Soviet Armed Forces

2669: 3078: 3290: 2681: 3386: 3808: 3187: 3070: 2221: 6652: 3659:(voenkomats) located throughout the Soviet Union. Between January and May of every year, every young Soviet male citizen was required to report to the local voenkomat for assessment for military service, following a summons based on lists from every school and employer in the area. The voenkomat worked to quotas sent out by a department of the General Staff, listing how young men are required by each service and branch of the Armed Forces. The new conscripts were then picked up by an officer from their future unit and usually sent by train across the country. On arrival, they would begin the Young Soldiers' course, and become part of the system of hazing and domination by an older class of draftees, known as 2002: 1037: 3435:, using purely functional titles such as "Division Commander", "Corps Commander", and similar titles. In 1924 it supplemented this system with "service categories", from K-1 (lowest) to K-14 (highest). The service categories essentially operated as ranks in disguise: they indicated the experience and qualifications of a commander. The insignia now denoted the category, not the position of a commander. However, one still had to use functional titles to address commanders, which could become as awkward as "comrade deputy head-of-staff of corps". If one did not know a commander's position, one used one of the possible positions—for example: "Regiment Commander" for K-9. 2492: 2657:, the Red Army drafted a staggering 29,574,900 in addition to the 4,826,907 in service at the beginning of the war. Of these it lost 6,329,600 KIA, 555,400 deaths by disease and 4,559,000 MIA (most captured). Of these 11,444,100, however, 939,700 re-joined the ranks in the subsequently re-took Soviet territory, and a further 1,836,000 returned from German captivity. Thus the grand total of losses amounted to 8,668,400. The majority of the losses were ethnic Russians (5,756,000), followed by ethnic Ukrainians (1,377,400). The German losses on the Eastern Front consisted of an estimated 3,604,800 KIA/MIA (most killed) and 3,576,300 captured (total 7,181,100). 2538: 6756: 405: 6773: 6833: 6821: 3864: 2524: 3005: 2323: 2948: 2262:, which drove the Mongolians over the river. The Soviet troops quartered there in accordance with the mutual defence protocol intervened and obliterated the detachment. Escalation of the conflict appeared imminent, and both sides spent June amassing forces. On July 1 the Japanese force numbered 38,000 troops. The combined Soviet-Mongol force had 12,500 troops. The Japanese crossed the river, but after a three-day battle their opponents threw them back over the river. The Japanese kept probing the Soviet defences throughout July, without success. 6785: 249: 3159:

overthrowing Gorbachev (absent on the Black Sea coast at the time) or the government. The coup failed primarily because the participants did not take any decisive action, and after several days of their inaction the coup simply stopped. Only one confrontation took place between civilians and the tank crews during the coup, which led to the deaths of three civilians. Although the victims became proclaimed heroes, the authorities acquitted the tank crew of all charges. Nobody issued orders to shoot at anyone.

6845: 6476: 3953: 1698: 3523:) ranks being added in the Army and Air Force for contract NCOs since the rank of Starshina (Sergeant Major) was from now on for conscripts. But in the Soviet Navy, it meant that the Naval rank of Midshipman became a rank for Naval warrant officers since the Navy created the new rank of Ship Chief Sergeant Major for its NCOs in naval service. The year of 1974 saw the rank insignia changed for Army Generals and Navy Fleet Admirals in their parade dress and working and combat dress uniforms. 414: 6797: 2963:. The Soviet Army came to back a Soviet-friendly communist government threatened by multinational, mainly Afghan, insurgent groups called the mujahideen. The insurgents received military training in neighboring Pakistan, China, and billions of dollars from the United States, Saudi Arabia, and other countries. Technically superior, the Soviets did not have enough troops to establish control over the countryside and to secure the border. This resulted from hesitancy in the 3624: 6809: 2177: 6488: 6860: 77: 3336:. Stalin was the last civilian/politician Minister of Defence; from 1947 onwards, the Minister of Defence was a serving general (though the last was an airman). Between 1934 and 1946, 1950 and 1953, a separate Ministry of the Navy existed and the Ministry of Defence was responsible only for land and air forces. In practice, the Navy Minister was a far more junior official and the Defence Ministry continued to dominate policymaking. 899: 179: 3564:(М.В. Фрунзе) Military Academy of the RKKA. The senior and supreme commanders received training at the Higher Military Academic Courses (Высшие военно-академические курсы), renamed in 1925 as the Advanced Courses for Supreme Command (Курсы усовершенствования высшего начальствующего состава); in 1931, the establishment of an Operations Faculty at the Frunze Military Academy supplemented these courses. On April 2, 1936, the 36: 2661: 2761: 2808:

were released from the armed forces. Two military districts were disestablished in 1956. Soviet law required all able-bodied males of age to serve a minimum of two years. As a result, the Soviet Ground Forces remained the largest active army in the world from 1945 to 1991. Soviet units which had taken over the countries of Eastern Europe from German rule remained to secure the régimes in what became

2368:, which had included a secret protocol delimiting the "spheres of interest" of each party, set the scene for the remarkably smooth partition of Poland between Germany and the USSR. The defined Soviet sphere of interest matched the territory subsequently captured in the campaign. The Soviet and German troops met each other on a number of occasions. Most remarkably, on 22 September 1939, the German 2668: 2991:. Tactically, both sides concentrated on attacking supply lines, but Afghan mujahideen were well dug-in with tunnels and defensive positions, holding out against artillery and air attacks. The decade long war resulted in millions of Afghans fleeing their country, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. At least half a million Afghan civilians were killed in addition to the rebels in the war. 2872:. To improve capabilities for war at a theatre level, in the late 1970s and early 1980s four high commands were established, grouping the military districts, groups of forces, and fleets. The Far Eastern High Command was established first, followed by the Western and South-Western High Commands towards Europe, and the Southern High Command at Baku, oriented toward the Middle East. 3447:" (Комдив, Division Commander). Further complications ensued from the functional and categorical ranks for political officers (e.g., "Brigade Commissar", "Army Commissar 2nd Rank"), for technical corps (e.g., "Engineer 3rd Rank", "Division Engineer"), for administrative, medical and other non-combatant branches. The year before (1934), the revival of personal ranks began with the 3663:, literally "rule by the grandfathers." The "..armed forces of the USSR and Warsaw Pact, working to a common Soviet model, ..relied on young officers to conduct in units all the junior command and training tasks which in many Western armies are done in depots or by regular professional long-service NCOs." There were only a very small number of professional 2302:, and the conflict concluded with an agreement between the USSR, Mongolia and Japan signed on September 15 in Moscow. In the conflict, the Red Army losses were 9,703 killed in action (KIA) and missing in action (MIA) and 15,952 wounded. The Japanese lost 25,000 KIA; the grand total was 61,000 killed, missing, wounded and taken prisoner. 3077: 3795:. In 1937, the Red Army numbered around 1.3 million, and it grew to almost three times that number by June 1941. This necessitated quick promotion of junior officers, often despite their lack of experience or training, with obvious grave implications for the effectiveness of the Army in the coming war against Germany. 875:. The analysis explicitly concluded that "Soviet armies have always been massive" while "they are also highly modernized, well-equipped, and have great firepower... mobility", which meant that "manpower and materiel combined make the present Soviet ground forces a very formidable land army." Although Soviet 2967:, which allowed only a "limited contingent", averaging between 80,000 and 100,000 troops. Consequently, local insurgents could effectively employ hit-and-run tactics, using easy escape-routes and good supply-channels. This made the Soviet situation hopeless from the military point of view (short of using " 3831:

had a number of mechanisms of control over the country's armed forces. First, starting from a certain rank, only a Party member could be a military commander, and was thus subject to Party discipline. Second, the top military leaders had been systematically integrated into the highest echelons of the

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and the Soviet Navy) of the late-Cold War military because of suspicions of loyalty of ethnic minorities to the Kremlin. Around 80% or more of combat units were staffed by Slavic nationalities while non-combat units usually contained 70% to 90% non-Slavs, especially Central Asians and Caucasians. The

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Following the coup attempt of August 1991, the leadership of the Soviet Union retained practically no authority over the component republics. Nearly every Soviet Republic declared its intention to secede and began passing laws defying the Supreme Soviet. On December 8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia,

