Francisco I. Madero

3175: 3594: 3201: 2827:, and took place in Díaz's residence on 16 April 1910. Only the candidate and the president were present for the meeting, so the only account of it is Madero's correspondence. A political solution and compromise might have been possible, with Madero withdrawing his candidacy. It became clear to Madero that Díaz was a decrepit old man, out of touch politically, and unaware of the extent of formal political opposition. The meeting was important for strengthening Madero's resolve that political compromise was not possible and he is quoted as saying "Porfirio is not an imposing chief. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to start a revolution to overthrow him. But who will crush it afterwards?" Madero was worried that Porfirio Díaz would not willingly relinquish office, warned his supporters of the possibility of electoral fraud and proclaimed that "Force shall be met by force!" 3304:. When the rebellion broke out, Madero made a calculated decision to entrust Pascual Orozco to put it down. In the fight against Dįaz, Orozco had led revolutionary forces in the north capturing Ciudad Juárez, against Madero's orders. Madero had not treated him well after he was elected, but entrusted him over General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta had previously been a supporter of Reyes, and Madero was concerned that Huerta would join with Reyes rather than suppress the rebellion. In one historian's assessment, "would have ensued and seriously threatedPresident Madero played his political cards perfectly this occasion. Had he dispatched a large force to the north under the command of either Huerta of Blanquet, it is quite possible that a major military defection, seriously threatening the government." Reyes was sent to the Santiago Tlatelolco military prison in 2944:

Paso was the site of a historic meeting between Mexican President Porfirio Díaz and U.S. President William Howard Taft in 1909. The population of the twin border cities increased dramatically in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with legal commerce and considerable smuggling, "a time-honored occupation along the border." As the political tensions in Mexico increased, the smuggling of guns and ammunition to insurrectionists was big business. Madero remained in San Antonio, Texas, but his main man in Chihuahua, Abraham González had recruited gifted, natural military leaders, Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco, to Madero's cause. Chihuahua became the hub of insurrectionist activity. Villa and Orozco had increasing success against the Federal Army, which drew more recruits to Madero's cause since it seemed to have a real chance at success.

2273: 2370: 2910: 3334: 3513: 2906:. The plan proclaimed the elections of 1910 null and void, and called for an armed revolution to begin at 6 pm on 20 November 1910, against the "illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Díaz". At that point, Madero declared himself provisional President of Mexico, and called for a general refusal to acknowledge the central government, restitution of land to villages and Indian communities, and freedom for political prisoners. Madero's policies painted him as a leader of each of the different sectors of Mexican society at the time. He was a member of the upper class; the middle class saw that he sought to gain entry into political processes; the lower class saw that he promised fairer politics and a much more substantial, equitable economic system. 2261: 3659: 2464: 3122:, who associated with the Interim President, said of him that "De la Barra wants to accommodate himself with dignity to the inevitable advance of the ex-revolutionary influence, while accelerating the widespread collapse of the Madero party...." Madero sought to be a moderate democrat and follow the course outlined in treaty bringing about exile of Díaz, but by calling for the disarming and demobilization of his revolutionary base, he undermined his support. The Mexican Federal Army, just defeated by the revolutionaries, was to continue as the armed force of the Mexican state. Madero argued that the revolutionaries should henceforth proceed solely by peaceful means. In the south, revolutionary leader 3186:, as Minister of Finance. A curious fact is that almost immediately after taking office in November, Madero became the first head of state in the world to fly in an airplane, which the Mexican press was later to mock. Madero was unable to achieve the reconciliation he desired since conservative Porfirians had organized themselves during the interim presidency and now mounted a sustained and effective opposition to Madero's reform program. Conservatives in the Senate refused to pass the reforms he advocated. At the same time, several of Madero's allies denounced him for being overly conciliatory with the Porfirians and with not moving aggressively forward with reforms. 2836: 3726: 3083: 2560: 3696: 3639:

the time, calling Madero "The Great Democrat, elected president by the unanimous will of the people." But by 1917, when the Constitutionalists had emerged as the winning faction of the revolution, Carranza began reshaping the historical narrative of the revolution that excluded Madero entirely. For Carranza, the revolution had three periods, with the start date being the armed struggle against Huerta, led by himself. After three years as constitutional president, Carranza himself was ousted and killed in a 1920 coup by Sonoran revolutionary generals,

3454:. He refused to satisfy U.S. demands for compensation for life and property outside of a bilateral commission. He planned to institute universal male military service, which would have strengthened Mexico's position against foreign powers. Furthermore, Madero's lifting of restrictions on labor organizing had resulted in strikes, which had an impact on U.S. companies in Mexico. Likewise, Madero was not deviating from President Díaz's firmness against demands that infringed on Mexican sovereignty and domestic policy, but the U.S. pressed the issues. 3403:, refused orders from General Huerta. Huerta ordered Villa's execution, but Madero commuted the sentence and Villa was sent to the same Santiago Tlatelolco prison as Reyes from which he escaped on Christmas Day 1912. Angry at Madero's commutation of Villa's sentence, Huerta, after a long night of drinking, mused about reaching an agreement with Orozco and together deposing Madero as president. When Mexico's Minister of War learned of General Huerta's comments, he stripped Huerta of his command, but Madero intervened and restored Huerta to command. 8262: 3556: 2579:. Well-traveled and well-educated, he was now in robust health. Proving an enlightened and progressive member of the Madero commercial complex, Francisco installed new irrigation, introduced American-made cotton and cotton machinery, and built a soap factory and also an ice factory. He embarked on a lifelong commitment to philanthropy. His employees were well paid and received regular medical exams; he built schools, hospitals, and community kitchens; and he paid to support orphans and award scholarships. He also taught himself 370: 3167: 2762: 2789: 2711:). The book quickly became a bestseller in Mexico. The book proclaimed that the concentration of absolute power in the hands of one man – Porfirio Díaz – for so long had made Mexico sick. Madero pointed out the irony that in 1871, Porfirio Díaz's political slogan had been "No Re-election". Madero acknowledged that Porfirio Díaz had brought peace and a measure of economic growth to Mexico. However, Madero argued that this was counterbalanced by the dramatic loss of freedom, including the brutal treatment of the 2973:. Although holding democratic ideals that attracted many to his movement, Madero learned he was not a military leader. "Madero didn't know the first thing about warfare," initially capturing the town from the Federal Army, but he did not realize he needed to scout whether Federal reinforcements were on the way. There were heavy casualties among the insurrectionists, a number of whom were foreigners, including many from the U.S. and some from Germany. Two survivors of the Casas Grandes debacle were 2679: 3615: 2021: 2009: 3458: 3377: 403: 63: 3012:. Madero then attended a meeting with the other revolutionary leaders – they agreed to a fourteen-point plan which called for pay for revolutionary soldiers; the release of political prisoners; and the right of the revolutionaries to name several members of cabinet. Madero was moderate, however. He believed that the revolutionaries should proceed cautiously so as to minimize bloodshed and should strike a deal with Díaz if possible. 3844: 3244: 2887: 3094: 2758:, from a politically engaged family, contacted Madero and as a result, formed an Anti-Re-electionist Club to organize for the 1910 elections, particularly among the working classes. Madero traveled throughout Mexico giving anti-reelectionist speeches, and everywhere he went he was greeted by crowds of thousands. His candidacy cost him financially, since he sold much of his property at a loss to back his campaign. 3217:), and instead set up a system of independent municipal authorities. State elections were free and fair. He was concerned about the improvement of education, establishing new schools and workshops. An important step was the creation of a federal department of labor, limited the workday to 10 hours, and set in place regulations on women's and children's labor. Unions were granted the right to freely organize. The 3602:

the time since Díaz's resignation as one of political instability and economic uncertainty. Ordinary Mexicans in the capital, however, were dismayed by the coup, since many considered Madero a friend, but their feelings did not translate into concrete action against the Huerta regime. In northern Mexico, Madero's overthrow and martyrdom united forces against Huerta's usurpation of power. Governor of Coahuila,

5512: 2989:. He remained head of the movement in the north to oust Díaz. Madero movement successfully imported arms from the United States, procured by agents in the United States. Some were shipped directly from New York, disguised so that they would not be intercepted by the U.S. government. There were two businesses in El Paso that sold arms and ammunition to the rebels. The U.S. government of President 2657: 3373:

Orozco not only had an army to 8,000 men, he had backing from landowning interests, and a detailed battle plan to sweep through Chihuahua and capture Mexico City. Although González Salas commanded forces of 2,000 troops, he was an ineffective leader. In the first major encounter, Orozco triumphed, crushing the Federal Army. González Salas committed suicide after the military humiliation.

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family could provide vast resources to young Francisco when he challenged Porfirio Díaz for the presidency in 1910. He was a sickly child and was small in stature as an adult. It is widely believed that Madero's middle initial, I, stood for Indalecio, but according to his birth certificate it stood for Ignacio. On the birth certificate, Ignacio was written with the archaic spelling of

3505: 2622:. Madero was deeply moved and, believing himself to be receiving advice from the spirit of his late brother Raúl, he decided to act. The spirit of Raúl told him, "Aspire to do good for your fellow citizens...working for a lofty ideal that will raise the moral level of society, that will succeed in liberating it from oppression, slavery, and fanaticism." Madero founded the 3858: 3423:, whose judges were appointed by former President Díaz, declared that Félix Díaz would be imprisoned, but not executed. Madero did not interfere with the decision; Díaz was transferred to the same prison where Reyes was incarcerated, where the two plotted further conspiracies. "Madero displayed a fatal softness toward the leaders of these coup attempts. 3197:, the president's brother, remarked that "the newspapers bite the hand that took off their muzzle." President Madero refused the recommendation of some of his advisors that he bring back censorship. The press was particularly critical of Madero's handling of rebellions that broke out against his rule shortly after he became president. 3446:

move on it, which did not have an impact on the U.S. or its business interests. Madero displayed no overt anti-Americanism, but his resistance to U.S. pressure on a variety of issues were taken as that by the U.S. government and business interests. He did not follow through on promises made in his name, perhaps by his brother

3611:

fellow revolutionary Pascual Orozco, who had also rebelled against Madero, when Orozco allied with Huerta. Madero's anti-reelectionist movement had mobilized revolutionary action that led to the resignation of Díaz. Madero's overthrow and murder during the Ten Tragic Days was a prelude to further years of civil war.

3118:, which was full of candidates whom Díaz had handpicked for the 1910 election. By doing this, Madero was true to his ideological commitment to constitutional democracy, but with members of the Díaz regime still in power, he was caused difficulties in the short and long term. The German ambassador to Mexico, 3154:. Zapata's suspicions proved accurate as Huerta's Federal soldiers moved violently into Yautepec. Madero wrote to De la Barra, saying that Huerta's actions were unjustified and recommending that Zapata's demands be met. However, when he left the south, he had achieved nothing. Nevertheless, he promised the 3711:

which launched the Mexican Revolution. Initially, the monument to the Revolution held the remains of Madero, Carranza, and Villa and was planned as a collective commemoration of the Revolution, not individual revolutionaries. Although it was completed on 20 November 1938, there was no inaugural ceremony.

3601:

There was shock at Madero's murder, but there were many, including Mexican elites and foreign entrepreneurs and governments, who saw the coup and the emergence of General Huerta as the desired strongman to return order to Mexico. Among elites in Mexico, Madero's death was a cause of rejoicing, seeing

3638:

had been put in office by Madero. Carranza named the broad-based, anti-Huerta northern coalition the Constitutionalist Army, invoking the Mexican Constitution of 1857 and rule of law that they hoped to restore. In 1915, a Constitutionalist supporter created a chart outlining the political leaders of

3567:

were kept under guard in the National Palace. On the evening of 22 February, they were told that they were to be transferred to the main city penitentiary, where they would be safer. At 11:15 pm, reporters waiting outside the National Palace saw two cars containing Madero and Suárez emerge from

3480:

Germany had business interests in Mexico, in banking and in exports from Germany, but it was reluctant to challenge the U.S. as the premier foreign arbiter in Mexico. In the period before the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, it followed the lead of the U.S. of initially being optimistic about

3324:

whom Madero replaced as the vice presidential candidate Pino Suárez when he successfully ran for president. Emilio gathered supporters in Chihuahua, with a number of small rebellions against the Madero's regime breaking out in December 1911. Although Madero sent the Federal Army, he then sent Orozco

3060:

Madero was arriving not as the conquering hero, but as a presidential candidate who now embarked on campaigning for the fall presidential election. He left in place all but the top political figures of the Díaz regime as well as the Federal Army, which had just been defeated by revolutionary forces.

