486:Ăvila Camacho used part of the accumulated savings to pay off foreign debts, so that Mexico's credit standing substantially improved (increasing investors' confidence in the government). With increased revenues coming from the war effort, the government was now in a position to distribute material benefits from the Revolution more widely; he used funds to subsidize food imports that especially affected urban workers. Workers in Mexico received higher salaries during the war, but there was a lack of consumer goods to purchase, so that workers had both personal savings and pent up demand for goods. A key government institution for development, founded under LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas's administration was
483:, but its most significant contribution was in its supply of material to fight the war. It received cash payments for its material contributions, which meant that following the war the Mexican treasury had robust reserves. Although a participant in the war, like the U.S., Mexico was not a site of combat, so that in the post-war era, Mexico did not need to rebuild damaged infrastructure. However, with the resources available following the war, Mexico embarked on big infrastructure projects.
51:
319:
593:. The share of imports subject to licensing requirements rose from 28 percent in 1956 to an average of more than 60 percent during the 1960s and about 70 percent in the 1970s. Industry accounted for 22 percent of total output in 1950, 24 percent in 1960, and 29 percent in 1970. The share of total output arising from agriculture and other primary activities declined during the same period, while services stayed constant.
361:
600:
in agricultural, energy, and transportation infrastructure. Cities grew rapidly during these years, reflecting the shift of employment from agriculture to industry and services. The urban population increased at a high rate after 1940. Growth of the urban labor force exceeded even the growth rate of
497:
Growth was sustained by the government's increasing commitment to primary education for the general population from the late 1920s through the 1940s. The enrollment rates of the country's youth increased threefold during this period; consequently when this generation was employed by the 1940s their
400:
to increase by 8% with inflation staying at only 2.5%. Beginning roughly in the 1940s, the
Mexican government would begin to roll out the economic plan that they would call "the Mexican miracle," which would spark an economic boom beginning in 1954 spanning some 15 years and would last until 1970.
553:
allowing borrowing, an increasingly educated work force, and savings allowing purchase of consumer goods were excellent conditions for the government's program of import substitution industrialization. Finished goods previously purchased abroad could be produced domestically with the purchase of
541:
program which stimulated output by boosting internal demand. The government raised import controls on consumer goods but relaxed them on capital goods (such as machinery for
Mexican production of consumer goods), which it purchased with international reserves accumulated during the war. The
479:"In the long view, some of the permanent alterations in Mexico from World War II were economic." Mexico benefited significantly during World War II, by its participation on the side of the Allies. Mexico supplied labor to the U.S. via the
468:, who initiated a program of industrialization in early 1941 with the Law of Manufacturing Industries. One scholar has called the inaugural date of this law "the birthday of the Institutional Revolution," since it was the inception of
420:
An important factor helping sustained growth in the period 1940â1970 was the reduction of political turmoil, particularly around national elections, with the creation of a single, dominant party. In 1946, the party founded by
498:
economic output was more productive. Mexico also made investments in higher education that created a generation of scientists, social scientists, and engineers, who enabled
Mexican industrial innovation. The founding of the
582:
bringing production to Mexico in 1921 and 1925 respectively. With a growing middle class consumer market for such expensive consumer goods, the industrial base of Mexico expanded to meet the demand.
546:
power, supply drinking water to cities and irrigation water to agriculture, and control flooding. By 1950 Mexico's road network had expanded to 21,000 kilometers, of which some 13,600 were paved.
518:. From a small, private inception, the Tec de Monterrey built a major campus inaugurated by President AlemĂĄn in 1946, and has been a magnet for students from other areas of Latin America.
990:
507:
983:
506:) in 1936 as a government-funded institution in the northern part of Mexico City, trained a new generation of Mexicans. In northern Mexico, the
1256:
460:, there were significant policies in the social and political spheres that had impacts on future economic policies in Mexico, in particular
976:
514:, was founded by northern industrialists in 1942, with the programs designed by a former faculty member of the IPN and modeled after the
347:
958:. University of Mississippi, Bureau of Business Research 1959. (esp. important, Chapter 12, "Mexican Experience of Balanced Growth."
