886:. After a brief parley (the commander was killed), Díaz was freed. The cadets and soldiers under the leadership of their officers, proceeded to the Santiago Tlatelolco military prison, where they demanded and secured the release of General Reyes. When released, Gen. Reyes mounted a horse and led part of the cadets and a column of soldiers to the National Palace, arriving there at 7:30 AM Reyes appears to have had full confidence that he would be welcomed and that the Palace would be delivered over to him. He rode to its gate "as if on parade". Reyes was fired on, and fell from his horse mortally wounded; the men behind him scattered, and many spectators were killed in the confused shooting that followed. When the firing ceased 400 lay dead and over 1,000 were wounded; among them Gen. Villar, the military commander. A bullet had cut through his collarbone. The Mexican
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President of this unanimous opinion of these diplomats that he should resign. President Madero replied to the
Spanish Minister that he did not recognize the right of diplomatists accredited to a nation to interfere in its domestic affairs; he called attention to the fact, which he feared some of the diplomatists had somehow overlooked, that he was the constitutional President of Mexico, and declared that his resignation would plunge the country into political chaos. He said might be killed, but he would not resign. Madero sent an angry message to U.S. President Taft. Taft had denied Ambassador Wilson plenary powers to act in Mexico, so Wilson's actions were as if he had such powers. Taft replied that President Madero must have misunderstood the message, that there was no imminent armed intervention from the U.S.
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help arrange the details of a new presidency, when the constitutional president, to whom he was accredited, was held prisoner, the
Ambassador replied that it was necessary for the good of Mexico that Madero be eliminated. To the question as to the responsibility for the deaths of Madero and Pino Suárez, Ambassador Wilson said they were private citizens when they died, and that it would be impolite for a foreign power to demand an investigation into a purely domestic matter. He claimed that Madero had killed hundreds illegally, and it was no concern of his as to how the man died. “In fact, the person really responsible for Madero’s death was his wife. She was the one to blame. Madero had to be eliminated. By her telegram to the commander at Veracruz, she made it impossible to allow him to leave the capital.”
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vehicles did not go to the door of the penitentiary, but passed the street leading to it and went on to a vacant space back of the building. Here the automobiles stopped and shots were heard. What had actually occurred will probably never be known exactly. When reporters, who had followed the small convoy on foot, reached the scene they found the bodies of Madero and Pino Suárez lying near the cars, surrounded by soldiers and gendarmes. Major Cárdenas was still present and claimed to an
American correspondent that a group of armed men had fired on the vehicles. The two political leaders had leapt from the cars running towards their presumed rescuers. They had then been killed in the cross-fire. This account was greeted with general disbelief, although Ambassador Wilson professed to accept it.
1237:, for a new government to succeed that of the betrayed and imprisoned Pres. Madero. Díaz pressed his claims for the presidential office, on the grounds that he had fought the battle. But Huerta's claims were stronger, for in truth, if he had not turned, the revolt could not have succeeded. (At this time, also, Huerta had command of more troops than Díaz.) Three times they were on the verge of parting in anger, said Ambassador Wilson, but his labors kept them together and they finally worked out what was represented as a compromise: Huerta would become the "Provisional President," but would call for an election in October and support Díaz for the permanent presidency. A cabinet was agreed on, Ambassador Wilson taking a leading part in this matter. The ambassador approved the appointment of
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damage to property in the capital's downtown. The
February 19 pact between the two rebel generals put an end to the violence in Mexico City, and marks the end of the 10 days. But the political drama continued. While in custody, Madero and his vice president resigned, expecting that they would be allowed to go into exile, but they were subsequently murdered on 22 February 1913. General Huerta became President of Mexico, with the support of the U.S. and German ambassadors and most Mexican state governors.
901:, three miles away from the initial fighting. He received word of the coup at about 8 am. Madero mounted a horse and, with a small escort including the Secretaries of Finance and Treasury, rode into the city. Arriving at the end of the broad Avenida Juárez and finding the narrower streets thronged, he dismounted and went into a photographer's studio opposite the unfinished Teatro Nacional (National Theater), to telephone for later news. There he was joined by a few citizens and army officers, among them
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station, announcing that the president and vice president would soon follow. They did not come. About midnight the
Chilean Minister left the distressed women, hurried to the Palace, and asked to see General Huerta. The General send out word that he was very tired after a hard day's work and was resting; he would see the minister later. The minister waited until 2 am and was still refused admittance to Huerta. He could do nothing but return to the station and advise the party to return to their homes.
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images of the combatants, but also ones of the civilian population. In photographic collections and publications on the
Revolution, the events in the capital are almost always included or the sole focus. Civilian casualties play an important role in complicating the understanding of the Revolution, since most published photographs focus on the combatants, or show civilians at train stations seeing off their loved ones as they went to war. A digital collection at
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1214:, was arrested, after breakfasting with Huerta and other men, who, at the conclusion of the meal, seized him and held him prisoner. The plan of seizing the person of the president was delayed only an hour or so. On Tuesday at 2 PM, Ambassador Wilson had the satisfaction of telegraphing the State Department: "My confidential messenger with Huerta has just communicated to me Madero's arrest."
1324:(mounted police) of the 18th Corps then rode down Balderas Street to attack the Ciudadela but were met by machine gun fire and scattered after losing 67 dead and wounded. It remains unclear whether the destruction of the 18th Corps was the result of a tactical blunder or a measure deliberately engineered by Huerta to weaken the forces loyal to Madero.
1030:, the crack mounted police force commanded by the presidency, to exposed positions near the arsenal where they suffered heavy casualties under machine gun fire from the rebels. Whether the result of misjudgement or a deliberate betrayal, Huerta's action significantly weakened the forces loyal to Madero. As the conflict unfolded, Governor of Coahuila,
1166:, the president's uncle met with them. Biographer of General Huerta, Michael C. Meyer, sees February 15's events as encouraging to Huerta, who "wanted the Madero government to fall but he was concerned that he might not be given a prominent position in either the peace negotiations or the interim government to follow."
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were arranged, and before the close of the day, Huerta sent word to
Ambassador Wilson to that effect. Mr. Wilson's report to the State Department that Sunday night contained the euphemistic words: "Huerta has sent me a special messenger saying that he expected to take steps tonight towards terminating the situation."
