortly after the War, the French architect
2992:in Los Angeles, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1924)
2704:
1498:, built in 1928â1931 in the Paris suburb of
1243:built another monumental new structure, the
10363:
9243:
8254:Burchard, John; Bush-Brown, Albert (1966).
7986:"Review: Tropical Modernism at the V&A"
7842:
7836:
7824:. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
6556:
6554:
5547:In Italy, the most prominent modernist was
4562:, Pennsylvania, by Philip Johnson (1981â84)
3990:
3315:Pavilion of the Ford Motor Company, in the
2562:and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from Germany;
1879:
1506:Bauhaus and the German Werkbund (1919â1933)
1485:. In 1920 he co-founded a journal called '
1401:, Stuttgart, Germany by Le Corbusier (1927)
13453:
13439:
10194:
10180:
9236:
9222:
8659:
8645:
7745:. New York: Spon Press. pp. 481â493.
7061:
7059:
5522:compared it with a nuclear power station.
3580:)âwhich initially included the architects
3045:in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California, by
2895:, originally was a public bathhouse (1936)
2250:, the number of working clubs â including
1218:At the end of the 19th century, the first
527:Reinforced concrete apartment building by
328:and based on the works of Viollet le Duc.
8502:
8164:"Architecture : Casablanca tient sa
7983:
7974:
7180:
7128:
6490:
6350:in WrocĆaw, along with select works from
5379:, Belgium by Charles Vandenhove (1962â82)
4082:the country. Other major works included
3576:Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains
2490:Modernism becomes a movement: CIAM (1928)
1682:While Gropius was active at the Bauhaus,
1245:Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building
1167:Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building
8573:
8234:
8037:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8009:
7776:"Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity"
7273:. Translated by Borim, Ian. Casablanca:
7134:
6639:
6551:
5458:in Poland by Arseniusz Romanowicz (1975)
5048:National Center for Atmospheric Research
4933:National Center for Atmospheric Research
4111:Richard Neutra and Charles and Ray Eames
3740:in New York City organized by architect
3693:
3624:were some of the first examples of this
3225:Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
2800:(also known as 570 Lexington Avenue) by
823:in Vienna (1888â89), then an ornamental
8461:Taschen, Aurelia and Balthazar (2016).
8460:
8441:
8370:Le Corbusier- Construire la Vie Moderne
8367:
8348:
8262:
7878:
7497:
7473:Fabrizi, Mariabruna (7 December 2016).
7472:
7422:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7251:
7137:Modern Architecture: A Critical History
7122:
7056:
6687:
6675:
6472:. Royal Institute of British Architects
5304:Postwar modernism in Europe (1945â1975)
5042:Between 1963 and 1967 Pei designed the
4978:in Washington, D.C., by I M. Pei (1978)
3568:, director of urban planning under the
3560:Architecture of Casablanca § GAMMA
3503:Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine
2315:, were constructed anew (the so-called
2049:Constructivist architecture (1919â1931)
14:
14237:
8465:(in French). Bibliotheca Universalis.
8329:
8306:
8032:
7863:
7772:
7540:
7534:
7214:
7194:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 41â42, 48â49.
7189:
7050:
7038:
5164:construction of the World Trade Center
5014:style, Pei discovered the writings of
4845:Richards Medical Research Laboratories
4768:Richards Medical Research Laboratories
4543:, Texas, by Philip Johnson (1981â1983)
3204:(House of Fascism) in Como, Italy, by
3154:Reconstruction of the Pavilion of the
1711:Expressionist architecture (1918â1931)
915:built a revolutionary glass pavilion.
13434:
13035:Six Characters in Search of an Author
10175:
9217:
8640:
8574:Harrison, Stuart (20 November 2019).
8531:USA: Modern Architectures in History
8479:
8193:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7733:
7727:
7679:
7667:
7342:
7340:
6904:
6790:
6778:
6533:
5967:
5600:
5089:
5008:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4913:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4460:John F. Kennedy International Airport
3924:(1950) The swimming pool mural is by
3650:founded in 1947 by figures including
3634:CongrĂšs Internationaux d'Architecture
1966:in Berlin was an early model for the
919:Early American modernism (1890sâ1914)
887:(who served as its first president),
494:Early modernism in Europe (1900â1914)
8444:1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris
8215:
8089:
8077:
8065:
7902:
7890:
7789:from the original on 11 January 2022
7691:
7655:
7643:
7631:
7616:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7257:
7239:
7217:Twentieth-Century Building Materials
7192:Twentieth-Century Building Materials
7174:
7159:
7097:
7027:1000 Immeubles et Monuments de Paris
6993:
6916:
6892:
6853:
6838:
6802:
6733:
6721:
6663:
6651:
6590:
6578:
6545:
5656:Ministry of Health and Education in
4402:Manufacturers Trust Company Building
4279:Manufacturers Trust Company Building
3162:(1937) displayed Picasso's painting
2231:for the Moscow meeting of the Third
1472:HĂŽtel Martel rue Mallet-Stevens, by
1087:
8368:Journel, Guillemette Morel (2015).
7843:James, Glanz; Lipton, Eric (2003).
7705:"Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan"
7067:"Growth, Efficiency, and Modernism"
5581:Notable German modernists included
5320:in Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle, France by
5136:Chestnut De-Witt apartment building
4853:First Unitarian Church of Rochester
4733:First Unitarian Church of Rochester
3233:1937 Paris International Exposition
3129:1937 Paris International Exposition
2254:(1928) â and his own living house,
765:style was launched in the 1890s by
24:
12230:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
8525:
8392:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015,
7908:
7773:Bayley, Stephen (5 January 2010).
7500:Journal of Architectural Education
7491:
7396:
7337:
7291:
5695:The National Congress building in
5456:Warszawa Centralna railway station
5267:in Los Angeles, California (1975)
5205:
4879:State of India, Kahn designed the
4440:headquarters of the United Nations
4368:was founded in Chicago in 1936 by
3724:International Style (architecture)
3662:âprepared a study of Casablanca's
3448:of World War I was revived as the
2468:Former Schocken Department Store,
2120:Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow, by
1344:International Style (architecture)
1288:style, and the modernists, led by
444:being constructed (August 1887â89)
25:
14276:
13462:Architecture of the United States
8567:
8296:, Oxford University Press, 2002,
7984:Bridgeman, Nile (21 March 2024).
5593:, whose later works included the
5190:. According to Stephen Bayley of
5020:Harvard Graduate School of Design
4830:. His work and ideas influenced
4465:
4376:, and joined in 1939 by engineer
3985:Harvard Graduate School of Design
3965:Harvard Graduate School of Design
3769:by Frank Lloyd Wright (1941â1958)
1705:Harvard Graduate School of Design
1338:International Style (1920sâ1970s)
13417:
13416:
9190:
8427:(in French). Flammarion (1995).
8162:infomediaire (28 October 2019).
6389:
6316:Berlin Modernism Housing Estates
6246:
6237:
6228:
6214:
6117:(1918â2008) worked briefly with
6071:
6044:
6025:
6006:
5997:International House of Japan by
5990:
5974:
5886:constructed by Walter Harrison.
5843:
5823:
5803:
5779:
5759:
5740:
5724:
5704:
5688:
5669:
5649:
5642:
5463:
5448:
5428:
5408:
5384:
5368:
5352:
5333:
5310:
5272:
5256:
5236:
5212:
5115:
5096:
5064:Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art
4983:
4967:
4952:Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art
4944:
4924:
4901:
4883:(National Assembly Building) in
4795:
4775:
4760:
4740:
4724:
4668:
4648:
4632:
4612:
4605:
4586:in a style modeled after Mies's
4548:
4528:
4512:
4496:
4472:
4340:
4313:
4290:
4271:
4252:
4233:
4159:
4140:
4117:
4099:students and followers included
4079:Illinois Institute of Technology
4055:
4048:Illinois Institute of Technology
4036:
4016:
3997:
3932:
3906:
3882:
3876:Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer
3810:
3790:
3774:
3758:
3682:, though his Moroccan colleague
3510:
3490:
3422:
3402:
3386:
3336:
3324:
3308:
3296:
3213:
3193:
3173:
3147:
3135:
3104:
3035:
3012:
2997:
2982:
2916:
2900:
2884:
2869:
2809:
2789:
2770:
2751:
2731:
2627:
2607:
2461:
2441:
2421:
2401:
2385:
2362:
2171:
2152:
2129:
2113:
2097:
2077:
2061:
1872:
1849:
1818:
1799:
1779:
1759:
1739:
1723:
1612:
1592:
1569:
1542:
1518:
1465:
1445:
1426:
1406:
1390:
1374:
1350:
1198:
1178:
1158:
1142:
1119:
1100:
1009:
985:
962:
946:
931:
721:
693:
669:
650:
634:
614:
595:
575:
555:
536:
520:
500:
433:
413:
397:
374:
350:
94:
87:
76:
69:
58:
51:
27:Architectural movement and style
13775:Sarasota School of Architecture
8463:L'Architecture Moderne de A Ă Z
8186:
8155:
8133:
8130:8 February 2012 Atlantic Cities
8120:
8103:"Commune Design | Commune Post"
8095:
8026:
8003:
7949:
7801:
7766:
7697:
7593:
7466:
7441:
7416:
7390:
7365:
7312:
7215:Jester, Thomas C., ed. (1995).
7208:
7190:Jester, Thomas C., ed. (1995).
7103:
7019:
6999:
6953:Journal of Contemporary History
6944:
6922:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6820:
6756:
6739:
6693:
6621:
6596:
6293:
6100:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
5915:in Mexico City (1949), and the
5830:The Alfonso Caro Auditorium in
5152:Ryerson & Burnham Libraries
4994:in Paris by I. M. Pei (1983â89)
4698:General Motors Technical Center
4693:Académie de la Grande ChaumiÚre
4641:General Motors Technical Center
3007:by Frank Lloyd Wright (1928â34)
2816:30 Rockefeller Center, now the
2147:and Bernard Bijvoet (1926â1928)
1703:both joined the faculty of the
1644:in 1919 under the direction of
1460:by Robert Mallet-Stevens (1923)
13184:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
13177:Fourth dimension in literature
8332:La charactéristique des styles
7711:. 19 June 2009. Archived from
7348:"The Gamma Grid | Model House"
7009:(1992), Harry N. Abrams Inc.,
6815:Burchard & Bush-Brown 1966
6513:
6499:
6484:
6470:"What is Modern architecture?"
6462:
6361:Private organizations such as
5913:National Conservatory of Music
5812:Luis BarragĂĄn House and Studio
5375:University Hospital Center in
5221:World Trade Center (1973â2001)
5132:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
4366:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
4306:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
4283:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
4264:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
4245:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
3570:French Protectorate in Morocco
2962:American modernism (1919â1939)
2356:New Objectivity (architecture)
1127:Prudential (Guaranty) Building
970:Larkin Administration Building
464:Beaux-Arts architectural style
13:
1:
13900:Building types and vernacular
10201:
9496:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
8558:" Hammond Historic District.
8408:(in French). G. Crés et Cie.
8351:Renzo Piano Building Workshop
8263:Conrads, Ulrich, ed. (1971).
8258:. Atlantic, Little and Brown.
7922:Moore, Rowan (3 March 2024).
7109:Ho, Vivien (21 October 2020)
6930:"Alexey Shchusev (1873â1949)"
6455:
6052:Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center
4717:
4382:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
3785:and Research Center (1944â50)
3180:The Zeppelinfield stadium in
2972:Rudolph Schindler (architect)
2893:San Francisco Maritime Museum
2854:, in the concrete cube-based
2277:Dnieper Hydroelectric Station
566:Turbine factory in Berlin by
472:Entretiens sur L'Architecture
324:in Chicago, built in 1884 by
8556:What Is Modern Architecture?
8406:L'Art décoratif d'aujourdhui
8235:Bouillon, Jean-Paul (1985).
7822:"History of the Twin Towers"
7512:10.1080/10464883.2014.943632
7219:. McGraw-Hill. p. 259.
6491:Froissart, Rossella (2011).