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neighbors to fend for themselves. That same year Soviet forces left Afghanistan. By the end of 1990, the entire Eastern Bloc had collapsed in the wake of democratic revolutions. As a result, Soviet citizens quickly began to turn against the Soviet government as well. As the Soviet Union moved towards

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Shortly after the cease-fire, the Japanese negotiated access to the battlefields to collect their dead. Finding thousands upon thousands of dead bodies came as a further shock to the already shaken morale of the Japanese soldiers. The scale of the defeat probably became a major factor in discouraging

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Soviet forces suffered heavy damage in the field as a result of poor levels of preparedness, which was primarily caused by a reluctant, half-hearted and ultimately belated decision by the Soviet Government and High Command to mobilize the army. Equally important was a general tactical superiority of

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was the second of two wars fought between Finland and the Soviet Union during World War II. On 25 June 1941 the Soviet Union conducted an air raid on Finnish cities, prompting Finland to declare war and to allow German troops stationed in Finland to begin an offensive. By September 1941, Finland had

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cartridge used by the Mosin–Nagants. The rifle, though of sound design, was never manufactured in the same numbers as the Mosin–Nagants and did not replace them. Soviet experimentation with small-arms began during the Second World War. In 1945 the Red Army adopted the Simonov SKS, a semi-automatic

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supervised party organizations and conducted party political work within a military unit. He lectured troops on Marxism–Leninism, the Soviet view of international affairs, and the party's tasks for the armed forces. During World War II the zampolit lost veto authority over the commander's decisions

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than in the Red Army." At the height of World War II, infantry units in the armed forces were composed of Russians (62.95%), Ukrainians (14.52%), Belarusians (1.9%), and various other ethnicities (20.63%). The war had shown that the integration of various ethnic groups was questionable and fragile.

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Despite the official view, the history of inter-ethnic relations in the military was more complicated. As the Bolsheviks consolidated power in the late 1910s and early 1920s, the central leadership became suspicious of the size of the national units. Their sizes were restricted, they were put under

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influenced the Soviet Cold War doctrine of fighting enemies on their own territory, or in a buffer zone under Soviet hegemony, but in any case preventing any war from reaching Soviet soil. In order to secure Soviet interests in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Army moved in to quell anti-Soviet uprisings

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In early 1942 all the functional ranks in technical and administrative corps became regularised ranks (e.g., "Engineer Major", "Engineer Colonel", "Captain of the Intendant Service", etc.). On October 9, 1942, the authorities abolished the system of military commissars, together with the commissar

3167:(CIS). Gorbachev finally resigned on December 25, 1991, and the following day the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body, dissolved itself, officially ending the Soviet Union's existence. For the next year and a half various attempts were made to keep the Soviet military in existence as the 2697:

outclassed any other tanks the Germans had when they appeared in 1941, yet most of the Soviet armoured units were less advanced models; likewise, the same supply problem handicapped even the formations equipped with the most modern tanks. The Soviet Air Force initially performed poorly against the

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was temporarily increased to thirty-three, dropping to twenty-one in 1946. The size of the Ground Forces during most of the Cold War remained between 4 million and 5 million, according to Western estimates. However, there was a large-scale reduction in force size in 1953–56; 1.1 million personnel

2063:

At the beginning of its existence, the Red Army functioned as a voluntary formation, without ranks or insignia. Democratic elections selected the officers. However, a decree of May 29, 1918, imposed obligatory military service for men of ages 18 to 40. To service the massive draft, the Bolsheviks

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and masses of artillery (57,000 troops in total), stormed the 75,000 Japanese force deeply entrenched in the area. On August 23 the entire Japanese force found itself encircled, and on August 31 largely destroyed. Artillery and air attacks wiped out those Japanese who refused to surrender. Japan

3179:, the Soviet Army dissolved and the USSR's successor states shared out its assets among themselves. The share out mostly occurred on a regional basis, with Soviet soldiers from Russia becoming part of the new Russian Army, while Soviet soldiers originating from Kazakhstan became part of the new 2383:

According to post-1991 Russian sources, the Red Army force in Poland numbered 466,516. The Red Army troops faced little resistance, mainly due to the entanglement of the majority of the Polish forces in fighting Germans along the Western border, but partly due to an official order by the Polish

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For years, Soviet leadership argued that Soviet military played a role in decreasing ethnic tensions and nationalist loyalties. According to professor Deborah Yarsike Ball, Soviet historians, such as B. F. Klochkov, argued that, "the Red Army strengthened friendship between soldiers of various

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occurred in June 1944. The attack drove the Finns from most of the territories that they had gained during the war, but the Finnish Army halted the offensive in August 1944. Hostilities between Finland and the USSR ended with a ceasefire, which was called on 5 September 1944, formalised by the

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defined it in 1975 as 'a system of views on the nature of war and methods of waging it, and on the preparation of the country and army for war, officially adopted in a given state and its armed forces.' Soviet theorists emphasised both the political and 'military-technical' sides of military

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of old-guard communists. Commanders sent tanks into the streets of Moscow, but (according to all the commanders and soldiers) only with orders to ensure the safety of the people. It remains unclear why exactly the military forces entered the city, but they clearly did not have the goal of

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At the time of the Nazi assault on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Red Army had 303 divisions and 22 brigades (4.8 million troops), including 166 divisions and 9 brigades (2.9 million troops) stationed in the western military districts. Their Axis opponents deployed on the

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doctrine, while from the Soviet point of view, Westerners ignored the political side. According to Harriet F Scott and William Scott, the political parts of Soviet military doctrine best explained the international moves that the Soviet Union undertook during the Cold War.

2380:, when the German 137th Gebirgsjägerregimenter (mountain infantry regiment) attacked a Soviet reconnaissance detachment.; After a few casualties on both sides, the parties negotiated, the German troops left the area, and the Red Army troops entered L'viv on 22 September. 3289: 2353:), using the official pretext of coming to the aid of the Ukrainians and the Belarusians threatened by Germany, which had attacked Poland on September 1, 1939. The Soviet invasion opened a second front for the Poles and forced them to abandon plans for defence in the 3775:

military branches associated with high technology services, such as the Navy, Strategic Rocket Forces, and the Air Force, were disproportionately made up of Russians. In addition, Russians made up 69.4% of the officer corps, while the Slavic number is up to 89.7%.

2975:, Soviet media started to report heavy losses, which made the war very unpopular in the USSR in general, even though actual losses remained modest, averaging 1670 per year. The war also became a sensitive issue internationally, which finally led General Secretary 3198:, comprising the bulk of what was still left of the military. The last vestiges of the old Soviet command structure were finally dissolved in June 1993. In the next few years, the former Soviet forces withdrew from central and Eastern Europe (including the 3778:

By 1990, Slavic troops still made a majority of Soviet soldiers. In total, 69.2% of all military members were ethnic Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian), 1.9% were Baltic people, 20.6% were Muslim-Turkic people and 8.3% were all other types of people.

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rifle remained the primary shoulder firearm of the Red Army through World War II. Over 17 million model 91/30 Mosin–Nagant rifles were manufactured from 1930 to 1945 by various Soviet arsenals. In 1943 design started on the M44, designed to replace the

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In the highest echelons of the Red Army the Purges removed 3 of the 5 marshals, 13 of 15 generals of the army, 8 of 9 admirals, 50 of 57 army corps generals, 154 out of 186 division generals, 16 of 16 army commissars, and 25 of 28 army corps commissars.