3543:

secretly switched sides to support the rebels. Madero's decision to appoint Huerta as commander of forces in Mexico City was one "for which he would pay for with his life." Madero and his vice president were arrested. Under pressure Madero resigned the presidency, with the expectation that he would

3355:

The two small, northern rebellions that Orozco suppressed showed his again his military skills, but with the Vázquez Gómez rebellion, he realized his continued popularity. In his recent dealings with Madero, the president had shown him respect, which was much lacking after Orozco disobeyed Madero's

3230:

Madero alienated a number of his political supporters when he created a new political party, the Constitutionalist Progressive party, which replaced the Anti-Reelectionist Party. He ousted leftist Emilio Vázquez Gómez from his cabinet, brother of Francisco Vázquez Gómez, whom Madero had replaced as

2486:

and wanted to then become a Jesuit. He and his brother Gustavo briefly attended another religious school in the U.S. His English was poor, so he learned little in his short time there, and he abandoned any notion of a religious vocation. Between 1886 and 1892, Madero was educated in France and then

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served as president, doing a poor job in Díaz's opinion. Díaz returned to the presidency in 1884 and did not relinquish the office until 1911, when Francisco Madero's revolutionary movement forced him to resign. Díaz had permanently sidelined Evaristo Madero from further political office. He was of

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were in close contact. Hintze's reports on the situation in Mexico during the Madero presidency were a rich source of information about the regime. Although the U.S. attempted to draw Germany as well as Great Britain into intervention in Mexico, both held back. They also sought to prevent the U.S.

3445:

Initially, the U.S. was cautiously optimistic about Madero leading the new government. He had kept the Federal Army and the federal bureaucracy, and dismissed the revolutionary forces that brought him to power. Although his Plan of San Luis Potosí signaled his openness to land reform, he failed to

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on 25 November 1911, which excoriated Madero's slowness on land reform and declared the signatories in rebellion. Zapata's plan recognized Pascual Orozco as fellow revolutionary, although Orozco was for the moment loyal to Madero, until 1912. Madero sent the Federal Army to suppress the rebellion,

3254:

Madero retained the Mexican Federal Army and ordered the demobilization of revolutionary forces. For revolutionaries who considered themselves the reason that Díaz resigned, this was a hard course to follow. Since Madero did not implement immediate, radical reforms that many of those had supported

2943:

El Paso, Texas, became a major staging point for Madero's insurrection against Díaz. It is directly across the Rio Grande from Ciudad Juárez, where two railway Mexican lines, the Mexican National Railroad and the Mexican Northwest Railroad, are connected with the U.S. Southern Pacific Railroad. El

2932:

engaging in talks with Gustavo Madero, but more importantly, the U.S. government "bent neutrality laws for the revolutionaries." The U.S. Senate held hearings in 1913 as to whether the U.S. had any role in fomenting revolution in Mexico, Hopkins gave testimony that "he did not believe that it cost

2431:

Francisco I. Madero was the first-born son of Evaristo's first-born son of his first marriage, Francisco Ignacio Madero Hernández and Mercedes González Treviño, and was Evaristo's first-born grandson. Young Francisco was the first of his father's eleven children. This wealthy and prolific extended

2385:'s regime, and by 1910 the family was one of the richest in Mexico, worth 30 million pesos ($ 15 million U.S. dollars of the day, and almost $ 500 million U.S. dollars in today's money). Much of this wealth arose from the diversification of Madero lands during the 1890s into the production of 3710:

was completed in 1938 that Madero had a public resting place. He had been interred in the French cemetery in Mexico City after his death. His tomb had been an informal pilgrimage site on the anniversary of his murder (22 February) and the proclamation of his Plan of San Luis Potosí (20 November),

3610:

fought for the principles of constitutional democracy that Madero embraced. In southern Mexico, Zapata had been in rebellion against the Madero government for its slow action on land reform and continued in rebellion against the Huerta regime. However, Zapata repudiated his former high opinion of

3576:

was approaching the prison when he heard a volley of shots. Behind the building, he found the two cars with the bodies of Madero and Suárez nearby, surrounded by soldiers and gendarmes. Major Cárdenas subsequently told reporters that the cars and their escort had been fired on by a group, as they

3372:

At his request, Madero dispatched troops under General José González Salas, the Secretary of War, to put down the rebellion. González Salas was not a seasoned campaign general, but he did not want Huerta to be dispatched. Unlike the two small, unsuccessful rebellions that attracted few followers,

3212:

Despite internal and external opposition, the Madero administration had a number of important accomplishments, including freedom of the press. He freed political prisoners and abolished the death penalty. He did away with the practice of the Díaz government, which appointed local political bosses

3073:

had strongly advised Madero not to sign the treaty, since it gave away the power the revolutionary forces had won. For Madero, that was not the only consideration. Madero saw that revolutionaries like Orozco were not going to docilely obey his orders not to attack and the situation could get even

2847:

Madero campaigned across the country on a message of reform and met with numerous supporters. Resentful of the "peaceful invasion" from the United States "which came to control 90 percent of Mexico's mineral resources, its national railroad, its oil industry and, increasingly, its land," Mexico's

2811:

The Porfirian regime reacted to Madero by placing pressure on the Madero family's banking interests, and at one point even issued a warrant for Madero's arrest on the grounds of "unlawful transaction in rubber". Madero was not arrested, though, apparently due in part to the intervention of Díaz's

3584:

President Madero, dead at 39, was buried quietly in the French cemetery of Mexico City. A series of contemporary photographs taken by Manuel Ramos show Maderos's coffin being carried from the penitentiary and placed on a special funeral tram car for transportation to the cemetery. Only his close

2454:

Although Francisco I. Madero's marriage to Sara Pérez was childless and there are no direct descendants of his line of the Maderos, the descendants of Evaristo Madero make up some of Mexico's most influential families today. Thus, young Francisco was a member of an extended and powerful northern

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who was the largest landowner in Mexico. Northern oligarchs had opposed ousting of Díaz and Madero's presidency and saw in Orozco a potential ally, a rival to oust Madero. They began flattering him that he was the man to bring order to Mexico. Madero's advisors had repeatedly warned Madero that

3325:

to put down the rebellion. Rebels had captured and looted Ciudad Juáréz. Orozco arrived with a contingent of troops. Still popular in Chihuahua, Orozco persuaded rebels to lay down their arms against Madero. Madero was delighted that Orozco had been so successful in dealing with two rebellions.

3234:

Madero made gestures of reform to those who had helped bring him to power, but his aim was a democratic transition to power, fulfilled by his election. His supporters were offered mild gestures of reform, creating a Department of Labor and a National Agrarian Commission, but organized labor and

2863:

Madero's father used his influence with the state governor and posted bond to give Madero the right to move about the city on horseback during the day. On 4 October 1910, Madero galloped away from his guards and took refuge with sympathizers in a nearby village. Three days later he was smuggled

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and offered medical treatments to his employees. Francisco became increasingly engaged with Spiritism and in 1901 was convinced that the spirit of his brother Raúl, who had died at age 4, was communicating with him, urging him to do charity work and practice self-discipline and self-abnegation.

2592:

in Mexico. The family was organized on patriarchal principles, so that even though young Francisco was wealthy in his own right, his father and especially his grandfather Evaristo viewed him as someone who should be under the authority of his elders. As the eldest sibling, Francisco exercised

3008:. On 1 April 1911, Porfirio Díaz claimed that he had heard the voice of the people of Mexico, replaced his cabinet, and agreed to restitution of the lands of the dispossessed. Madero did not believe this statement and instead demanded the resignation of President Díaz and Vice-president 2427:

and became a devotee of spiritism himself. He wrote extensively about spiritism in his diaries. "He was searching for ethical connections between Spiritualism and the Christian Gospels. 'I have no doubts that the moral transformation I have experienced is due to my becoming a medium.'"

3419:, hoping to capitalize on his famous name and with support from the U.S. But even with U.S. support, Díaz's rebellion collapsed after no Mexican generals or the general populace supported it. Díaz was arrested and imprisoned. Although Díaz was sentenced to death for his rebellion, the 2648:, "The Fly"). Madero's preferred candidate, Frumencio Fuentes, was defeated by that of Porfirio Díaz in Coahuila's 1905 gubernatorial elections. Díaz considered jailing Madero, but Bernardo Reyes suggested that Francisco's father be asked to control his increasingly political son. 3651:. Madero's status as a hero of the revolution was restored by the Sonoran dynasty, which deliberately constructed a narrative of historical memory that endures. 20 November, the day that Madero set in the Plan of San Luis Potosí for the rebellion against Porfirio Díaz, became a 4217: 2357:

rubber, and foundries in the later part of the nineteenth century. After Rafaela Hernández's death at age 38, Evaristo married Manuela Farías y Benavides (1870–1893), producing eleven children. She was a member of one of northern Mexico's most influential families, daughter of

3629:

For Mexicans hopeful of positive change with the Madero presidency, his performance in office was not inspiring, but as a martyr to the revolution ousted and murdered by reactionary forces with the aid of the United States ambassador, he became a powerful unifying force. The

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family were permitted to attend, leaving for Cuba immediately after. Following Huerta's overthrow, Francisco Cárdenas fled to Guatemala where he committed suicide in 1920 after the new Mexican government had requested his extradition to stand trial for the murder of Madero.

3141:

took advantage of his not being head of state and appealed to President De la Barra and the Congress to restore their lands which had been seized by Zapatista revolutionaries. They spread exaggerated stories of atrocities committed by Zapata's irregulars, calling Zapata the

2340:

Evaristo married twice, with the first marriage before he made his fortune to sixteen-year-old María Rafaela Hernádez Lombaraña (1847–1870), the daughter of an influential landowner, together producing seven children. She was the half-sister of the powerful miner and banker

3754:, not easily viewable by the public. An exception is Avenida Madero in Mexico City. One contemporaneous honor by General Pancho Villa remains in Mexico City. On the morning of 8 December 1914, he declared that the street leading from the Zócalo in Mexico City towards the 3345: 3074:

more out of hand when Díaz resigned. Madero recognized the legitimacy of the Federal Army and called on revolutionary forces to disband. "Having removed Díaz, it appeared that Madero was trying to contain the Revolutionary tiger before it had time to enjoy its liberty."

3109:

Although Madero and his supporters had forced Porfirio Díaz from power, he did not assume the presidency in June 1911. Instead, following the terms of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, he was a candidate for president and had no formal role in the interim presidency of

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laid a foundation stone on the 10th anniversary of Madero's death of a planned Madero statue in the zócalo, but the statue was never built. A statue was erected in 1956 at a downtown intersection in Mexico City and has been moved to the presidential residence,

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conducted a campaign of anti-Madero propaganda and disinformation, aimed at alarming the American residents, a campaign against Madero in U.S. newspapers. The U.S. government and business interests, too, increasingly backed rebellions against Madero.

3577:

neared the penitentiary. The two prisoners had leapt from the vehicles and ran towards their presumed rescuers. They had however been killed in the cross-fire. This account was treated with general disbelief, although the American ambassador

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orders not to take Ciudad Juárez in May 1911 when Madero was attempting non-military means to persuade Dįaz to resign. Orozco was personally resentful of how President Madero had treated him once he was in office. He launched a rebellion in

2587:

Already well-connected to a wealthy family and now well-educated in business, he had built a personal fortune of over 500,000 pesos by 1899. He invested in mines with other members of his family, which came to compete with interests of the

2966:). However, his uncle arrived late and brought only ten men. Madero decided to postpone the revolution. Instead, he and his brother Raúl (who had been given the same name as his late brother) traveled incognito to New Orleans, Louisiana. 4225: 2626:

Democratic Club and ran for municipal office in 1904, though he lost the election narrowly. In addition to his political activities, Madero continued his interest in Spiritualism, publishing a number of articles under the pseudonym of

4750:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 77 citing United States, Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: Revolutions in Mexico, United States Senate, Sixty-Second Congress, Second Session pursuant to S. Res. 335... 2392:

Unusually for a Mexican landowner, many of whom stayed close to home, the patriarch Evaristo traveled to Europe, as did Francisco's father. Francisco's father was interested in the increasingly popular philosophical movement of

2272: 3718:, but a 2005 change in the law makes the third Monday in November the day of commemoration. During the presidency of Venustiano Carranza, he ignored 20 November and commemorated 26 March, the anniversary of his 3535:, from 9 to 19 February events in the capital led to the overthrow and murder of Madero and his vice president. Rebel forces bombarded the National Palace and downtown Mexico City from the military arsenal ( 3300:, where he had previously served as governor. He called for "the people" to rise against Madero. "His rebellion was a total failure", lasting only eleven days before Reyes surrendered to the Federal Army at 2203:

against him. Foreign investors became concerned that Madero could not maintain political stability, while foreign governments were concerned that a destabilized Mexico would threaten international order.