731:, effectively ending the Madero's presidency. On 19 February, a dispute between General Díaz and General Huerta about who should head the provisional government was resolved by Ambassador Wilson mediating between the two in an in-person meeting at the U.S. embassy. They formalized an agreement known as the
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never made any demand for an investigation. Instead, the ambassador criticized Madero and his family. He boasted that he had consistently predicted Madero's overthrow. In reply to questions as to whether it had been proper for a foreign diplomat to preside at a conference of two rebel generals and to
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The arrangement was that the resignations were to be placed in the hands of the
Chilean and Cuban ministers for delivery only after the two 'retiring' officials and their families were safely out of the country. It seems, however, to have been necessary for the documents to receive the authentication
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The plot could not, for some reason be carried out that night, but the messenger came again on Monday morning. This time, Ambassador Wilson took
Secretary Knox a little more into his confidence: "Huerta has sent his messenger to say that I may expect some action which will remove Madero from power at
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General Huerta, in charge of the guard of the
National Palace, met with Félix Díaz in a private home in the Roma section of Mexico City. It was this meeting where Huerta declared his support for the coup. At this point, Huerta had not made his change of loyalty public. He then directed the 18th Corps
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and with a contingent of cadets from the nearby military academy, left for the National Palace and encountered General Huerta. General Villar was wounded in the initial fighting and Madero offered the command of the palace guard to Huerta. However, Madero was not entirely confident of Huerta and left
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Military School located at Tlalpan to join him. The cadets appear to have acted under the direct orders of their instructors and senior commanders who were largely drawn from the conservative upper-class families of Mexican society, who supported a counter-revolution. They were joined by infantry and
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Ambassador Wilson now took the view that President Madero, by not surrendering instantly to the mutineers, was responsible for the bloodshed. This view was congenial to the Spanish Minister, and to it were won the British and German ministers. Ambassador Wilson said that he called into consultation,
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The Ten Tragic Days is the formal designation of a specific set of events in the historiography of Mexico, indicating its importance in the Mexican Revolution and the shaping of historical memory. Madero's assassination during the 10-day coup immediately turned him into a martyr. "Madero the martyr
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Newspaper reporters waiting outside the Palace had observed that Madero and Pino Suárez were put into two automobiles, one in each, at about 11:45 pm, and were driven in the direction of the penitentiary, escorted by a dozen soldiers, under the command of Maj. Francisco Cárdenas of the Rurales. The
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fates would be. Leaving them alive posed a great threat to the usurpers. Huerta asked the U.S. Ambassador what should be done, send them into exile or place them in an insane asylum. The ambassador gave Huerta free hand in the matter. "General, do what you think is best for the welfare of Mexico."
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General Huerta informed Ambassador Wilson and President Taft, "I have the honor to inform you that I have overthrown this Government. The armed forces support me, and from now on peace and prosperity will reign." With that, the violence in downtown Mexico City was replaced by civilians flooding the
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The opinion of my assembled colleagues was unanimous and clear that we should at once, even without instructions, take this action to terminiate the intolerable situation" and turn over the executive power to Congress. The Spanish minister was designated to visit the National Palace and inform the
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On February 15, Ambassador Wilson requested the British, German and Spanish ministers to come to the embassy. He did not invite the other members of the diplomatic corps. He reported to Secretary Knox: "We considered the question of making direct representation to Madero relating to his resignation
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and be conveyed to a foreign shore. By 9 pm the families hurriedly prepared for departure, were gathered, waiting, on the platform. The Chilean and Cuban Ministers, who had spent the day with Madero, had announced their intention of accompanying the party down to the port, and they appeared at the
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Those who directed the coup saw the necessity for Madero and Pino Suárez to resign, so that there was some veneer of legality about the forced change of regime. Pino Suárez was promised safe passage from Mexico if he did resign. Both he and Madero did sign, but after that it was unclear what their
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Huerta offered his services to Madero, and, since General Villar and Secretary of War Peña were injured, his services were accepted. Huerta was appointed Commander of the Army of the Capital. The commission was made formal on the following day. (Note that Huerta was appointed the commander of the
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For ordinary citizens of Mexico City, the ten days of bombardment and displacement were horrific. While most fighting occurred between opposing military factions, assaulting or defending Madero's presidency, artillery and rifle fire inflicted substantial losses among uninvolved civilians and major
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The wife and mother of Madero, and the relatives of Pino Suárez, relieved to learn that the men were still alive but fearing the worst, now appealed to the American ambassador to grant the two political leaders asylum in his embassy. However Huerta announced that they would be transferred to more
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recognise only the authority of the constitutional President of México." It was believed by Maderistas, however, that it was the decision of the Chilean and Cuban ministers to accompany the party that cancelled the departure of the train, the plan having been to blow it up on the way to Veracruz.
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Huerta had been in communication with Ambassador Wilson, by means of confidential messenger, and an understanding had been reached. During the Sunday armistice (ostensibly arranged for the burying of the dead bodies and the removal of non-combatants from the danger zone), the details of treachery
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Because the events unfolded in the capital where there were many photographers and photo journalists, there is a large number of photos of the period. These should be considered a particular kind of documentary source, not merely illustrative of events described in written texts. These include
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Later that same day, Ambassador Wilson went to the Palace, accompanied by the German Minister. Their objective, he says, was "to confer with Gen. Huerta." But, he goes on, "upon arrival, much to our regret, we were taken to see the President." Huerta was called in, however, and an armistice was
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Among Mexican politicians, the situation undermined confidence in Madero's regime. On February 15, thirty senators, many of whom were followers of Félix Díaz, met and the vast majority voted to demand Madero's resignation. Madero had just received the message from the Spanish ambassador and now
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The mutual bombardment continued into the next day. Ambassador Wilson conferred with the Spanish and German ministers and, as his report to the State Department that day states, "protested against the continuance of hostilities." The President, continues Ambassador Wilson's report, "was visibly
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In the morning, claims were made that the delay had arisen because the military commander of the port of Veracruz had received telegrams from Mrs. Madero, which had led him to respond unsatisfactorily to Gen. Huerta's instructions. The commander is reported to have said, "By whose authority? I
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out of office. Madero's supporters became disillusioned when he refused to implement their plans, such as the breakup of the large estates. Madero, at the end of his first year in the presidency, faced serious difficulties. The country was to a considerable extent unsettled, the treasury was
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On February 11, at about 10 a.m., Huerta began the bombardment of the arsenal, which met with a vigorous rebel response, and the downtown between the National Palace and the arsenal was heavily damaged. Civilians were trapped in the eight-hours of crossfire. During the day, other government
924:, the Commandant of the Palace Guard, walking in civilian clothes to his office in the early morning, observed a detachment of the cadets, dragging a machine gun with them, and thus was able to give the alarm and have his men in readiness. Madero left the presidential residence at
905:, then on inactive duty due to an eye condition. Huerta had been considered in disfavor and was known to be resentful at not having been made Madero's Minister of War. Madero on his part had reservations about Huerta, an efficient but brutal officer with serious drinking problems.