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on January 19–20, 1990, removing the rebellious republic government and allegedly killing hundreds of civilians in the process. On January 13, 1991, Soviet forces stormed the State Radio and Television Building and the television retranslation tower in

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close supervision, and eventually disbanded by 1938. The national units were briefly brought back during World War II before being disbanded again in the mid-1950s. In 1956, when soldier were ordered to respond to protesters in the Georgian capital of

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In the first part of the war, the Red Army fielded weaponry of mixed quality. It had excellent artillery, but it did not have enough trucks to manoeuvre and supply it; as a result the Wehrmacht (which rated it highly) captured much of it. Red Army

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the German army, which was conducting the kind of warfare that it had been combat-testing and fine-tuning for two years. The hasty pre-war growth and over-promotion of the Red Army cadres as well as the removal of experienced officers caused by the

3791:. The Purges had the objective of cleansing the Red Army of "politically unreliable elements", mainly among the higher-ranking officers. This inevitably provided a convenient pretext for settling personal vendettas and eventually resulted in a 3539:. Many of the former RKKA Staff officers had served as General Staff officers in the Russian Empire and became General Staff officers in the USSR. General Staff officers typically had extensive combat experience and solid academic training. 3104:

From 1985 to 1991, the new leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, attempted to reduce the strain the Army placed on economic demands. His government slowly reduced the size of the army. By 1989 Soviet troops were leaving their

2622:, and instead invoked the deeper-rooted patriotic feelings of the population, embracing Tsarist Russian history. Propagandists proclaimed the War against the German aggressors as the "Great Patriotic War", in allusion to the 2408:

began when the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, two months after the invasion of Poland by Germany that started World War II. Because the attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the

293:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2122:. Although this sometimes resulted in inefficient command, the Party leadership considered political control over the military necessary, as the Army relied more and more on experienced officers from the pre-revolutionary 3654:

The Soviet Armed Forces were manned through conscription, which had been reduced in 1967 from three to two years (with remaining three years service in naval forces). This system was administered through the thousands of

2563:

had developed detailed plans for a Soviet campaign. On February 3, 1941, the final plan of Operation Barbarossa gained approval, and the attack was scheduled for the middle of May, 1941. However, the events in Greece and

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applied, which meant that all able-bodied males aged eighteen and older were drafted into the armed forces. International observers regarded the armed organizations as collectively one of the strongest such forces in

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hegemony. Nazi Germany and Britain had no common land border, but a state of war existed between them; the Germans had an extensive land border with the Soviet Union, but the latter remained neutral, adhering to a

3474:; the other senior functional ranks ("Division Commissar", "Division Engineer", etc.) remained unaffected. On November 2, 1940, the system underwent further modification with the abolition of functional ranks for 3438:

On September 22, 1935, the Red Army abandoned service categories and introduced personal ranks. These ranks, however, used a unique mix of functional titles and traditional ranks. For example, the ranks included

3344: 2559:', which opened by saying "the German Armed Forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign before the end of the war against England". Even before the issuing of the directive, the German 3682:

nationalities." The official view of the military was that it was a "school of internationalism," where all the various people of the Soviet Union could develop unity and respect for each other. During the

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of the RKKA (Академия Генерального штаба РККА), an alias of the Nicholas General Staff Academy (Николаевская академия Генерального штаба) of the Russian Empire. On August 5, 1921, the academy became the

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disintegration, the reduced military was rendered feeble and ineffective and could no longer prop up the ailing Soviet government. The military got involved in trying to suppress conflicts and unrest in

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bombers and their U.S. and allied fighter escorts The Soviet Union invested heavily in nuclear capabilities, especially in the production of ballistic missiles and of nuclear submarines to deliver them.

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Germans. The quick advance of the Germans into the Soviet territory made reinforcement difficult, if not impossible, since much of the Soviet Union's military industry lay in the west of the country.

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and some other breakaway republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets. Following

2243:, agreed to co-operate in the field of defence. On March 12, 1936, the co-operation increased with the ten-year Mongolian-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which included a mutual defence protocol. 2396:, robbing and murdering Poles. Nonetheless, the Red Army sustained losses of 1,475 killed and missing and 2,383 wounded. The losses of the opposing Polish troops are estimated at 6,000–7,000. 3516:

in 1955. In the 1960s however, it became a rank of its own when new regulations revived the Fleet Admiral rank in the Soviet Navy, thus becoming the naval equivalent to General of the Army.

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had occupied Brest-Litovsk, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade approached Brest-Litovsk, the commanders negotiated a German withdrawal, and a

5043:

Lester W. Grau and Ali Ajmad Jalali, "The Campaign for the Caves: The Battles for Ahawar in the Soviet-Afghan War" Foreign Military Studies Office, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, reprinted from

794:, which subsumed much of the Soviet Armed Forces. Multiple sections of the former Soviet Armed Forces in the other, smaller Soviet republics gradually came under those republics' control. 3347:

also held the title of First Deputy Minister of Defence. By the 1980s there was another eleven Deputy Minister of Defence; including the commanders-in-chief of the five service branches.

2971:" tactics, which the Soviets did not practice except in World War II in their own territory). The understanding of this made the war highly unpopular within the Army. With the coming of 5395: 3667:(NCOs), as most NCOs were conscripts sent on short courses to prepare them for section commanders' and platoon sergeants' positions. These conscript NCOs were supplemented by 2618:

The Soviet government adopted a number of measures to improve the state and morale of the retreating Red Army in 1941. Soviet propaganda turned away from political notions of

2072:. Democratic election of officers was also abolished by decree, while separate quarters for officers, special forms of address, saluting, and higher pay were all reinstated. 2048:. February 23 became an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later celebrated as "Soviet Army Day", and it continues as a celebration day in present-day Russia as 5297: 3168: 2103:"). A number of prominent Red Army commanders had previously served as Imperial Russian generals. In fact, a number of former Imperial military men, notably a member of the 501: 2580:

on the ground, the loss of major equipment, tanks, artillery, and major Soviet defeats as German forces trapped hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers in vast pockets.

5799: 5782: 3320: 2646:—although it soon restored them. The Red Army re-introduced military ranks and adopted many additional individual distinctions such as medals and orders. The concept of a 1520: 1132: 1117: 568: 303: 5829: 3532: 2803:

Men within the Soviet Armed Forces dropped from around 11.3 million to approximately 2.8 million in 1948. In order to control this demobilisation process, the number of

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Lehrke, Jesse Paul. "The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005." Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge (2013). See especially Chapters 1–4 (see:

4117: 3872: 3343:, who was responsible for operations and planning, and the First Deputy Minister of Defence for General Affairs, who was responsible for administration. From 1955 the 2680: 6764: 3976: 3493:

In early 1943 a unification of the system saw the abolition of all the remaining functional ranks. The word "officer" became officially endorsed, together with the

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There were further modifications to the system. 1937 saw the Junior Lieutenant and Junior Military Technician ranks being added. On May 7, 1940, the ranks of "

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but retained the power to report to the next highest political officer or organization on the political attitudes and performance of the unit's commander.

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assault rifle replaced the AKM: it utilized no less than 51% of the AKM's parts. Designers put together the new weapon as a counterpart to the American

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By mid-1991, the Soviet Union had reached a state of emergency. According to the official commission (the Soviet Academy of Sciences) appointed by the

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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was crucial in the organization, many non-Slavic servicemen entered the military with "no previous to communicate in Russian." According to a 1980

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that superseded the previous rank insignia. The ranks and insignia of 1943 did not change much until the last days of the USSR; the contemporary

2555:(German for "Drive towards the East") remained the order of the day. This culminated, on December 18, in the issuing of 'Directive No. 21 – Case 1189: 3568:

was re-instated; it became a principal school for the senior and supreme commanders of the Red Army and a centre for advanced military studies.

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ranks. The functional ranks remained only in medical, veterinary and legislative corps. By then the Naval rank of Midshipman was revived in the

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in general merited comment, "the ground forces constituted the largest of the five Soviet military services" as of the date the research ended.

6651: 4804: 4067: 3034: 2088: 5724: 5337: 4617: 3143:, both under opposition control, killing 14 people and injuring 700. This action was perceived by many as heavy-handed and achieved little. 2464:

equipment. The conflict stabilised with only minor skirmishes until the tide of the war turned against the Germans and the Soviet strategic

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assault rifle began: planners envisaged troops using it in conjunction with the SKS, but it soon replaced the SKS completely. In 1959 the

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Christopher Donnelly, "The Pattern of Military Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe," IISS conference paper, Moscow, March 2001.

6166: 6126: 6036: 5847: 5363: 5111: 3971: 3966: 3254:. While in many places the withdrawal and division took place without any problems, the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet remained in the 3194:

In mid-March 1992, Yeltsin appointed himself as the new Russian Minister of Defence, marking a crucial step in the creation of the new

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offset the balance even more favourably for the Germans. Finally, the sheer numeric superiority of the Axis cannot be underestimated.