2781:, Chihuahua, for 16 October 1909, a historic first meeting between a Mexican and a U.S. president and also the first time a U.S. president would cross the border into Mexico. At the meeting, Diaz told 2187:

in a landslide and sworn into office on 6 November 1911. The Madero administration soon encountered opposition from conservatives and more radical revolutionaries. Hesitation to implement large-scale

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In 1905, Madero became increasingly involved in opposition to the Díaz government, which had excluded his family from political power. He organized political clubs and founded a political newspaper (

2443:, from his grandfather's second marriage, as his Minister of Finance (a post which he had since the previous presidency), which was used to accuse him of nepotism. Francisco was close to his brother 3150:

to suppress Zapata's revolutionaries. Madero once again traveled south to urge Zapata to disband his supporters peacefully, but Zapata refused on the grounds that Huerta's troops were advancing on

2962:

On 20 November 1910, Madero arrived at the border and planned to meet up with 400 men raised by his uncle Catarino Benavides Hernández to launch an attack on Ciudad Porfirio Díaz (modern-day

2703:

Madero spent the bulk of 1908 writing a book, which he believed was at the direction of spirits, now including that of Benito Juárez himself. This book, published in January 1909, was titled

2928:, the "world's best rigger of Latin American revolutions" to foment support in the U.S. A strategy to discredit Díaz with U.S. business and the U.S. government did meet some success, with 1587: 3390:

assumed control of the federalist forces. Huerta was more successful, defeating Orozco's troops in three major battles and forcing Orozco to flee to the United States in September 1912.

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him had expected, he lost control of those areas in Morelos and Chihuahua. A series of internal rebellions challenged Madero's presidency before the February 1913 coup that deposed him.

2785:, "Since I am responsible for bringing several billion dollars in foreign investments into my country, I think I should continue in my position until a competent successor is found." 8391: 3606:

refused to support the new regime although most state governors had. He brought together a coalition of revolutionaries under the banner of the Mexican Constitution, so that the

3182:

Madero became president in November 1911, and, intending to reconcile the nation, appointed a cabinet that included many of Porfirio Díaz's supporters, as well as Madero's uncle

3126:

was skeptical about disbanding his troops, especially since the Federal Army from the Díaz era remained essentially intact. However, Madero traveled south to meet with Zapata at

2191:

efforts upset many of his followers, who viewed it as a promised demand from conflict participation. Workers also became disillusioned by his moderate policies. Former supporter

3369:

Orozco was untrustworthy, but Madero had just seen the demonstration of Orozco's loyalty in preserving his presidency. Orozco's "revolution came as a complete shock to Madero."

2243:; meanwhile, Zapata continued his rebellion against the Federal Government under the Plan of Ayala. Once Huerta was ousted in July 1914, the revolutionary coalitions met in the 2276: 8436: 8381: 8376: 2993:

hired agents to surveil insurrectionists, fairly openly operated in El Paso. But the U.S. government efforts to halt the flow of arms to the Mexican revolutionaries failed.

2936:

Madero supposedly initiated the Mexican Revolution with guidance from spirits (Madero identified as a medium who communicated with ghosts, including historical figures like

2736:. Madero sold off much of his property – often at a considerable loss – to finance anti-re-election activities throughout Mexico. He founded the Anti-Re-election Center in 2172:

and prompt foreign intervention, Madero ordered Villa and Orozco to retreat, but they disobeyed and captured Juárez. Díaz resigned on 25 May 1911 after the signing of the

3581:, a strong supporter of Huerta, reported to Washington that, "I am disposed to accept the (Huerta) government's version of the affair and consider it a closed incident". 3317: 2848:

poor and middle-class overwhelmingly showed their support for Madero. Fearful of a dramatic change in direction, on 6 June 1910, the Porfirian regime arrested Madero in

2719:, excessive concessions to the United States, and an unhealthy centralization of politics around the person of the president. Madero called for a return of the Liberal 3548:

was kidnapped off the street, tortured, and killed. Following Huerta's coup d'état on 18 February 1913, Madero was forced to resign. After a 45-minute term of office,

3296:, whom Porfirio Díaz had sent to Europe on a diplomatic mission because Díaz worried that Reyes was going to challenge him for the presidency, launched a rebellion in 3045:

This first phase of the Mexican Revolution thus ended with Díaz leaving for exile in Europe at the end of May 1911. He was escorted to the port of Veracruz by General

3042:, becoming interim president solely for the purpose of calling general elections. Madero did not want to come to power by force of arms, but by a democratic election. 2359: 7488: 2985:. Madero was slightly wounded in his right arm in the fighting, shown bandaged in a photograph. Madero was saved by his personal bodyguard and Revolutionary general 8406: 3174: 2860:

took over the nomination, but during Madero's time in jail, a fraudulent election was held on 21 June 1910 that gave Díaz an unbelievably large margin of victory.

2742: 2945: 7706: 3519:, the target of the rebel artillery fire from the nearby arsenal. There were dead bodies in the zócalo and the capital's streets. Photographer, Manuel Ramos. 3027:. It surrendered after two days of bloody fighting. The revolutionaries won this battle decisively, making it clear that Díaz could no longer retain power. 8421: 7721: 7218: 5287:

Montes Ayala, Francisco Gabriel (1993). Raúl Oseguera Pérez, ed. "Francisco Cárdenas. Un hombre que cambió la history". Sahuayo, Michoacán: Impresos ABC.

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was tortured and killed. After his assassination, Madero became a unifying force among revolutionary factions against the Huerta regime. In the north,

3593: 8431: 4773: 2868:, hidden in a baggage car by sympathetic railway workers. He took up residence in San Antonio, Texas, where he plotted his next moves. He wrote the 4825: 4108: 2824: 266: 8386: 3894: 3134:. Madero assured Zapata that the land redistribution promised in the Plan of San Luis Potosí would be carried out when Madero became president. 8426: 7891: 3200: 7243: 7213: 2959:, who forbade members of the Magonista movement to have anything to do with the Madero movement, but the pragmatist Villareal joined Madero. 1376: 1346: 2769:

In spite of the attacks by Madero and his earlier statements to the contrary, Díaz ran for re-election. In a show of U.S. support, Díaz and

7826: 7439: 6540: 2240: 2122: 2051: 1428: 223: 7779: 3572:. The journalists on foot were outdistanced by the motor vehicles, which were driven towards the penitentiary. The correspondent for the 3481:

Madero's moderation against revolutionary tendencies. But when U.S. turned against Madero, the U.S. ambassador and the German ambassador

2508: 2366:. The surviving children of Evaristo's marriages also married into prominent families and expanded the Madero family's power and wealth. 8446: 7816: 2160:

as revolutionary leaders. Madero crossed from Texas into Mexico and took command of a band of revolutionaries, but was defeated in the

2329:

Evaristo was the founder of a commercial transport business. Taking advantage of economic opportunity, he transported cotton from the

2102:

to oust Díaz. The Mexican revolution would continue until 1920, well after Madero and Díaz's deaths, with hundreds of thousands dead.

271: 8401: 8371: 8351: 7800: 7248: 6139: 3762:, but commonly known simply as Madero street, it is one of the most popular and historically significant streets in the city. It was 3490:, as an appropriate candidate as a military dictator. That view dictated his actions as a plan for a coup was hatched in early 1913. 2353:, initially involved in commercial vineyards, cotton, and textiles, and later also in mining, cotton mills, ranching, banking, coal, 1381: 501: 24: 3916: 1771: 2176:

and went into exile. Madero retained the Federal Army and dismissed the revolutionary fighters who had forced Díaz's resignation.

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Despite Madero's importance as a historical figure, there are relatively few memorials or monuments to him. It was not until the

3034:

was signed. Under the terms of the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, Díaz and Corral agreed to resign by the end of May 1911, with Díaz's

2219:

was staged in Mexico City, with the latter taking the presidency. Madero was captured and assassinated along with vice-president

2144:

Madero's armed support was concentrated in northern Mexico and was aided by access to arms and finances in the United States. In

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On 14 February 1911, Madero crossed the border into Chihuahua state from Texas, and on 6 March 1911 led 130 men in an attack on

8321: 6686: 6658: 1850: 369: 2700:, President Díaz said that Mexico was ready for a democracy and that the 1910 presidential election would be a free election. 2369: 2349:, Secretary of Finance. Alongside his brother-in-law and others of his new political family's relations, Evaristo founded the 8366: 7986: 7795: 7774: 7295: 6607: 6319: 4709: 4561: 3035: 2098:. After Díaz claimed to have won the fraudulent election of 1910 despite promising a return to democracy, Madero started the 1895: 1689: 1468: 5251:"President Madero's coffin being placed in funeral car, Mexico City :: Mexico – Photographs, Manuscripts, and Imprints" 4671: 8416: 8331: 7759: 7503: 6582: 6508: 6448: 6381: 6339: 5597: 5516: 2816:, a friend of the Madero family. In April 1910, the Anti-Re-electionist Party met and selected Madero as their nominee for 2539:, to pursue courses in agricultural techniques and to improve his English. During his time there, he was influenced by the 2293:

Francisco Ignacio Madero González was born in 1873 into a large and extremely wealthy family in northeastern Mexico at the

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in February 1913 and assassinated. He came to prominence as an advocate for democracy and as an opponent of President and

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Madero had another brother, also named Raúl, who survived to adulthood and participated in the Mexican Revolution. Ross,

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With Madero now campaigning for the presidency, which he was expected to win, several landowners from Zapata's state of

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that overthrew Francisco from the presidency. His brothers Emilio, Julio, and Raúl fought in the Mexican Revolution.

1766: 1391: 1146: 4907:. Translated by Aliaga-Buchenau, Ana-Isabel. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. p. 154. 4298:

Madero, Francisco I. "Mis Memorias". Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía. Mexico 1922, 9

3658: 3308:. Madero allowed Reyes privileges while in prison, which allowed him to organize subsequent conspiracies from jail. 2165: 8346: 8289: 8245: 7900: 7858: 7432: 6498: 3871: 3597:

Madero's widow, brother, sisters, and niece upon their arrival in New York City after the assassination, March 1913

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President Madero riding the streets near the Palace, acclaimed by his supporters, a few days before his tragic end.

2044: 1801: 2618:, violently crushed a political demonstration, an example of the increasingly authoritarian policies of president 2281: 310: 8341: 6638: 5811: 2865: 1828: 733: 5250: 8396: 7069: 5843: 5394: 3486:

from intervening itself. Hintze had a low opinion of Félix Díaz, and saw the head of the Mexican Federal Army,

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that once he became president, things would change. Most Zapatistas had grown suspicious of Madero, however.

2330: 2260: 2184: 2126: 1674: 1654: 8097: 7946: 7609: 5550: 3781:, produced on the occasion of Madero's election in 1910, titled "Calavera de Madero" portraying Madero as a 3111: 3086: 3039: 2531:, the founder of Spiritism, and became a passionate advocate of the belief, soon coming to believe he was a 2180: 1709: 121: 8356: 7981: 7821: 7701: 7614: 6269: 5525: 3524: 3412: 3380: 3321: 3155: 2857: 2796:

The summit was a great success for Díaz, but it could have been a major tragedy. On the day of the summit,

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Madero was known as "The Apostle of Democracy," but "Madero the martyr meant more to the soul of Mexico."

208: 8026: 7425: 7147: 6276: 5821: 5715: 4961:"Did You Know? The World's first aerial bombing: the Battle of Topolobampo, Mexico : Mexico History" 2720: 2306: 2133:, Madero escaped from jail, fled to the United States, and called for the overthrow of his regime in the 2037: 1699: 1276: 743: 637: 280: 7039: 2571:

In 1893, the 20-year-old Madero returned to Mexico and assumed management of one of the Madero family's

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and the Société Parisienne d'Études Spirites, whilst completing his studies at the École Commercial in

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The United States' position towards the Madero regime grew increasingly hostile. The U.S. Ambassador,

3031: 2899: 2881: 2869: 2377:, Secretary of Finance, Leonor Olivares Tapia (Mrs. Ernesto Madero), and niece Leonor Madero Olivares. 2173: 2134: 8411: 8220: 8185: 7921: 7233: 7029: 6483: 6251: 6070: 6065: 2835: 2797: 2727:("Effective Suffrage. No Re-election"). Porfirio Díaz could either run in a free election or retire. 1862: 1756: 1366: 1156: 836: 822: 8092: 2318: 8210: 8077: 8044: 7769: 7263: 6428: 6413: 6087: 5725: 5590: 3714:

The date of Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí, 20 November, was a fixed official holiday in Mexico,

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along the procession route and they disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft.

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Monument to the Revolution in Mexico City, final resting place of Madero and other revolutionaries

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but failed to do so. For Madero's opponents this was evidence of his ineffectiveness as a leader.

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The family drew on its financial resources to make regime change possible, with Madero's brother

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Madero was enormously popular among many sectors but did not immediately assume the presidency.

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the Maderos themselves more than $ 400,000 gold", with the aggregate cost being $ 1,500,000US.

1867: 1843: 1811: 1781: 1746: 1741: 1716: 1577: 1495: 1371: 1341: 566: 8195: 7599: 5045:

Niemeyer, Victor. "Frustrated Invasion: The Revolutionary Attempt of General Bernardo Reyes".

