2325:("Commander of the Faithful"). The involvement of the sultan in state affairs varied depending on the personality of each; some, like Abu al-Hassan, were directly involved in the bureaucracy, while others less so. Under the sultan, the heir-apparent usually held a large amount of power and often served as the head of the army on behalf of the sultan. Aside from these dynastic positions, the vizier was the official with the most executive power and oversaw most of the day-to-day operations of government. Several families of viziers became particularly powerful during the Marinid period and competed with each other for influence, with the Wattasids being the most significant example in their later history. After the vizier, the most important officials were the public treasurer, in charge of taxes and expenditures, who reported to either the vizier or the sultan. Other important officials included the sultan's chamberlain, the secretaries of his chancery, and the
2982:
gold thread, or different shades of yellow. It features a grand Arabic inscription in cursive letters along its top edge which calls for the victory of its owner, Abu al-Hasan. The central part of the banner once again has sixteen circles, arranged in a grid formation, each containing a small Arabic cursive inscription that repeats either the words "Eternal power and infinite glory" or "Perpetual joy and infinite glory". These circles are in turn contained within a large rectangular frame whose band is occupied by four more cursive inscriptions, of moderate size, which again call for Abu al-Hasan's victory while attributing all victory to God. Four more small inscriptions are contained within circles at the four corners of this frame. Finally, the bottom edge of the banner is occupied by a longer inscription, in small cursive letters again, which gives the full titles and lineage of Abu al-Hasan.
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in the provinces beyond the capital. They also maintained the Berber traditions of democratic or consultative government, particularly through the existence of a council of
Marinid tribal chiefs whom the sultan consulted when necessary, primarily on military matters. To maintain their control over the provinces beyond the capital of Fez, the Marinids mostly relied on appointing their family members to governorships or on securing local alliances through marriage. These local governors were in charge of both the administration and the military. After Abu Yusuf Ya'qub captured Marrakesh in 1269, for example, he appointed his ally Muhammad ibn 'Ali, to whom he was related by marriage, as his
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2574:" Islamic currents were more prominent in rural areas. Indigenous Berber religions and religious practices also continued to linger in these areas. Some Sufi brotherhoods, especially those led by sharifian families, posed a potential political challenge to Marinid rule and were involved in occasional rebellions, but in general the Marinids attempted to incorporate them into their sphere of influence. They also used their patronage of Maliki institutions as a counterbalance to Sufism. Sufism was also practiced in the cities, often in a more scholarly form and with the involvement of the sultan, state officials, and various scholars.
3158:(pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobile staircase with an archway at the bottom of the stairs and a canopy at the top and it is composed of many pieces of wood assembled together. In spite of later restorations which modified its character, it still preserves much of its original Marinid woodwork. Its two flanks are covered with an example of the elaborate
68:
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positions in the Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa (mainly Qur'an 61:10-11). At the four corners of the rectangular band are roundels containing golden cursive letters against a deep blue background, whose inscriptions attribute victory and salvation to God. The whole rectangular band is in turn lined on both its inner and outer edges by smaller inscription bands of Qur'anic verses. Lastly, the bottom edge of the banner is filled with two lines of red cursive script detailing the titles and lineage of Abu Sa'id Uthman and the date of the banner's fabrication.
1330:). The relationship between them and the Almohads became strained and starting in 1215, there were regular outbreaks of fighting between the two parties. In 1217 they tried to occupy the eastern part of present-day Morocco but were defeated by an Almohad army and Abd al-Haqq was killed. They were expelled, pulling back from the urban towns and settlements, while their leadership passed on to Uthman I and then Muhammad I. In the intervening years, they regrouped and managed to establish their authority again over the rural tribes in the regions around
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2424:, who had moved further west into the Maghreb during the Almohad period. The Marinids also continued to hire Christian mercenaries from Europe, as their Almohad predecessors had done, who consisted mainly of cavalry and served as the sultan's bodyguard. This heterogeneity of the army is one of the reasons that direct central government control was not possible across the entire Marinid realm. The army was sufficiently large, however, to allow the Marinid sultans to send military expeditions to the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th and 14th centuries.