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Right after Madero's murder, his widow sought the return of his corpse. On 24 February, Madero was buried in a private grave in the French cemetery in Mexico City and members of the Madero family went into exile. Madero's body remained in that cemetery until it was moved to the
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By this time, General Félix Díaz had heard about Reyes's death and contacted U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. General Felix Díaz had been more successful than General Reyes. As a result of the resistance at the Presidential Palace, Diaz had retreated to the city arsenal, the
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stated that a formal inquiry would be made into the death of Madero. This was not however undertaken. Maj. Cárdenas was put under arrest, but was soon released, and promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was then placed in command of rurales in Michoacán. Later Cárdenas fled to
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After the coup came a third phase of the Mexican Revolution: civil war between Huerta's central government and the many revolutionary armies in northern and southern Mexico, who fought to take Huerta out of power and against one another. The newly inaugurated U.S. President
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Madero conferred with the Army staff and brought forward his idea that General Ángeles should command the Capital Army, but the staff objected, stating that technically, the recently promoted Ángeles was not yet a general, as Congress had not yet confirmed his appointment.
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The street violence ended, dealing with corpses in the streets of Mexico City was a task, to prevent spread of disease and return to normality in the capital. There were so many that they were incinerated rather than given individual burials preceded by funerals.
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This is an album of the Mexican Revolution by Manuel Ramos (1874–1945), which contains forty-three photographic prints illustrating damage in Mexico City during the February 1913 uprising against President Francisco I. Madero (1873–1913) also called La Decena
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colleagues because they represented the largest interest here, and "the others really did not matter." At another time, Mr. Wilson explained that it would have been difficult to contact them all, so he consulted with those representing the largest interests.
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On the night of Monday the 17th, the ambassador told at least one newspaperman that Madero would be arrested at noon on Tuesday. Reporters were at the National Palace at the hour indicated, but they were disappointed. Nothing occurred at the Palace at noon.
964:. He returned that night with General Ángeles and a train-load of arms, ammunition and some men, and with the understanding that General Ángeles would be placed in command of the capital army. By Monday morning, Madero had a force of one thousand men.
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Madero and Pino Suárez were told that they would be transferred to another prison. Taken by car, they were assassinated near by the walls of Lecumberri prison, from which Félix Díaz had only recently been freed. The two assassins were Federal officers,
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Gen. Huerta assumed the presidency on Thursday, the 20th of February, carefully observing formalities which are held to establish the legality of his rule. The president and vice president having resigned, Madero's Minister of Foreign Relations,
1149:, Madero's minister of foreign relations, that Madero ought to resign; as reported to Sec. Knox. Ambassador Wilson's language became: "Public opinion, both Mexican and foreign, holds the Federal Government responsible for these conditions."
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The two generals began plotting together to overthrow Madero and sought to bring in General Huerta, but they did not offer him enough incentives to join. Once the rebel uprising began, Huerta secretly joined the plot. U.S. Ambassador
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of the National Palace and made a speech to the crowd, with Huerta standing by his side. Madero then went down, remounted his horse, and rode off, bowing to the cheering crowds, alone, far ahead of his escort, to the National Palace.
1447:, governor of Coahuila refused and rose in rebellion against Huerta, bringing together a northern coalition to overthrow the regime brought to power by usurpation. The coup in Mexico City touched off uprisings that coalesced into the
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told President Madero that they protested against his continuing hostilities, Ambassador Wilson, accompanied by the British minister, went to the arsenal, called on Felix Díaz, and as Ambassador Wilson reports to Secretary of State
771:. Madero, a member of one of Mexico's richest families, had never held elected office before, but had broad support of many sectors of Mexico. He was committed to constitutional democracy, rule of law, and separation of powers.
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at the arsenal, apprising him that President Madero had been arrested and that Huerta desired to confer with the rebel chieftain. It was agreed to hold the conference at the U.S. Embassy at the invitation of the ambassador,
1101:, took the view that the constitutional government was justified in maintaining its authority, and that it was no business of foreign diplomats to interfere against the constitutional government in a domestic conflict.
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when the Huerta government was overthrown. In 1920 the post-revolutionary Mexican government requested the extradition of Cárdenas for the murder of Madero. Cárdenas committed suicide before this could be undertaken.
937:, a few blocks from the Presidential Palace. He took control of the armory without much opposition, and found himself in possession of a defensible fort, with the government's reserve of arms and ammunition. From the
874:, who had accumulated finances under the Porfirio Díaz regime as an artillery expert, and was under suspicion of theft and corruption. Gathering the support of his officers and staff, he persuaded the cadets of the
727:, ostensibly the defender of the Madero government, defected to the rebels, who sought the return of the old political order. On 18 February the sitting president and vice president were captured by rebel General
1352:, it "is hotly debated ...whether they acted on their own or on orders from Huerta," and if Ambassador Wilson was involved or knew. But there is strong evidence that Huerta gave the order and that Wilson knew.
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On February 13, the battle continued, and the relative positions of the combatants remained unchanged. But distressing conditions increased in parts of the city within range of the fire. Ambassador Wilson told
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On Monday, February 10, neither side made any significant moves; Madero had complete confidence that this revolt would be defeated, as had been the previous army revolts. Madero telegraphed General
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Bombardment of the downtown continued, with civilians feeling the impact of the fighting. Bodies of civilians and soldiers were left in the streets, along with those of horses. Food was scarce.