3634:, Madero's home state, became the leader of the northern revolutionaries opposing the Huerta. 3555: 3301: 2813: 2346: 8117: 8049: 7388: 7310: 7285: 7253: 7152: 7129: 7119: 7024: 6855: 6840: 6740: 6617: 6550: 6513: 6493: 6423: 6371: 6366: 6324: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6200: 6190: 6185: 5982: 4027:"Modern History Sourcebook: Francisco Madero: The Plan of San Luis Potosi, November 20, 1910" 3725: 3365: 3146:

of the South". De la Barra and the Congress, therefore, decided to send regular troops under

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In February 1913, a coup d'état backed by the United States and led by conservative Generals

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the main gate under a heavy escort commanded by Major Francisco Cárdenas, an officer of the

3399: 2823:

During the convention, the governor of Veracruz arranged a meeting between Madero and Díaz,

2597:, first in a civil ceremony, and then a Catholic nuptial mass celebrated by the archbishop. 2559: 1126: 8316: 8311: 8190: 8175: 7931: 7594: 7376: 6815: 6780: 6643: 6633: 6602: 6592: 6555: 6488: 6458: 6453: 6438: 6403: 6376: 6329: 6291: 6281: 6241: 6134: 6129: 6117: 5987: 5928: 5894: 5848: 5693: 3631: 3451: 3204:

Madero and his vice president Pino Suárez (to his right, one step below) at the funeral of

3190: 3151: 3105:. Zapata rebelled in 1911, because of President Madero's slowness to implement land reform. 3062: 2540: 2310: 2129:, which resulted in his arrest. After Díaz declared himself winner for an eighth term in a 2125:, Madero's candidacy garnered widespread support in the country. He challenged Díaz in the 2076:; 30 October 1873 – 22 February 1913) was a Mexican businessman, revolutionary, writer and 1976: 1791: 1736: 1726: 1704: 1684: 1679: 1639: 1624: 1602: 1565: 1515: 1473: 1463: 1423: 943: 908: 817: 770: 615: 489: 484: 479: 417: 8127: 7976: 6805: 6256: 3742: 3393:

Relations between Huerta and Madero grew strained during the course of this campaign when

2856:. Approximately 5,000 other members of the Anti-Re-electionist movement were also jailed. 2594: 2564: 2381:

For many years despite their exclusion from political office, the family prospered during

2152:

to his movement, appointing him provisional governor of the state. González then enlisted

933: 402: 234: 8: 8274: 8215: 8162: 8147: 8142: 8122: 7665: 7564: 7554: 7371: 6910: 6850: 6800: 6518: 6246: 6231: 6221: 6180: 6112: 6097: 6082: 6077: 5992: 5906: 5901: 5779: 5698: 5639: 5583: 5557: 3755: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3603: 3224: 3070: 3066: 2990: 2817: 2770: 2751: 2576: 2548: 2520: 2403: 2394: 2298: 2232: 2081: 1971: 1619: 1592: 1535: 1483: 1038: 978: 928: 701: 620: 561: 494: 464: 459: 427: 386: 165: 84: 7961: 4247: 3913: 3695: 2747: 7911: 7448: 7177: 7114: 7014: 6612: 6577: 6264: 6236: 6146: 5774: 5754: 3988: 3814: 3115: 2138: 2099: 1694: 1597: 1510: 1306: 1241: 1141: 696: 676: 513: 8235: 8205: 8107: 7956: 7936: 6830: 5965: 5567: 4468:, pp. 248, and 820, footnote 10 who cites a Madero manuscript in a private collection. 3549: 2986: 2840: 958: 133: 8285: 8250: 8157: 8112: 8036: 7670: 7660: 7544: 7462: 7407: 7157: 6915: 6845: 6820: 6810: 6790: 6102: 6032: 6007: 5938: 5816: 5703: 5634: 5486: 5438: 5204: 4908: 4705: 4582: 4557: 4340: 4279: 4157: 4026: 3972: 3952: 3888: 3778: 3738: 3719: 3622: 3578: 3545: 3540: 3487: 3468: 3447: 3435: 3387: 3357: 3348: 3194: 3147: 3089:(1863–1939), whose interim presidency in 1911 gave Madero's enemies time to organize. 3046: 2925: 2921: 2782: 2589: 2475: 2444: 2424: 2323: 2228: 2216: 2145: 2013: 1286: 1043: 973: 948: 938: 918: 738: 625: 556: 518: 256: 8082: 8054: 8021: 7584: 3746: 2872:

in San Antonio, but back dated and situated in to last place he had been in Mexico.

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by the Federal Army, which led him to abandon military command roles. Concerned the

7916: 7634: 7329: 7322: 7134: 7084: 7049: 6994: 6900: 6885: 6860: 6795: 6765: 6151: 6124: 6037: 6020: 6015: 5933: 5838: 5789: 5764: 5747: 5742: 5676: 3863: 3539:). Madero's loyalists initially held their ground, but Madero's commander, General 3131: 2730:

Madero's book was well received, and widely read. Many people began to call Madero

2309:

had built an enormous and diversified fortune as a young man and briefly served as

2072: 1929: 1922: 1261: 1211: 1176: 1121: 1028: 1013: 988: 923: 893: 760: 711: 686: 669: 664: 598: 523: 449: 437: 8087: 8067: 7966: 7579: 7529: 7054: 5524: 3825: 3189:

After years of censorship, Mexican newspapers took advantage of their newly found

3024: 3015:

In early May, Madero wanted to extend a ceasefire, but his fellow revolutionaries

2937: 2778: 2723:. To achieve this, Madero proposed organizing a Democratic Party under the slogan 2661: 2623: 2619: 2382: 2118: 2095: 1181: 8225: 7764: 7696: 7691: 7559: 7192: 7182: 7167: 7089: 7079: 7059: 6950: 6930: 6890: 6865: 6775: 5918: 5875: 5863: 5853: 5794: 5654: 5649: 3920: 3821: 3763: 3532: 3499: 3482: 3461: 3264: 3247: 3166: 3123: 3119: 3102: 3005: 2788: 2761: 2448: 2224: 2200: 2192: 2130: 2121:, whose regime had become increasingly authoritarian. Bankrolling the opposition 2085: 2025: 1321: 1311: 1296: 1216: 1206: 1186: 1078: 1058: 1018: 993: 903: 797: 785: 775: 716: 576: 571: 442: 285: 8031: 7604: 3009: 2439:

After winning election to the presidency in 1911, Francisco confirmed his uncle

2105:

A member of one of Mexico's wealthiest families, Madero studied business at the

8006: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7574: 7393: 7366: 7361: 7334: 7290: 7109: 7044: 6895: 6870: 6835: 6785: 6725: 6092: 5997: 5948: 5858: 5759: 5720: 5710: 5478: 5463:

The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution

5458: 4943: 4556:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 1–17, 213. 3931: 3882: 3544:

go into exile, as had President Díaz in May 1911. Madero's brother and advisor

3528: 3338: 3293: 3280: 3183: 3161: 3016: 2691: 2665: 2611: 2374: 2334: 2212: 2169: 2157: 2110: 1993: 1966: 1961: 1934: 1890: 1236: 1171: 1023: 998: 963: 913: 853: 780: 681: 642: 632: 506: 474: 295: 7926: 7099: 6920: 2500: 2488: 2247:, where disagreements persisted, and Mexico entered a new stage of civil war. 1226: 1048: 333: 8305: 7655: 7349: 7142: 7104: 7034: 7004: 6970: 6965: 6945: 6825: 6750: 6523: 6044: 5943: 5911: 5868: 5731: 3876: 3849: 3621:, who defended Madero's tomb from vandalism during the counter-revolutionary 3361: 3268: 2593:

authority over his younger brothers and sisters. In January 1903, he married

2447:

as a trusted advisor when president. His brother Gustavo was murdered during

2416: 2287: 2196: 2077: 1949: 1271: 1231: 1161: 1131: 1098: 1093: 1073: 953: 878: 790: 653: 469: 251: 197: 7513: 4109:"Glorious innocent: The tragedy and triumph of Francisco Madero (1873–1913)" 3297: 2902:, which had been written during his time in prison, partly with the help of 2678: 2615: 2423:. Young Francisco was sent to Paris to study business alongside his brother 7836: 7754: 7549: 7383: 7187: 7162: 7094: 6940: 6770: 6760: 6391: 5955: 5769: 4748:

The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1914: The Diplomacy of Anglo-American Conflict

4218:"Revolución / Francisco I. Madero: con "I" de Ignacio, por Alejandro Rosas" 3829: 3802: 3394: 3205: 3020: 2929: 2913: 2712: 2544: 2528: 2398: 2153: 1983: 1316: 1291: 1221: 1068: 898: 888: 691: 31: 6359: 4826:"'El espiritismo forjó la cruzada democrática de Madero': Alejandro Rosas" 3614: 3351:(1850–1916), who suppressed Orozco's rebellion against Madero's government 2886: 2511:

program. Soon after, he was admitted to study business at the prestigious

8230: 7172: 6975: 6960: 6935: 6730: 6715: 6025: 5960: 5828: 5681: 5629: 4728:. Leslie Bethell, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 130. 3796: 3790: 3688: 3684: 3305: 3235:

peasants seeking land did not have their fundamental situations changed.

3050: 2978: 2895: 2737: 2633: 2496: 2455:

Mexican clan with a focus on commercial rather than political interests.

2314: 1301: 1103: 1088: 1063: 858: 843: 750: 603: 551: 212: 186: 3243: 3077: 2317:

of Porfirio Díaz's rule (1880–1884), when Díaz's right-hand man General

2020: 7869: 7853: 7841: 7498: 7493: 7472: 7339: 7305: 7300: 6955: 6745: 6720: 5833: 5686: 5666: 5607: 3457: 3376: 3127: 3098: 3093: 2580: 2532: 2504: 1939: 1905: 1900: 1570: 1083: 873: 848: 755: 608: 588: 394: 341: 5115:

In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914

2651: 7417: 6880: 6049: 5330:

La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History

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plotted the overthrow of Madero. Now known in Mexican history as the

2849: 2792:

Francisco I. Madero campaigns from the back of a railway car in 1910.

2584:

Madero became a vegetarian and stopped drinking alcohol and smoking.

2512: 2492: 2467: 2106: 2008: 1806: 1008: 528: 346: 272: 62: 19:"Francisco Madero" redirects here. For the Argentine politician, see 4927:

Brewster, Keith. "Mexican Revolution October 1910 – February 1913."

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The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920

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was replaced by Huerta, who took over the presidency later that day.

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in May 1909, and soon thereafter lent his backing to the periodical

2527:. During his time in Paris, Madero made a pilgrimage to the tomb of 7846: 7716: 7477: 7344: 7317: 6735: 6528: 6396: 5923: 5784: 5196:

The Mexican Revolution. Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants

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Modern street sign and plaque with the former name of the section,

3416: 2982: 2572: 2483: 2302: 2294: 2236: 2092: 2089: 1944: 1917: 1821: 1612: 863: 706: 323: 169: 4332:

The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants

4271:

The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants

4149:

The Mexican Revolution Volume 1. Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants

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Following his forced resignation, Madero and his Vice-president

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Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox

3143: 2628: 2479: 2420: 2265: 723: 5303:, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, pp. 1–2. 4774:"La revolución de los espíritus | Alejandro Rosas, Yael Weiss" 3504: 7482: 5575: 2656: 3162:

Presidency and assassination (November 1911 – February 1913)

2977:, grandson of the famous Italian revolutionary, and General 3344: 3053:

in triumph where he was greeted with huge crowds shouting "

3023:

disagreed and went ahead without orders on 8 May to attack

5001:, vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996, p. 488. 8392:

Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Mexico) politicians

5475:, 2 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986. 5316:: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History 3670: 3193:

to harshly criticize Madero's performance as president.

2875: 4950:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, pp. 40–41. 2605: 4702:

The Mexican Revolution: A Brief History with Documents

4055:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2009, ix 4903:

Castillo, Máximo (2016). Valdés, Jesús Vargas (ed.).