5520:Charles III, King of the U.K
4894:
4804:National Parliament Building
3981:The Architects Collaborative
3949:The Architects Collaborative
3899:The Architects Collaborative
3544:Chapel of Notre-Dame du-Haut
3519:Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut
3397:destroyed by bombing in 1944
3290:New York World's Fair (1939)
2650:architectural style (called
2396:by Franz Roeckle (1927â1934)
1840:) by the Austrian architect
1205:The neo-Gothic crown of the
957:in Oak Park, Illinois (1902)
829:Austrian Postal Savings Bank
544:Austrian Postal Savings Bank
340:, first demonstrated at the
7:
13277:List of avant-garde artists
12254:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
8582:. Review of the exhibition
8387:Morgenthaler, Hans Rudolf,
8239:(in French). Paris: Skira.
7541:Touhey, Max (4 June 2019).
7113:. Retrieved 23 October 2020
6629:Entretiens sur Architecture
6382:
5962:Pritzker Architecture Prize
5945:1985 Mexico City earthquake
5884:United Nations Headquarters
5699:by Oscar Niemeyer (1956â61)
5493:Sainte Marie de La Tourette
5318:Sainte Marie de La Tourette
5282:in Detroit, Michigan (1962)
5150:his death, are held by the
4855:, New York (1962); and the
4687:(1910â1961) was the son of
4523:by Philip Johnson (1977â80)
4321:United Nations Headquarters
3690:Late modernist architecture
3184:, Germany (1934), built by
2952:Public Works Administration
2924:Long Beach Main Post Office
2594:
2350:New Objectivity (1920â1933)
2237:Constructivist architecture
2055:Constructivist architecture
1603:(modern reconstruction) by
1385:, Stuttgart, Germany (1927)
229:form should follow function
10:
14281:
13866:New Classical architecture
13498:Colonial and post-colonial
13135:Classical Hollywood cinema
8612:Architecture and Modernism
7961:Victoria and Albert Museum
7849:. Macmillan. p. 109.
7734:Baker, William F. (2001).
7352:transculturalmodernism.org
7135:Frampton, Kenneth (1980).
6769:63/1 (June 2004): 202â219.
6745:Lucius Burckhardt (1987).
6405:Complementary architecture
6340:University City of Caracas
5850:Residencias del Parque in
4871:, the capital city of the
4828:University of Pennsylvania
4572:Metropolitan Museum of Art
4066:, New York City, 1958, by
4011:, Czech Republic (1928â30)
3721:
3596:âto design housing in the
3557:
3350:1939 New York World's Fair
2965:
2850:himself experimented with
2740:American Radiator Building
2718:
2598:
2574:from the Netherlands, and
2493:
2353:
2052:
1809:public housing project by
1717:Expressionist architecture
1714:
1509:
1341:
1091:
922:
803:ThĂ©Ăątre des Champs-ĂlysĂ©es
623:ThĂ©Ăątre des Champs-ĂlysĂ©es
277:
273:
29:
14211:
14085:
13899:
13803:
13663:
13615:
13589:
13551:
13496:
13468:
13398:
13076:
12917:
12785:
12625:
12374:
12363:
12206:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
12160:
11986:
11546:
11029:
11020:
10897:
10681:
10423:
10414:
10209:
10084:
10053:
10002:
9867:
9604:
9563:
9438:
9351:
9269:
9251:
9184:
8881:
8675:
8446:(in French). Parigramme.
8334:(in French). Flammarion.
8307:Duncan, Alastair (1988).
6410:Contemporary architecture
6207:
6104:Yoyogi National Gymnasium
6035:in Sydney, Australia, by
6014:Yoyogi National Gymnasium
5921:University of Mexico City
5629:Architectural Association
5597:in Bonn, Germany (1989).
3818:Solomon Guggenheim Museum
3744:and architectural critic
3082:. The Austrian architect
2798:General Electric Building
2705:
1880:
1673:The Idea and Construction
1421:by Le Corbusier (1928â31)
759:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
513:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
175:
167:
120:Shreve, Lamb & Harmon
44:
32:contemporary architecture
13785:Spanish Colonial Revival
13625:Richardsonian Romanesque
10991:The Master and Margarita
8503:von Boehm, Gero (2000).
8442:Poisson, Michel (2009).
8349:Jodidio, Philip (2016).
8237:Journal de L'Art Nouveau
8033:James., Holston (1989).
8010:Morawski, Erica (2016).
6965:10.1177/0022009411422369
6078:A modernist building in
5923:in the 1950s, alongside
5792:Teodoro GonzĂĄlez de LeĂłn
5576:Harvard School of Design
5156:Art Institute of Chicago
5022:, where he studied with
5004:Post-modern architecture
4849:American Academy in Rome
4576:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
4452:Metropolitan Opera House
4390:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
4349:Metropolitan Opera House
4221:Garden Grove, California
4075:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
4068:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3991:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3939:The PanAm building (Now
3850:Johnson Wax Headquarters
3835:Florida Southern College
3783:Johnson Wax Headquarters
3767:Florida Southern College
3432:en route to Japan (1945)
2683:movie theater in Paris,
2618:Department Store at the
2518:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
2319:, or 'socialist city').
1684:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1640:was a school founded in
1605:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1302:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
1038:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
939:William H. Winslow House
844:rationalist architecture
254:was heavily inspired by
158:, Sydney, Australia, by
14255:Postmodern architecture
13284:List of modernist poets
13170:Fourth dimension in art
12346:Meshes of the Afternoon
9261:History of construction
9245:History of architecture
9197:Architecture portal
8330:Ducher, Robert (2014).
8315:. Thames & Hudson.
8294:, Oxford history of art
8220:(in French). Larousse.
7990:The Architectsâ Journal
7736:"Structural Innovation"
6566:Encyclopedia Britannica
6338:in Mexico City and the
6308:Rietveld Schröder House
6222:Vincent Timsit Workshop
5748:SĂŁo Paulo Museum of Art
5470:Municipal Orphanage in
5219:The Twin Towers of the
5076:National Gallery of Art
5012:Beaux-Arts architecture
4976:National Gallery of Art
4770:by Louis Kahn (1957â61)
4663:, Connecticut (1953â58)
4600:Postmodern architecture
4584:New Canaan, Connecticut
4489:New Canaan, Connecticut
4209:Constance Perkins House
4168:Constance Perkins House
3918:Litchfield, Connecticut
3765:The Pfeiffer Chapel at
3746:Henry-Russell Hitchcock
3521:in Ronchamp (1950â1955)
3246:Second Spanish Republic
3156:Second Spanish Republic
3117:Louis-Hippolyte Boileau
3070:The Austrian architect
2233:Communist International
2029:, built from 1926 near
1550:ADGB Trade Union School
1527:Bauhaus Dessau building
1286:Beaux-Arts architecture
1257:Beaux-Arts architecture
1237:William Le Baron Jenney
1233:Home Insurance Building
1153:in New York City (1903)
1112:William Le Baron Jenney
1108:Home Insurance Building
854:spread beyond Austria.
834:The Viennese architect
658:The Ginsburg skyscraper
609:, Brussels, (1906â1911)
426:William Le Baron Jenney
422:Home Insurance Building
388:windows supported by a
363:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
342:New York Crystal Palace
326:William Le Baron Jenney
322:Home Insurance Building
268:postmodern architecture
256:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
14250:Modernist architecture
13718:Dutch Colonial Revival
13368:Second Viennese School
13110:
13099:
11003:The Sound and the Fury
10907:In Search of Lost Time
10364:
10293:
10282:
10236:
10225:
9256:Architectural timeline
8480:Tietz, JĂŒrgen (1999).
8353:(in French). Taschen.
8218:L'Architecture Moderne
7453:resohab.univ-paris1.fr
7399:"TEAM 10 Introduction"
6363:Docomomo International
6320:White City of Tel Aviv
5572:Harvard Science Center
5516:Royal National Theatre
5341:Royal National Theatre
5203:
5084:Battle of the Pyramids
4939:by I. M. Pei (1963â67)
4881:Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban
4627:, Missouri (1948â1965)
4602:in the United States.
4454:, the master plan for
4418:One World Trade Center
4285:, New York City (1954)
4148:Neutra Office Building
3712:Brutalist architecture
3708:Modernist architecture
3703:
3646:Atelier des BĂątisseurs
3644:
3642:âthe Africa branch of
3614:
3574:
3572:, commissioned GAMMA (
3442:prefabricated building
3188:for Nazi Party rallies
2877:Pan-Pacific Auditorium
2841:in New York City, and
2340:Paris World Exhibition
2187:Leendert van der Vlugt
2137:Zonnestraal Sanatorium
1989:its internal arcades.
1958:, named in tribute to
1859:apartment building in
1363:Fondation Le Corbusier
1316:popularized the axiom
1058:River Forest, Illinois
757:(1896â99) designed by
460:Edwardian architecture
190:modernist architecture
14245:Architectural history
13962:Hall and parlor house
13922:Central-passage house
13743:Mediterranean Revival
13469:Native and indigenous
13347:Reactionary modernism
13270:List of art movements
9798:America and Australia
9418:Medieval Scandinavian
8425:Vers use architecture
8423:Le Corbusier (1923).
8404:Le Corbusier (1925).
7271:Modern Casablanca Map
6204:date from this time.
6113:The Danish architect
6064:Zaha Hadid Architects
5949:Pedro Ramirez Vasquez
5937:Torre Latinoamericana
5768:Torre Latinoamericana
5713:Cathedral of BrasĂlia
5681:Affonso Eduardo Reidy
5198:
4639:Main building of the
4185:Charles and Ray Eames
4154:in Los Angeles (1950)
4129:Charles and Ray Eames
3959:, the founder of the
3869:Solomon R. Guggenheim
3697:
3480:Le Corbusier and the
3092:Kaufmann Desert House
2931:The beginning of the
2879:in Los Angeles (1936)
2835:Empire State Building
2780:in New York City, by
2637:department store, by
2532:Robert Mallet-Stevens
2328:Palace of the Soviets
2326:projects for the new
2287:in Moscow (1924), by
2252:Rusakov Workers' Club
1995:GroĂes Schauspielhaus
1939:, remained on paper.
1474:Robert Mallet-Stevens
1438:Robert Mallet-Stevens
1319:Form follows function
1294:Robert Mallet-Stevens
1062:Arthur Heurtley House
1046:form follows function
955:Arthur Heurtley House
755:Glasgow School of Art
509:Glasgow School of Art
468:EugĂšne Viollet-le-Duc
248:EugĂšne Viollet le duc
235:; and a rejection of
116:Empire State Building
14265:Architectural theory
14260:Architectural design
13942:Critical regionalism
13635:American Renaissance
13191:Hanshinkan Modernism
13047:The Threepenny Opera
12963:Pelléas et Mélisande
10040:Critical regionalism
9141:Critical regionalism
8723:Critical regionalism
7807:Remarks by the Hon.
7604:21 July 2011 at the
7403:www.team10online.org
7377:www.team10online.org
7324:www.team10online.org
6450:Organic architecture
6415:Critical regionalism
6367:World Monuments Fund
6332:Ciudad Universitaria
6304:World Heritage Sites
6278:Jean-François Zevaco
6198:Islamic summit minar
6108:1964 Summer Olympics
5265:Century Plaza Towers
5247:Housing Project, in
4735:by Louis Kahn (1962)
4386:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
4355:in New York City by
4213:Pasadena, California
4174:, Los Angeles (1962)
3738:Museum of Modern Art
3626:Vernacular Modernism
3606:from the countryside
3564:In the early 1950s,
3413:as reconstructed by
3263:Fascist architecture
2742:in New York City by
2687:department store by
2338:, was built for the
2209:Vladimir Mayakovskiy
893:Richard Riemerschmid
736:by German architect
590:, main façade (1910)
13790:Territorial Revival
13733:International style
13703:California bungalow
13693:American Foursquare
13249:International Style
12999:Afternoon of a Faun
12278:Battleship Potemkin
12182:Mont Sainte-Victoir
9979:Stripped Classicism
9954:International style
9937:Rationalist-Fascist
9586:Portuguese Colonial
9336:Pre-Islamic Persian
8989:International style
8981:Rationalist-Fascist
8925:Stripped Classicism
8858:Stripped Classicism
8838:Rationalist-Fascist
8763:International style
8669:modern architecture
8292:Modern Architecture
8216:Bony, Anne (2012).
8201:. Munich: Prestel.
8068:, pp. 165â167.
7905:, pp. 164â165.
7881:, pp. 164â165.
7782:The Daily Telegraph
7762:on 2 February 2014.
7709:The Muslim Observer
7254:, pp. 152â163.