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as Governor of the Federal District, and stipulated for the release of Madero's ministers. Ambassador Wilson made no stipulation concerning the president and the vice president.
1233:, the commander of Madero's forces, and the American ambassador spent the next three hours in conference in the smoking room of the U.S. embassy, agreeing to plan, known as the
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On February 9, 1913, the cadets entered the city in trolley cars. In the early morning, they gathered before the civilian penitentiary, where they demanded the release of Gen.
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Rumors of a pending overthrow of Madero were passed around openly in the capital, with only moderate enthusiasm. One vocal proponent of the removal of Madero was General
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Within a few months, Madero began to lose support and came under criticism. Though Madero came from a wealthy background, the conservatives never forgave him for driving
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A train stood ready at a Mexico City railway station to take Madero and Pino Suárez with their families down to Veracruz, where they were to go aboard the Cuban gunboat
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agreed on. Returning to the embassy, the ambassador sent the U.S. military attaché to the arsenal to obtain, as he did, Diaz's consent to an armistice, over Sunday.
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any moment, and that plans were fully matured…..I asked no questions and made no comment beyond requesting that no lives be taken—except by due process of law."
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In the ten days of violence, the aim was to "create the illusion of chaos necessary to induce Madero to step down" from the presidency. Rebels led by General
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Montes Ayala, Francisco Gabriel (1993). Raúl Oseguera Pérez, ed. "Francisco Cárdenas. Un hombre que cambió la historia". Sahuayo, Michoacán: Impresos ABC.
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of the head of the cabinet, the Minister of Foreign Relations, and, while they were passing through his hands, such pressure was brought to bear upon
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of 43 photos found in a privately owned album donated to the library are a rich visual source. A commemorative publication by Mexican historian
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There was no movement of the mutineers from the arsenal, and no evidence of disaffection in the city at large. The U.S. ambassador,
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arrived with his regiment, having taken a week to come forty miles. It was soon apparent that he was not going into the fight.
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Mosqueda, Socorro Olguín. La decena trágica vista por dos embajadores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 1965.
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Campos Chavéz, Carolina. "Temporada de zopilotes: Una historia narrativa de la Decena Trágica." Tzintzun 52 (2010): 202–211.
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Miquel, Ángel. "Documentales de la Decena Trágica." Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas 16.1-2 (2012).
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The National Palace, a target of the rebel artillery fire. There were dead bodies in the zócalo and the capital's streets.
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Francisco I Madero arriving on the first day of the Decena Tragica 9 February 1913. Photographer Gerónimo Hernández.
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was directed against the Ciudadela barracks where Félix Díaz had established his base of operations. Three hundred
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to the National Palace, a distance of roughly fifty miles. General Blanquet acknowledged that he was on the way.
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Hidalgo, Dennis R. "The Evolution of History and the Informal Empire: La Decena Trágica in the British Press."
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in the Mexican Revolution. The Ten Tragic Days was the last successful coup to overthrow a Mexican president.
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offered his services to Madero to mediate between the president and the rebels, but Madero rebuffed the offer.
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streets, no longer worried for their safety. The building of the leading Maderista newspaper was set ablaze.
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had been ousted and replaced in elections by Francisco I. Madero. The coup was carried out by general
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On receipt of the messenger's report, that Tuesday afternoon, Ambassador Wilson sent a message to
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refused to meet directly with the representatives of the senators. Madero's Minister of Finance,
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rebels began bombarding downtown Mexico City with their cannons, aiming for the National Palace.
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that he delivered the resignations directly and immediately into the hands of Madero's enemies.
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Civilian and military Felicistas (Felix Diaz supporters) in the Citadel district of Mexico City.
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Army of the Capital, not the supreme commander of the Armies of Mexico, as is often reported.)
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comfortable quarters — from the Presidential Palace to the main penitentiary of Mexico City.
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depleted, and Madero's staff and supporters were only slightly less audacious than the hated
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2010:
Siller, Pedro. "La decena trágica; muertos sin sepultura." Cuadernos Fronterizos 25 (2013).
1132:
Parish of Campo Florido in the Doctores district of Mexico City during the Ten Tragic Days.
755:
Following uprisings in Mexico in the wake of the fraudulent presidential election of 1910,
425:
340:
8:
2287:
2186:
2176:
2156:
1643:
Confidential report to Pres. Woodrow Wilson by William Bayard Hale published in the book
1444:
1317:
1234:
1140:
Old 6th police station during the Tragic Ten Days, in the historic center of Mexico City.
1123:
1050:
1031:
846:
764:
732:
704:
673:
390:
345:
82:
79:
3116:
871:
232:
2612:
2070:
1187:
1178:
1104:
Following the call on Madero during which Ambassador Wilson, with the British minister
1009:
981:
925:
898:
728:
669:
643:
605:
350:
321:
236:
28:
1303:
1274:
1146:
3383:
2937:
2521:
2292:
2282:
2166:
2084:
1673:
1589:
1565:
1402:
1385:
1307:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1211:
1042:
902:
842:
810:
806:
724:
708:
681:
555:
495:
405:
281:
264:
252:
204:
195:
95:
2522:
2206:
1547:
Fondo Cassasola, Inv. 37276. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH. Reproduced in Mraz,
957:
798:
211:
41:
Rebel followers of Félix Díaz in the Mexico City YMCA during the coup against Madero
3531:
3121:
2910:
2256:
1753:
Fondo Casasola, Inv. 37311. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH. Reproduced in Mraz,
887:
661:
565:
560:
420:
244:
224:
2201:
2151:
1306:, was recognized as president for the few 45 minutes necessary for him to appoint
775:
756:
716:
696:
677:
2386:
2318:
2181:
1922:
Banwell, Julia. "Death and Disruption in the Photography of the Decena Trágica."
1880:
Banwell, Julia. "Death and Disruption in the Photography of the Decena Trágica."