3078:

Interim presidency of De la Barra (May–November 1911)

8437:

National presidents assassinated in the 20th century

8382:

Candidates in the 1911 Mexican presidential election

8377:

Candidates in the 1910 Mexican presidential election

4893:. Mexico: Editorial F. Trillas, S.A. 1967, v. 1, 248 3839: 3475: 3223:("House of the World Worker"), an organization with 2890:

Madero (center) in San Antonio, Texas while in exile

2195:

declared himself in rebellion against Madero in the

2183:

was installed, and elections were scheduled. Madero

7219:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

5318:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, 64, 68–69 3758:would be named for Madero. Still officially called 2652:

Leader of the Anti-Re-election Movement (1908–1909)

2535:. Following business school, Madero studied at the 2117:called Mexican voters to prevent the reelection of 1352:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

4999:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 4704:. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 6–7. 4539:, vol. 2, p. 1341. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 3415:(nephew of Porfirio Díaz) launched a rebellion in 3231:his vice presidential candidate with Pino Suárez. 2800:, the celebrated scout, and Private C.R. Moore, a 2419:to electrify his hacienda and neighboring town of 5426:Orozco: Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary 5010:Brewster, "Mexican Revolution: October 1910–1913. 4800:"Los diarios espiritistas de Francisco I. Madero" 4552:Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). 4518: 4516: 4476: 4474: 4308: 4306: 4304: 3493: 3426: 2515:(HEC). His father's subscription to the magazine 8303: 5036:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972, 31 4016:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1952, p. 70. 3989:"Francisco I. Madero – 38° Presidente de México" 2830: 2746:, which was run by the young lawyer/philosopher 2470:, where Madero and his brother studied business. 8407:UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources alumni 5332:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 50 4984:Tortolero Cervantes,. "Francisco I. Madero" in 4626: 4624: 3687:celebrating the entry of Francisco Madero into 3320:, rose in rebellion. Emilio was the brother of 3114:, a diplomat and lawyer. Left in place was the 2996:By April the Revolution had spread to eighteen 2168:would cause casualties in the American city of 42: and the second or maternal family name is 4513: 4471: 4301: 4136:. New York: Columbia University Press 1955, 3. 3741:has a stop named for Madero's vice president, 7885: 7433: 7244:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 7214:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 5591: 5057: 5055: 4988:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 766–67. 4724:Womack, John Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in 4576: 4547: 4545: 4076: 4074: 3914:Anti-Reelectionist-Progressive Constitutional 2513:École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris 2468:École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris 2373:Francisco Madero Hernández with half-brother 2107:École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Paris 2045: 1377:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 1347:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 5465:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981. 4621: 4551: 4324: 4322: 4051:Harris, Charles H, III and Louis R. Sadler, 3895:Manifiesto a la Nación (Francisco I. Madero) 3450:, to turn Mexico's oil industry over to the 3360:in March 1912 with the financial backing of 3316:Nearly simultaneous with Reyes's rebellion, 2519:awakened in the young Madero an interest in 2073:[fɾanˈsiskojɣˈnasjomaˈðeɾoɣonˈsales] 8422:Mexican people of Portuguese-Jewish descent 5499:. New York: Columbia University Press 1955. 4206:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, pp. 245–46. 97:6 November 1911 – 19 February 1913 7892: 7878: 7440: 7426: 5598: 5584: 5052: 4997:LaFrance, David. "Francisco I. Madero" in 4905:Máximo Castillo and the Mexican Revolution 4891:Historia gráfica de la Revolución Mexicana 4542: 4071: 3951:, p. 86. Cengage Learning Editores, 2003, 3311: 2313:, from 1880 to 1884, during the four-year 2250: 2052: 2038: 61: 7801:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 7249:International Federation of Liberal Youth 5522: 5497:Francisco I. Madero, Apostle of Democracy 5455:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1952. 5432: 5423: 4737:Womack, "The Mexican Revolution", p. 131. 4699: 4402:"Vol. VI, No. 21, Octubre-Diciembre 2003" 4319: 4215: 4134:Francisco I. Madero, Apostle of Democracy 3440:ambassador of the United States in Mexico 3170:Francisco I. Madero, President of Mexico. 2940:and even his deceased younger brother.) 2924:hiring the law firm of Washington lawyer 1382:International Federation of Liberal Youth 226:(previously the Anti-Reelectionist Party) 25:Francisco I. Madero Municipality, Hidalgo 8432:Assassinated presidents in North America 7899: 5453:Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero 5428:. Chicago: University of Oklahoma Press. 5395:"C50 Calavera de D. Francisco I. Madero" 4902: 4014:Mexican Revolution: Genesis Under Madero 3724: 3694: 3674: 3657: 3613: 3592: 3554: 3511: 3503: 3456: 3430: 3375: 3343: 3332: 3274: 3242: 3199: 3173: 3165: 3092: 3081: 2908: 2885: 2834: 2787: 2760: 2677: 2655: 2558: 2462: 2368: 2271: 2259: 7229:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 4672:"The Last Time the U.S. Invaded Mexico" 4535:LaFrance, David G. "Aquiles Serdán" in 3828:, Madero appears on the obverse of the 3406: 2804:, discovered a man holding a concealed 2694:published on 17 February 1908 issue of 1362:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 23:. For the municipality in Hidalgo, see 8304: 7447: 5192: 5117:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, 2012, p. 212 4797: 4374:"Apuntes Para la Historia de Lampazos" 4328: 4267: 4145: 3258: 2682:"Manifestación antireeleccionista" by 2509:classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 8427:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s 7873: 7796:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 7421: 5579: 5049:67 (July 1963 – June 1964), pp 213–25 4577:López Obrador, Andrés Manuel (2014). 3671:Historical memory and popular culture 3527:(Porfirio Díaz's nephew) and General 2876:Plan of San Luis Potosí and rebellion 2223:in a series of events now called the 2148:, Madero recruited wealthy landowner 2071: 16:President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913 4798:Madero, Francisco I. (10 May 2016). 4669: 4248:"Madero era (Y)gnacio, no Indalecio" 4106: 4053:The Secret War in El Paso, 1906–1920 4031:Internet History Sourcebooks Project 3588: 2606:Introduction to politics (1903–1908) 2255: 7707:Querétaro Constitutional Convention 7269:Liberal South East European Network 5562:6 November 1911 – 19 February 1913 5526:"Madero, Francisco Indalegio" 4778:Revista de la Universidad de México 3328: 3227:was founded during his presidency. 3097:Francisco I. Madero campaigning in 2709:The Presidential Succession of 1910 2600: 2563:Francisco I. Madero with his wife, 2554: 2199:, and in the north, Pascual Orozco 2115:The Presidential Succession in 1910 1402:Liberal South East European Network 224:Progressive Constitutionalist Party 13: 8387:Mount St. Mary's University alumni 5523:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1922). 5416: 4390:from the original on 14 July 2022. 4381:Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 3287: 2537:University of California, Berkeley 2474:Francisco and his younger brother 2084:from 1911 until he was deposed in 351:University of California, Berkeley 315:Mercedes González Treviño (mother) 14: 8458: 8447:20th-century presidents of Mexico 7790:Institutional Revolutionary Party 7259:Liberal Network for Latin America 5504: 5047:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 4761:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1914 3745:, but not one to Madero. General 3662:Statue of Madero in front of the 3476:Germany and the Madero government 3049:. On 7 June 1911, Madero entered 2664:(1830–1915) that accompanied the 2547:, which were prominent at nearby 2487:the United States, attending the 2065:Francisco Ignacio Madero González 1392:Liberal Network for Latin America 825:(contributions to liberal theory) 153:Francisco Ignacio Madero González 8402:20th-century Mexican politicians 8372:People of the Mexican Revolution 8352:Assassinated Mexican politicians 8260: 7859:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 5510: 5485:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 4670:Zeit, Joshua (4 February 2017). 3971:, p. 168. Westview Press, 2006, 3969:Latin American Political History 3872:List of heads of state of Mexico 3856: 3842: 2898:, Texas, and quickly issued his 2725:Sufragio efectivo, no reelección 2705:La sucesión presidencial en 1910 2690:In an interview with journalist 2268:, birthplace of President Madero 2019: 2007: 401: 368: 5387: 5374: 5361: 5348: 5335: 5322: 5306: 5290: 5281: 5268: 5243: 5230: 5217: 5199:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 5186: 5183:. Mexico City: Clio, pp. 119–21 5173: 5160: 5146: 5133: 5120: 5107: 5094: 5081: 5068: 5039: 5026: 5013: 5004: 4991: 4978: 4953: 4936: 4921: 4896: 4883: 4870: 4857: 4844: 4818: 4791: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4731: 4718: 4693: 4663: 4650: 4637: 4608: 4595: 4570: 4529: 4500: 4487: 4458: 4445: 4432: 4419: 4394: 4366: 4353: 4335:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 4292: 4274:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 4261: 4240: 4209: 4196: 4183: 4170: 4152:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 4139: 4126: 4100: 4087: 3817:, Madero is a major character. 2765:Francisco I Madero and leaders. 2715:, the repression of workers in 5844:Separation of church and state 5605: 4058: 4045: 4019: 4006: 3981: 3961: 3941: 3925: 3907: 3494:Successful coup against Madero 3427:U.S. and the Madero government 2981:, an Afrikaner veteran of the 2644:) and a satirical periodical ( 2343:Antonio V. Hernández Benavides 766:Separation of church and state 1: 8322:1913 murders in North America 7504:French Intervention in Mexico 5034:Huerta: A Political Biography 3900: 3238: 2831:Campaign, arrest, escape 1910 2351:Compañía Industrial de Parras 2211:(a nephew of Porfirio Díaz), 2113:and democracy, his 1908 book 68: 8367:People from Parras, Coahuila 7822:Liberation Army of the South 7750:Mexican Constitution of 1917 7702:Convention of Aguascalientes 5328:quoted in Benjamin, Thomas. 4579:Neoporfirismo: Hoy como ayer 3788:Madero appears in the films 3559:Painting of Madero's capture 2852:and sent him to a prison in 2458: 2415:). Back in Mexico, he hired 2333:to Mexican ports during the 2245:Convention of Aguascalientes 34:, the first or paternal 7: 8417:Deaths by firearm in Mexico 8332:Mexican democracy activists 8246:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 7972:Francisco Javier Echeverría 7952:Antonio López de Santa Anna 5433:Caballero, Raymond (2015). 5424:Caballero, Raymond (2017). 5154:"Album, Mexican Revolution" 3835: 3832:banknote issued from 2020. 3811:The Friends of Pancho Villa 3653:national day of celebration 3178:Madero and his staff, 1911. 3036:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2507:, France, he completed the 10: 8463: 8098:Francisco León de la Barra 7785:Monument to the Revolution 7610:Francisco León de la Barra 7468:Economic History of Mexico 5551:Francisco León de la Barra 5483:Mexico: Biography of Power 5276:Revolution! Mexico 1910–20 5255:digitalcollections.smu.edu 5238:Revolution! Mexico 1910–20 5227:, pp. 142–143, 586 03669 5 5225:Revolution! Mexico 1910–20 4658:Mexico: Biography of Power 4616:Mexico: Biography of Power 4581:. Berkeley, CA: Grijalbo. 