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Brenda J. Vallance, "Corruption and reform in the Soviet military," The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Volume 7, 1994 - Issue 4

3423:. It was seen as a "heritage of tsarism.". In particular, the Bolsheviks condemned the use of the word "officer" and used the word " 3186: 6533: 6059: 5976: 5869: 3513: 2422: 1655: 1620: 1350: 1088: 3926:

came out as a modernised version of the AK-47, this was created to ease manufacture and improve aspects of the AK-47. In 1978 the

141: 6634: 5999: 5806: 5673: 4414: 3552: 2430: 1670: 1660: 1330: 1179: 4272: 113: 6884: 6588: 5697: 5542: 4250: 3195: 2780:, was formed in 1948. The Ministry was briefly divided into two again from 1950 to 1953, but then was amalgamated again as the 2389: 1404: 1246: 1708: 6879: 6184: 5685: 5651: 5639: 5634: 5525: 4981: 4904: 4522: 4109: 1721: 825:

were under the joint management of the Defence and Interior Commissariats. In 1989, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the

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The scheme of command and control of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union at the beginning of 1989 (V.I. Feskov et al. 2013)

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re-appeared: units which had shown exceptional heroism in combat gained the names of "Guards Regiment", "Guards Army", etc.

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stopped, and priests revived the tradition of blessing arms before battle. The Communist Party abolished the institution of

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181 divisions and 18 brigades (3.8 million troops). The first weeks of the war saw the annihilation of virtually the entire

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warrant officers, positions created in the 1960s to support the increased variety of skills required for modern weapons.

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in Hungary. In the Soviet Union itself, forces were divided by the 1950s among fifteen military districts, including the

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and its allies dominated most of the European continent. Only the United Kingdom (in the West) was actively challenging

2091:(Лев Маркович Глезаров), and by August 1920 had drafted about 315,000 ex-officers. Most often they held the position of 189: 6559: 6149: 6144: 5864: 5812: 5064: 3410: 3312: 3308: 3164: 2724:) on 9 August 1945, and in combination with Mongolian and Chinese Communist forces rapidly overwhelmed the outnumbered 2426: 1515: 1355: 1284: 1199: 1071: 965: 746: 588: 321: 4747: 3069: 6606: 6564: 6401: 6352: 6285: 6096: 5824: 5426: 5330: 4955: 4450: 4323:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

230: 160: 127: 63: 3258:, Ukraine, with the fleet division and a Russian leasehold for fleet facilities in Crimea finally achieved in 1997. 3027: 2384:

Supreme Command not to engage in combat with the Soviet troops, and also partly because many Polish citizens in the

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Confrontation with the US and NATO during the Cold War mainly took the form of threatened mutual deterrence with

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a Japanese attack on the USSR during World War II, which allowed the Red Army to switch a large number of its

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According to the all-union military service law of September 1925, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the

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The late 1930s saw the "Purges of the Red Army cadres", occurring against the historical background of the

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A U.S. government poster showing a friendly Soviet soldier as portrayed by the Allies during World War II

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There were also a number of armed organisations beyond the Ministry of Defence; in 1989 these included

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since 2004. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine maintain cooperation with NATO as well.

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but it often proved incapable of restoring peace and order. On April 9, 1989, the army, together with

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offered the Bolsheviks his professional services in 1920, they decided to permit the conscription of

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Telegram from the German Ambassador in the Soviet Union, (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office

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saw the recruitment of 600,000 to 1,400,000 former Soviet citizens into the German military on the

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Soviet minorities were not treated equally and many carried anti-regime views. According to a 1983

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represented the first foreign campaign of the Red Army. The Soviet counter-offensive following the

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Inter-ethnic relations in the military did not improve after World War II. In fact, although the

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Belarus, and Ukraine declared the Soviet Union dissolved and signed the document setting up the

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The Soviet Union only had Ground Forces, Air Forces, and the Navy in 1945. The two ministries (

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commemorating the Soviet Armed Forces and some of its most important World War II battles –

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was much different from U.S. military usage of the term. Soviet Minister of Defence Marshal

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area, thus hastening the Polish defeat. The Soviet and German advance halted roughly at the

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at first met with success, but Polish forces halted it at the disastrous (for the Soviets)

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The Bolshevik authorities assigned to every unit of the Red Army a political commissar, or

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of the Soviet Union and to deter and to fend off pro-independence resistance and later

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Losses Suffered by USSR Armed Forces in Wars, Combat Operations, and Military Conflicts

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Soviet Army conscript's military service book.#1, Place of birth, #2 Nationality (i.e.

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By 1972, the final transformation of military ranks began as the rank of Praporshchik (

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On September 17, 1939, the Red Army marched its troops into the eastern territories of

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members. Over 90% of all officers in the armed forces were party or Komsomol members.

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and the USSR, recognising the threat from the mounting Japanese military presence in

2135: 1973: 1939: 1883: 1879: 1834: 1540: 944: 876: 802: 779: 596: 579: 518: 325: 3155: 2429:. However, the Finnish Army continued the offensive past the 1939 border during the 537: 5221: 5050: 4759: 4700: 4561: 4258: 3883: 3771: 3759: 3748: 3702: 3698: 3557: 3098: 2984: 2809: 2631: 2596: 2577: 2551: 2470: 2417: 2376:. Just three days earlier, however, the parties had a more damaging encounter near 2369: 2311: 2291: 2284: 2092: 2076: 1956: 1894: 1749: 1459: 1428: 681: 3358:, the Air Forces, and the Navy, listed in their official order of importance. The 6367: 5580: 5532: 5438: 5055: 4894: 4809: 4385: 4276: 4229:. Translated by A law on the mandatory military draft. prlib.ru. 12 October 1967. 3876: 3752: 3520: 3370: 2876: 2772:), one supervising the Ground Forces and Air Forces, and the other directing the 2635: 2604: 2392:

rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organised local revolts, e.g. in

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Beneath the Minister of Defence were two First Deputy Ministers of Defence; the

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of February 23, 1918, marked the day of the first mass draft of the Red Army in

6387: 6315: 5595: 5585: 5202: 4991: 4704: 4550:"Soviet Involvement in the Korean War: A New View from the Soviet-Era Archives" 4396:. (Official publication of the Polish Army). Last accessed on 28 November 2006. 4192: 4169: 4146: 3905:

and semiautomatic firearms throughout World War II. The semiautomatic Tokarev

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were also generally barred from joining elite or strategic positions (like the

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schools, mandatory for officers applying for senior ranks (e.g., the rank of

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region—Ukrainians and Belarusians—viewed the advancing troops as liberators.

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rank (which, from 1945 was already equivalent to Marshal) was later renamed

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The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005

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Sabch’ota Sotsialist’uri Resp’ublik’ebis K’avshiris Sheiaraghebuli Dzalebi

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Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present

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throughout the armed forces to influence the activities of the military.

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indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the

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Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars

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1958 stamp depicting the three main branches: Air Force, Navy and Army.

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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Suvorov 1982 gives the figure of six months with a training division.

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In 1989 over 20% of all armed forces personnel were party members or

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On September 22, 1935, the authorities renamed the RKKA Staff as the

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and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

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The Soviet Union established an indigenous arms industry as part of

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After the end of the war in Europe, the Red Army attacked Japan and

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by cutting the northern supply routes and by digging in until 1944.

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Key Personnel and Organisations of the Soviet Military High Command

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took place. The Soviet Union and the United States supported loyal

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or to cut the Kirov (Murmansk) Railway, a transit route for Soviet

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Sovetakan sots’ialistakan hanrapetut’yunneri miut’yan zinvats uzher

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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regained its post–Winter War concessions to the Soviet Union: the

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opened a major offensive with heavy air attack and three hours of

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

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Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik

6086: 5590: 4407:"LEAGUE OF NATIONS' EXPULSION OF THE U.S.S.R., DECEMBER 14, 1939" 4025:'Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' 3691: 3588: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3266: 3231: 3227: 3211: 3172: 3136: 3123: 2988: 2660: 2508: 2350: 2346: 2287: 2247: 1945:Սովետական սոցիալիստական հանրապետությունների միության զինված ուժեր 1153: 898: 867:

in 1984 found that the Soviets maintained a notable reach across

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Military forces of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1918–1993)

4689:"Ethnic Conflict, Unit Performance, and the Soviet Armed Forces" 2760: 1886:): Форцеле армате але Униуна Републичилори Сочиалисть Советичь, 290: 3941:

assault rifle, and the Russian army continues to use it today.