1109:
1105:
961:
948:
The Belem Prison, Mexico City following the fighting in Mexico City February 1913
787:
2226:
944:
3256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2196:
1980:
1965:
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
1960:
1618:
1536:
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
1531:
1428:
1349:
1163:
1114:
1062:
985:
818:
802:
744:
700:
450:
220:
849:'s administration took an active role in undermining Madero's administration.
672:
is the name given to the multi-day coup d'état in Mexico City by opponents of
3614:
2277:
1244:
That night, within an hour of the adjournment of the meeting at the embassy,
1086:
1057:
embarrassed and endeavored to fix the responsibility on General Félix Díaz."
1015:
857:
685:
545:
360:
259:
240:
174:
161:
2135:
956:, capital of the neighboring state of Morelos, where he conferred with Gen.
822:
759:
resigned and went into exile in May 1911. A brief interim government under
3551:
2458:
2376:
2171:
1332:
921:
720:
712:
630:
187:
1210:
At the Gambrinus restaurant, however, that noon, the president's brother,
833:, in November 1912, were crushed, and the two generals were imprisoned in
2904:
834:
137:
62:
1948:
Cada quien morirá por su lado: una historia militar de la decena trágica
711:, who was implacably opposed to Madero. Madero had retained the Mexican
3271:
2475:
2463:
2120:
2115:
2094:
2003:
Ortega, Juan A. "La Decena Trágica: una versión periodística alemana."
1818:
Ronald Aitken, pages 142–143, "Revolution! Mexico 1910–20", 586 03669 5
1327:
953:
550:
145:
123:
1586:
In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
1562:
In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
1256:
1124:
13–15 February: Wilson's actions, Madero's response, Senators' actions
36:
3593:
3464:
2863:
2526:
2039:
1998:
Photographing the Mexican Revolution: Commitments, Testimonies, Icons
1907:
La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History
1860:
Photographing the Mexican Revolution: Commitments, Testimonies, Icons
1414:
1394:
289:
2977:
2617:
2468:
2338:
2099:
1668:
1666:
1035:
830:
786:
During the first year of Madero's term, four revolts occurred. The
141:
1840:
Ronald Aitken, page 144, "Revolution! Mexico 1910–20", 586 03669 5
1136:
1128:
3329:
3297:
3233:
1321:
1182:
Civilians fleeing the danger zone, Mexico City February 16, 1913.
1078:
1070:
1026:
920:
The assault on the Palace failed because Madero loyalist General
913:
795:
791:
1663:
1117:
that day, 'urged that firing be confined to a particular zone."
1008:
reinforcements arrived, along with a supply of ammunition, from
707:. The coup was strongly supported by U.S. Ambassador to Mexico,
3292:
1090:
768:
750:
1941:
Los hados de febrero: visiones artísticas de la Decena Trágica
879:
cavalry units of the regular army, from the Tlalpan garrison.
2780:
2757:
2104:
1094:
1082:
1066:
1053:, asking for powers to force the combatants to negotiations.
1871:
Guevara Escobar, Arturo. "La Decena Trágica, los fotógrafos"
1522:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 388
703:
escaped from jail and rallied forces to overthrow President
3482:
3286:
1443:
Huerta was recognized by most Mexican state governors, but
1440:
meant more to the soul of Mexico than Madero the apostle .
1098:
284:
switched from pro-Madero to anti-Madero during the fighting
1580:
1578:
1260:
Rurales near the National Palace during the Decena_Trágica
1201:
1296:
929:
for Cuernavaca, to consult with General Felipe Angeles.
684:
and supporters of the old regime, with support from the
1575:
1538:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, pp. 98-99.
2015:
Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
2005:
Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
1936:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2018.
1002:
1977:. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
715:
after rebels had forced the resignation of President
1328:
22 February: assassination of Madero and Pino Suárez
1934:La imagen cruenta: Centenario de la Decena Trágica
1609:, Columbia University Press, New York 1955, p. 284
897:Pres. Madero was in the presidential residence at
1862:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2012, p. 123.
1251:
794:, which began in November 1911, was contained by
3612:
2529:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
1926:, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2014), pp. 104–121
1909:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 50.
1718:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972, 53
1339:, where Madero and Pino Suárez were assassinated
809:, begun in March 1912, and was handled by Gen.
1431:focuses on the Ten Tragic Days in particular.
865:
16:1913 coup d'état during the Mexican Revolution
2507:
2055:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
976:Rebels dressed in civilian clothing in action
305:
1967:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981.
1348:and Rafael Pimienta. According to historian
751:Ouster of Díaz and Madero presidency 1911-13
1884:, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2014), pp. 104–121
1368:Incineration of victims' bodies in Balbuena
1061:on this and subsequent occasions, only his
763:allowed for elections in October 1911, and
2514:
2500:
2062:
2048:
1628:
1588:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Virginia, 2012,
1564:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Virginia, 2012,
817:remained at large. The revolts of General
312:
298:
35:
2423:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
2013:Valero Silva, José. "La decena trágica."
2000:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2012,
1226:. At 9 PM Huerta arrived at the embassy.
1173:
205:
165:
1413:
1363:
1331:
1255:
1177:
1135:
1127:
1014:
971:
943:
856:
647:
1932:del Castillo Troncoso, Alberto, et al.
1470:
1468:
3613:
2069:
1409:
1202:17–18 February: Huerta/Diaz conspiracy
319:
3656:February 1913 events in North America
2495:
2418:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2043:
1297:20 February: Huerta becomes president
1155:possible international complications.
960:, then engaged against the forces of
293:
3651:1910s coups d'état and coup attempts
3631:War crimes in the Mexican Revolution
1755:Photographing the Mexican Revolution
1605:Ross, Stanley. Francisco I. Madero,
1500:Grieb, Kenneth J. "Decena Trágica".
1465:
1418:Civilian victim, dead on the street.
1359:
1089:representatives, including those of
2329:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
1957:v. 32, no. 2 2007. pp. 317–354
1003:11–12 February: bombardment of city
13:
3666:20th-century mass murder in Mexico
1955:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1924:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1916:
1882:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1485:Zolov, Eric. "Henry Lane Wilson".
1316:On the evening of February 20, an
845:, the representative of President
14:
3687:
3621:Battles of the Mexican Revolution
2412:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2021:
1766:Telegram to Taft quoted in Ross,
2481:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
1943:. El Colegio de Mexico AC, 2015.