4524:Mexico: Biography of Power 4508:Mexico: Biography of Power 4495:Mexico: Biography of Power 4482:Mexico: Biography of Power 4466:Mexico: Biography of Power 4361:Mexico: Biography of Power 4314:Mexico: Biography of Power 4204:Mexico: Biography of Power 4178:Mexico: Biography of Power 3947:Flores Rangel, Juan José. 3936:Mexico: Biography of Power 3760:Francisco I. Madero Avenue 3708:Monument to the Revolution 3497: 3292:In December 1911, General 3112:Francisco León de la Barra 3087:Francisco León de la Barra 3040:Francisco León de la Barra 2879: 2750:and another intellectual, 2277:Francisco Madero Hernández 311:Francisco Madero Hernández 209:Monument to the Revolution 122:Francisco León de la Barra 29: 18: 8362:People murdered in Mexico 8269: 8258: 8221:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 8073:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 7907: 7809: 7737: 7722:United States involvement 7679: 7643: 7522: 7455: 7404: 7389:Sexually liberal feminism 7296:Bias in American academia 7276: 7234:European Democratic Party 7202: 6986: 6706: 6674: 6626: 6539: 6290: 6214: 6173: 6164: 6071:Constitutional patriotism 6058: 6006: 5973: 5893: 5886: 5615: 5564: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5113:Heribert von Feilitzsch, 4878:The Secret War in El Paso 4865:The Secret War in El Paso 4852:The Secret War in El Paso 4726:Mexico Since Independence 4082:The Secret War in El Paso 4066:The Secret War in El Paso 2979:Benjamin Johannis Voljoen 2843:, currently an art museum 2798:Frederick Russell Burnham 2080:, who served as the 37th 1989:Sexually liberal feminism 1896:Bias in American academia 1367:European Democratic Party 823:List of liberal theorists 376: 364: 356: 340: 329: 319: 306: 241: 230: 219: 204: 194:Manner of death 193: 176: 148: 143: 139: 127: 115: 101: 90: 82: 78: 60: 53: 8442:Leaders ousted by a coup 8168:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 7550:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 5726:Labor theory of property 5168:The Secret War in Mexico 5141:The Secret War in Mexico 5128:The Secret War in Mexico 5063:The Secret War in Mexico 5021:The Secret War in Mexico 4948:The Secret War in Mexico 4700:Wasserman, Mark (2012). 3101:, June 1911 and meeting 2971:Casas Grandes, Chihuahua 2964:Piedras Negras, Coahuila 2733:the Apostle of Democracy 2401:, and subscribed to the 2307:Evaristo Madero Elizondo 2264:Hacienda del Rosario in 2123:Anti-Reelectionist Party 648:Labor theory of property 21:Francisco Bernabé Madero 8347:Mexican revolutionaries 8138:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 8017:Manuel María Lombardini 7982:José Joaquín de Herrera 7712:Pancho Villa Expedition 7687:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 7651:Plan of San Luis Potosí 7224:Arab Liberal Federation 6108:Neoclassical liberalism 5625:Consent of the governed 5532:Encyclopædia Britannica 5451:Cumberland, Charles C. 5240:, page 144, 586 03669 5 4222:www.bicentenario.gob.mx 4012:Cumberland, Charles C. 3919:4 December 2013 at the 3664:Palacio de Bellas Artes 3523:In early 1913, General 3421:Supreme Court of Mexico 3397:, the commander of the 3322:Francisco Vázquez Gómez 3312:Vázquez Gómez rebellion 3220:Casa del Obrero Mundial 3032:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 2900:Plan of San Luis Potosí 2882:Plan of San Luis Potosí 2870:Plan of San Luis Potosí 2858:Francisco Vázquez Gómez 2482:college of San Juan in 2251:Early years (1873–1903) 2174:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 2166:Battle of Ciudad Juárez 2162:Battle of Casas Grandes 2135:Plan of San Luis Potosí 1357:Arab Liberal Federation 547:Consent of the governed 8342:Political philosophers 8093:Manuel González Flores 8012:Juan Bautista Ceballos 7745:Emigration from Mexico 7680:Political developments 7540:José María Pino Suárez 7239:European Liberal Youth 7209:Africa Liberal Network 5645:Economic globalization 5473:The Mexican Revolution 5301:The Mexican Revolution 4986:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4930:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4537:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3734: 3700: 3692: 3667: 3626: 3608:Constitutionalist Army 3598: 3565:José María Pino Suárez 3560: 3520: 3509: 3464: 3442: 3383: 3352: 3341: 3284: 3251: 3209: 3179: 3171: 3106: 3090: 2917: 2894:Madero set up shop in 2891: 2844: 2793: 2766: 2743:El Antirreeleccionista 2687: 2675: 2568: 2471: 2378: 2290: 2269: 2241:Constitutionalist Army 2221:José María Pino Suárez 2069:Spanish pronunciation: 1372:European Liberal Youth 1342:Africa Liberal Network 567:Economic globalization 110:José María Pino Suárez 8397:Mexican spiritualists 8153:Plutarco Elías Calles 8118:Francisco S. Carvajal 8050:Manuel Robles Pezuela 7947:Valentín Gómez Farías 7770:1968 student protests 7590:Plutarco Elías Calles 7286:Anti-authoritarianism 7254:Liberal International 5278:, p. 144, 586 03669 5 5193:Knight, Alan (1990). 4329:Knight, Alan (1990). 4268:Knight, Alan (1990). 4146:Knight, Alan (1990). 4107:Tony (17 June 2020). 3967:Schneider, Ronald M. 3771:José Guadalupe Posada 3728: 3698: 3678: 3661: 3645:Plutarco Elías Calles 3617: 3596: 3558: 3515: 3507: 3460: 3434: 3379: 3366:Governor of Chihuahua 3347: 3336: 3278: 3246: 3203: 3177: 3169: 3096: 3085: 3004:where the leader was 2975:Giuseppe Garibaldi II 2912: 2889: 2838: 2791: 2764: 2684:José Guadalupe Posada 2681: 2659: 2562: 2466: 2441:Ernesto Madero Farías 2375:Ernesto Madero Farías 2372: 2360:Juan Francisco Farías 2275: 2263: 2014:Liberalism portal 1886:Anti-authoritarianism 1387:Liberal International 360:Writer, revolutionary 67:Francisco I. Madero, 8337:Liberalism in Mexico 8327:Presidents of Mexico 8191:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 8186:Miguel Alemán Valdés 8181:Manuel Ávila Camacho 8133:Roque González Garza 8032:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 7997:Pedro María de Anaya 7942:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 7932:Anastasio Bustamante 7922:José María Bocanegra 7901:Presidents of Mexico 7570:Ricardo Flores Magón 7489:Constitution of 1857 6118:Right-libertarianism 5988:Liberal conservatism 5849:Separation of powers 5519:at Wikimedia Commons 4806:(in Mexican Spanish) 4678:. Washington, D.C.: 4033:. Fordham University 3949:Historia de Mexico 2 3632:Governor of Coahuila 3452:Standard Oil Company 3407:Félix Díaz rebellion 3318:Emilio Vázquez Gómez 3191:freedom of the press 3063:Governor of Coahuila 3030:On 21 May 1911, the 2957:Ricardo Flores Magón 2946:Antonio I. Villareal 2773:planned a summit in 2345:, a close friend of 2311:Governor of Coahuila 2227:, where his brother 2181:An interim president 818:Age of Enlightenment 771:Separation of powers 8357:Executed presidents 8275:President of Mexico 8216:Miguel de la Madrid 8211:José López Portillo 8196:Adolfo López Mateos 8163:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 8143:Adolfo de la Huerta 8123:Venustiano Carranza 8103:Francisco I. Madero 8078:José María Iglesias 8045:Félix María Zuloaga 7666:Plan of Agua Prieta 7600:José Yves Limantour 7555:Venustiano Carranza 7535:Francisco I. Madero 6113:Paleolibertarianism 6098:Left-libertarianism 5807:Civil and political 5780:Popular sovereignty 5640:Economic liberalism 5558:President of Mexico 5517:Francisco I. Madero 4889:Casasola, Gustavo. 4876:Harris and Sadler, 4863:Harris and Sadler, 4850:Harris and Sadler, 4645:Francisco I. Madero 4632:Francisco I. Madero 4603:Francisco I. Madero 4440:Francisco I. Madero 4427:Francisco I. Madero 4095:Francisco I. Madero 4080:Harris and Sadler, 4064:Harris and Sadler, 3756:Paseo de la Reforma 3649:Adolfo de la Huerta 3636:Venustiano Carranza 3604:Venustiano Carranza 3517:The National Palace 3302:Linares, Nuevo León 3259:Zapatista rebellion 3225:anarcho-syndicalist 3067:Venustiano Carranza 2991:William Howard Taft 2904:Ramón López Velarde 2839:Madero's prison in 2818:President of Mexico 2814:José Yves Limantour 2771:William Howard Taft 2752:Luis Cabrera Lobato 2631:(a prince from the 2577:San Pedro, Coahuila 2549:Stanford University 2364:Rio Grande Republic 2347:José Yves Limantour 2299:Parras de la Fuente 2235:, then Governor of 2233:Venustiano Carranza 2201:led an insurrection 2082:president of Mexico 2026:Politics portal 729:Civil and political 702:Popular sovereignty 562:Economic liberalism 166:Parras de la Fuente 85:President of Mexico 55:Francisco I. Madero 8241:Enrique Peña Nieto 8201:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 8060:José Ignacio Pavón 7992:José Mariano Salas 7912:Guadalupe Victoria 7832:División del Norte 7827:Constitutionalists 7615:Félix Díaz Velasco 7449:Mexican Revolution 6265:Centrist reformist 5775:Permissive society 5755:Limited government 5543:Political offices 5312:Benjamin, Thomas, 5032:Meyer, Michael C. 4965:www.mexconnect.com 4830:Aristegui Noticias 4656:quoted in Krauze, 4464:quoted in Krauze, 4228:on 1 December 2017 4176:quoted in Krauze, 3815:James Carlos Blake 3735: 3701: 3693: 3668: 3627: 3619:María Arias Bernal 3599: 3561: 3521: 3510: 3465: 3443: 3400:División del Norte 3384: 3353: 3342: 3285: 3252: 3210: 3180: 3172: 3116:Congress of Mexico 3107: 3091: 2918: 2892: 2845: 2812:finance minister, 2794: 2767: 2697:Pearson's Magazine 2688: 2676: 2671:Pearson's Magazine 2569: 2472: 2379: 2331:Confederate states 2305:. His grandfather 2297:of El Rosario, in 2291: 2270: 2239:, led the nascent 2139:Mexican Revolution 2109:. An advocate for 2100:Mexican Revolution 697:Permissive society 677:Limited government 8299: 8298: 8286:Emperor of Mexico 8253:(President-elect) 8251:Claudia Sheinbaum 8158:Emilio Portes Gil 8128:Eulalio Gutiérrez 8113:Victoriano Huerta 8037:Ignacio Comonfort 8002:Manuel de la Peña 7977:Valentín Canalizo 7867: 7866: 7780:Historical Museum 7671:Plan of San Diego 7661:Plan of Guadalupe 7545:Victoriano Huerta 7463:History of Mexico 7415: 7414: 7408:Liberalism Portal 7301:Bias in the media 6702: 6701: 6541:Latin America and 6160: 6159: 6103:Geolibertarianism 6033:Liberal socialism 5939:Civic nationalism 5812:Natural and legal 5574: 5573: 5565:Succeeded by 5515:Media related to 5495:Ross, Stanley R. 5179:Krauze, Enrique. 4711:978-0-312-53504-9 4676:Politico Magazine 4563:978-0-8263-4652-0 4202:Krauze, Enrique. 4132:Ross, Stanley R. 3889:Gustavo A. Madero 3830:1000 Mexican peso 3743:Metro Pino Suárez 3739:Mexico City Metro 3731:Calle de Plateros 3720:Plan de Guadalupe 3625:regime (1913–14). 3623:Victoriano Huerta 3589:Aftermath of coup 3579:Henry Lane Wilson 3546:Gustavo A. Madero 3541:Victoriano Huerta 3488:Victoriano Huerta 3469:Henry Lane Wilson 3448:Gustavo A. Madero 3436:Henry Lane Wilson 3388:Victoriano Huerta 3349:Victoriano Huerta 3195:Gustavo A. Madero 3148:Victoriano Huerta 3047:Victoriano Huerta 2926:Sherburne Hopkins 2922:Gustavo A. Madero 2783:John Hays Hammond 2721:1857 Constitution 2610:On 2 April 1903, 2595:Sara Pérez Romero 2590:Guggenheim family 2565:Sara Pérez Romero 2523:, an offshoot of 2476:Gustavo A. Madero 2445:Gustavo A. Madero 2362:, founder of the 2256:Family background 2217:Victoriano Huerta 2062: 2061: 1901:Bias in the media 1417:Regional variants 734:Natural and legal 380: 379: 257:Gustavo A. Madero 235:Sara Pérez Romero 8454: 8412:HEC Paris alumni 8264: 8263: 7962:José Justo Corro 7917:Vicente Guerrero 7894: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7870: 7635:Genovevo de la O 7523:Important people 7442: 7435: 7428: 7419: 7418: 7330:Economic freedom 7323:Radical centrism 6171: 6170: 6125:Radical centrism 6038:Social democracy 6021:Liberal feminism 5891: 5890: 5839:Secular humanism 5765:Natural monopoly 5716:Internationalism 5610: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5548:Preceded by 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535:(12th ed.). 5528: 5514: 5448: 5437:. Create Space. 5429: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5310: 5304: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5274:Aitken, Ronald. 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5247: 5241: 5236:Aitken, Ronald. 5234: 5228: 5223:Aitken, Ronald. 5221: 5215: 5214: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5137: 5131: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4957: 4951: 4940: 4934: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4861: 4855: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4746:Calvert, Peter. 