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education in the Red Army was provided by the facilities named

3467: 3444: 3270: 3255: 3082: 2869: 2685: 2393: 2038: 1840:საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირის შეიარაღებული ძალები 1812:

Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqining qurolli kuchlari

872: 817:. The OGPU was later made independent and amalgamated with the 550: 4752:

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies

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Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungos Ginkluotosios Pajėgos

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United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States

2737: 2385: 2099:: "военспец" an abbreviation of "военный специалист", i.e., " 1806:Совет Социалистик Республикалари Иттифоқининг қуролли кучлари 1795:

Uzbrojenyja Sily Sajuza Savieckich Sacyjalistyčnych Respublik

1630: 868: 4896:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

4748:"Military Defection During the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 4588: 4500: 4498: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3419:

The early Red Army never adopted the idea of a professional

3321:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1934:

Quvvahoji Musallahi Ittihodi Çumhurihoji Şūraviji Sosialistī

1917:

Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikalar Soyuzu Kuralduu Küçtörü

1889:

Forțele armate ale Uniuna Republicilori Socialisti Sovietici

1863:

Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqının Silahlı Qüvvələri

1857:Совет Сосиалист Республикалары Иттифагынын Силаһлы Гүввәләри 1778:

Zbroyni Syly Soyuzu Radyansʹkykh Sotsialistychnykh Respublik

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proved decisive in what became known to the Soviets as the

2377: 2123: 1755:Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик 818: 392:Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик 4635: 4510: 3535:, which essentially reincarnated the General Staff of the 3501:

uses largely the same system. The old functional ranks of

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A generation of brilliant Soviet commanders (most notably

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A colorized photo of Red Army soldiers during World War II

2052:. Credit as the founder of the Red Army generally goes to 1911:Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу Куралдуу Күчтөрү 6106: 5926: 4495: 4471: 4185:"Soviets have not hardened position on SLCM – Akhromeyev" 4085: 3977:

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

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carbine. In 1949 production of the 7.62×39mm Kalashnikov

3892: 3843:) served as a political commissar of the armed forces. A 3119: 2740:. Japan surrendered unconditionally on 2 September 1945. 1928:Қувваҳои Мусаллаҳи Иттиҳоди Ҷумҳуриҳои Шӯравии Сосиалистӣ 1900:

Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienības Bruņotie Spēki

1861: 706: 701: 3725:. In addition, more than 250,000 volunteer nationals of 2936: 2630:. References to ancient Russian military heroes such as 2595:) learned from the defeats, and Soviet victories in the 2025:) (January 28, 1918), basing it on the already-existing 1968:

Sowet Sosialistik Respublikalary Soýuzy Ýaragly Güýçleri

1829:

Keńestik Socıalistik Respýblıkalar Odaǵy Qarýly Kúshteri

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to this template: there are already 932 articles in the

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Red Banner: the Soviet military system in peace and war

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report by Alexander Alexiev and S. Enders Wimbush, the

2796:. Also falling within the Soviet Armed Forces were the 1823:Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы Қарулы Күштері 1776: 385:

Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

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Alexiev, Alexander; Wimbush, S. Enders (August 1983).

4786:

Alexiev, Alexander; Wimbush, S. Enders (August 1983).

4459: 4298: 3815:), #3 Party affiliation (i.e. the year of joining the 1962:Совет Сосиалистик Республикалары Союзы Яраглы Гүйчлери 1949: 1887: 1844: 1789:Узброеныя Сілы Саюза Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік 1772:Збройні Сили Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік 4965:

Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William Fontaine (1979).

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of the RKKA (Военная академия РККА), and in 1925 the

2979:

to withdraw the Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The "

2816:

forces. The greatest Soviet military presence was in

1966: 1759: 4606: 3948: 3802: 1979:

Nõukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liidu Relvajõud

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a machine-translated version of the Russian article.