258:
167:
154:
129:
115:
2035:Fotografos de la Decena Trágica
1899:
1887:
1874:
1865:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1650:
1612:
912:The President stepped out on a
852:
825:, in December 1912 and General
1647:, edited by Gene Hanrahan 1982
1599:
1554:
1541:
1525:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1252:18–19 February: Madero resigns
1153:to save further bloodshed and
967:
801:, but was not suppressed. The
1:
2126:French Intervention in Mexico
1716:Huerta: A Political Biography
1458:
1425:Southern Methodist University
1390:Minister of Foreign Relations
952:That evening, Madero went to
876:Escuela Militar de Aspirantes
3641:Political scandals in Mexico
2444:Liberation Army of the South
2372:Mexican Constitution of 1917
2324:Convention of Aguascalientes
1905:quoted in Benjamin, Thomas.
1714:quoted in Michael C. Meyer,
1549:Photographing the Revolution
1229:Díaz, leader of the mutiny,
894:, was shot through the arm.
783:of the Porfirio Díaz's era.
7:
1625:. Mexico City: Clio, p. 119
984:to move his 1,200 men from
866:9 February, the coup begins
10:
3692:
3450:Trinidad and Tobago (1990)
2407:Monument to the Revolution
2232:Francisco León de la Barra
2090:Economic History of Mexico
1987:. Mexico City: Clio 1993.
1375:Monument to the Revolution
997:Francisco León de la Barra
761:Francisco León de la Barra
719:. The head of the Mexican
641:
3586:
3565:
3514:
3442:
3366:
3216:
3173:Dominican Republic (1963)
3130:
3014:
2872:
2720:
2679:
2595:
2534:
2431:
2359:
2344:United States involvement
2301:
2265:
2144:
2077:
2028:Album, Mexican Revolution
1939:Franco, Rafael Olea, ed.
1584:Heribert von Feilitzsch,
1560:Heribert von Feilitzsch,
1475:Album, Mexican Revolution
1434:
1034:offered Madero refuge in
995:Former interim president
767:was elected President of
695:, nephew of ex-president
331:
280:
275:
270:
181:
108:
45:
34:
26:
21:
3676:Mass shootings in Mexico
3646:Military coups in Mexico
2172:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
1807:The Secret War in Mexico
1794:The Secret War in Mexico
1311:Minister of the Interior
1186:On Sunday, February 16,
1108:and the German minister
1085:legations, with all the
2334:Pancho Villa Expedition
2309:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
2273:Plan of San Luis Potosí
2367:Emigration from Mexico
2302:Political developments
2162:José María Pino Suárez
1975:The Mexican Revolution
1950:. Ediciones Era, 2014.
1645:Blood Below the Border
1520:The Mexican Revolution
1503:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1488:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1449:Constitutionalist Army
1419:
1369:
1340:
1261:
1183:
1174:16 February: armistice
1141:
1133:
1020:
977:
949:
862:
665:
653:
192:Ángel Ortiz Monasterio
182:Commanders and leaders
91:José María Pino Suárez
2392:1968 student protests
2212:Plutarco Elías Calles
1757:, p. 135, image 6-10.
1417:
1367:
1335:
1259:
1181:
1139:
1131:
1018:
975:
947:
860:
813:, but Orozco and his
651:
271:Casualties and losses
98:seizes the presidency
2192:Ricardo Flores Magón
2111:Constitution of 1857
2017:3.03 (1970): 89–116.
1607:Apostle of Democracy
1551:, p. 124, image 6-1.
3671:1913 mass shootings
3661:Mass murder in 1913
3006:Paraguay (Sep 1949)
2288:Plan of Agua Prieta
2222:José Yves Limantour
2177:Venustiano Carranza
2157:Francisco I. Madero
1781:Francisco I. Madero
1768:Francisco I. Madero
1445:Venustiano Carranza
1410:Photographic record
1235:Pact of the Embassy
1051:William Howard Taft
1032:Venustiano Carranza
847:William Howard Taft
765:Francisco I. Madero
733:Pact of the Embassy
705:Francisco I. Madero
674:Francisco I. Madero
83:Francisco I. Madero
3353:El Salvador (1979)
3262:El Salvador (1972)
3143:El Salvador (1961)
3138:El Salvador (1960)
2968:El Salvador (1948)
2753:El Salvador (1931)
2454:División del Norte
2449:Constitutionalists
2237:Félix Díaz Velasco
2071:Mexican Revolution
1420:
1370:
1346:Francisco Cárdenas
1341:
1262:
1184:
1142:
1134:
1021:
982:Aureliano Blanquet
978:
950:
926:Chapultepec Castle
899:Chapultepec Castle
863:
729:Aureliano Blanquet
670:Mexican Revolution
654:
644:Mexican Revolution
323:Mexican Revolution
237:Aureliano Blanquet
53:9–19 February 1913
29:Mexican Revolution
3626:Conflicts in 1913
3608:
3607:
3419:Panama (Mar 1988)
2666:Costa Rica (1917)
2489:
2488:
2402:Historical Museum
2293:Plan of San Diego
2283:Plan of Guadalupe
2167:Victoriano Huerta
2085:History of Mexico
1403:Henry Lane Wilson
1360:Subsequent events
1337:Lecumberri prison
1318:artillery barrage
1308:Victoriano Huerta
1246:Gustavo A. Madero
1231:Victoriano Huerta
1224:Henry Lane Wilson
1212:Gustavo A. Madero
1043:Henry Lane Wilson
903:Victoriano Huerta
892:Ángel García Peña
843:Henry Lane Wilson
811:Victoriano Huerta
725:Victoriano Huerta
709:Henry Lane Wilson
682:Victoriano Huerta
666:La Decena Trágica
639:
638:
621:3rd Ciudad Juarez
481:2nd Ciudad Juarez
411:1st Ciudad Juarez
288:
287:
282:Victoriano Huerta
265:Henry Lane Wilson
255:(16-19 February)
253:Victoriano Huerta
201:Ángel García Peña
196:Victoriano Huerta
104:
103:
96:Victoriano Huerta
78:Assassination of
3683:
3542:Venezuela (2002)
3501:Guatemala (1993)
3414:Haiti (Sep 1988)
3409:Haiti (Jun 1988)
3394:Guatemala (1983)
3389:Guatemala (1982)
3315:Argentina (1976)
3277:Chile (Sep 1973)
3272:Chile (Jun 1973)
3193:Argentina (1966)
3163:Guatemala (1963)
3153:Argentina (1962)
3102:Venezuela (1958)
3092:Guatemala (1957)
3067:Argentina (1955)
3062:Guatemala (1954)
3027:Argentina (1951)
2963:Venezuela (1948)
2953:Nicaragua (1947)
2933:Venezuela (1945)
2895:Argentina (1943)
2824:Nicaragua (1936)
2738:Argentina (1930)
2656:Haiti (Nov 1914)
2646:Haiti (Jan 1914)
2577:Venezuela (1908)
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2257:Genovevo de la O
2145:Important people
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1188:General Blanquet
888:Secretary of War
872:Manuel Mondragón