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4643:quoted in Ross, 4641: 4635: 4628: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4549: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4326: 4317: 4310: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4224:. Archived from 4213: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4191:Francisco Madero 4187: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3985: 3979: 3965: 3959: 3945: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3911: 3866: 3864:Biography portal 3861: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3329:Orozco rebellion 3132:Cuautla, Morelos 2955:, a follower of 2954: 2748:José Vasconcelos 2601:Political career 2555:Return to Mexico 2404:La Revue Spirite 2326:-Jewish descent 2285: 2150:Abraham González 2075: 2070: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2024: 2023: 2012: 2011: 1930:Economic freedom 1923:Radical centrism 761:Secular humanism 687:Natural monopoly 638:Internationalism 455:Internationalist 405: 382: 381: 372: 277: 274: 200:(gunshot wounds) 183: 180:22 February 1913 162: 160: 144:Personal details 130: 118: 106: 95: 73: 70: 65: 51: 50: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8236:Felipe Calderón 8226:Ernesto Zedillo 8206:Luis Echeverría 8176:Lázaro Cárdenas 8172: 8108:Pedro Lascuráin 8064: 8041: 7987:Mariano Paredes 7957:Miguel Barragán 7937:Melchor Múzquiz 7903: 7898: 7868: 7863: 7805: 7775:Popular culture 7765:Mexican miracle 7733: 7697:Morelos Commune 7675: 7639: 7595:Lázaro Cárdenas 7560:Emiliano Zapata 7518: 7451: 7446: 7416: 7411: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7272: 7264:Liberal parties 7198: 7197: 7196: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6698: 6670: 6622: 6542: 6535: 6286: 6210: 6156: 6054: 6002: 5969: 5919:Equity feminism 5882: 5881: 5880: 5876:State of nature 5864:Social services 5854:Social contract 5817:To own property 5611: 5606: 5604: 5570: 5568:Pedro Lascuráin 5561: 5553: 5507: 5502: 5479:Krauze, Enrique 5459:Katz, Friedrich 5445: 5419: 5417:Further reading 5414: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5327: 5323: 5311: 5307: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4941: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4521: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4216:Administrator. 4214: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3932:Krauze, Enrique 3930: 3926: 3921:Wayback Machine 3912: 3908: 3903: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3822:Hermila Galindo 3769:Mexican artist 3673: 3666:in Mexico City. 3591: 3550:Pedro Lascuráin 3533:Ten Tragic Days 3502: 3500:Ten Tragic Days 3496: 3483:Paul von Hintze 3478: 3462:Paul von Hintze 3429: 3409: 3331: 3314: 3290: 3288:Reyes rebellion 3267:proclaimed the 3265:Emiliano Zapata 3261: 3248:Emiliano Zapata 3241: 3215:jefes políticos 3164: 3124:Emiliano Zapata 3120:Paul von Hintze 3103:Emiliano Zapata 3080: 3006:Emiliano Zapata 2987:Máximo Castillo 2948: 2916:and Raúl Madero 2884: 2878: 2854:San Luis Potosí 2841:San Luis Potosí 2833: 2654: 2608: 2603: 2557: 2491:de Versailles, 2461: 2389:rubber plants. 2319:Manuel González 2279: 2258: 2253: 2225:Ten Tragic Days 2193:Emiliano Zapata 2137:, sparking the 2131:rigged election 2068: 2058: 2018: 2006: 1999: 1998: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1675:North Macedonia 1419: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1397:Liberal parties 1335: 1327: 1326: 1117: 1109: 1108: 839: 829: 828: 813: 803: 802: 798:State of nature 786:Social services 776:Social contract 739:To own property 542: 534: 533: 413: 349: 314: 302: 281:Evaristo Madero 269: 220:Political party 211: 185: 181: 164: 163:30 October 1873 158: 156: 155: 154: 134:Pedro Lascuráin 128: 116: 102: 96: 91: 74: 71: 56: 47: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8460: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8280:Vice president 8270: 8267: 8266: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148:Álvaro Obregón 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8083:Juan N. Méndez 8080: 8075: 8070: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8055:Miguel Miramón 8052: 8047: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8022:Martín Carrera 8019: 8014: 8009: 8007:Mariano Arista 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7897: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7692:Decena trágica 7689: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7630:Manuel Palafox 7627: 7625:Eufemio Zapata 7622: 7620:Bernardo Reyes 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:Aquiles Serdán 7582: 7577: 7575:Pascual Orozco 7572: 7567: 7565:Álvaro Obregón 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394:Utilitarianism 7391: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7367:Libertarianism 7364: 7362:Land value tax 7359: 7358: 7357: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7335:Egalitarianism 7332: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7291:Anti-communism 7288: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277:Related topics 7274: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6801:Wollstonecraft 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6499:United Kingdom 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6093:Libertarianism 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6066:Constitutional 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966:Encyclopaedist 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5859:Social justice 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5760:Market economy 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5721:Invisible hand 5718: 5713: 5711:Harm principle 5708: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5520: 5506: 5505:External links 5503: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5476: 5466: 5456: 5449: 5444:978-1514382509 5443: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5399:www.hawaii.edu 5386: 5373: 5360: 5347: 5334: 5321: 5305: 5289: 5280: 5267: 5242: 5229: 5216: 5209: 5185: 5172: 5159: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5106: 5093: 5080: 5067: 5051: 5038: 5025: 5012: 5003: 4990: 4977: 4952: 4944:Friedrich Katz 4935: 4920: 4914:978-0807163887 4913: 4895: 4882: 4869: 4856: 4843: 4817: 4790: 4765: 4752: 4739: 4730: 4717: 4710: 4692: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4620: 4607: 4594: 4587: 4569: 4562: 4541: 4528: 4512: 4510:, pp. 252–253. 4499: 4497:, pp. 251–253. 4486: 4470: 4457: 4444: 4431: 4418: 4393: 4365: 4352: 4345: 4318: 4300: 4291: 4284: 4260: 4239: 4208: 4195: 4182: 4169: 4162: 4138: 4125: 4099: 4086: 4070: 4057: 4044: 4018: 4005: 3993:presidentes.mx 3980: 3960: 3940: 3924: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883:Ernesto Madero 3880: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3853: 3837: 3834: 3764:pedestrianised 3747:Alvaro Obregón 3716:Revolution Day 3672: 3669: 3641:Álvaro Obregón 3590: 3587: 3574:New York World 3529:Bernardo Reyes 3498:Main article: 3495: 3492: 3477: 3474: 3428: 3425: 3411:October 1912, 3408: 3405: 3339:Pascual Orozco 3330: 3327: 3313: 3310: 3294:Bernardo Reyes 3289: 3286: 3281:Bernardo Reyes 3260: 3257: 3240: 3237: 3184:Ernesto Madero 3163: 3160: 3079: 3076: 3017:Pascual Orozco 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2832: 2829: 2825:Teodoro Dehesa 2756:Aquiles Serdán 2692:James Creelman 2653: 2650: 2614:, governor of 2612:Bernardo Reyes 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2556: 2553: 2460: 2457: 2335:U.S. Civil War 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2215:, and general 2213:Bernardo Reyes 2158:Pascual Orozco 2111:social justice 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1994:Utilitarianism 1991: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1967:Libertarianism 1964: 1962:Land value tax 1959: 1958: 1957: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1935:Egalitarianism 1932: 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482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 446: 445: 435: 430: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 398: 397: 391: 390: 378: 377: 374: 373: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 344: 338: 337: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 299: 298: 296:Ernesto Madero 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 267:Gabriel Madero 264: 259: 254: 245: 243: 239: 238: 232: 228: 227: 221: 217: 216: 206: 202: 201: 195: 191: 190: 184:(aged 39) 178: 174: 173: 152: 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 107: 104:Vice President 99: 98: 88: 87: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 1910–13 66: 58: 57: 54: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8459: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8088:Porfirio Díaz 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068:Benito Juárez 8066: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Nicolás Bravo 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7656:Plan of Ayala 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7580:Carmen Serdán 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:Porfirio Díaz 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485:social system 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7436: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350:Individualism 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7203:Organisations 7201: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6639:United States 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627:North America 6625: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6543:the Caribbean 6538: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088:International 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:Progressivism 6043: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934:Anti-clerical 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5869:Welfare state 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5732:Laissez-faire 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5491:0-06-016325-9 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5382:La Revolución 5377: 5370: 5369:La Revolución 5364: 5358:, pp. 131–32. 5357: 5356:La Revolución 5351: 5344: 5343:La Revolución 5338: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5314:La Revolución 5309: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5212: 5210:0-8032-7770-9 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4804:Letras Libres 4801: 4794: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4734: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4588:9786073123266 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4348: 4346:0-8032-7770-9 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4295: 4287: 4285:0-8032-7770-9 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4163:0-8032-7770-9 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4015: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3977:0-8133-4341-0 3974: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3957:970-686-185-8 3954: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877:Emilio Madero 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3854: 3851: 3850:Mexico portal 3840: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826:Carmen Serdán 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3809:In the novel 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3473: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362:Luis Terrazas 3359: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3269:Plan of Ayala 3266: 3256: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3055:¡Viva Madero! 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3025:Ciudad Juárez 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2938:Benito Juarez 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2779:Ciudad Juárez 2777:, Texas, and 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2754:. In Puebla, 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2672: 2668:interview in 2667: 2663: 2662:Porfirio Díaz 2658: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2624:Benito Juárez 2621: 2620:Porfirio Díaz 2617: 2613: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Revue Spirite 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2478:attended the 2477: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Thomas Edison 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2397:, founded by 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2383:Porfirio Díaz 2376: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2288:Thomas Edison 2283: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197:Plan of Ayala 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:1910 election 2124: 2120: 2119:Porfirio Díaz 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096:Porfirio Díaz 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086:a coup d'état 2083: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1950:Individualism 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829:United States 1827: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1429:Latin America 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334:Organizations 1331: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 838: 833: 832: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 812: 807: 806: 799: 796: 792: 791:Welfare state 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 658: 656: 655: 654:Laissez-faire 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 508: 505: 503: 500: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 444: 441: 440: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 404: 400: 399: 396: 393: 392: 388: 384: 383: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 348: 345: 343: 339: 336:de Versailles 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 312: 309: 305: 297: 294: 293: 291: 287: 284: 282: 279: 275: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 252:Emilio Madero 250: 249: 247: 246: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 205:Resting place 203: 199: 198:Assassination 196: 192: 188: 179: 175: 171: 167: 151: 147: 142: 138: 135: 132: 126: 123: 120: 114: 111: 108: 105: 100: 94: 89: 86: 81: 77: 64: 59: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 8273: 8102: 7760:Land Reforms 7755:Cristero War 7605:Ramón Corral 7534: 7384:Pirate Party 7115:Lloyd George 6707:Philosophers 6649:Jeffersonian 6392:Berlusconism 6258: 6196:South Africa 5975:Conservative 5961:Physiocratic 5822:To bear arms 5770:Open society 5730: 5556: 5530: 5496: 5482: 5472: 5469:Knight, Alan 5462: 5452: 5434: 5425: 5402:. 