4286: 1932: 1810: 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4966: 4665: 4529: 3909:Model 38 and Model 40 were chambered for the same 3901:The Red Army suffered from a shortage of adequate 3350:In 1989, the Soviet Armed Forces consisted of the 5059:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 4110:"Soviet Military Budget: $ 128 Billion Bombshell" 3676: 3478:(NCOs) and the introduction of the Podpolkovnik ( 2568:necessitated a delay—to the second half of June. 1855: 6871: 6195:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 4227:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности"" 3490:as an NCO rank, a role lasting until the 1970s. 3026:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 2413:on 14 December. The war ended on 13 March 1940. 1872: 1787: 193:, potentially preventing the article from being 4870:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field" 4521:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFeskov_et_al2004 ( 4281:Avalon Project: Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939–1941 4162:"Soviet military spending put at 20–25% of GNP" 3303:The Soviet Armed Forces were controlled by the 1882:(called "Moldavian" in the USSR; also known as 1770: 4941:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 4831:"The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces" 4828: 4788:"The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces" 4785: 3551:the commander cadres received training at the 3126:in Georgia. The next major crisis occurred in 2994: 2983:" suffered by the Army parallels the American 2903:(UNC) forces. Two Soviet air divisions flying 2254:cavalry in the disputed territory east of the 1977: 1943: 1838: 845:. The relative advancement and development of 709:200-300 billion (CIA, Pentagon estimate, 1988) 328:accompanying your translation by providing an 273:Click for important translation instructions. 260:expand this article with text translated from 6726: 6518: 5331: 5105: 4973:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 4741: 4739: 4737: 4607:Warner, Edward; Bonan, Packman (April 1984). 4343: 4139:"Soviets to trim military production by 1990" 2549:, no dilemma ever existed in this situation. 2224:A soldier of the Red Army, 1926, wearing the 1960: 1898: 1753: 1729: 1006: 390: 5056:Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy 4682: 4680: 4516: 3832:party. Third, the party placed a network of 3614: 3319:(the Politburo, in turn, was chaired by the 3122:units, massacred about 190 demonstrators in 1909: 1821: 5085:Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961–1991 5026:For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. 5018:Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). 5017: 4616:. RAND Notes. RAND Corporation. p. 8. 4547: 4388:. 1/2005. Dom wydawniczy Wojska Polskiego. 4096: 4020: 3867:1986 map showing the Soviet Military Forces 3284: 2477:Barbarossa, 1941–1945 (Great Patriotic War) 1926: 1804: 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6890:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 6740: 6733: 6719: 6525: 6511: 5338: 5324: 5112: 5098: 4964: 4913: 4892: 4734: 4594: 4504: 4477: 4465: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4279:, 10 September 1939, at Yale Law School's 4213: 3972:Comparative military ranks of World War II 3967:List of Soviet Union military bases abroad 3462:" replaced the senior functional ranks of 3087:Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces 2987:trauma over their own unsuccessful war in 2899:directly fought against United States and 2701: 1736: 1722: 1013: 999: 897: 770:(1946–1991), were the armed forces of the 213:reliable, independent, third-party sources 6838:Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania 4945: 4805:"The U.S.S.R.: Moscow's Military Machine" 4763: 4677: 4641: 4428: 4243:"The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics" 3057:Learn how and when to remove this message 778:(1922–1991) from their beginnings in the 370:Learn how and when to remove this message 231:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 4950:. London: Headline Book Publishing PLC. 4238: 4236: 3875:in the 1920s and 1930s. The five-round, 3862: 3858: 3806: 3514:Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union 3508:By the end of the Second World War, the 3384: 3288: 3185: 3130:, when the Soviet army forcibly entered 3076: 3068: 2946: 2759: 2679: 2667: 2659: 2536: 2522: 2490: 2399: 2321: 2219: 2176: 2041:and the first combat action against the 2000: 786:in 1991. In May 1992, Russian President 721:7.7–11.5% (CIA, Pentagon estimate, 1988) 207:by replacing them with more appropriate 5345: 5008: 4990: 4867: 4489: 4441:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 4292: 340:{{Translated|ru|Вооружённые силы СССР}} 190:too closely associated with the subject 14: 6872: 6532: 5364:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 4745: 4434: 4369: 4349: 3451:rank bestowed upon 5 Army Commanders. 3427:" instead. The Red Army never adopted 3222:. In 2020, Russian forces remained in 3196:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 2390:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 2330: 6714: 6686:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula 6506: 5319: 5093: 4687:Ball, Deborah Yarsike (Winter 1994). 4233: 4044:Vooruzhyonnyye Sily Sovetskogo Soyuza 3542: 2951:A Soviet soldier in Afghanistan, 1988 2937:The limited contingent in Afghanistan 2792:, were also active by this time as a 2541:Soviet ski troops during World War II 2111:, had joined the Bolsheviks earlier. 5119: 5047:, Vol. 14, September 2001, Number 3. 4933: 4686: 4671: 4535: 3618: 3345:Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Pact 2998: 2919: 2911:fighter jets were sent against U.S. 2170: 2140: 1992:Military history of the Soviet Union 982:Military history of the Soviet Union 735:Military history of the Soviet Union 242: 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 6895:Military wings of communist parties 4939:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 4438:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944 4247:United States Department of Defense 3758:article citing an analyst from the 3404: 3305:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3171:. Steadily, the units stationed in 2794:Reserve of the Supreme High Command 2527:A Soviet junior political officer ( 2317: 2120:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 424:the Banner of the USSR Armed Forces 24: 5045:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 5030: 3873:Stalin's industrialization program 3819:), #4 Year of entering the VLKSM ( 3411:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 3165:Commonwealth of Independent States 3073:Monument to the Red Army in Berlin 2955:In 1979, however, the Soviet Army 2676:by Red Army soldiers, January 1945 2638:appeared. Repressions against the 2454:joint German-Finnish forces failed 2186:appears to contradict the article 966:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 747:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 25: 6906: 5073: 4036:Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза 3803:Party control of the Armed Forces 3415:History of Russian military ranks 3315:, generally a full member of the 2822:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 2728:. Soviet forces also attacked in 2314:in the desperate autumn of 1941. 987:History of Russian military ranks 668:92,345,764 (1991), age 18–35 45:This article has multiple issues. 6858: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6754: 6650: 6577:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6487: 6486: 6474: 3951: 3622: 3591:since the 1950s). While a basic 3526: 3396:and soldiers of the Red Army in 3003: 2175: 1696: 1035: 760:Armed Forces of the Soviet Union 412: 403: 247: 188:may rely excessively on sources 177: 75: 34: 4840: 4822: 4797: 4779: 4656: 4647: 4623:from the original on 2014-05-31 4600: 4541: 4417:from the original on 2008-12-19 4399: 4379:Edukacja Humanistyczna w wojsku 4357: 4263: 4168:. 24 April 1990. Archived from 4120:from the original on 2017-03-12 3277:) became successful members of 3177:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2743: 2157:1920 Polish invasion of Ukraine 2050:Defenders of the Motherland Day 2021:by decree on January 15, 1918 ( 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 4219: 4145:. 24 July 1989. Archived from 4131: 4102: 4060: 4028: 3999: 3677:Ethnic Composition and Tension 2855:The trauma of the devastating 2778:Troops of National Air Defence 2015:Council of People's Commissars 974:History of the Soviet Military 656:2 years (Army & Air Force) 338:You may also add the template 13: 1: 6885:1918 establishments in Russia 6027:Political abuse of psychiatry 5819:Congress of People's Deputies 5172: 5165:Army of the Tsardom of Russia 5143: 5021:Soviet Union: a country study 4868:Fischer, Benjamin B. (1999). 4819:; Zickel, Country Study, p747 4257:(No. 100-2-1). 16 July 1984. 4053: 3733:origin were organized in the 3299:Formations of the Soviet Army 2466:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 1651:Political abuse of psychiatry 1230:Congress of People's Deputies 849:militaries was a key part of 6880:Military of the Soviet Union 4969:The armed forces of the USSR 4929:– via The Black Vault. 4813:. 1980-06-23. Archived from 4317:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1988). 4191:. 9 May 1990. Archived from 3579:in Western countries. Those 3380: 2708:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2674:Auschwitz concentration camp 2483:Eastern Front (World War II) 2129: 1029:Politics of the Soviet Union 958:Ranks of the Soviet Military 704:128 billion (official, 1988) 463:(as the Soviet Armed Forces) 18:Military of the Soviet Union 7: 6190:Academy of Medical Sciences 5193:Toy army of Peter the Great 4043: 4014: 3944: 3449:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3334:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3332:) and from 1934 onwards, a 2995:The end of the Soviet Union 2866:Sino-Soviet border conflict 2166: 1967: 1950: 1933: 1916: 1888: 1862: 1845: 1828: 1811: 1794: 1777: 1760: 1190:Central Executive Committee 860:, an academic study by the 811:State Political Directorate 790:issued decrees forming the 310:will aid in categorization. 10: 6911: 6790:Czechoslovak People's Army 5013:. New York: Facts on File. 5009:Tsouras, Peter G. (1994). 4914:Krivosheev, G. F. (1993). 4893:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). 