7162:, pp. 120â121.
6678:, pp. 318â319.
6397:Architecture portal
5911:, who designed the
5814:in Mexico City, by
5796:Abraham Zabludovsky
5733:PalĂĄcio do Planalto
5587:St. Martin, Idstein
5437:St. Martin, Idstein
5290:Gothic architecture
5280:One Woodward Avenue
5193:The Daily Telegraph
5180:Bank of China Tower
5140:John Hancock Center
5104:John Hancock Center
5039:during high winds.
4962:by I. M. Pei (1973)
4840:Edward Durell Stone
4430:, he helped design
3730:International Style
3622:CarriĂšres Centrales
3368:, and of Brazil by
3275:Italian Rationalism
3088:Lovell Health House
3043:Lovell Health House
2943:and influenced it.
2670:Konstantin Melnikov
2408:Apartment house in
2248:Konstantin Melnikov
2241:Aleksandr Rodchenko
2219:, and the colorful
2122:Konstantin Melnikov
2106:Konstantin Melnikov
2016:Brick Expressionism
1946:Brick Expressionism
1929:Alpine Architecture
1664:, and the designer
1326:architects such as
1306:Konstantin Melnikov
897:AEG turbine factory
817:Moderne Architektur
794:reinforced concrete
470:. In his 1872 book
186:Modern architecture
150:, Pennsylvania, by
126:PalĂĄcio do Planalto
41:
40:Modern architecture
18:Modernist architect
13841:Mid-century modern
13688:American Craftsman
13677:Streamline Moderne
13128:Buddhist modernism
13085:American modernism
13011:The Rite of Spring
10979:The Sun Also Rises
10955:The Magic Mountain
9984:Postconstructivism
9927:Streamline Moderne
9072:(1940sâlate 1970s)
9061:Mid-century modern
9029:Postconstructivism
8973:Streamline Moderne
8853:Streamline Moderne
8818:Postconstructivism
8773:Mid-Century modern
7646:, pp. 171â72.
7619:, pp. 132â33.
7242:, pp. 140â41.
6356:Frank Lloyd Wright
6344:Sydney Opera House
6342:in Venezuela, the
6267:Tropical Modernism
6186:Jinnah's Mausoleum
6174:Tropical Modernism
6127:Sydney Opera House
6123:Frank Lloyd Wright
6033:Sydney Opera House
5968:Asia and Australia
5941:Augusto H. Alvarez
5896:The Modernist City
5869:tropical modernism
5790:in Mexico City by
5772:Augusto H. Alvarez
5770:in Mexico City by
5607:Tropical Modernism
5601:Tropical Modernism
5108:Fazlur Rahman Khan
5090:Fazlur Rahman Khan
5068:Cornell University
5032:William Zeckendorf
4956:Cornell University
4857:Kimball Art Museum
4784:Kimball Art Museum
4592:550 Madison Avenue
4432:Rockefeller Center
4428:Rockefeller Family
4400:(1951â52) and the
3943:) in New York, by
3891:Harvard Law School
3889:Story Hall of the
3830:Frank Lloyd Wright
3822:Frank Lloyd Wright
3704:
3680:collective housing
3656:Vladimir Bodiansky
3536:Unité d'Habitation
3499:Unité d'Habitation
3358:Streamline Moderne
3317:Streamline Moderne
3113:Palais de Chaillot
3076:Lovell Beach House
3020:Lovell Beach House
2968:Frank Lloyd Wright
2937:Streamline Moderne
2848:Frank Lloyd Wright
2839:Rockefeller Center
2725:Streamline Moderne
2701:Palais de Chaillot
2672:in a flamboyantly
2641:, Paris, (1925â28)
2616:Galeries Lafayette
2428:Flats in Berlin's
2392:Heimatsiedlung in
2332:Postconstructivism
2281:Narkomfin building
2200:Russian Revolution
2003:IG Farben building
1968:streamline moderne
1933:Hermann Finsterlin
1601:Barcelona Pavilion
1381:Corbusier Haus in
1261:Woolworth Building
1207:Woolworth Building
1187:Woolworth Building
1082:Oak Park, Illinois
1030:Frank Lloyd Wright
1022:Frank Lloyd Wright
1002:Oak Park, Illinois
998:Frank Lloyd Wright
974:Frank Lloyd Wright
925:Frank Lloyd Wright
872:Deutscher Werkbund
846:; it had a simple
382:The Crystal Palace
306:The Crystal Palace
156:Sydney Opera House
152:Frank Lloyd Wright
39:
14232:
14231:
13804:PostâWorld War II
13516:Colonial Georgian
13428:
13427:
13156:Experimental film
13072:
13071:
13059:Waiting for Godot
12359:
12358:
11016:
11015:
10919:The Metamorphosis
10169:
10168:
9211:
9210:
8625:Brussels50s60s.be
8472:978-3-8365-5630-9
8453:978-2-84096-539-8
8434:978-2-0812-1744-7
8379:978-2-7577-0419-6
8360:978-3-8365-3637-0
8341:978-2-0813-4383-2
8290:Colquhoun, Alan,
8227:978-2-03-587641-6
8107:communedesign.com
7856:978-0-8050-7428-4
7809:Richard J. Hughes
7284:978-9920-9339-0-2
7025:Poisson, Michel,
6996:, pp. 84â85.
6919:, pp. 86â87.
6907:, pp. 26â27.
6856:, pp. 93â95.
6805:, pp. 62â63.
6548:, pp. 42â43.
6372:Modernism at Risk
6254:Tour de la nation
6178:Minnette De Silva
5933:Enrique del Moral
5832:UNAM, Mexico City
5788:Colegio de MĂ©xico
5052:Boulder, Colorado
4974:East Wing of the
4937:Boulder, Colorado
4790:, Texas (1966â72)
4521:Crystal Cathedral
4193:Pacific Palisades
4133:Pacific Palisades
3839:Lakeland, Florida
3805:, Oklahoma (1956)
3781:The tower of the
3620:(Honeycomb), and
3354:World of Tomorrow
3279:Giuseppe Terragni
3267:Nazi architecture
3206:Giuseppe Terragni
3072:Rudolph Schindler
3061:Chandler, Arizona
3028:Rudolph Schindler
2941:industrial design
2907:Intake towers of
2843:Guardian Building
2831:Chrysler Building
2802:Cross & Cross
2778:Chrysler Building
2759:Guardian Building
2511:Weissenhof Estate
2507:League of Nations
2414:Mies van der Rohe
2394:Frankfurt an Main
2374:Frankfurt am Main
2285:Lenin's Mausoleum
2179:Van Nelle Factory
2027:Second Goetheanum
2007:Goethe University
1920:German Revolution
1826:Second Goetheanum
1621:Weissenhof Estate
1554:Bernau bei Berlin
1487:L'Espirit Nouveau
1434:Villa Paul Poiret
1399:Weissenhof Estate
1397:Citrohan Haus in
1383:Weissenhof Estate
1369:, Paris (1923â25)
1269:Chrysler Building
1151:Flatiron Building
1135:Buffalo, New York
1094:Early skyscrapers
1088:Early skyscrapers
1074:Buffalo, New York
978:Buffalo, New York
877:Hermann Muthesius
807:Antoine Bourdelle
252:Mies van der Rohe
231:); an embrace of
223:); the principle
183:
182:
16:(Redirected from
14272:
14203:Washington, D.C.
13821:Deconstructivism
13723:Georgian Revival
13713:Colonial Revival
13666:mid-20th century
13590:Mid-19th century
13536:Spanish Colonial
13455:
13448:
13441:
13432:
13431:
13420:
13419:
13391:
13389:Vulgar modernism
13384:
13382:Underground film
13377:
13370:
13363:
13356:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13328:
13321:
13314:
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13300:
13293:
13286:
13279:
13272:
13265:
13258:
13251:
13244:
13235:
13228:
13221:
13214:
13207:
13205:Hippie modernism
13200:
13193:
13186:
13179:
13172:
13165:
13158:
13151:
13144:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13121:Bloomsbury Group
13116:
13115:
13105:
13104:
13094:
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12302:Un Chien Andalou
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12260:
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10485:
10478:
10471:
10464:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10421:
10420:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10370:
10369:
10359:
10352:
10345:
10338:
10329:
10322:
10315:
10306:
10299:
10298:
10288:
10287:
10284:Der Blaue Reiter
10277:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10249:
10242:
10241:
10231:
10230:
10220:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10173:
10172:
10061:Deconstructivism
9820:Spanish Colonial
9581:Spanish Colonial
9481:Western Chalukya
9289:Ancient Egyptian
9238:
9231:
9224:
9215:
9214:
9203:Related articles
9195:
9194:
9177:
9169:
9161:
9153:
9149:Deconstructivism
9145:
9137:
9129:
9121:
9113:
9105:
9097:
9089:
9081:
9073:
9065:
9057:
9049:
9041:
9033:
9025:
9017:
9009:
9001:
8993:
8985:
8977:
8969:
8961:
8953:
8945:
8937:
8929:
8921:
8913:
8905:
8897:
8733:Deconstructivism
8661:
8654:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8606:Voice of America
8594:
8592:
8590:
8520:
8499:
8487:
8476:
8457:
8438:
8419:
8383:
8364:
8345:
8326:
8314:
8286:
8259:
8250:
8231:
8212:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8137:
8131:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8099:
8093:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8030:
8024:
8023:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7981:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7919:
7906:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7818:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7778:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7755:. Archived from
7740:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7266:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7187:
7178:
7172:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7107:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7079:on 31 March 2011
7078:
7071:
7063:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7023:
7017:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6926:
6920:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6760:
6754:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6627:Viollet Le-duc,
6625:
6619:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6558:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6536:, pp. 6â10.