336:Mazatlán Railway
326:
324:
314:
307:
300:
291:
290:
263:
262:
249:
233:Manuel Mondragón
229:
207:
198:(9-16 February)
177:
173:
171:
170:
160:
158:
157:
134:
133:
132:
120:
119:
118:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3590:successful coup
3582:
3561:
3557:Honduras (2009)
3527:Paraguay (2000)
3510:
3506:Paraguay (1996)
3455:Suriname (1990)
3438:
3434:Paraguay (1989)
3384:Dominica (1981)
3374:Suriname (1980)
3362:
3325:Honduras (1978)
3305:Honduras (1975)
3252:Honduras (1972)
3212:
3178:Honduras (1963)
3126:
3087:Colombia (1957)
3082:Honduras (1956)
3057:Paraguay (1954)
3052:Colombia (1953)
3010:
2996:Colombia (1949)
2973:Paraguay (1948)
2880:Paraguay (1940)
2868:
2849:Paraguay (1937)
2819:Paraguay (1936)
2716:
2675:
2603:Paraguay (1911)
2591:
2572:Paraguay (1908)
2567:Paraguay (1905)
2557:Paraguay (1904)
2547:Paraguay (1902)
2542:Colombia (1900)
2530:
2520:
2490:
2485:
2427:
2397:Popular culture
2387:Mexican miracle
2355:
2319:Morelos Commune
2297:
2261:
2217:Lázaro Cárdenas
2182:Emiliano Zapata
2140:
2073:
2068:
2024:
1981:Krauze, Enrique
1961:Katz, Friedrich
1946:Gilly, Adolfo.
1919:
1917:Further reading
1914:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1629:
1619:Krauze, Enrique
1617:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1583:
1576:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1532:Katz, Friedrich
1530:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1451:, the ultimate
1437:
1412:
1362:
1330:
1304:Pedro Lascuráin
1299:
1275:Pedro Lascuráin
1254:
1204:
1176:
1147:Pedro Lascuráin
1126:
1110:Paul von Hintze
1106:Francis Stronge
1005:
970:
868:
855:
753:
658:Ten Tragic Days
646:
640:
635:
576:2nd Agua Prieta
531:4th Topolobampo
521:3rd Topolobampo
511:2nd Topolobampo
506:1st Topolobampo
441:Ten Tragic Days
396:1st Agua Prieta
327:
322:
320:
318:
257:
256:
251:
245:
239:
235:
231:
225:
219:
210:
199:
194:
190:
168:
166:
164:
155:
153:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
128:
122:
116:
114:
65:
40:
22:Ten Tragic Days
17:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:1913 in Mexico
3633:
3628:
3623:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3600:attempted coup
3596:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3578:Bolivia (2024)
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Ecuador (2000)
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
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3411:
3406:
3404:Bolivia (1984)
3401:
3399:Grenada (1983)
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Bolivia (1980)
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3358:Bolivia (1979)
3355:
3350:
3348:Grenada (1979)
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3322:
3320:Ecuador (1976)
3317:
3312:
3310:Ecuador (1975)
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3284:
3282:Bolivia (1974)
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Uruguay (1973)
3264:
3259:
3257:Ecuador (1972)
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3231:
3229:Bolivia (1970)
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3208:Bolivia (1969)
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Bolivia (1964)
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Ecuador (1963)
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Ecuador (1961)
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
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3119:
3114:
3112:Bolivia (1959)
3109:
3107:Bolivia (1958)
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
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3049:
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3044:
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3037:Bolivia (1951)
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
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3001:Bolivia (1949)
2998:
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2986:
2975:
2970:
2965:
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2948:Ecuador (1947)
2945:
2940:
2938:Bolivia (1946)
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2902:
2900:Bolivia (1943)
2897:
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2890:Uruguay (1942)
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2869:
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2866:
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2851:
2846:
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2839:Bolivia (1937)
2836:
2834:Ecuador (1936)
2831:
2829:Bolivia (1936)
2826:
2821:
2816:
2814:Ecuador (1935)
2811:
2809:Bolivia (1934)
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2801:
2799:Uruguay (1933)
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2704:
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2242:Bernardo Reyes
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2207:Aquiles Serdán
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2022:External links
2020:
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424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Casas Grandes
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
330:
325:
315:
310:
308:
303:
301:
296:
295:
292:
283:
279:
274:
269:
266:
261:
254:
250:
248:
242:
241:Gregorio Ruiz
238:
234:
230:
228:
222:
218:
215:
213:
208:
202:
197:
193:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
163:
162:United States
151:
150:Supported by:
147:
143:
139:
127:
125:
113:
112:
107:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3599:
3598:no sign for
3547:Haiti (2004)
3537:Haiti (2001)
3460:Haiti (1991)
3424:Haiti (1989)
3224:Haiti (1970)
3097:Haiti (1958)
3022:Haiti (1950)
2943:Haiti (1946)
2864:Chile (1939)
2859:Chile (1938)
2707:Chile (1925)
2702:Chile (1924)
2661:Haiti (1915)
2640:
2608:Haiti (1911)
2582:Haiti (1908)
2552:Haiti (1902)
2382:Land Reforms
2377:Cristero War
2313:
2227:Ramón Corral
2014:
2004:
1997:
1996:Mraz, John.