309:
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traditions between the two kingdoms. Further clues about domestic architecture of the period are provided by a few
Marinid-era private houses that have been preserved in Fes. They are centered around inner courtyards surrounded by two-story galleries and feature architectural forms and decoration that are highly reminiscent of those found in Marinid madrasas, showing a certain consistency in the decorative techniques across building types. Some Marinid monumental gates, such as the gate of the
3214:
8933:
3425:) at the back of the mosque. The necropolis was surrounded by a set of walls and an ornate monumental gate completed by Abu al-Hasan in 1339. Abu al-Hasan himself was then buried in a small mausoleum which was embellished with exceptional stone-carved low-relief decoration. The mausoleum, along with a madrasa accompanying the funerary complex, was likely completed by his son and successor, Abu Inan. However, Abu Inan himself is believed to have been buried in Fes instead, in a
1516:, which they made their administrative and military center. While Fes had been a prosperous city throughout the Almohad period, even becoming the largest city in the world during that time, it was in the Marinid period that Fes reached its golden age, a period which marked the beginning of an official, historical narrative for the city. It is from the Marinid period that Fes' reputation as an important intellectual centre largely dates and the Marinids established the first
2493:(aside from minority Jewish and Christian communities). Urban local politics was marked by affiliations with local aristocratic families. In the countryside, the population remained largely Berber and dominated by tribal politics. The nomadic population, however, became more arabised than the rural sedentary population. Nomadic Berber tribes were joined by nomadic Arab tribes such as the Banu Hilal, who had arrived in this far western region during the Almohad period.
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2965:, along with decorative motifs woven in blue, white, red, and gold thread. Its visual layout shares other general similarities with the so-called Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa from the earlier Almohad period (13th century). The central part of the banner is filled with a grid of sixteen green circles containing short religious statements in small
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that it may have been a cheaper reproduction of Abu al-Hasan's banner intended for the use by soldiers or that it was intended as a template drawn by the calligrapher from which artisans could weave the real banner (and as weaving was done from the back, the letters would have to appear reversed from the weaver's perspective during production).
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their dynasty. They used this patronage to encourage the loyalty of Fes's influential but fiercely independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. The madrasas also served to train the scholars and elites who operated their state's bureaucracy.
2435:. His main attack force was composed of Zanata horsemen, around 40,000 strong, along with Arab tribal horsemen, around 1500 mounted archers of "Turkish" origin, and around 1000 Andalusi foot archers. The regular standing army, which also formed the sultan's personal guard, consisted of between 2000 and 5000 Christian mercenaries from
3146:. They range from volumes written in plain Maghrebi script to richly-illuminated manuscripts produced by the Marinid royal libraries. Preserved in various historic Moroccan libraries today, these manuscripts also show that, in addition to the capital of Fes, important workshops for production were also located in Salé and Marrakesh.
1549:(r. 1331–1348), the Marinid army was large and disciplined. It consisted of 40,000 Zenata cavalry, while Arab nomads contributed to the cavalry and Andalusians were included as archers. The personal bodyguard of the sultan consisted of 7,000 men, and included Christian, Kurdish and Black African elements. Under
2954:. Ibn Khaldun wrote that Abu al-Hasan possessed hundreds of silk and gold banners which were displayed in palaces or on ceremonial occasions, while both the Marinid and Nasrid armies carried many colourful banners with them into battle. They thus had great symbolic value and were deployed on many occasions.