6531:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6466:
6435:Modern furniture
6399:
6394:
6393:
6310:in Utrecht, the
6250:
6241:
6232:
6218:
6190:Minar e Pakistan
6168:. In Sri Lanka,
6134:Jawaharlal Nehru
6075:
6048:
6029:
6010:
5994:
5978:
5929:Eugenio Peschard
5878:(1902â1998) and
5847:
5836:Eugenio Peschard
5827:
5810:Interior of the
5807:
5783:
5763:
5744:
5728:
5708:
5692:
5673:
5653:
5568:Fondation Maeght
5564:Josep Lluis Sert
5557:Pirelli Building
5553:Pier Luigi Nervi
5510:(1926â1992) and
5467:
5452:
5432:
5421:Josep Lluis Sert
5417:Fondation Maeght
5412:
5401:Pier Luigi Nervi
5388:
5372:
5356:
5337:
5314:
5276:
5260:
5240:
5216:
5176:Jin Mao Building
5119:
5100:
5072:Ithaca, New York
4987:
4971:
4960:Ithaca, New York
4948:
4928:
4905:
4799:
4779:
4764:
4744:
4728:
4672:
4652:
4636:
4616:
4588:Farnsworth House
4552:
4532:
4516:
4500:
4476:
4424:Wallace Harrison
4406:Beinecke Library
4374:Nathaniel Owings
4357:Wallace Harrison
4344:
4325:Wallace Harrison
4323:in New York, by
4317:
4298:Beinecke Library
4294:
4275:
4256:
4237:
4217:Shepherd's Grove
4163:
4144:
4121:
4096:Seagram Building
4084:Farnsworth House
4064:Seagram Building
4059:
4050:, Chicago (1956)
4040:
4025:Farnsworth House
4020:
4001:
3941:MetLife Building
3936:
3926:Alexander Calder
3910:
3886:
3862:Great Depression
3843:Child of the Sun
3814:
3794:
3778:
3762:
3668:Georges Candilis
3649:
3619:
3600:neighborhood of
3586:George Candillis
3579:
3514:
3494:
3426:
3406:
3390:
3340:
3328:
3312:
3300:
3242:Josep Lluis Sert
3217:
3197:
3177:
3160:Josep Lluis Sert
3151:
3139:
3108:
3057:Great Depression
3039:
3016:
3001:
2986:
2933:Great Depression
2920:
2904:
2888:
2873:
2818:Comcast Building
2813:
2793:
2782:William Van Alen
2774:
2755:
2735:
2710:
2709:
2657:Beaux-Arts style
2631:
2614:Pavilion of the
2611:
2580:Josep LluĂs Sert
2556:Erich Mendelsohn
2548:Victor Bourgeois
2474:Erich Mendelsohn
2465:
2445:
2425:
2405:
2389:
2366:
2225:Mikhail Larionov
2217:Kasimir Malevich
2175:
2162:in Amsterdam by
2156:
2133:
2117:
2101:
2081:
2065:
1952:Erich Mendelsohn
1916:Erich Mendelsohn
1885:
1884:
1876:
1853:
1822:
1807:Horseshoe Estate
1803:
1783:
1772:Erich Mendelsohn
1763:
1752:Erich Mendelsohn
1743:
1727:
1654:Vasily Kandinsky
1616:
1596:
1573:
1546:
1522:
1469:
1449:
1430:
1410:
1394:
1378:
1361:-Jeanneret (now
1354:
1304:in Germany, and
1202:
1182:
1162:
1146:
1123:
1104:
1052:, including the
1024:, Chicago (1909)
1013:
989:
966:
950:
935:
852:Vienna Secession
725:
697:
673:
654:
638:
618:
599:
579:
559:
540:
524:
504:
437:
417:
401:
386:cast plate glass
378:
354:
314:Great Exhibition
302:cast plate glass
98:
91:
80:
73:
62:
55:
42:
38:
21:
14280:
14279:
14275:
14274:
14273:
14271:
14270:
14269:
14235:
14234:
14233:
14228:
14207:
14081:
13895:
13799:
13748:Mission Revival
13665:
13659:
13611:
13585:
13547:
13531:German Colonial
13526:French Colonial
13492:
13464:
13459:
13429:
13424:
13415:
13407:
13394:
13387:
13380:
13375:Structural film
13373:
13366:
13359:
13352:
13345:
13338:
13331:
13326:New Objectivity
13324:
13317:
13312:Neo-romanticism
13310:
13305:Neo-primitivism
13303:
13296:
13289:
13282:
13275:
13268:
13261:
13254:
13247:
13240:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13175:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13147:
13140:
13133:
13126:
13119:
13108:
13097:
13090:
13083:
13068:
13062:
13056:
13050:
13044:
13038:
13032:
13026:
13020:
13014:
13008:
13002:
12996:
12990:
12984:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12951:VerklÀrte Nacht
12948:
12942:
12936:
12930:
12924:
12913:
12906:
12899:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12871:
12864:
12857:
12850:
12843:
12836:
12829:
12822:
12815:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12781:
12774:
12767:
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12753:
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12739:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
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12621:
12614:
12607:
12600:
12593:
12586:
12579:
12572:
12565:
12558:
12551:
12544:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12516:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12481:
12474:
12467:
12460:
12453:
12446:
12439:
12432:
12425:
12418:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12390:
12383:
12366:
12355:
12349:
12343:
12337:
12331:
12325:
12321:
12315:
12311:
12305:
12299:
12293:
12287:
12281:
12275:
12269:
12263:
12257:
12251:
12245:
12239:
12233:
12227:
12221:
12215:
12209:
12203:
12197:
12191:
12185:
12179:
12173:
12167:
12156:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12114:
12107:
12100:
12093:
12086:
12079:
12072:
12065:
12058:
12051:
12044:
12037:
12030:
12023:
12016:
12009:
12002:
11995:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11919:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11891:
11884:
11877:
11870:
11863:
11856:
11849:
11842:
11835:
11828:
11821:
11814:
11807:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11765:
11758:
11751:
11744:
11737:
11730:
11723:
11716:
11709:
11702:
11695:
11688:
11681:
11674:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11590:
11583:
11576:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11542:
11535:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11493:
11486:
11479:
11472:
11465:
11458:
11451:
11444:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11416:
11409:
11402:
11395:
11388:
11381:
11374:
11367:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11325:
11318:
11311:
11304:
11297:
11290:
11283:
11276:
11269:
11262:
11255:
11248:
11241:
11234:
11227:
11220:
11213:
11206:
11199:
11192:
11185:
11178:
11171:
11164:
11157:
11150:
11143:
11136:
11129:
11122:
11115:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11087:
11080:
11073:
11066:
11059:
11052:
11045:
11038:
11012:
11006:
11000:
10994:
10988:
10982:
10976:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10934:
10928:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10904:
10893:
10886:
10879:
10872:
10865:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10837:
10830:
10823:
10816:
10809:
10802:
10797:Lowell (Robert)
10795:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10753:
10746:
10739:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10495:
10488:
10481:
10474:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10439:
10432:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10362:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10334:
10325:
10318:
10311:
10302:
10291:
10280:
10273:
10266:
10259:
10252:
10245:
10234:
10223:
10216:
10205:
10200:
10170:
10165:
10080:
10049:
9998:
9932:Totalitarianism
9922:New Objectivity
9863:
9716:Serbo-Byzantine
9711:Russo-Byzantine
9600:
9559:
9434:
9411:Islamic Persian
9347:
9265:
9247:
9242:
9212:
9207:
9189:
9180:
9175:
9167:
9159:
9151:
9143:
9135:
9127:
9119:
9111:
9103:
9095:
9087:
9079:
9071:
9063:
9055:
9047:
9039:
9031:
9023:
9015:
9007:
8999:
8991:
8983:
8975:
8967:
8965:New Objectivity
8959:
8951:
8943:
8935:
8927:
8919:
8911:
8903:
8895:
8886:
8884:
8883:By start year /
8877:
8808:New Objectivity
8671:
8665:
8604:service of the
8602:Special English
8588:
8586:
8570:
8528:
8526:Further reading
8523:
8517:
8496:
8473:
8454:
8435:
8416:
8380:
8361:
8342:
8323:
8275:
8247:
8228:
8209:
8195:Boehm, Gero von
8189:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8168:â InfomĂ©diaire"
8160:
8156:
8146:
8144:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8125:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8088:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8045:
8031:
8027:
8008:
8004:
7994:
7992:
7982:
7975:
7965:
7963:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7920:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7889:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7857:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7825:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7806:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7771:
7767:
7759:
7753:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7715:on 19 June 2013
7703:
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7634:, pp. 132.
7630:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7606:Wayback Machine
7598:
7594:
7586:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7539:
7535:
7496:
7492:
7482:
7480:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7397:Pedret, Annie.
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7346:
7345:
7338:
7328:
7326:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7267:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7213:
7209:
7202:
7188:
7181:
7173:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7108:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7057:
7049:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7024:
7020:
7005:Anwas, Victor,
7004:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6932:. 29 March 2014
6928:
6927:
6923:
6915:
6911:
6903:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6852:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6813:
6809:
6801:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6761:
6757:
6744:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6682:
6674:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6585:
6577:
6573:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6509:. 28 June 2020.
6505:
6504:
6500:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6395:
6388:
6385:
6348:Centennial Hall
6296:
6261:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6219:
6210:
6158:Achyut Kanvinde
6142:Eulie Chowdhury
6083:
6076:
6067:
6049:
6040:
6030:
6021:
6011:
6002:
5995:
5986:
5985:in Tokyo (1935)
5979:
5970:
5863:
5860:Rogelio Salmona
5848:
5839:
5828:
5819:
5808:
5799:
5784:
5775:
5764:
5755:
5745:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5709:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5674:
5665:
5654:
5645:
5612:Tropical Modern
5603:
5483:
5468:
5459:
5453:
5444:
5433:
5424:
5413:
5404:
5389:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5338:
5329:
5315:
5306:
5294:fear of heights
5283:
5277:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5241:
5232:
5229:Minoru Yamasaki
5225:Lower Manhattan
5217:
5208:
5206:Minoru Yamasaki
5172:Petronas Towers
5126:
5120:
5111:
5101:
5092:
5056:Rocky Mountains
5044:Mesa Laboratory
4995:
4990:Pyramid of the
4988:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4949:
4940:
4929:
4920:
4906:
4897:
4836:Minoru Yamasaki
4815:
4800:
4791:
4780:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4745:
4736:
4729:
4720:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4653:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4617:
4608:
4563:
4553:
4544:
4533:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4501:
4492:
4477:
4468:
4410:Yale University
4394:Manhattan House
4360:
4345:
4336:
4318:
4309:
4302:Yale University
4295:
4286:
4276:
4267:
4257:
4248:
4241:Manhattan House
4238:
4229:
4175:
4164:
4155:
4145:
4136:
4122:
4113:
4088:Plano, Illinois
4070:
4060:
4051:
4041:
4032:
4029:Plano, Illinois
4021:
4012:
4005:Villa Tugendhat
4002:
3993:
3952:
3937:
3928:
3911:
3902:
3887:
3878:
3825:
3815:
3806:
3795:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3726:
3720:
3700:Milam Residence
3692:
3672:Michel Ecochard
3660:André Wogenscky
3566:Michel Ăcochard
3562:
3556:
3534:. He called it
3522:
3515:
3506:
3505:in Paris (1952)
3495:
3486:
3433:
3427:
3418:
3407:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3364:, of Sweden by
3344:
3341:
3332:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3301:
3292:
3283:Casa del Fascio
3227:
3221:Palais de Tokyo
3218:
3209:
3202:Casa del Fascio
3198:
3189:
3178:
3169:
3152:
3143:
3140:
3131:
3109:
3100:
3050:
3040:
3031:
3017:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2966:Main articles:
2964:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2825:
2814:
2805:
2794:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2763:Wirt C. Rowland
2761:in Detroit, by
2756:
2747:
2736:
2727:
2719:Main articles:
2717:
2697:Palais de Tokyo
2642:
2632:
2623:
2612:
2603:
2597:
2572:Gerrit Rietveld
2498:
2492:
2484:Neues Frankfurt
2477:
2466:
2457:
2446:
2437:
2430:Prenzlauer Berg
2426:
2417:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2289:Alexey Shchusev
2273:Moisei Ginzburg
2269:Vesnin brothers
2229:Vladimir Tatlin
2194:
2176:
2167:
2160:Open air school
2157:
2148:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2090:Alexey Shchusev
2086:Lenin Mausoleum
2082:
2073:
2070:Vladimir Tatlin
2066:
2057:
2051:
1960:Albert Einstein
1895:
1877:
1868:
1865:Michel de Klerk
1854:
1845:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1775:
1764:
1755:
1750:near Berlin by
1744:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1632:
1629:German Werkbund
1627:, built by the
1617:
1608:
1597:
1588:
1574:
1565:
1547:
1538:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1370:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1278:
1249:Neo-Renaissance
1214:
1203:
1194:
1193:on the outside.