4850:(3rd Ed., North Cape 2003) 4705:10.1177/0095327X9402000205 4693:Armed Forces & Society 3408: 3341:Chief of the General Staff 3330:leader of the Soviet Union 3296: 2940: 2862:German Democratic Republic 2753: 2747: 2705: 2487:Great Patriotic War (term) 2480: 2334: 2213: 2144: 2133: 2058:People's Commissar for War 1996: 1989: 1985: 865:U.S. Department of Defense 614:Chief of the General Staff 285:Machine translation, like 6856: 6749: 6694: 6659: 6648: 6540: 6468: 6412: 6386: 6306: 6229: 6220: 6165: 6072: 6035: 5975: 5878: 5840: 5760: 5622: 5613: 5563: 5511: 5502: 5354: 5288: 5263: 5238: 5220: 5201: 5155: 5125: 4946:Schofield, Carey (1991). 4435:Glantz, David M. (2002). 4319:"Ukrainian Collaborators" 4035: 4006: 3665:non-commissioned officers 3615:Manpower and enlisted men 3476:non-commissioned officers 3091:Defense of Brest Fortress 2957:intervened in a civil war 2913:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 2850:Baltic Military Districts 2337:Soviet invasion of Poland 2246:In May 1939, a Mongolian 1961: 1944: 1927: 1910: 1856: 1839: 1822: 1805: 1788: 1771: 1754: 1546:Material balance planning 1247:1989 Legislative election 829:, the Ground Forces, the 740: 730: 725: 713: 695: 690: 680: 672: 662: 650: 642: 637: 612: 587: 567: 560: 536: 523:Soviet Air Defence Forces 508: 467: 429: 411: 402: 391: 389: 384: 262:the corresponding article 3992: 3782: 3285:Structure and leadership 3012:This section includes a 2838:Southern Group of Forces 2826:Northern Group of Forces 2431:conquest of East Karelia 2105:Supreme Military Council 1361:Administrator of Affairs 882: 871:and particularly inside 6814:Hungarian People's Army 6778:Bulgarian People's Army 6481:Soviet Union portal 5188:Army of Peter the Great 4874:Studies in Intelligence 4858:Donnelly, Christopher, 4746:Anisin, Alexei (2022). 4554:OAH Magazine of History 4097:Zickel & Keefe 1991 3839:A political commander ( 3768:Strategic Rocket Forces 3352:Strategic Rocket Forces 3041:more precise citations. 2857:German invasion of 1941 2830:Central Group of Forces 2786:Strategic Rocket Forces 2702:The Manchurian Campaign 2640:Russian Orthodox Church 2499:By the autumn of 1940, 2495:Soviet war poster, 1941 2366:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2161:Battle of Warsaw (1920) 1703:Soviet Union portal 1215:Soviet of Nationalities 919:Strategic Rocket Forces 851:the history of the USSR 827:Strategic Rocket Forces 527:Strategic Rocket Forces 435:; 106 years ago 349:For more guidance, see 6802:National People's Army 6761:Albanian People's Army 6701:Allies of World War II 6373:Stalinist architecture 6127:Science and technology 6037:Ideological repression 5965:Soviet Airborne Forces 5903:Destruction battalions 5127:Principality of Moscow 4997:Inside the Soviet Army 4948:Inside the Soviet Army 4848:The Mosin-Nagant Rifle 4595:Scott & Scott 1979 4566:10.1093/maghis/14.3.20 4548:O'Neill, Mark (2000). 4505:Scott & Scott 1979 4478:Scott & Scott 1979 4325:. McFarland. pp. 4251:Department of the Army 4214:Scott & Scott 1979 3937:cartridge used in the 3868: 3824: 3657:Military commissariats 3401: 3311:. At its head was the 3294: 3191: 3101: 3074: 2952: 2924:The Soviet meaning of 2901:United Nations Command 2891:countries. During the 2887:or rebel movements in 2790:Soviet Airborne Forces 2784:. Six years later the 2765: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2542: 2534: 2496: 2473:on 19 September 1944. 2327: 2228: 2216:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 2193:Please discuss at the 2188:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 2109:Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich 2066:Military commissariats 2010: 2009:parade in Moscow, 1922 1978: 1899: 1873: 1646:Ideological repression 1536:Science and technology 856:In the context of the 821:in 1934, and thus its 491:; 30 years ago 485:Soviet Union dissolved 473:; 32 years ago 453:; 78 years ago 422:was also being used as 6155:List of metro systems 5708:Collective leadership 5211:Imperial Russian Army 3866: 3859:Weapons and equipment 3810: 3566:General Staff Academy 3553:General Staff Academy 3388: 3354:, the Ground Forces, 3292: 3189: 3152:events of August 1991 3080: 3072: 2950: 2798:Tyl, or Rear Services 2763: 2683: 2671: 2663: 2624:Patriotic War of 1812 2540: 2526: 2494: 2441:. It participated in 2400:The Finnish campaigns 2374:joint parade was held 2325: 2223: 2085:Imperial Russian Army 2004: 1079:Collective leadership 836:In the USSR, general 719:4.9% (official, 1988) 489:24 December 1993 471:26 December 1991 451:25 February 1946 433:23 February 1918 351:Knowledge:Translation 322:copyright attribution 110:"Soviet Armed Forces" 6826:Polish People's Army 6117:Net material product 6060:Censorship of images 5977:Political repression 5937:Soviet Border Troops 5870:First Deputy Premier 5454:1965 economic reform 5449:Soviet space program 4195:on 24 September 2015 4172:on 24 September 2015 4149:on 24 September 2015 3987:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3571:Red Army (and later 3510:Admiral of the Fleet 2688:in Berlin, June 1945 2644:political commissars 2276:, after which three 2070:political commissars 2046:Imperial German Army 1656:Political repression 1621:Censorship of images 1351:First Deputy Premier 1089:Presidential Council 792:Russian Armed Forces 784:collapse of the USSR 782:of 1917–1923 to the 774:(1917–1922) and the 766:(1918–1946) and the 758:, also known as the 603:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 95:improve this article 6850:Soviet Armed Forces 6185:Academy of Sciences 6000:Population transfer 5944:Soviet Armed Forces 5807:Congress of Soviets 5788:Presidium/Politburo 5752:Soviet anti-Zionism 5601:West Siberian Plain 5479:Revolutions of 1989 5416:Great Patriotic War 5401:New Economic Policy 5230:Russian Army (1917) 5182:New Order Regiments 4899:. Greenhill Books. 3959:Soviet Union portal 3896:semiautomatic rifle 3366:Forces were added. 3313:Minister of Defence 3309:Ministry of Defence 2782:Ministry of Defence 2613:Great Patriotic War 2609:Operation Bagration 2514:non-aggression pact 2355:Romanian bridgehead 2331:The Polish Campaign 2101:military specialist 2060:from 1918 to 1924. 1671:Suppressed research 1661:Population transfer 1531:New Economic Policy 1210:Soviet of the Union 1180:Congress of Soviets 891:Soviet Armed Forces 756:Soviet Armed Forces 589:Minister of Defence 547:Khamovniki District 543:Ministry of Defence 502:United Armed Forces 6635:Western Belorussia 6534:Soviet occupations 5830:Military Collegium 5698:Capital punishment 5576:Caucasus Mountains 5489:Post-Soviet states 5369:Russian Revolution 5306:1992–present 5290:Russian Federation 4846:Terence W. Lapin, 4597:, pp. 37, 59. 4384:2007-09-29 at the 4275:2009-11-07 at the 4114:The New York Times 3869: 3834:political officers 3825: 3634:. You can help by 3577:military academies 3543:Military education 3480:Lieutenant Colonel 3402: 3356:Air Defence Forces 3295: 3192: 3102: 3095:Battle of Smolensk 3075: 3014:list of references 2953: 2879:. But a number of 2805:military districts 2766: 2690: 2684:A giant poster of 2678: 2672:Liberation of the 2666: 2543: 2535: 2505:national socialist 2497: 2443:besieging the city 2328: 2250:unit clashed with 2229: 2011: 1405:Procurator General 1393:Military Collegium 940:Air Defence Forces 831:Air Defence Forces 330:interlanguage link 6867: 6866: 6708: 6707: 6500: 6499: 6464: 6463: 6456:Hammer and sickle 6398:and their groups 6396:Soviet dissidents 6175:Communist Academy 6092:Economic planning 6068: 6067: 5961:Soviet Air Forces 5880:Security services 5800:General Secretary 5783:Central Committee 5725:Political parties 5657:Brezhnev Doctrine 5652:Foreign relations 5609: 5608: 5550:Autonomous okrugs 5464:Soviet–Afghan War 5444:Sino-Soviet split 5386:Russian Civil War 5313: 5312: 5240:Russian Civil War 5157:Tsardom of Russia 4983:978-0-89158-276-2 4906:978-1-85367-280-4 4765:10.51870/UNYW3133 4644:, pp. 67–70. 4517:Feskov et al 2004 4041: 4024: 4012: 3982:Soviet war crimes 3684:Russian Civil War 3652: 3651: 3375:KGB Border Troops 3067: 3066: 3059: 2977:Mikhail Gorbachev 2943:Soviet–Afghan War 2926:military doctrine 2920:Military doctrine 2897:Soviet Air Forces 2788:were formed. The 2655:German–Soviet War 2411:League of Nations 2290:, supported by a 2212: 2211: 2153:Polish–Soviet War 2147:Polish–Soviet War 2141:Polish–Soviet War 2136:Russian Civil War 2043:rapidly advancing 1884:Moldovan language 1746: 1745: 1688: 1687: 1541:Era of Stagnation 1483: 1482: 1368: 1367: 1256: 1255: 1162: 1161: 1133:General Secretary 1118:Central Committee 1023: 1022: 877:military strategy 780:Russian Civil War 752: 751: 682:Reserve personnel 643:Military age 597:Nikolai Podvoisky 580:Mikhail Gorbachev 569:General Secretary 519:Soviet Air Forces 380: 379: 372: 362: 361: 274: 270: 241: 240: 233: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6902: 6862: 6861: 6848: 6847: 6836: 6835: 6824: 6823: 6812: 6811: 6800: 6799: 6788: 6787: 6776: 6775: 6759: 6758: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6654: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6227: 6226: 6135: 5990:Collectivization 5735:Marxism–Leninism 5620: 5619: 5509: 5508: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5298:CIS Armed Forces 5222:Russian Republic 5177: 5174: 5148: 5145: 5120:Armies of Russia 5114: 5107: 5100: 5091: 5090: 5051:Michael MccGwire 5025: 5014: 5005: 4987: 4972: 4961: 4942: 4935:Odom, William E. 4930: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4910: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4876:. 