1011:
613:
growth averaged about 7 percent overall and about 3 percent per capita. Consumer price inflation averaged only 3 percent annually.
554:
machinery. One successful industry was textile production. Foreign transnational companies established branches in Mexico, such as
271:
515:
469:
755:
Reclaiming
Revolution in Light of the "Mexican Miracle": Celestino Gasca and the Federacionistas Leales Insurrection of 1961
211:
156:
74:
464:
in 1938, as well as land reform, and nationalization of railways. CĂĄrdenas was succeeded by the politically more moderate
1231:
767:
699:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1165:
961:
Wionczek, Miguel S. "Industrialization, Foreign
Capital, and Technology Transfer: The Mexican Experience, 1930-1985."
740:
430:
137:
499:
286:
453:(1964â70), there were no political opposition challenges to the government's implementation of economic programs.
340:
1120:
567:
109:
308:
296:
84:
617:
remained the country's dominant growth sector, expanding 7 percent annually and attracting considerable
663:
384:) is a term used to refer to the country's inward-looking development strategy that produced sustained
333:
179:
30:
20:
1049:
618:
534:
473:
461:
434:
244:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1064:
1044:
1024:
396:
grew 6.8% each year. It was a stabilizing economic plan which caused an average growth of 6.8% and
259:
124:
422:
1261:
1110:
465:
1034:
610:
102:
50:
446:
1183:
397:
389:
174:
450:
457:
442:
89:
59:
673:
265:
8:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1125:
590:
538:
531:
438:
426:
281:
494:), the national development bank, which funded the expansion of the industrial sector.
579:
571:
542:
government spent it heavily on infrastructure, including major dam projects to produce
189:
1190:
1100:
1084:
1059:
1039:
1029:
1019:
968:
736:
678:
668:
585:
The government fostered the development of consumer goods industries directed toward
393:
254:
201:
39:
1105:
999:
728:
377:
291:
276:
114:
1069:
924:
597:
586:
480:
406:
385:
195:
570:
had already been established shortly after the end of the military phase of the
1079:
563:
206:
1205:
1003:
732:
647:
614:
550:
543:
323:
601:
industrial employment, with surplus workers taking low-paying service jobs.
1140:
1135:
1130:
1115:
1074:
651:
527:
216:
521:
1155:
628:
855:
Easterlin, R. "Why Isn't the Whole World
Developed?", Appendix Table 1.
754:
1173:
559:
476:, the Law for Development of New and Necessary Industries, was passed.
184:
151:
145:
119:
555:
409:
79:
725:
The World Trade
Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis
627:
grew at an annual rate of nearly 4 percent, trade at 6 percent, and
609:
Mexico's strong economic performance continued into the 1960s, when
234:
956:
Economic Policy
Revolution and Industrialization in Latin America
951:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.
820:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950.
412:
used is "Desarrollo estabilizador" or "Stabilizing
Development."
942:
The
Economic Development of Mexico during a Quarter of a Century
632:
624:
402:
643:
575:
639:
636:
833:, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press, 1962, p. 184.
589:
by imposing high protective tariffs and other barriers to
360:
566:
under Mexican laws regulating foreign investment. The
522:
Import-substitution program and infrastructure projects
998:
508:
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
596:
The government promoted industrial expansion through
907:
Daniel James, "Sears Roebuck's Mexican Revolution,"
437:, Mexico elected its first civilian president since
415:
930:, revised edition. New York: Atheneum Press 1963.
631:at 3 percent. By 1970 Mexico had diversified its
429:'s assassination in 1928 changed its name to the
1203:
650:. Although its imports remained high, most were
433:. With the party's presidential choice in 1946,
794:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962, p. 231.