1183:
1174:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1072:(1904â1906) in
1070:Larkin Building
1025:
1014:
1005:
990:
981:
967:
958:
951:
942:
936:
927:
921:
885:Theodor Fischer
769:in Belgium and
741:
726:
717:
698:
689:
678:Centennial Hall
674:
665:
655:
646:
639:
630:
619:
610:
600:
591:
580:
571:
560:
551:
541:
532:
525:
516:
505:
496:
445:
438:
429:
424:in Chicago, by
418:
409:
402:
393:
379:
370:
369:of the building
355:
282:
276:
163:
145:
128:, BrasĂlia, by
123:
118:, New York, by
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
92:
83:
82:
81:
74:
65:
64:
63:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14278:
14268:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14215:
14213:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14155:
14150:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14089:
14087:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14007:Platform mound
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13903:
13901:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13807:
13805:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13765:Prairie School
13762:
13761:
13760:
13753:Pueblo Revival
13750:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13708:Chicago School
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13669:
13667:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13621:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13609:
13607:Gothic Revival
13604:
13599:
13593:
13591:
13587:
13586:
13584:
13583:
13582:
13581:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13555:
13553:
13552:Early Republic
13549:
13548:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13543:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13521:Dutch Colonial
13518:
13513:
13508:
13502:
13500:
13494:
13493:
13491:
13490:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13472:
13470:
13466:
13465:
13458:
13457:
13450:
13443:
13435:
13426:
13425:
13408:
13400:
13399:
13396:
13395:
13393:
13392:
13385:
13378:
13371:
13364:
13357:
13350:
13343:
13336:
13333:Poetic realism
13329:
13322:
13315:
13308:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13273:
13266:
13263:Late modernity
13259:
13256:Late modernism
13252:
13245:
13238:
13237:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13208:
13201:
13198:High modernism
13194:
13187:
13180:
13173:
13166:
13159:
13152:
13145:
13142:Degenerate art
13138:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13112:Ballets Russes
13106:
13095:
13088:
13080:
13078:
13074:
13073:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13066:
13054:
13042:
13030:
13018:
13006:
12994:
12982:
12970:
12958:
12946:
12934:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12911:
12904:
12897:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12834:
12827:
12820:
12813:
12806:
12799:
12791:
12789:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12779:
12772:
12765:
12758:
12751:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12695:
12688:
12681:
12674:
12667:
12660:
12653:
12646:
12639:
12631:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12619:
12612:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12563:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12402:
12395:
12388:
12380:
12378:
12369:
12361:
12360:
12357:
12356:
12354:
12353:
12341:
12329:
12319:
12309:
12297:
12285:
12273:
12261:
12249:
12237:
12225:
12213:
12201:
12189:
12177:
12164:
12162:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12112:
12105:
12098:
12091:
12084:
12077:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12007:
12000:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11973:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11858:Ray (Satyajit)
11854:
11851:Ray (Nicholas)
11847:
11840:
11833:
11826:
11819:
11812:
11805:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11770:
11763:
11756:
11749:
11742:
11735:
11728:
11721:
11714:
11707:
11700:
11693:
11686:
11679:
11672:
11665:
11658:
11651:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11623:
11616:
11609:
11602:
11595:
11588:
11581:
11574:
11567:
11560:
11552:
11550:
11544:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11533:
11526:
11519:
11512:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11470:
11463:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11414:
11407:
11400:
11393:
11386:
11379:
11372:
11365:
11358:
11351:
11344:
11337:
11330:
11323:
11316:
11309:
11302:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11260:
11253:
11246:
11239:
11232:
11225:
11218:
11211:
11204:
11197:
11190:
11183:
11176:
11169:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11092:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11043:
11035:
11033:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11010:
10998:
10986:
10974:
10962:
10950:
10943:The Waste Land
10938:
10926:
10914:
10901:
10899:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10863:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10687:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10668:
10661:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10584:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10549:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10500:
10493:
10486:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10437:
10429:
10427:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10316:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10300:
10289:
10271:
10264:
10257:
10254:Constructivism
10250:
10243:
10232:
10221:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10199:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10176:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10137:
10136:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10099:
10094:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9917:Constructivism
9914:
9909:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9892:
9890:Prairie School
9887:
9882:
9877:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9567:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9525:
9520:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9465:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9423:Pre-Romanesque
9420:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9376:
9368:
9363:
9357:
9355:
9353:1st millennium
9349:
9348:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9343:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9311:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9241:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9218:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9170:
9162:
9154:
9146:
9138:
9130:
9122:
9114:
9106:
9098:
9090:
9082:
9074:
9066:
9058:
9050:
9042:
9034:
9026:
9018:
9010:
9002:
8994:
8986:
8978:
8970:
8962:
8954:
8949:Constructivism
8946:
8938:
8930:
8922:
8914:
8909:Prairie School
8906:
8898:
8889:
8887:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8833:Prairie School
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8713:Constructivism
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8676:Alphabetically
8673:
8672:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8614:
8609:
8595:
8580:ArchitectureAU
8569:
8568:External links
8566:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8515:
8500:
8494:
8477:
8471:
8458:
8452:
8439:
8433:
8420:
8414:
8401:
8384:
8378:
8365:
8359:
8346:
8340:
8327:
8321:
8304:
8287:
8273:
8260:
8251:
8245:
8232:
8226:
8213:
8207:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8154:
8132:
8119:
8094:
8092:, p. 157.
8082:
8080:, p. 166.
8070:
8058:
8043:
8025:
8002:
7973:
7948:
7907:
7895:
7893:, p. 162.
7883:
7871:
7862:
7855:
7835:
7813:
7800:
7765:
7751:
7726:
7696:
7694:, p. 210.
7684:
7672:
7660:
7658:, p. 149.
7648:
7636:
7621:
7609:
7592:
7590:, p. 135.
7580:
7578:, p. 129.
7568:
7566:, p. 120.
7556:
7533:
7506:(2): 210â216.
7490:
7465:
7440:
7433:
7415:
7389:
7364:
7336:
7311:
7290:
7283:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7225:
7207:
7200:
7179:
7177:, p. 128.
7164:
7152:
7145:
7127:
7125:, p. 216.
7115:
7102:
7090:
7055:
7053:, p. 204.
7043:
7031:
7018:
6998:
6986:
6943:
6921:
6909:
6897:
6885:
6876:
6867:
6858:
6843:
6831:
6826:Le Corbusier,
6819:
6807:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6763:Mark Jarzombek
6755:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6692:
6690:, p. 318.
6680:
6668:
6656:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6512:
6498:
6483:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6384:
6381:
6326:, the city of
6322:, the city of
6295:
6292:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6236:
6234:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6150:Charles Correa
6085:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6050:
6043:
6041:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6012:
6005:
6003:
6001:, Tokyo (1955)
5996:
5989:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5953:Rafael Mijares
5939:, designed by
5917:Torre Insignia
5880:Oscar Niemeyer
5865:
5864:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5829:
5822:
5820:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5778:
5776:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5721:
5717:Oscar Niemeyer
5710:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5685:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5658:Rio de Janeiro
5655:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5602:
5599:
5583:Johannes Krahn
5508:James Stirling
5485:
5484:
5469:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5441:Johannes Krahn
5434:
5427:
5425:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5383:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5349:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5326:Iannis Xenakis
5316:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5218:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5128:
5127:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5106:in Chicago by
5102:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5036:Green Building
5024:Walter Gropius
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4909:Green Building
4907:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4832:Philip Johnson
4817:
4816:
4801:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4749:Salk Institute
4746:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4689:Eliel Saarinen
4682:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4618:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4568:Philip Johnson
4565:
4564:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4537:Williams Tower
4534:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4493:
4485:Philip Johnson
4478:
4471:
4467:
4466:Philip Johnson
4464:
4456:Lincoln Center
4444:Oscar Niemeyer
4436:Max Abramowitz
4370:Louis Skidmore
4362:
4361:
4353:Lincoln Center
4346:
4339:
4337:
4329:Oscar Niemeyer
4319:
4312:
4310:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4204:Richard Neutra
4181:Richard Neutra
4177:
4176:
4172:Richard Neutra
4165:
4158:
4156:
4152:Richard Neutra
4146:
4139:
4137:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4101:Philip Johnson
4072:
4071:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4035:
4033:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3977:Philip Johnson
3957:Walter Gropius
3954:
3953:
3945:Walter Gropius
3938:
3931:
3929:
3915:Stillman House
3912:
3905:
3903:
3895:Walter Gropius
3888:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3742:Philip Johnson
3722:Main article:
3719:
3716:
3691:
3688:
3594:Shadrach Woods
3555:
3552:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3474:Auguste Perret
3458:Dymaxion House
3435:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3415:Auguste Perret
3409:The center of
3408:
3401:
3399:
3393:The center of
3392:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3370:Oscar Niemeyer
3366:Sven Markelius
3346:
3345:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3265:of Italy, and
3229:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3084:Richard Neutra
3052:
3051:
3047:Richard Neutra
3041:
3034:
3032:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2976:Richard Neutra
2963:
2960:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2827:
2826:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2713:
2693:Auguste Perret
2685:La Samaritaine
2661:Neo-classicism
2644:
2643:
2635:La Samaritaine
2633:
2626:
2624:
2613:
2606:
2599:Main article:
2596:
2593:
2589:Athens Charter
2566:from Austria;
2552:Walter Gropius
2550:from Belgium;
2540:Pierre Chareau
2536:Auguste Perret
2494:Main article:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2361:
2354:Main article:
2351:
2348:
2256:Melnikov House
2196:
2195:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:Main article:
2050:
2047:
2023:Rudolf Steiner
2009:in Frankfurt.
1897:
1896:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1842:Rudolf Steiner
1824:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1790:in Hamburg by
1785:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1748:Einstein Tower
1745:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1646:Walter Gropius
1634:
1633:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1535:Walter Gropius
1533:, designed by
1524:
1517:
1510:Main article:
1507:
1504:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1454:Villa Noailles
1451:
1444:
1442:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1359:Villa La Roche
1356:
1349:
1342:Main article:
1339:
1336:
1328:Auguste Perret
1314:Louis Sullivan
1298:Walter Gropius
1282:neo-classicism
1277:
1274:
1263:, designed by
1241:Louis Sullivan
1216:
1215:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1171:Louis Sullivan
1169:in Chicago by
1164:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1131:Louis Sullivan
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:in Chicago by
1106:
1099:
1092:Main article:
1089:
1086:
1050:Prairie Houses
1042:Louis Sullivan
1027:
1026:
1015:
1008:
1006:
991:
984:
982:
968:
961:
959:
952:
945:
943:
937:
930:
920:
917:
905:Walter Gropius
889:Josef Hoffmann
860:Palais Stoclet
856:Josef Hoffmann
786:Auguste Perret
771:Hector Guimard
743:
742:
730:Glass Pavilion
727:
720:
718:
710:Walter Gropius
699:
692:
690:
675:
668:
666:
656:
649:
647:
640:
633:
631:
627:Auguste Perret
620:
613:
611:
607:Josef Hoffmann
603:Stoclet Palace
601:
594:
592:
581:
574:
572:
561:
554:
552:
542:
535:
533:
531:, Paris (1903)
529:Auguste Perret
526:
519:
517:
506:
499:
495:
492:
484:Hector Guimard
476:Louis Sullivan
447:
446:
439:
432:
430:
419:
412:
410:
403:
396:
394:
380:
373:
371:
356:
349:
278:Main article:
275:
272:
188:, also called
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
138:Walter Gropius
136:, Germany, by
130:Oscar Niemeyer
105:
93:
86:
85:
84:
75:
68:
67:
66:
57:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14277:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14214:
14210:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14183:San Francisco
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14158:New York City
14156:
14154:
14151:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14090:
14088:
14084:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14032:Shotgun house
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13947:Dogtrot house
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13937:Cowboy church
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13806:
13802:
13796:
13795:Tudor Revival
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13759:
13756:
13755:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13738:Mayan Revival
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13678:
13674:
13671:
13670:
13668:
13662:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13630:Second Empire
13628:
13626:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13618:
13614:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13597:Greek Revival
13595:
13594:
13592:
13588:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13556:
13554:
13550:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13495:
13489:
13486:
13482:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13456:
13451:
13449:
13444:
13442:
13437:
13436:
13433:
13423:
13413:
13412:
13411:Postmodernism
13406:
13405:
13397:
13390:
13386:
13383:
13379:
13376:
13372:
13369:
13365:
13362:
13358:
13355:
13354:Metamodernism
13351:
13348:
13344:
13341:
13337:
13334:
13330:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13319:New Hollywood
13316:
13313:
13309:
13306:
13302:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13288:
13285:
13281:
13278:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13260:
13257:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13243:
13239:
13234:
13230:
13227:
13223:
13220:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13212:Impressionism
13209:
13206:
13202:
13199:
13195:
13192:
13188:
13185:
13181:
13178:
13174:
13171:
13167:
13164:
13160:
13157:
13153:
13150:
13146:
13143:
13139:
13136:
13132:
13129:
13125:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13113:
13107:
13103:
13102:
13096:
13093:
13089:
13086:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13075:
13061:
13060:
13055:
13049:
13048:
13043:
13037:
13036:
13031:
13025:
13024:
13019:
13013:
13012:
13007:
13001:
13000:
12995:
12989:
12988:
12983:
12977:
12976:
12971:
12965:
12964:
12959:
12953:
12952:
12947:
12941:
12940:
12935:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12922:
12920:
12916:
12909:
12905:
12902:
12898:
12895:
12891:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12877:
12874:
12870:
12867:
12863:
12860:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12842:
12839:
12835:
12832:
12828:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12814:
12811:
12807:
12804:
12800:
12797:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12784:
12777:
12773:
12770:
12766:
12763:
12759:
12756:
12752:
12749:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12728:
12724:
12721:
12717:
12714:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12696:
12693:
12689:
12686:
12682:
12679:
12675:
12672:
12668:
12665:
12661:
12658:
12654:
12651:
12647:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12624:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12606:
12603:
12599:
12596:
12592:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12578:
12575:
12571:
12568:
12564:
12561:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12547:
12543:
12540:
12536:
12533:
12529:
12526:
12522:
12519:
12515:
12512:
12508:
12505:
12501:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12477:
12473:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12456:
12452:
12449:
12445:
12442:
12438:
12435:
12431:
12428:
12424:
12421:
12417:
12414:
12410:
12407:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12393:
12389:
12386:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12362:
12348:
12347:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12330:
12324:
12320:
12314:
12310:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12274:
12268:
12267:
12262:
12256:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12226:
12220:
12219:
12214:
12208:
12207:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12178:
12172:
12171:
12166:
12165:
12163:
12159:
12152:
12148:
12145:
12141:
12138:
12134:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12106:
12103:
12099:
12096:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12082:
12078:
12075:
12071:
12068:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12050:
12047:
12043:
12040:
12039:Hundertwasser
12036:
12033:
12029:
12026:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12008:
12005:
12001:
11998:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11922:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11908:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11894:
11890:
11887:
11883:
11880:
11876:
11873:
11869:
11866:
11862:
11859:
11855:
11852:
11848:
11845:
11841:
11838:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11820:
11817:
11813:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11757:
11754:
11750:
11747:
11743:
11740:
11736:
11733:
11729:
11726:
11722:
11719:
11715:
11712:
11708:
11705:
11701:
11698:
11694:
11691:
11687:
11684:
11680:
11677:
11673:
11670:
11666:
11663:
11659:
11656:
11652:
11649:
11645:
11642:
11638:
11635:
11631:
11628:
11624:
11621:
11617:
11614:
11610:
11607:
11603:
11600:
11596:
11593:
11589:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11572:
11568:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11554:
11553:
11551:
11549:
11545:
11538:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11524:
11520:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11496:
11492:
11489:
11485:
11482:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11464:
11461:
11457:
11454:
11450:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11433:
11429:
11426:
11422:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11408:
11405:
11401:
11398:
11394:
11391:
11387:
11384:
11380:
11377:
11373:
11370:
11366:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11345:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11303:
11300:
11296:
11293:
11289:
11286:
11282:
11279:
11275:
11272:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11254:
11251:
11247:
11244:
11240:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11202:
11198:
11195:
11191:
11188:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11146:
11142:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11128:
11125:
11121:
11118:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11104:
11100:
11097:
11093:
11090:
11086:
11083:
11079:
11076:
11072:
11069:
11065:
11062:
11058:
11055:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11019:
11005:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10975:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10878:
10875:
10871:
10868:
10864:
10861:
10857:
10854:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10836:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10766:
10763:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10724:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10703:
10700:
10696:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10659:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10641:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10627:
10624:
10620:
10617:
10613:
10610:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10550:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10536:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10491:
10487:
10484:
10480:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10459:
10456:
10452:
10449:
10445:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10416:Literary arts
10413:
10406:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10357:Neoplasticism
10354:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10328:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:Functionalism
10317:
10314:
10310:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10290:
10286:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:Expressionism
10272:
10269:
10265:
10262:
10258:
10255:
10251:
10248:
10247:Ashcan School
10244:
10240:
10239:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10222:
10219:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10197:
10192:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10174:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10071:New Classical
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10052:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10015:Structuralism
10013:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10001:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9959:Functionalism
9957:
9955:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9895:Expressionism
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9847:Liberty style
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:Neo-Manueline
9778:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9753:Monumentalism
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9743:Mediterranean
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9523:Romano-Gothic
9521:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9350:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9324:Ancient Roman
9322:
9320:
9319:Ancient Greek
9317:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9239:
9234:
9232:
9227:
9225:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9174:
9171:
9166:
9165:New Classical
9163:
9158:
9155:
9150:
9147:
9142:
9139:
9134:
9131:
9126:
9123:
9118:
9115:
9110:
9109:Postmodernism
9107:
9102:
9099:
9094:
9093:Structuralism
9091:
9086:
9083:
9078:
9075:
9070:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9054:
9051:
9048:(1930sâ1950s)
9046:
9043:
9038:
9035:
9030:
9027:
9022:
9019:
9014:
9011:
9006:
9003:
9000:(1920sâ1970s)
8998:
8997:Functionalism
8995:
8990:
8987:
8984:(1920sâ1930s)
8982:
8979:
8974:
8971:
8966:
8963:
8958:
8955:
8950:
8947:
8942:
8939:
8934:
8931:
8926:
8923:
8918:
8917:Expressionism
8915:
8912:(1890sâ1920s)
8910:
8907:
8902:
8899:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8880:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8863:Structuralism
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8823:Postmodernism
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8798:New Classical
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8783:Monumentalism
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8743:Functionalism
8741:
8739:
8738:Expressionism
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8662:
8657:
8655:
8650:
8648:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8619:AIA Architect
8615:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8571:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8495:3-8290-2045-7
8491:
8486:
8485:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8421:
8417:
8415:2-700-30312-1
8411:
8407:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8322:2-87811-003-X
8318:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8274:9780262530309
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8246:2-605-00069-9
8242:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8208:3-7913-2176-5
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8169:
8167:
8166:carte moderne
8158:
8143:. 8 July 2017
8142:
8136:
8129:
8123:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8091:
8086:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8044:9780226349794
8040:
8036:
8029:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7904:
7899:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7875:
7866:
7858:
7852:
7848:
7847:
7839:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7804:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7777:
7769:
7758:
7754:
7752:0-415-23241-4
7748:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7688:
7682:, p. 59.
7681:
7676:
7670:, p. 36.
7669:
7664:
7657:
7652:
7645:
7640:
7633:
7628:
7626:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7584:
7577:
7572:
7565:
7560:
7544:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7479:
7476:
7469:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7436:
7434:9781136895487
7430:
7427:. Routledge.
7426:
7419:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7300:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7253:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7228:
7226:0-07-032573-1
7222:
7218:
7211:
7203:
7201:0-07-032573-1
7197:
7193:
7186:
7184:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7161:
7156:
7148:
7146:0-500-20257-5
7142:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7112:
7106:
7100:, p. 99.
7099:
7094:
7075:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7052:
7047:
7040:
7035:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6995:
6990:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6895:, p. 95.
6894:
6889:
6883:Pehnt, p. 163
6880:
6871:
6865:Jencks, p. 59
6862:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6841:, p. 83.
6840:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:, p. 83.
6816:
6811:
6804:
6799:
6793:, p. 16.
6792:
6787:
6781:, p. 19.
6780:
6775:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6736:, p. 38.
6735:
6730:
6724:, p. 36.
6723:
6718:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6700:Otto Wagner,
6696:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6672:
6666:, p. 33.
6665:
6660:
6654:, p. 27.
6653:
6648:
6642:, p. 24.
6641:
6640:Bouillon 1985
6636:
6630:
6624:
6617:
6616:0-312-21832-X
6613:
6609:
6608:0-312-21830-3
6605:
6599:
6593:, p. 16.
6592:
6587:
6581:, p. 42.
6580:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6522:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6494:
6487:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:Le Corbursier
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6286:, capitol of
6285:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6223:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6202:Faisal mosque
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6170:Geoffrey Bawa
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6090:Kunio Maekawa
6081:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6004:
6000:
5999:Kunio Maekawa
5993:
5988:
5984:
5983:Kunio Maekawa
5977:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5958:
5957:Luis Barragan
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5925:Juan O'Gorman
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5870:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5816:Luis Barragan
5813:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5752:Lina Bo Bardi
5749:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5643:Latin America
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:Gustav Peichl
5588:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5542:Arne Jacobsen
5539:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:(1906â1962),
5505:
5502:(1895â1958),
5501:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5481:
5480:Structuralism
5477:
5476:Aldo van Eyck
5473:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:in Milan, by
5394:
5393:Pirelli Tower
5387:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5343:, London, by
5342:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:Louvre Museum
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5028:Marcel Breuer
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4992:Louvre Museum
4986:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:Eero Saarinen
4821:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:Eero Saarinen
4678:
4677:Eero Saarinen
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:Eero Saarinen
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:Eero Saarinen
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4105:Eero Saarinen
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3973:Ieoh Ming Pei
3970:
3969:Marcel Breuer
3966:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3922:Marcel Breuer
3919:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3640:ATBAT-Afrique
3637:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:Nid dâAbeille
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:Hay Mohammedi
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:Cité Radieuse
3537:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3501:, now at the
3500:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:Cité Radieuse
3477:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:Lustron house
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3256:Pablo Picasso
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:Jacques Carlu
3118:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3080:Newport Beach
3077:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:Newport Beach
3021:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:Mayan Revival
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:Crown of the
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:Henri Sauvage
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2652:Style Moderne
2649:
2640:
2639:Henri Sauvage
2636:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2582:of Spain and
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:from France;
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2456:(early 1930s)
2455:
2454:Hans Scharoun
2452:, Berlin, by
2451:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2088:in Moscow by
2087:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Max Reinhardt
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Expressionism
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1770:in Berlin by
1769:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:Marcel Breuer
1696:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1666:Marcel Breuer
1663:
1659:
1658:Joseph Albers
1655:
1651:
1650:Peter Behrens
1647:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1332:Henri Sauvage
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Winslow House
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
960:
956:
949:
944:
940:
934:
929:
928:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Peter Behrens
878:
874:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Steiner House
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
804:
799:
798:Henri Sauvage
795:
792:began to use
791:
790:Henri Sauvage
787:
782:
780:
776:
775:Antonio Gaudi
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
739:
735:
731:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Fagus Factory
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
667:
663:
659:
653:
648:
644:
643:Henri Sauvage
637:
632:
628:
624:
617:
612:
608:
604:
598:
593:
589:
586:in Vienna by
585:
584:Steiner House
578:
573:
569:
568:Peter Behrens
565:
558:
553:
549:
546:in Vienna by
545:
539:
534:
530:
523:
518:
514:
510:
503:
498:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
436:
431:
427:
423:
416:
411:
407:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
348:
347:
346:
343:
339:
335:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Joseph Paxton
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
281:
271:
269:
266:buildings by
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:According to
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:functionalism
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:architectural
191:
187:
179:International
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
143:
139:
135:
134:Fagus Factory
131:
127:
121:
117:
113:
110:, France, by
109:
97:
90:
79:
72:
61:
54:
43:
37:
33:
19:
14168:Philadelphia
14128:Jacksonville
14017:Quiggly hole
13856:Neo-futurism
13851:Neo-eclectic
13845:
13811:Blobitecture
13664:Late-19th to
13574:Neoclassical
13569:Jeffersonian
13511:First Period
13409:
13402:
13149:Ecomodernism
13057:
13045:
13033:
13021:
13009:
12997:
12987:The Firebird
12985:
12973:
12961:
12949:
12937:
12925:
12344:
12334:Citizen Kane
12332:
12323:Fallingwater
12313:Villa Savoye
12300:
12288:
12276:
12264:
12252:
12242:Black Square
12240:
12228:
12216:
12204:
12192:
12180:
12168:
12060:Le Corbusier
11988:Architecture
11987:
11001:
10989:
10977:
10967:Mrs Dalloway
10965:
10953:
10941:
10929:
10917:
10905:
10790:Lowell (Amy)
10129:Mesoamerican
10076:Contemporary
10054:2000âpresent
10045:Neo-futurism
10025:Blobitecture
9884:
9852:Modern Style
9768:Neoclassical
9516:Indo-Islamic
9491:Great Seljuk
9476:Vijayanagara
9370:East Slavic
9284:Mesopotamian
9188:
9173:Contemporary
9125:Neo-futurism
9117:Blobitecture
9056:(1930sâ1970)
8788:Neo-Futurism
8718:Contemporary
8698:Blobitecture
8668:
8618:
8587:. Retrieved
8583:
8579:
8537:ResearchGate
8516:3-7913-21765
8507:
8504:
8488:. Konemann.