2718:, was less successful in contributing to the city's scholarly life. These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions in their own right, but they usually had much narrower curriculums or specializations than the Qarawiyyin. The last and largest Marinid madrasa in Fes, the
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Many of the sultans were themselves accomplished calligraphers. This tradition of sovereigns practicing calligraphy and copying the Qur'an themselves was well-established in many
Islamic elite circles by the 13th century, with the oldest surviving example in this region dating from the Almohad caliph
2415:
The
Marinid army was largely composed of tribes loyal to the Marinids or associated with the ruling dynasty. However, the number of men these tribes could field had its limits, which required the sultans to recruit from other tribes and from mercenaries. Additional troops were drawn from other Zenata
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After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the
Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession. The county was divided and political anarchy set in, with different viziers and foreign powers supporting different factions. In
1386:
and Fez from the weakened
Almohads. Meknes was captured in 1244 or 1245, Fez was captured in 1248, and Sijilmassa in 1255. The Almohad caliph, Sa'id, managed to reassert his authority briefly in 1248 by coming north with an army to confront them, at which point Abu Yahya formally submitted to him and
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and other expensive woods – is decorated via a mix of marquetry and inlaid carved decoration. The main decorative pattern along its major surfaces on either side is centered around eight-pointed stars, from which bands decorated with ivory inlay then interweave and repeat the same pattern across the
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A third banner, undated and less well-preserved, is also believed to date from Abu al-Hasan's time. It is curious for the fact that its inscriptions are painted onto the fabric instead of woven into it, while the orientation of its inscriptions is inversed or "mirrored". Some scholars have suggested
2301:
In many respects, the
Marinids reproduced or continued the social and political structures that existed under the Almohads, ruling a primarily tribal state that relied on the loyalty of their own tribe and allies to maintain order and that imposed very little official civil administrative structures
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740 AH (corresponding to either
December 1339 or January 1340). It measures 347 by 267 centimeters. It is made with similar weaving techniques as its older counterpart and uses the same overall visual arrangement, although this time the predominant colour is yellow, with details woven in blue, red,
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When the morning light shines, the Sultan mounts his horse and the white standard which is the flag of the dynasty, called al-Mansur (the
Victorious) is carried next to him. Immediately before him march the armed men on foot; the horses held in hand, covered with caparisons of patterned cloth, that
2906:
A number of other ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the
Qarawiyyin mosque's prayer hall also date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in
1496:
After gaining a foothold in the city of Algeciras in the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, the Marinids became active in the conflict between Muslims and Christians in Iberia. To gain absolute control of the trade in the Strait of Gibraltar from their base at Algeciras, they conquered several
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letters whose style is similar to the Kufic inscriptions carved into the walls of the Marinid madrasas of Fes, which in turn are derived from earlier Kufic inscriptions found in Almohad architecture. These inscriptions feature a selection of Qur'anic verses very similar to those found in the same
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in Morocco, came into existence. Jews were sometimes appointed to administrative positions in the state, though at other times they were dismissed from these positions for ideological and political reasons. There were also some Christians in urban centers, although these were mainly merchants and
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world was generally antithetical to more heterodox religious doctrines, including the doctrine espoused by the preceding Almohads. As such, it only came to flourish in Morocco under the Marinids that followed them. To the Marinids, madrasas played a part in bolstering the political legitimacy of
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and various other Marinid chroniclers, Sultan Abu al-Hasan was particularly prolific and skilled, and is recorded to have copied four Qur'ans. The first one appears to have been started following several years of military successes and was finished in 1339, at which point it was sent to Chellah
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In the 15th century, it was hit by a financial crisis, after which the state had to stop financing the different marabouts and Sharifian families, which had previously been useful instruments in controlling different tribes. The political support of these marabouts and Sharifians halted, and it
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are largely ruined. Excavations in Aghmat, in southern Morocco, have uncovered the remains of a smaller Marinid palace or mansion which has profound resemblances, in terms of its layout, to surviving Nasrid-era palaces in Granada and al-Andalus, demonstrating yet again the shared architectural
2470:
in Spanish), were also hired by the states of the Iberian Peninsula. They served, for example, in the armies of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Nasrid Emirate of Granada on some occasions. In Nasrid Granada, Zenata soldiers were led by exiled members of the Marinid family up until the late 14th