722:
472:. Further legislation in 1946 under President
984:
341:
965:, vol. 17, issue 2, April 1986, pp. 283-302.
549:The economic stability of the country, high
16:Term for Mexico's economic growth, 1954â1970
940:Government of Mexico, Nacional Financiera.
723:Ortiz Mena L.N., Antonio (2005), "Mexico",
991:
977:
935:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940-1960
792:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution, 1940â1960
441:in 1911. With the subsequent elections of
348:
334:
359:
937:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1962.
604:
1204:
635:and become largely self-sufficient in
972:
516:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
470:import substitution industrialization
654:used to expand domestic production.
368:(NAFIN), the state development bank.
765:
727:, Springer US, pp. 2586â2618,
697:
13:
918:
537:(1946â52) instituted a full-scale
14:
1273:
431:Institutional Revolutionary Party
392:in Mexico's economy in which the
1257:PostâWorld War II economic booms
317:
49:
949:Industrial Revolution in Mexico
901:
896:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
888:
883:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
875:
862:
857:The Journal of Economic History
849:
818:Industrial Revolution in Mexico
805:Mexico: Revolution to Evolution
425:in the wake of President-elect
416:Conditions for sustained growth
836:
823:
810:
797:
784:
759:
748:
716:
691:
500:Instituto Politécnico Nacional
1:
768:"El desarrollo estabilizador"
700:"El desarrollo estabilizador"
684:
568:automotive industry in Mexico
928:The United States and Mexico
870:The United States and Mexico
844:The United States and Mexico
831:The United States and Mexico
7:
657:
388:. It is considered to be a
10:
1278:
1232:Economic history of Mexico
664:Economic history of Mexico
21:Economic history of Mexico
18:
1227:1970s in economic history
1222:1960s in economic history
1217:1950s in economic history
1212:1940s in economic history
1093:
1010:
766:Morales, Vidal Llerenas.
698:Morales, Vidal Llerenas.
510:, known in Mexico as the
456:During the presidency of
245:Petroleum nationalization
733:10.1007/0-387-22688-5_74
260:Mexican Movement of 1968
80:Viceroyalty of New Spain
526:In the years following
138:Second Federal Republic
963:Development and Change
462:nationalization of oil
381:
369:
212:Occupation of Veracruz
1170:United Arab Emirates
954:Teichert, Pedro C.M.
423:Plutarco ElĂas Calles
398:industrial production
363:
175:Second Mexican Empire
19:Further information:
605:Economic performance
535:Miguel Alemån Valdés
474:Miguel Alemån Valdés
466:Manuel Ăvila Camacho
443:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
435:Miguel Alemån Valdés
297:Coronavirus pandemic
272:1982 economic crisis
125:MexicanâAmerican War
859:Vol. 41 No. 1, 1981
539:import-substitution
488:Nacional Financiera
447:Adolfo LĂłpez Mateos
439:Francisco I. Madero
366:Nacional Financiera
282:Mexican peso crisis
157:French intervention
110:Centralist Republic
85:War of Independence
619:foreign investment
580:Ford Motor Company
572:Mexican Revolution
451:Gustavo DĂaz Ordaz
370:
1199:
1198:
1012:Post-World War II
933:Cline, Howard F.
909:Harper's Magazine
829:Howard F. Cline,
790:Howard F. Cline,
679:Tourism in Mexico
674:La DĂ©cada Perdida
669:Economy of Mexico
598:public investment
358:
357:
324:Mexico portal
266:La DĂ©cada Perdida
255:Mexican Dirty War
239:(1928–1934)
202:Plan of Guadalupe
196:La decena trĂĄgica
180:Restored Republic
75:Spanish-Aztec War
1269:
1000:Economic miracle
993:
986:
979:
970:
969:
925:Cline, Howard F.
912:
911:(June 1959) 1â6.