8483:
8462:
8443:
8424:
8405:
8388:
8369:
8350:
8331:
8310:
8291:
8264:
8255:
8236:
8217:
8198:
8187:Bibliography
8172:. Retrieved
8165:
8157:
8145:. Retrieved
8135:
8126:Mark Byrnes
8122:
8110:. Retrieved
8106:
8097:
8085:
8073:
8061:
8034:
8028:
8011:
8005:
7993:. Retrieved
7989:
7964:. Retrieved
7960:
7951:
7939:. Retrieved
7928:The Observer
7927:
7898:
7886:
7879:Journel 2015
7874:
7865:
7845:
7838:
7826:. Retrieved
7816:
7803:
7791:. Retrieved
7780:
7768:
7757:the original
7742:
7729:
7717:. Retrieved
7713:the original
7708:
7699:
7687:
7675:
7663:
7651:
7639:
7612:
7595:
7583:
7571:
7559:
7547:. Retrieved
7536:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7481:. Retrieved
7477:
7468:
7456:. Retrieved
7452:
7443:
7424:
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7402:
7392:
7380:. Retrieved
7376:
7367:
7355:. Retrieved
7351:
7327:. Retrieved
7323:
7314:
7302:. Retrieved
7293:
7270:
7252:Journel 2015
7247:
7235:
7216:
7210:
7191:
7155:
7136:
7130:
7123:Journel 2015
7118:
7105:
7093:
7081:. Retrieved
7074:the original
7046:
7034:
7026:
7021:
7006:
7001:
6989:
6959:(1): 13â47.
6956:
6952:
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6924:
6912:
6900:
6888:
6879:
6874:Sharp, p. 68
6870:
6861:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6810:
6798:
6786:
6774:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6747:The Werkbund
6746:
6741:
6729:
6717:
6701:
6695:
6688:Poisson 2009
6683:
6676:Poisson 2009
6671:
6659:
6647:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6565:
6541:
6529:
6515:
6501:
6492:
6486:
6474:. Retrieved
6464:
6445:New Urbanism
6420:Ecomodernism
6371:
6360:
6297:
6294:Preservation
6282:
6274:Elie Azagury
6271:
6264:
6194:Bab e Khyber
6182:
6162:Habib Rahman
6131:
6112:
6094:
6086:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5888:
5873:
5866:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5580:
5561:
5546:
5535:
5524:
5512:Denys Lasdun
5500:Wells Coates
5497:
5489:Le Corbusier
5486:
5345:Denys Lasdun
5322:Le Corbusier
5286:
5199:
5191:
5184:Burj Khalifa
5160:
5148:
5144:Willis Tower
5129:
5123:Willis Tower
5060:
5041:
5016:Le Corbusier
4998:
4865:Le Corbusier
4818:
4711:TWA Terminal
4703:Ingalls Rink
4683:
4657:Ingalls Rink
4621:Gateway Arch
4566:
4448:Le Corbusier
4422:
4414:Willis Tower
4412:(1963), the
4378:John Merrill
4363:
4333:Le Corbusier
4202:
4178:
4073:
3955:
3866:
3858:Bartlesville
3847:
3828:
3803:Bartlesville
3727:
3705:
3684:Elie Azagury
3652:Le Corbusier
3633:
3631:At the 1953
3630:
3590:Alexis Josic
3582:Elie Azagury
3563:
3528:Le Corbusier
3525:
3481:
3470:
3462:
3438:World War II
3436:
3353:
3347:
3282:
3271:Albert Speer
3260:
3249:
3238:Albert Speer
3230:
3201:
3186:Albert Speer
3163:
3069:
3065:Fallingwater
3053:
3005:Fallingwater
2945:
2930:
2828:
2822:Raymond Hood
2744:Raymond Hood
2678:
2651:
2645:
2544:Tony Garnier
2521:
2503:Le Corbusier
2499:
2480:
2476:(1927-1930)
2450:Siemensstadt
2344:Albert Speer
2324:Le Corbusier
2321:
2316:
2313:Zaporizhzhia
2309:Magnitogorsk
2297:Ekaterinburg
2293:
2260:Arbat Street
2258:(1929) near
2245:
2197:
2043:Einsteinturm
2020:
1991:Hans Poelzig
1980:
1972:Columbushaus
1970:style. His
1950:
1936:
1928:
1908:Hans Poelzig
1898:
1882:De Bijenkorf
1732:Hans Poelzig
1697:
1693:Villa Savoye
1681:
1672:
1670:
1635:
1577:Haus am Horn
1562:Hans Wittwer
1558:Hannes Meyer
1496:Villa Savoye
1492:
1486:
1483:Le Corbusier
1480:
1415:Villa Savoye
1367:Le Corbusier
1317:
1310:Soviet Union
1290:Le Corbusier
1279:
1265:Cass Gilbert
1227:invented by
1217:
1211:Cass Gilbert
1078:Unity Temple
1034:Le Corbusier
1028:
994:Unity Temple
992:Interior of
908:
870:
868:
864:Gustav Klimt
833:
816:
811:
783:
767:Victor Horta
751:Neoclassical
744:
625:in Paris by
488:Antoni GaudĂ
480:Victor Horta
471:
448:
442:Eiffel Tower
330:
318:curtain wall
287:
283:
260:World War II
244:Le Corbusier
241:
189:
185:
184:
168:Years active
148:Fallingwater
112:Le Corbusier
108:Villa Savoye
36:
14178:San Antonio
14153:New Orleans
14143:Los Angeles
14133:Kansas City
14067:Town square
14052:Sweat lodge
14002:Plank house
13952:Earth lodge
13770:PWA Moderne
13645:Stick style
13541:Territorial
13404:Romanticism
13361:Remodernism
13242:Incoherents
13101:Avant-garde
13092:Armory Show
12699:Maeterlinck
12602:Villa-Lobos
12588:Szymanowski
12567:Stockhausen
12504:LutosĆawski
12222:(1909â1910)
11022:Visual arts
10995:(1928â1940)
10911:(1913â1927)
10434:Apollinaire
10398:Synchromism
10238:Art Nouveau
9989:PWA Moderne
9875:Rationalism
9837:Art Nouveau
9825:Territorial
9805:Renaissance
9789:Queen Anne
9662:Elizabethan
9555:Plateresque
9550:Renaissance
9533:Sondergotik
9428:Carolingian
9374:Kievan Rus'
9088:(1953â1970)
9064:(1933â1969)
9040:(1933â1944)
9037:PWA Moderne
9024:(1910â1939)
8976:(1925â1950)
8968:(1922â1933)
8960:(1921â1929)
8957:Rondocubism
8952:(1920â1932)
8944:(1919â1933)
8936:(1917â1931)
8904:(1890â1910)
8901:Art Nouveau
8896:(1888â1911)
8868:Sustainable
8843:Rondocubism
8828:PWA Moderne
8688:Art Nouveau
8533:Request PDF
8509:. Prestel.
8170:(in French)
8020:10027/19131
7828:12 December
7793:26 February
7275:MAMMA Group
7051:Ducher 2014
7039:Duncan 1988
6119:Alvar Aalto
6096:Kenzo Tange
6018:Kenzo Tange
5876:LĂșcio Costa
5862:(1965â1970)
5750:, MASP, by
5719:(1958â1970)
5679:museum, by
5662:LĂșcio Costa
5621:Maxwell Fry
5538:Alvar Aalto
5487:In France,
5439:Germany by
5423:(1959â1964)
5361:Alvar Aalto
5347:(1967â1976)
5251:(1955â1976)
5231:(1913â1986)
4625:Saint Louis
4580:Glass House
4481:Glass House
4398:Lever House
4396:(1950â51),
4260:Lever House
4189:Eames House
4125:Eames House
3854:Price Tower
3824:(1946â1959)
3799:Price Tower
3664:bidonvilles
3484:(1947â1952)
3450:Quonset hut
3430:Quonset hut
3417:(1946â1964)
3374:LĂșcio Costa
3362:Alvar Aalto
3208:(1932â1936)
2990:Ennis House
2948:PWA Moderne
2856:Ennis House
2584:Alvar Aalto
2564:Josef Frank
2380:(1927â1929)
2336:Boris Iofan
2223:of painter
2215:of painter
2213:Suprematism
2193:(1927â1931)
2166:(1929â1930)
2035:Switzerland
1982:Fritz Höger
1976:Berlin Wall
1956:Einsteinium
1941:Scenography
1912:Fritz Hoger
1894:(1924â1926)
1892:Piet Kramer
1867:(1917â1920)
1844:(1924â1928)
1838:Switzerland
1792:Fritz Höger
1585:Georg Muche
1476:(1926â1927)
1440:(1921â1925)
1308:in the new
1296:in France,
1229:Elisha Otis
1220:skyscrapers
1173:(1904â1906)
1066:Robie House
1064:(1902) and
1060:(1893â94);
1018:Robie House
1004:(1905â1908)
980:(1904â1906)
901:Adolf Meyer
825:Art Nouveau
813:Otto Wagner
779:Casa BatllĂł
763:Art Nouveau
714:Adolf Meyer
688:(1911â1913)
645:(1912â1914)
629:(1911â1913)
550:(1904â1906)
548:Otto Wagner
452:eclecticism
406:Saint-Denis
359:Bauakademie
357:The Berlin
338:Elisha Otis
298:plate glass
227:(i.e. that
171:1920sâ1980s
144:(1911â1913)
142:Adolf Meyer
14239:Categories
14042:Skyscraper
13997:Moki steps
13992:Longhouses
13886:Tiny-house
13881:Shed style
13871:Postmodern
13698:Beaux-Arts
13650:Queen Anne
13602:Italianate
13579:Antebellum
13291:Maximalism
13226:Literature
12901:Wiesenthal
12803:Cunningham
12796:Balanchine
12776:Witkiewicz
12748:Strindberg
12734:Pirandello
12706:Mayakovsky
12581:Stravinsky
12553:Schoenberg
12365:Performing
12290:Metropolis
12081:Mendelsohn
11886:Rossellini
11879:Richardson
11690:Fassbinder
11676:Eisenstein
11613:Cassavetes
11369:Modigliani
11243:Goncharova
11229:Giacometti
10623:Dos Passos
10425:Literature
10384:Surrealism
10295:Die BrĂŒcke
10146:Portuguese
10020:Postmodern
9969:Organicism
9857:Modernisme
9842:Jugendstil
9701:Revivalism
9689:Industrial
9672:Portuguese
9446:Romanesque
9341:Achaemenid
9101:Metabolism
9013:Organicism
8893:Modernisme
8813:Organicism
8778:Modernisme
8768:Metabolism
8667:Genres of
8398:1472453018
8302:0192842269
7719:11 October
7680:Boehm 2000
7668:Boehm 2000
7549:27 January
7408:18 October
7357:18 October
7015:0810919265
6905:Tietz 1999
6791:Tietz 1999
6779:Tietz 1999
6711:0226869393
6534:Tietz 1999
6476:15 October
6456:References
6440:Modernisme
6430:Modern art
6346:, and the
6172:pioneered
6138:Chandigarh
6115:JĂžrn Utzon
6060:Azerbaijan
6037:JĂžrn Utzon
5909:Mario Pani
5616:vernacular
5435:Church of
5168:Aon Centre
4889:Bangladesh
4869:Chandigarh
4861:Fort Worth
4820:Louis Kahn
4812:Bangladesh
4788:Fort Worth
4753:Louis Kahn
4718:Louis Kahn
4560:Pittsburgh
4505:IDS Center
4092:Crown Hall
4044:Crown Hall
3602:Casablanca
3558:See also:
3446:Nissen hut
3125:Léon Azéma
2950:, for the
2909:Hoover Dam
2695:, and the
2576:Adolf Loos
2528:Lake Leman
2434:Bruno Taut
2370:Römerstadt
2198:After the
2164:Jan Duiker
2145:Jan Duiker
2039:Mendelsohn
2011:Bruno Taut
1937:Formspiels
1925:Bruno Taut
1904:Bruno Taut
1811:Bruno Taut
1253:Neo-Gothic
1191:neo-Gothic
1080:(1905) in
923:See also:
913:Bruno Taut
836:Adolf Loos
821:Karlsplatz
747:Beaux Arts
738:Bruno Taut
588:Adolf Loos
462:, and the
408:near Paris
233:minimalism
209:postmodern
207:and later
160:JĂžrn Utzon
14198:St. Louis
14138:Las Vegas
14047:Sod house
13987:Log cabin
13932:Corn crib
13861:Neomodern
13836:High-tech
13831:Earthship
13816:Brutalist
13617:Victorian
13340:Pulp noir
13298:Modernity
13163:Film noir
12887:St. Denis
12810:Diaghilev
12546:Schaeffer
12469:Hindemith
12441:Dutilleux
12413:Boulanger
12218:The Dance
11914:Tarkovsky
11907:Sternberg
11739:Hitchcock
11655:Dovzhenko
11571:Antonioni
11516:Stieglitz
11355:Metzinger
11306:Kokoschka
11285:Kandinsky
10699:Aldington
10692:Akhmatova
10609:Marinetti
10602:Mansfield
10553:Hemingway
10391:Symbolism
10210:Movements
10203:Modernism
10107:Dravidian
10066:Neomodern
10030:High-tech
10010:Brutalism
10003:1950â2000
9947:Stalinist
9880:Mycenaean
9868:1900â1950
9706:Byzantine
9682:Ukrainian
9667:Naryshkin
9632:Edwardian
9605:1750â1900
9576:Palladian
9571:Manueline
9564:1500â1750
9439:1000â1500
9379:Muscovite
9366:Byzantine
9314:Classical
9302:Mycenaean
9279:Neolithic
9157:Neomodern
9133:High-tech
9085:New Khmer
9069:Brutalism
9045:Stalinist
8848:Stalinist
8803:New Khmer
8793:Neomodern
8758:High-tech
8708:Bowellism
8703:Brutalism
8283:959124824
8090:Bony 2012
8078:Bony 2012
8066:Bony 2012
7936:0029-7712
7903:Bony 2012
7891:Bony 2012
7692:Bony 2012
7656:Bony 2012
7644:Bony 2012
7632:Bony 2012
7617:Bony 2012
7588:Bony 2012
7576:Bony 2012
7564:Bony 2012
7528:112234517
7520:1046-4883
7373:"TEAM 10"
7320:"TEAM 10"
7240:Bony 2012
7175:Bony 2012
7160:Bony 2012
7098:Bony 2012
6994:Bony 2012
6981:159546579
6973:0022-0094
6936:16 August
6917:Bony 2012
6893:Bony 2012
6854:Bony 2012
6839:Bony 2012
6803:Bony 2012
6734:Bony 2012
6722:Bony 2012
6664:Bony 2012
6652:Bony 2012
6591:Bony 2012
6579:Bony 2012
6546:Bony 2012
6154:Raj Rewal
5981:House of
5754:(1957â68)
5664:(1936â43)
5637:Ola Ukuku
5627:, of the
5625:Jane Drew
5549:Gio Ponti
5504:FRS Yorke
5472:Amsterdam
5403:(1958â60)
5397:Gio Ponti
5328:(1956â60)
5249:St. Louis
5000:I. M. Pei
4919:(1962â64)
4917:I. M. Pei
4895:I. M. Pei
4814:(1962â74)
4755:(1962â63)
4707:New Haven
4679:(1956â62)
4661:New Haven
4643:(1949â55)
4556:PPG Place
4266:(1951â52)
4247:(1950â51)
4031:(1945â51)
3951:(1958â63)
3610:SĂ©miramis
3532:Marseille
3182:Nuremberg
3127:from the
3049:(1927â29)
2926:(1933â34)
2911:(1931â36)
2784:(1928â30)
2765:(1927â29)
2681:Grand Rex
2568:Mart Stam
2560:Ernst May
2514:Stuttgart
2486:project.