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Archived from 4064: 4047: 4046: 4040:romanized: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4011:romanized: 4010: 4008: 4003: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3772:Soviet Air Force 3764:Soviet non-Slavs 3760:RAND Corporation 3749:Russian language 3703:Second World War 3699:RAND Corporation 3647: 3644: 3626: 3619: 3581:Soviet Academies 3558:Military Academy 3405:Ranks and titles 3323:, generally the 3099:Battle of Moscow 3062: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3037:this section by 3028:inline citations 3007: 3006: 2999: 2985:Vietnam Syndrome 2810:satellite states 2736:and in northern 2632:Alexander Nevski 2597:Battle of Moscow 2578:Soviet Air Force 2552:Drang nach Osten 2518:trade agreements 2516:and by numerous 2471:Moscow Armistice 2423:Karelian Isthmus 2418:Continuation War 2370:XIX Panzer Corps 2318:Second World War 2312:European Theatre 2310:troops into the 2207: 2204: 2198: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2093:military advisor 2077:Aleksei Brusilov 2064:formed regional 1981: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1891: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1636:Collectivization 1496: 1495: 1460:De-Stalinization 1434:Marxism–Leninism 1429:Soviet democracy 1423: 1422: 1326:State Committees 1269: 1268: 1175: 1174: 1107: 1106: 1039: 1025: 1024: 1015: 1008: 1001: 901: 887: 886: 847:the government's 813:(OGPU), and the 726:Related articles 676:4,900,000 (1985) 673:Active personnel 665:military service 583: 510:Service branches 499: 497: 492: 481: 479: 474: 461: 459: 454: 443: 441: 436: 416: 407: 394: 393: 382: 381: 375: 368: 341: 335: 309: 308:|topic= 306:, and specifying 291:Google Translate 272: 268: 251: 250: 243: 236: 229: 225: 222: 216: 181: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6770: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6709: 6704: 6690: 6655: 6646: 6630:Western Ukraine 6536: 6531: 6501: 6496: 6475: 6473: 6460: 6408: 6382: 6302: 6216: 6161: 6133: 6107:Internet domain 6102:Five-year plans 6064: 6031: 5971: 5874: 5836: 5768:Communist Party 5756: 5715:Passport system 5605: 5581:European Russia 5559: 5498: 5439:Khrushchev Thaw 5418:(World War II) 5396:Creation treaty 5350: 5344: 5314: 5309: 5284: 5259: 5234: 5216: 5213:1721–1917 5197: 5175: 5151: 5146: 5137:1380–1698 5121: 5118: 5076: 5033: 5031:Further reading 4992:Suvorov, Viktor 4984: 4958: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4907: 4883: 4881: 4880:on 13 June 2007 4855: 4854: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4744: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4466:Krivosheev 1993 4464: 4460: 4453: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4411:www.ibiblio.org 4405: 4404: 4400: 4386:Wayback Machine 4375: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4315: 4311: 4305:Krivosheev 1997 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4277:Wayback Machine 4268: 4264: 4241: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4152: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4116:. 31 May 1989. 4108: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4033: 4029: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3861: 3829:Communist Party 3805: 3785: 3679: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3632:needs expansion 3617: 3601:военное училище 3545: 3529: 3521:Warrant officer 3417: 3407: 3383: 3371:Internal Troops 3301: 3287: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3032: 3018:related reading 3008: 3004: 2997: 2981:Afghan Syndrome 2945: 2939: 2922: 2877:nuclear weapons 2828:in Poland, the 2758: 2752: 2746: 2710: 2704: 2636:Mikhail Kutuzov 2489: 2481:Main articles: 2479: 2469:signing of the 2402: 2339: 2333: 2320: 2218: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2180: 2169: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2081:former officers 2029:. The official 1999: 1994: 1988: 1742: 1713: 1709:Other countries 1697: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1601: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1456: 1420: 1410: 1409: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1304: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1104: 1102:Communist Party 1094: 1093: 1052: 1019: 936: 885: 823:Internal Troops 720: 705: 664: 657: 633: 628:Viktor Samsonov 608: 578: 573: 529: 525: 521: 517: 495: 493: 490: 488: 482: 477: 475: 472: 462: 457: 455: 452: 450: 444: 439: 437: 434: 425: 423: 395: 376: 365: 364: 363: 358: 357: 356: 339: 333: 307: 275: 269:(December 2020) 252: 248: 237: 226: 220: 217: 202: 182: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6865: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6594:Transcarpathia 6589:Czechoslovakia 6586: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6150:Rail transport 6147: 6145:Railway system 6137: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5865:Deputy Premier 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5848:Heads of state 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5813:Supreme Soviet 5810: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5730:State ideology 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5596:Ural Mountains 5593: 5588: 5586:North Caucasus 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5203:Russian Empire 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5074:External links 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065:978-0815755524 5048: 5041: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5015: 5006: 4988: 4982: 4962: 4956: 4943: 4931: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4865: 4853: 4852: 4839: 4821: 4817:on 2011-06-29. 4796: 4778: 4733: 4699:(2): 239–258. 4676: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4642:Schofield 1991 4634: 4599: 4587: 4540: 4528: 4509: 4507:, p. 176. 4494: 4482: 4480:, p. 131. 4470: 4458: 4451: 4427: 4398: 4368: 4356: 4342: 4335: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4262: 4232: 4218: 4206: 4130: 4101: 4099:, p. 697. 4084: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4027: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3946: 3943: 3860: 3857: 3804: 3801: 3784: 3781: 3678: 3675: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3627: 3616: 3613: 3544: 3541: 3537:Russian Empire 3528: 3525: 3406: 3403: 3390:Vladimir Lenin 3382: 3379: 3286: 3283: 3148:Supreme Soviet 3065: 3064: 3022:external links 3011: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2969:scorched earth 2941:Main article: 2938: 2935: 2930:Andrei Grechko 2921: 2918: 2885:client régimes 2834:Czechoslovakia 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2706:Main article: 2703: 2700: 2620:class struggle 2478: 2475: 2427:Ladoga Karelia 2401: 2398: 2335:Main article: 2332: 2329: 2319: 2316: 2241:Inner Mongolia 2214:Main article: 2210: 2209: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2134:Main article: 2131: 2128: 2075:After General 1998: 1995: 1990:Main article: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1954: 1937: 1920: 1903: 1892: 1877: 1866: 1849: 1832: 1815: 1798: 1781: 1764: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:Kosygin reform 1523: 1521:Five-Year Plan 1518: 1516:Consumer goods 1513: 1505: 1504: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1400:People's Court 1397: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1356:Deputy Premier 1353: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285:Official names 1281: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1204: 1203: 1200:Supreme Soviet 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072:Vice President 1069: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1003: 995: 992: 991: 990: 989: 984: 976: 975: 971: 970: 969: 968: 960: 959: 955: 954: 953: 952: 947: 942: 937: 935: 934: 929: 923: 921: 916: 908: 907: 903: 902: 894: 893: 884: 881: 750: 749: 744: 738: 737: 732: 728: 727: 723: 722: 717: 715:Percent of GDP 711: 710: 699: 693: 692: 688: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 660: 659: 658:3 years (Navy) 654: 648: 647: 644: 640: 639: 635: 634: 632: 631: 625: 618: 616: 610: 609: 607: 606: 600: 593: 591: 585: 584: 571: 565: 564: 558: 557: 540: 534: 533: 512: 506: 505: 469: 465: 464: 431: 427: 426: 417: 409: 408: 400: 399: 387: 386: 378: 377: 360: 359: 355: 354: 347: 336: 314: 311: 299:adding a topic 294: 283: 276: 257: 256: 255: 253: 246: 239: 238: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6907: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6673:Northern Iran 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6555:Baltic states 6553: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6516: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6493: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Printed media 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286:Cyrillisation 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6254:Working class 6252: 6250: 6249:Soviet people 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Energy policy 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825:Supreme Court 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5427:The Holocaust 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5305: 5304:Ground Forces 5302: 5300:1991–93 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281:1946–92 5280: 5277: 5275:1922–46 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256:1918–22 5255: 5252: 5250:1918–23 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184:1648–98 5183: 5180: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4959: 4957:0-7472-0418-7 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4789: 4782: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4674:, p. 43. 4673: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4619: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4538:, p. 29. 4537: 4532: 4524: 4519:, p. 22. 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4492:, p. 37. 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4452:9780700612086 4448: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216:, p. 13. 4215: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4189:Defense Daily 4186: 4171: 4167: 4166:Defense Daily 4163: 4148: 4144: 4143:Defense Daily 4140: 4134: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074:on 2015-05-11 4073: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4045: 4031: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3877:stripper clip 3874: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3727:Central Asian 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3707:Eastern Front 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3630:This section 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597:военная школа 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585:post-graduate 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533:General Staff 3527:General Staff 3524: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421:officer corps 3416: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3364:Civil Defence 3361: 3360:Rear services 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263:Baltic states 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:South Ossetia 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214:(partially), 3213: 3210:(partially), 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Baltic states 3197: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3071: 3061: 3058: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2949: 2944: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2734:Kuril Islands 2731: 2727: 2726:Kwantung Army 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2607:and later in 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:Georgy Zhukov 2589: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2574:Eastern Front 2569: 2567: 2562: 2561:General Staff 2558: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2379: 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