2681:
The majority of documented madrasa constructions took place in the first half of the 14th century, especially under the reign of Sultan Abu al-Hasan (ruled 1331–1348). Many of these madrasas were built near the major mosques which had already acted as older centers of learning, such as the
1808:
2819:(jurisprudence), there was also poetry and scientific texts. Geographies and, most of all, histories were produced, partly because the dynasty itself was eager to use these to legitimize its rule. The oldest surviving historical chronicle from the Marinid period is considered to be
3170:
bands spread outward and repeat the motif across the whole surface. Contrary to the famous Almoravid minbar in Marrakesh, however, the empty spaces between the bands are not occupied by a mix of pieces with carved floral reliefs but are rather occupied entirely by pieces of
3403:, the founder of the Marinid dynasty, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq I (d. 1217), was buried at a site called Tāfirtāst or Tāfarṭast, a site near Meknes (close to where he fell in battle). Starting with Abu Yusuf Ya'qub (d. 1286), the Marinid sultans began to be buried at a new
2515:
While the Marinids did not declare themselves champions of a reformist religious ideology, as their Almohad and Almoravid predecessors had, they attempted to promote themselves as guardians of proper Islamic government as a way to legitimize their rule. They also restored
2586:
was generally the language spoken at the Marinid court in Fez. The Marinids also continued the Almohad practice of appointing religious officials who could preach in Tamazight. Tamazight languages and dialects also continued to be widely spoken in rural areas. However,
1674:
broke off under a coalition of merchants and Arab clan leaders of the Banu Sabih. To the east, the Zianid and Hafsid families reemerged and to the north, the Europeans were taking advantage of this instability by attacking the coast. Meanwhile, unruly wandering Arab
2388:(d. 1418) recalled a white flag made of silk with verses from the Qur’an written in gold at the top of the circle as the sultanate’s emblem among the kings of the Banu Abd al-Haqq of the Banu Marin in Morocco, calling it the Victorious Flag. Maghrebi historian
3429:
attached to the Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid. After him, most sultans were buried at the site known as the "Marinid Tombs" to the north of Fes el-Bali. This necropolis seems to have once again consisted of an enclosed garden cemetery inside which stood several
1317:
in 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds. His son and successor, Abd al-Haqq, was the effective founder of the Marinid dynasty. Later, the Almohads suffered a severe defeat against Christian kingdoms of Iberia on 16 July 1212 in the
2365:
suggested that the Marinids used white banners, much like their Almohad predecessors, following a long Islamic tradition of using white as a dynastic color. Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain. Historian
2690:. One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at these major centers of learning. In Fes, the first madrasa was the
2383:
indicates that the Sultans's banner was white according to Marinid sources, she also states: "The naming of the Marinid palatine city, Madīnat al-Bayḍā', the White City, reflects their use of white as a dynastic colour." Egyptian historiographer
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1322:. The severe loss of life at the battle left the Almohad state weakened and some of its regions somewhat depopulated. Starting in 1213 or 1214, the Marinids began to tax farming communities of today's north-eastern Morocco (the area between
3128:
and eventually brought to Tunis by Ibn Marzuq. Abu al-Hasan's son and immediate successor, Abu Inan, for his part, is known to have copied a collection of hadiths with letters written in a mix of blue and brown ink, with gold flourishes.
2891:, with a diameter of 2.5 metres and weighing 3 tons, is the largest surviving example of its kind in North Africa. It dates to 1294 and was commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf. It is closely modeled on another large chandelier in the
2855:
also passed through Morocco and other regions in Africa and Asia in the 14th century and described them in his writings. Not only grand regional histories but also local histories were composed by some authors for cities and towns.
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1384: Abu al-Abbas is temporarily removed by the Nasrids. The Nasrids replace him with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, a disabled son of Abu Inan Faris. This ensures a kind of interim during the reign of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad from 1384 to
3307:
in the region. The madrasas of Fes, such as the Bou Inania, al-Attarine, and Sahrij madrasas, as well as the Marinid madrasa of Salé and the other Bou Inania in Meknes, are considered among the greatest architectural works in
2097:
1358: Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris is named sultan by the vizirs, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign lasts only a few months. Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris comes to power, but also reigns only a few
2397:
references the small white flag as a miniature version of the royal standard that was given to the main commander on the battlefield as a mark of authority to lead the troops. The flag was raised in conquered fortresses.
3061:
A number of manuscripts from the Marinid period have been preserved to the present-day. One outstanding example is a Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf and dated to 1306. It features an elaborately
1492:
It was in this period that Iberian Christians were first able to take the fighting across the Strait of Gibraltar to what is today Morocco: in 1260 and 1267 they attempted an invasion, but both attempts were defeated.