2448:Flats in
2410:Stuttgart
2378:Ernst May
2191:Mart Stam
2183:Rotterdam
2141:Hilversum
1986:Chilehaus
1964:Mossehaus
1888:The Hague
1886:store in
1861:Amsterdam
1857:Het Schip
1794:(1921â24)
1788:Chilehaus
1768:Mossehaus
1754:(1920â24)
1662:Paul Klee
1625:Stuttgart
1564:(1928â30)
716:(1911â13)
515:(1896â99)
456:Victorian
390:cast-iron
290:cast iron
280:Modernism
264:corporate
192:, was an
14173:Portland
14113:Columbus
13917:Cape Cod
13912:Barabara
13673:Art Deco
13481:Builders
13422:Category
13023:Fountain
12927:Don Juan
12866:Nijinsky
12762:Wedekind
12741:Piscator
12636:Anderson
12560:Scriabin
12476:Honegger
12130:Sullivan
12116:Saarinen
12109:Rietveld
12102:Niemeyer
12074:Melnikov
12004:Bunshaft
11935:Truffaut
11900:Sjöström
11844:Pudovkin
11816:Minnelli
11781:Kurosawa
11774:Kuleshov
11704:Flaherty
11530:Vuillard
11509:Steichen
11467:Rousseau
11432:Pissarro
11411:O'Keeffe
11376:Mondrian
11327:Malevich
11320:Magritte
11292:Kirchner
11236:van Gogh
11187:Doesburg
11166:Delaunay
11159:Delaunay
11082:BrĂąncuÈi
11068:Boccioni
11031:Painting
10881:Williams
10804:Mallarmé
10720:Cendrars
10630:Platonov
10588:Lawrence
10581:Koestler
10518:Flaubert
10511:Faulkner
10476:Bulgakov
10405:Tonalism
10366:De Stijl
10350:Lettrism
10336:Futurism
10227:Art Deco
10119:Japanese
10097:Colonial
10085:Regional
10035:Arcology
9974:Art Deco
9964:Futurism
9907:De Stijl
9810:Romanian
9728:Egyptian
9723:Colonial
9677:Siberian
9487:Islamic
9456:Ottonian
9451:Galician
9361:Sasanian
9329:Herodian
9309:Etruscan
9176:(2000sâ)
9168:(1990sâ)
9160:(1990sâ)
9152:(1980sâ)
9144:(1980sâ)
9136:(1970sâ)
9128:(1960sâ)
9120:(1960sâ)
9112:(1960sâ)
9077:Tropical
9021:Art Deco
9016:(1920sâ)
9008:(1920sâ)
9005:Futurism
8992:(1920sâ)
8933:De Stijl
8873:Tropical
8748:Futurism
8728:De Stijl
8683:Art Deco
8589:17 April
8311:Art déco
8197:(2000).
8053:19722338
7787:Archived
7602:Archived
7545:. Curbed
7483:18 April
7458:18 April
7382:17 April
7329:17 April
7304:15 April
7083:31 March
7007:Art Deco
6610:(cloth)
6383:See also
6328:BrasĂlia
6200:and the
6146:BV Doshi
6106:for the
6082:, India
5891:BrasĂlia
5856:Colombia
5697:BrasĂlia
5298:Skylobby
5050:outside
5046:for the
4596:pediment
4135:, (1949)
3852:and the
3638:(CIAM),
3548:Ronchamp
3466:Le Havre
3411:Le Havre
3395:Le Havre
3251:Guernica
3165:Guernica
2956:Pentagon
2721:Art Deco
2674:futurist
2648:Art Deco
2601:Art Deco
2595:Art Deco
2470:Chemnitz
2317:socgorod
2221:Rayonism
2207:of poet
2205:futurism
1688:De Stijl
1324:Art Deco
1284:and the
1225:elevator
909:Werkbund
686:Max Berg
334:elevator
250:, while
237:ornament
221:concrete
205:Art Deco
197:movement
176:Location
154:(1935);
146:Bottom:
132:(1960);
124:Center:
114:(1927);
14193:Spokane
14188:Seattle
14123:Houston
14118:Detroit
14108:Chicago
14103:Buffalo
14093:Atlanta
14057:Temples
14027:Saltbox
13967:I-house
13927:Chickee
13891:Usonian
13826:Dingbat
13683:Pre-war
13655:Shingle
13564:Federal
13077:Related
12939:Ubu Roi
12894:Tamiris
12880:Sokolow
12859:Massine
12727:Osborne
12720:O'Neill
12713:O'Casey
12671:Chekhov
12657:Beckett
12643:Anouilh
12627:Theatre
12574:Strauss
12532:Russolo
12511:Milhaud
12490:JanĂĄÄek
12462:GĂłrecki
12455:Feldman
12434:Debussy
12427:Copland
12385:Antheil
12123:Steiner
12046:Johnson
12025:Guimard
12018:Gropius
11865:Resnais
11767:Kubrick
11697:Fellini
11683:Epstein
11669:Edwards
11634:Cocteau
11620:Chaplin
11592:Bresson
11585:Bergman
11564:Aldrich
11557:Akerman
11502:Soutine
11474:Schiele
11425:Picasso
11418:Picabia
11348:Matisse
11222:Gauguin
11194:Duchamp
11152:Kooning
11131:Claudel
11124:Chirico
11117:Chagall
11110:CĂ©zanne
11103:Cassatt
11075:Bonnard
11061:Bellows
11054:Balthus
10931:Ulysses
10853:Stevens
10846:Seferis
10665:Unamuno
10504:Forster
10483:Chekhov
10448:Beckett
10377:Orphism
10343:Imagism
10327:Bauhaus
10313:Fauvism
10218:Acmeism
10156:Spanish
10151:Russian
10092:Chinese
9912:Bauhaus
9815:Russian
9793:Britain
9775:Moorish
9758:Baroque
9748:Mission
9694:British
9657:Petrine
9652:Maltese
9647:Italian
9637:English
9612:Baroque
9511:Ottoman
9506:Timurid
9471:Hoysala
9467:Indian
9406:Fatimid
9401:Abbasid
9396:Moorish
9391:Umayyad
9386:Islamic
9293:Aegean
9104:(1959â)
9096:(1959â)
9080:(1958â)
9032:(1930s)
8941:Bauhaus
8928:(1913â)
8920:(1910â)
8693:Bauhaus
6288:Eritrea
5677:MAM Rio
5527:Belgium
5154:at the
4911:at the
4873:Haryana
4541:Houston
4046:at the
3961:Bauhaus
3734:Bauhaus
3676:Team 10
3636:Moderne
2676:style.
2436:(1920s)
2305:Ivanovo
2301:Kharkiv
2291:(1924)
1830:Dornach
1677:Siemens
1638:Bauhaus
1512:Bauhaus
1259:. The
740:(1914)
734:Cologne
682:WrocĆaw
312:at the
294:drywall
274:Origins
14219:Hawaii
14212:States
14098:Boston
14086:Cities
14077:Wigwam
14037:Sipapu
14022:Ramada
13846:Modern
13780:Rustic
13728:Googie
13506:Creole
13488:Pueblo
13063:(1953)
13051:(1928)
13039:(1921)
13027:(1917)
13015:(1913)
13003:(1912)
12991:(1910)
12979:(1905)
12975:Salome
12967:(1902)
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12943:(1896)
12931:(1888)
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12838:Graham
12831:Fuller
12824:Fokine
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12769:Wilder
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12650:Artaud
12609:Webern
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12525:Partch
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12420:Boulez
12392:BartĂłk
12350:(1943)
12338:(1941)
12326:(1936)
12316:(1931)
12306:(1929)
12294:(1927)
12282:(1925)
12270:(1923)
12258:(1920)
12246:(1915)
12234:(1912)
12210:(1907)
12198:(1889)
12186:(1887)
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12137:Tatlin
12095:Neutra
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11963:Welles
11949:Vertov
11872:Renoir
11823:Murnau
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11760:Keaton
11746:Hubley
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11718:Fuller
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11495:Sisley
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10983:(1926)
10971:(1925)
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10947:(1922)
10935:(1922)
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6020:(1964)
5935:. The
5931:, and
5852:BogotĂĄ
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4877:Punjab
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2974:, and
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2804:(1933)
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2108:(1925)
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2072:(1919)
1813:(1925)
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1631:(1927)
1607:(1929)
1587:(1923)
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1537:(1926)
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1419:Poissy
1213:(1912)
1137:(1896)
1114:(1883)
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570:(1909)
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122:(1931)
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9622:Czech
9545:Aztec
9540:Incan
8112:3 May
7995:3 May
7966:3 May
7941:3 May
7760:(PDF)
7739:(PDF)
7524:S2CID
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7077:(PDF)
7070:(PDF)
6977:S2CID
6618:(pbk)
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10525:Ford
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10134:Maya
9942:Nazi
9596:Sikh
8591:2021
8511:ISBN
8490:ISBN
8467:ISBN
8448:ISBN
8429:ISBN
8410:ISBN
8394:ISBN
8374:ISBN
8355:ISBN
8336:ISBN
8317:ISBN
8298:ISBN
8279:OCLC
8269:ISBN
8241:ISBN
8222:ISBN
8203:ISBN
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8049:OCLC
8039:ISBN
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7968:2024
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7830:2014
7795:2010
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7721:2011
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7429:ISBN
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7085:2011
7011:ISBN
6969:ISSN
6938:2015
6707:ISBN
6612:ISBN
6604:ISBN
6478:2018
6354:and
6336:UNAM
6276:and
6166:MARG
6080:Pune
6056:Baku
5960:the
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