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Retrieved 3992: 3983: 3968: 3963: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3909: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3803:Viva Zapata! 3801: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3768: 3736: 3730: 3713: 3705: 3702: 3679: 3628: 3600: 3583: 3573: 3562: 3536: 3522: 3479: 3466: 3444: 3410: 3398: 3395:Pancho Villa 3392: 3385: 3371: 3354: 3315: 3291: 3283:(1850–1913). 3263:In Morelos, 3262: 3253: 3233: 3229: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3206:Justo Sierra 3188: 3181: 3136: 3108: 3071:Luis Cabrera 3059: 3054: 3044: 3029: 3021:Pancho Villa 3014: 3010:Ramón Corral 3000:, including 2995: 2968: 2961: 2942: 2935: 2930:Standard Oil 2919: 2914:Pancho Villa 2893: 2862: 2846: 2822: 2810: 2802:Texas Ranger 2795: 2768: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2713:Yaqui people 2708: 2704: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2669: 2645: 2642:El Demócrata 2641: 2639: 2632: 2609: 2586: 2570: 2545:Annie Besant 2529:Allan Kardec 2525:Spiritualism 2516: 2473: 2453: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2402: 2399:Allan Kardec 2391: 2386: 2380: 2350: 2339: 2328: 2292: 2206: 2178: 2154:Pancho Villa 2143: 2114: 2104: 2064: 2063: 1984:Pirate Party 1844:Jeffersonian 1752:South Africa 1266: 1242:Lloyd George 837:Philosophers 744:To bear arms 692:Open society 652: 423:Conservative 286:Julio Madero 182:(1913-02-22) 129:Succeeded by 92: 48: 43: 39: 32:Spanish name 8317:1913 deaths 8312:1873 births 8231:Vicente Fox 8027:Rómulo Díaz 7927:Pedro Vélez 7514:Científicos 7473:Encomiendas 7183:Verhofstadt 7178:Balcerowicz 6987:Politicians 6916:Collingwood 6856:Tocqueville 6731:Montesquieu 6694:New Zealand 6664:Progressive 6654:Libertarian 6509:Libertarian 6504:Gladstonian 6484:Switzerland 6434:Netherlands 6335:Czech lands 6277:Philippines 6270:Progressive 6252:South Korea 6026:Ecofeminism 5949:Utilitarian 5829:Rule of law 5630:Due process 5341:Benjamin, 5181:Madero Vivo 4406:calameo.com 3820:Along with 3800:(1968) and 3797:Villa Rides 3791:Viva Villa! 3773:created an 3689:Mexico City 3685:sheet music 3364:, a former 3337:Madero and 3306:Mexico City 3051:Mexico City 2949: [ 2896:San Antonio 2866:U.S. border 2864:across the 2806:palm pistol 2738:Mexico City 2634:Mahabharata 2541:theosophist 2501:Lycée Hoche 2497:UC Berkeley 2489:Lycée Hoche 2337:(1861–65). 2315:interregnum 2280: [ 2189:land reform 2185:was elected 1812:Gladstonian 1772:Switzerland 1757:South Korea 1700:Philippines 1660:New Zealand 1655:Netherlands 1312:Verhofstadt 1307:Balcerowicz 1116:Politicians 1044:Collingwood 984:Tocqueville 859:Montesquieu 751:Rule of law 552:Due process 334:Lycée Hoche 270: [ 262:Raúl Madero 213:Mexico City 187:Mexico City 117:Preceded by 8306:Categories 7854:Soldaderas 7847:Magonistas 7842:Felicistas 7727:formations 7509:Porfiriato 7499:La Reforma 7494:Reform War 7456:Background 7340:Empiricism 7311:Democratic 7306:Capitalism 6644:Jacksonian 6514:Manchester 6429:Montenegro 6414:Luxembourg 5983:Democratic 5944:Republican 5834:Secularism 5667:Federalism 5608:Liberalism 5380:Benjamin, 5367:Benjamin, 5354:Benjamin, 4942:quoted in 4685:5 February 4113:MexConnect 4037:17 January 3901:References 3813:(1996) by 3525:Félix Díaz 3413:Félix Díaz 3381:Félix Díaz 3298:Nuevo León 3239:Rebellions 3156:Zapatistas 3128:Cuernavaca 3099:Cuernavaca 2616:Nuevo León 2581:homeopathy 2505:Versailles 2324:Portuguese 2209:Félix Díaz 1940:Empiricism 1911:Democratic 1906:Capitalism 1817:Manchester 1650:Montenegro 1635:Luxembourg 1571:Venizelism 1501:Costa Rica 756:Secularism 589:Federalism 541:Principles 433:Democratic 395:Liberalism 357:Profession 342:Alma mater 159:1873-10-30 7837:Federales 7478:Haciendas 7355:Anarchist 7153:Roosevelt 7125:Ståhlberg 7120:Venizelos 7075:Sarmiento 7065:Gladstone 7025:Lamartine 6995:Jefferson 6846:Martineau 6796:De Gouges 6781:Condorcet 6766:Priestley 6682:Australia 6598:Nicaragua 6419:Macedonia 6409:Lithuania 6360:Orléanist 6227:Hong Kong 6166:By region 6135:Christian 6130:Religious 6083:Corporate 6050:Third Way 5895:Classical 5635:Democracy 4759:Calvert, 4660:, p. 254. 4647:, p. 100. 4634:, p. 100. 4618:, p. 254. 4526:, p. 253. 4484:, p. 249. 4363:, p. 248. 4316:, p. 247. 3891:, brother 3879:, brother 3779:broadside 3766:in 2009. 3752:Los Pinos 3537:ciudadela 3358:Chihuahua 2850:Monterrey 2660:Photo of 2543:ideas of 2521:Spiritism 2499:. At the 2493:HEC Paris 2459:Education 2395:spiritism 2146:Chihuahua 2078:statesman 1955:Anarchist 1863:Venezuela 1839:Classical 1807:Cobdenism 1710:Cracovian 1665:Nicaragua 1630:Lithuania 1489:Hong Kong 1444:Australia 1282:Roosevelt 1252:Ståhlberg 1247:Venizelos 1202:Sarmiento 1192:Gladstone 1152:Lamartine 1122:Jefferson 974:Martineau 924:De Gouges 909:Condorcet 894:Priestley 557:Democracy 529:Third Way 490:Christian 485:Religious 418:Classical 365:Signature 347:HEC Paris 330:Education 320:Residence 307:Parent(s) 248:brothers 242:Relations 237:(m. 1903) 93:In office 83:37th 7817:Factions 7717:Maximato 7345:Humanism 7318:Centrism 7135:Rathenau 7110:Milyukov 7030:Macaulay 7000:Kołłątaj 6971:Kymlicka 6951:Friedman 6896:Cassirer 6886:Hobhouse 6821:Constant 6816:Humboldt 6776:Beccaria 6741:Rousseau 6736:Voltaire 6608:Paraguay 6588:Honduras 6573:Colombia 6529:Whiggist 6519:Muscular 6469:Slovenia 6464:Slovakia 6444:Portugal 6397:Liberism 6320:Bulgaria 6259:Chinilpa 6206:Zimbabwe 6078:Cultural 5993:National 5924:Georgist 5902:Economic 5785:Property 5748:Positive 5743:Negative 5699:Religion 5677:Economic 5650:Equality 5345:, p. 124 5170:, p. 96. 5143:, 90–91. 5130:, 46–49. 5078:, 31–32. 4867:, 30, 33 4763:, p. 77. 4680:Politico 4614:Krauze, 4522:Krauze, 4506:Krauze, 4493:Krauze, 4480:Krauze, 4455:, p. 15. 4442:, p. 17. 4385:Archived 4359:Krauze, 4312:Krauze, 3917:Archived 3836:See also 3806:(1952). 3794:(1934), 3783:calavera 3691:in 1911. 3417:Veracruz 3386:General 3279:General 3152:Yautepec 2983:Boer War 2666:Creelman 2646:El Mosco 2573:hacienda 2484:Saltillo 2449:the coup 2303:Coahuila 2295:hacienda 2237:Coahuila 2093:dictator 2090:de facto 1945:Humanism 1918:Centrism 1868:Zimbabwe 1822:Whiggism 1782:Thailand 1747:Slovenia 1742:Slovakia 1717:Portugal 1690:Paraguay 1613:Liberism 1578:Honduras 1496:Colombia 1469:Bulgaria 1262:Rathenau 1237:Milyukov 1157:Macaulay 1127:Kołłątaj 1099:Kymlicka 1079:Friedman 1024:Cassirer 1014:Hobhouse 949:Constant 944:Humboldt 904:Beccaria 869:Rousseau 864:Voltaire 707:Property 670:Positive 665:Negative 621:Religion 599:Economic 572:Equality 495:Catholic 465:National 460:Muscular 438:Feminist 428:Cultural 387:a series 385:Part of 324:Coahuila 313:(father) 215:, Mexico 189:, Mexico 172:, Mexico 170:Coahuila 44:González 30:In this 7173:Jenkins 7168:Kennedy 7158:Pearson 7143:Einaudi 7130:Gokhale 7090:Itagaki 7085:Naoroji 7080:Mommsen 7060:Lincoln 7050:Mazzini 7035:Kossuth 7020:Broglie 7015:Bolívar 7010:Artigas 7005:Madison 6866:Spencer 6851:Emerson 6841:Bastiat 6826:Ricardo 6786:Bentham 6726:Spinoza 6687:Small-l 6675:Oceania 6618:Uruguay 6583:Ecuador 6551:Bolivia 6524:Radical 6494:Ukraine 6449:Romania 6424:Moldova 6382:Hungary 6372:Germany 6367:Georgia 6350:Finland 6345:Estonia 6340:Denmark 6325:Croatia 6315:Belgium 6310:Austria 6305:Armenia 6300:Albania 6201:Tunisia 6191:Senegal 6186:Nigeria 6147:Secular 6140:Islamic 5929:Radical 5887:Schools 5790:Private 5738:Liberty 5672:Freedom 5371:, p. 59 5104:, 33–34 5100:Meyer, 5087:Meyer, 5074:Meyer, 4097:, p. 4. 4084:, 40–41 3885:, uncle 3775:etching 3681:Corrido 3570:rurales 3250:in 1914 3139:Morelos 3002:Morelos 2775:El Paso 2717:Cananea 2674:(1908). 2434:Ygnacio 2425:Gustavo 2413:Belgium 2409:Antwerp 2387:guayule 2355:guayule 2229:Gustavo 2170:El Paso 1858:Uruguay 1797:Ukraine 1787:Tunisia 1732:Senegal 1722:Romania 1670:Nigeria 1645:Moldova 1588:Iceland 1583:Hungary 1561:Germany 1556:Georgia 1546:Finland 1541:Estonia 1531:Ecuador 1526:Denmark 1521:Czechia 1506:Croatia 1459:Bolivia 1454:Belgium 1449:Austria 1439:Armenia 1434:Albania 1302:Jenkins 1297:Kennedy 1287:Pearson 1272:Einaudi 1257:Gokhale 1217:Itagaki 1212:Naoroji 1207:Mommsen 1187:Lincoln 1177:Mazzini 1162:Kossuth 1147:Broglie 1142:Bolívar 1137:Artigas 1132:Madison 994:Spencer 979:Emerson 969:Bastiat 954:Ricardo 914:Bentham 854:Spinoza 811:History 712:Private 660:Liberty 594:Freedom 514:Secular 502:Islamic 480:Radical 412:Schools 36:surname 8290:Regent 7738:Legacy 7193:Macron 7139:Madero 7105:Deakin 7095:Levski 7070:Cavour 7055:Juárez 7045:Cobden 6976:Badawi 6966:Nozick 6946:Berlin 6936:Popper 6911:Keynes 6906:Ortega 6871:Arnold 6831:Guizot 6791:Korais 6756:Turgot 6716:Milton 6659:Modern 6634:Canada 6603:Panama 6593:Mexico 6561:Lulism 6556:Brazil 6489:Turkey 6479:Sweden 6459:Serbia 6454:Russia 6439:Norway 6404:Latvia 6377:Greece 6355:France 6330:Cyprus 6292:Europe 6282:Turkey 6242:Israel 6174:Africa 6152:Techno 6008:Social 5907:Fiscal 5802:Rights 5795:Public 5704:Speech 5682:Market 5655:Gender 5489: 5441: 5404:15 May 5260:15 May 5207: 5166:Katz, 5139:Katz, 5126:Katz, 5102:Huerta 5089:Huerta 5076:Huerta 5061:Katz, 5019:Katz, 4970:15 May 4933:, 853. 4911: 4708: 4630:Ross, 4601:Ross, 4585: 4560: 4453:Madero 4438:Ross, 4425:Ross, 4411:31 May 4343: 4282: 4253:24 May 4232:15 May 4189:Ross, 4180:, 247. 4160: 4118:16 May 4093:Ross, 3998:15 May 3975: 3955: 3777:for a 3647:, and 3208:, 1912 3144:Attila 3069:, and 2998:states 2629:Arjuna 2533:medium 2480:Jesuit 2421:Parras 2266:Parras 1851:Modern 1792:Turkey 1777:Taiwan 1767:Sweden 1737:Serbia 1727:Russia 1705:Poland 1685:Panama 1680:Norway 1640:Mexico 1625:Latvia 1603:Israel 1566:Greece 1551:France 1516:Cyprus 1474:Canada 1464:Brazil 1424:Europe 1322:Macron 1267:Madero 1232:Deakin 1222:Levski 1197:Cavour 1182:Juárez 1172:Cobden 1104:Badawi 1094:Nozick 1074:Berlin 1064:Popper 1039:Keynes 1034:Ortega 999:Arnold 959:Guizot 919:Korais 884:Turgot 844:Milton 724:Rights 717:Public 626:Speech 604:Market 577:Gender 524:Techno 519:Social 507:Jewish 443:Equity 292:uncle 231:Spouse 40:Madero 7810:Other 7792:(PRI) 7644:Plans 7483:Casta 7377:Right 7188:Obama 7163:Ohlin 7100:Kemal 6956:Rawls 6931:Hayek 6921:Čapek 6901:Mises 6891:Croce 6881:Weber 6876:Acton 6806:Staël 6771:Paine 6761:Burke 6746:Smith 6721:Locke 6568:Chile 6474:Spain 6387:Italy 6257:Anti- 6247:Japan 6232:India 6222:China 6181:Egypt 6059:Other 6016:Green 5694:Press 5687:Trade 5660:Legal 5616:Ideas 5091:, 33. 5065:, 45. 5023:, 44. 4854:, 31. 4388:(PDF) 4377:(PDF) 4193:, 4–5 3938:, 250 2953:] 2284:] 1977:Right 1762:Spain 1620:Japan 1608:Italy 1593:India 1536:Egypt 1484:China 1479:Chile 1317:Obama 1292:Ohlin 1227:Kemal 1084:Rawls 1059:Hayek 1049:Čapek 1029:Mises 1019:Croce 1009:Weber 1004:Acton 934:Staël 899:Paine 889:Burke 874:Smith 849:Locke 616:Press 609:Trade 582:Legal 450:Green 276:] 7372:Left 7148:King 7040:Deák 6941:Aron 6861:Mill 6836:List 6751:Kant 6613:Peru 6578:Cuba 6237:Iran 6215:Asia 5998:Ordo 5956:Whig 5487:ISBN 5439:ISBN 5406:2018 5262:2018 5205:ISBN 4972:2018 4909:ISBN 4838:2023 4812:2023 4785:2023 4706:ISBN 4687:2017 4583:ISBN 4558:ISBN 4413:2022 4341:ISBN 4280:ISBN 4255:2020 4234:2018 4158:ISBN 4120:2023 4068:, 30 4039:2021 4000:2018 3973:ISBN 3953:ISBN 3824:and 3737:The 3130:and 3061:The 3019:and 2495:and 2286:and 2156:and 1972:Left 1695:Peru 1598:Iran 1511:Cuba 1277:King 1167:Deák 1069:Aron 989:Mill 964:List 879:Kant 475:Ordo 177:Died 149:Born 6961:Sen 6811:Say 5912:Neo 5201:489 4880:,44 4154:110 2637:). 2575:at 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Knowledge

Francisco I. Madero

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