1984:
1974:
1971:Knight, Alan
1964:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1923:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1858:Mraz, John.
1854:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1783:, pp. 309-10
1780:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1692:, pp. 119-20
1689:
1684:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1585:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1516:Knight, Alan
1511:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1481:
1442:
1438:
1421:
1400:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1354:
1342:
1315:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1143:
1119:
1103:
1076:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1025:
1022:
1006:
994:
990:
979:
951:
938:
934:
931:
922:Lauro Villar
919:
911:
907:
896:
881:
875:
869:
853:The Ten Days
839:
814:
785:
780:
773:
754:
741:
737:
721:Federal Army
713:Federal Army
690:
657:
655:
556:Norias Ranch
501:Chilpancingo
440:
376:Smelter View
246:
226:
188:Lauro Villar
149:
109:Belligerents
73:
27:Part of the
3573:Peru (2022)
3552:Peru (2005)
3532:Peru (2000)
3203:Peru (1968)
3158:Peru (1962)
3122:Cuba (1959)
3042:Cuba (1952)
2958:Peru (1948)
2905:El Salvador
2804:Cuba (1933)
2733:Peru (1930)
2671:Peru (1919)
2651:Peru (1914)
2587:Peru (1909)
2136:Científicos
2095:Encomiendas
1985:Madero Vivo
1895:Madero Vivo
1829:Madero Vivo
1703:Madero Vivo
1690:Madero Vivo
1658:Madero Vivo
1623:Madero Vivo
1401:Ambassador
968:10 February
835:Mexico City
781:Científicos
616:3rd Nogales
611:3rd Torreón
581:2nd Nogales
561:Ojo de Agua
526:2nd Torreón
471:1st Torreón
456:Jonacatepec
446:1st Nogales
436:2nd Rellano
431:1st Rellano
416:2nd Tijuana
401:1st Tijuana
346:Buena Noche
341:Costa Oeste
138:Porfiristas
121:(Loyalists)
63:Mexico City
3615:Categories
2527:self-coups
2476:Soldaderas
2469:Magonistas
2464:Felicistas
2349:formations
2131:Porfiriato
2121:La Reforma
2116:Reform War
2078:Background
1459:References
1219:Félix Díaz
954:Cuernavaca
884:Félix Díaz
827:Félix Díaz
823:Nuevo León
805:revolt in
790:revolt in
723:, General
693:Félix Díaz
601:Xochimilco
586:San Ysabel
551:Bandit War
466:San Andrés
426:Cuernavaca
386:2nd Bauche
371:1st Bauche
356:Rosamorada
276:5,500 dead
217:Félix Díaz
146:Felicistas
124:Maderistas
85:, and his
3594:self-coup
3465:Venezuela
2792:September
2769:September
2459:Federales
2100:Haciendas
1831:, p. 121.
1796:, p. 108.
1770:, p. 309.
1660:, p. 119.
1395:Guatemala
1377:in 1938.
939:ciudadela
935:Ciudadela
815:Colorados
807:Chihuahua
596:Tlayacapa
541:Zacatecas
476:Chihuahua
366:2nd Tepic
361:1st Tepic
80:President
3494:November
3476:November
3471:February
3341:November
3293:February
2989:February
2978:Paraguay
2774:December
2629:February
2618:Paraguay
2439:Factions
2339:Maximato
2031:Tragica.
1893:Krauze,
1827:Krauze,
1705:, p. 120
1701:Krauze,
1688:Krauze,
1656:Krauze,
1596:, p. 235
1572:, p. 234
1506:, 362-63
1388:and his
1083:Japanese
1079:Austrian
1036:Saltillo
1010:Veracruz
831:Veracruz
606:Carrizal
591:Columbus
546:2nd Naco
536:Veracruz
491:Zaragoza
451:1st Naco
391:Mexicali
142:Reyistas
135:(Rebels)
58:Location
3485:(1992)
3467:(1992)
3332:(1978)
3330:Bolivia
3289:(1975)
3240:January
3236:(1971)
3234:Bolivia
2984:January
2980:(1949)
2921:October
2907:(1944)
2783:(1932)
2760:(1931)
2624:January
2620:(1912)
1740:Meyer,
1727:Meyer,
1491:, 1608.
1322:rurales
1067:Spanish
1063:British
1027:Rurales
914:balcony
796:General
792:Morelos
662:Spanish
626:Durango
496:Ojinaga
406:Cuautla
351:Rosario
247:†
227:†
203: (
175:Germany
3298:August
3245:August
2360:Legacy
1805:Katz,
1792:Katz,
1779:Ross,
1742:Huerta
1729:Huerta
1676:
1592:
1568:
1453:winner
1435:Legacy
1386:Huerta
1097:, and
1091:Brazil
1071:German
986:Toluca
962:Zapata
788:Zapata
769:Mexico
566:Celaya
461:Aviles
421:Parque
243:
223:
172:
159:
70:Result
3566:2020s
3515:2000s
3489:April
3443:1990s
3367:1980s
3217:1970s
3131:1960s
3015:1950s
2911:April
2873:1940s
2781:Chile
2758:Chile
2721:1930s
2680:1920s
2634:March
2596:1910s
2535:1900s
2523:Coups
2432:Other
2414:(PRI)
2266:Plans
2105:Casta
2007:9.09.
1384:Both
1095:Chile
3483:Peru
3336:July
3287:Peru
2787:June
2764:July
1744:, 55
1731:, 54
1674:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1282:Cuba
1099:Cuba
1081:and
1077:The
1069:and
1047:Pres
656:The
631:Ruby
571:León
50:Date
2916:May
1963:.
1534:.
1518:.
1024:of
829:in
821:in
206:WIA
3617::
2525:,
1983:.
1973:.
1665:^
1630:^
1621:.
1577:^
1467:^
1093:,
1065:,
1049:.
1038:.
1012:.
890:,
837:.
735:.
688:.
664::
89:,
2515:e
2508:t
2501:v
2063:e
2056:t
2049:v
660:(
313:e
306:t
299:v
209:)
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