905:
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587:domestic markets
512:Tec de Monterrey
382:Milagro mexicano
350:
343:
336:
322:
321:
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292:Mexican drug war
277:Chiapas conflict
240:
115:Texas Revolution
53:
43:
25:
24:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
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1252:1970s in Mexico
1247:1960s in Mexico
1242:1950s in Mexico
1237:1940s in Mexico
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1201:
1200:
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947:Mosk, Sanford.
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919:Further reading
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481:Bracero Program
458:LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas
449:(1958â64), and
418:
394:Mexican economy
386:economic growth
374:Mexican miracle
354:
318:
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302:
301:
250:Mexican miracle
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12:
11:
5:
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1262:Economic booms
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944:. Mexico 1959.
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887:
874:
861:
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835:
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816:Sanford Mosk,
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689:
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686:
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682:
681:
676:
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648:consumer goods
606:
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564:Sears (Mexico)
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427:Ălvaro ObregĂłn
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185:The Porfiriato
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1184:Massachusetts
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1033:
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1028:
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1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
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1004:tiger economy
1001:
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982:
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819:
813:
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793:
787:
773:
772:El Economista
769:
762:
756:
751:
744:
742:9780387226859
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734:
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719:
705:
704:El Economista
701:
694:
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672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
653:
652:capital goods
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
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620:
616:
615:Manufacturing
612:
602:
599:
594:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
551:credit rating
547:
545:
544:hydroelectric
540:
536:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
493:
490:(abbreviated
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
413:
411:
410:economic term
408:
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383:
379:
375:
367:
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346:
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99:
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91:
88:
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83:
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78:
76:
73:
72:
69:The New Spain
66:
65:
61:
60:Pre-Columbian
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
32:
27:
26:
22:
1085:West Germany
1054:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
927:
908:
903:
898:, pp. 63â66.
895:
890:
885:, pp. 68â81.
882:
877:
869:
864:
856:
851:
843:
838:
830:
825:
817:
812:
804:
799:
791:
786:
775:. Retrieved
771:
761:
750:
724:
718:
707:. Retrieved
703:
693:
623:
608:
595:
584:
548:
528:World War II
525:
511:
503:
496:
491:
487:
485:
478:
455:
419:
373:
371:
365:
307:
287:PRI downfall
264:
249:
235:
217:Cristero War
194:
144:
90:First Empire
1151:Philippines
1094:Later years
1065:South Korea
646:, and most
633:export base
629:agriculture
445:(1952â58),
40:History of
1206:Categories
777:2019-05-31
709:2019-05-31
685:References
560:Pepsi-Cola
390:golden age
190:Revolution
152:Reform War
146:La Reforma
120:Pastry War
1141:Lithuania
1126:Indonesia
1060:Singapore
1040:Hong Kong
872:, p. 301.
846:, p. 286.
807:, p. 232.
556:Coca-Cola
532:President
169:1864â1928
1161:Thailand
1156:Slovakia
1146:Malaysia
658:See also
364:Logo of
309:Timeline
236:Maximato
31:a series
29:Part of
1191:Vietnam
1131:Ireland
1116:Estonia
1025:Belgium
1020:Austria
894:Cline,
881:Cline,
868:Cline,
842:Cline,
803:Cline,
591:imports
574:, with
407:Spanish
378:Spanish
1166:Turkey
1136:Latvia
1101:Brazil
1080:Taiwan
1075:Sweden
1055:Mexico
1035:Greece
1030:France
739:
625:Mining
562:, and
405:, the
403:Mexico
229:Modern
42:Mexico
33:on the
1174:Dubai
1121:India
1111:China
1106:Chile
1070:Spain
1050:Japan
1045:Italy
644:steel
640:crops
576:Buick
492:Nafin
1002:and
737:ISBN
637:food
578:and
372:The
729:doi
621:.
611:GDP
504:IPN
401:In
1208::
770:.
735:,
702:.
642:,
558:,
530:,
380::
992:e
985:t
978:v
780:.
731::
712:.
502:(
376:(
349:e
342:t
335:v
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