2392:
talked about the flags he saw during the time of Sultan Abu al-Hasan, indicating that they used to give governors, workers, and commanders permission to take one small flag made of white linen. Contemporary historian
1373:
It was under the leadership of Abu Yahya, whose reign began in 1244, that the Marinids re-entered into the region on a more deliberate campaign of conquest. Between 1244 and 1248 the Marinids were able to take Taza,
6494:
6519:
Histoire de la domination des Arabes et des Maures en Espagne et en Portugal, depuis l'invasion de ces peuples jusqu'a leur expulsion définitive; rédigée sur l'histoire traduite de l'arabe en espagnol de M. Joseph
2484:
The population under Marinid rule was mostly Berber and Arab, though there were contrasts between the main cities and the countryside as well as between sedentary and nomadic populations. The cities were heavily
2128:
1366: Muhammad ibn Yaqub is assassinated by his vizir. He is replaced by Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, one of the sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who until this time had been held locked up in the palace of
1391:. However, in June of the same year the caliph was ambushed and killed by the Zayyanids in a battle to the south of Oujda. The Marinids intercepted the defeated Almohad army on its return, and the Christian
7391:""Oh, You Seeker of Knowledge! This is Its Gate Opened Wide..." The Transcultural Networks of Patrons, Artists, Scholars, Writers and Diplomats Between Medieval Iberia and North Africa in the 14th Century"
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using brown ink, with headings written in golden Kufic letters and new verses marked by small labels inside gold circles. Like most other manuscripts in this time and region, it was written on parchment.
2004:
1310: Abu al-Rabi dies of disease after having repressed a revolt of army officials in Taza. Among them is Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother Abu Said Uthman succeeds him to the throne.
2938:
Not many Marinid textiles have survived, but it is assumed that luxurious silks continued to be made as in previous periods. The only reliably-dated Marinid textiles extant today are three impressive
2135:
1372: Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali dies of disease leaving the throne to his very young son Muhammad as-Said, beginning a new period of instability. The vizirs try on several occasions to install a
1395:
serving under the Almohads entered the service of the Marinids instead. Abu Yahya quickly reoccupied his previously conquered cities the same year, and established his capital in Fes. His successor,
8166:
Fili, Abdallah; Messier, Ronald; Capel, Chloé; Héritier-Salama, Violaine (2014). "Les palais mérinides dévoilées: le cas d'Aghmat". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
2541:), with whom they sometimes intermarried. After establishing themselves in Fez, the Marinids insisted on directly appointing the officials in charge of religious institutions and on managing the
2961:
712 AH). It was made in the "kasbah" (royal citadel) of Fes for Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman (father of Abu al-Hasan). The banner measures 280 by 220 cm and is made of predominantly green silk
2233:
is kept as a hostage. A treaty is made with the Portuguese enabling them to embark if they return Ceuta. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced by
1262:
in North Africa in the middle of the 11th-12th centuries, they were pushed to leave their lands in the region of Biskra. They moved to the north-west of present-day Algeria, before entering
1576:. However, within the next year, a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia made them lose their eastern territories. The Marinids had already suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a
7087:
3199:
in Marrakesh (commissioned between 1189 and 1195). The arch above the first step of the minbar contains an inscription, now partly disappeared, which refers to Abu Inan and his titles.
6094:
A. Khaneboubi, « Mérinides (Berb. : Ayt Mrin) », Encyclopédie berbère , 31 | 2010, document M94, mis en ligne le 08 octobre 2020, consulté le 05 mars 2023. URL :
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was the language of law, government, and most literature, and assimilation of the region's population to Arabic language and culture also advanced significantly during this period.
7257:
Book of knowledge of all the kingdoms, lands, and lordships that are in the world, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them
8443:
6506:
5781:
2292:
1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, one of the two Wattasid vizirs surviving the 1459 massacre, installs himself in Fes, where he founds the Wattasid dynasty.
3186:, dates from 1350 to 1355 when the madrasa was being built. It is notable as one of the best Marinid examples of its kind. The Bou Inania minbar, made of wood – including
1527:
being the most famous. The building of these madrasas were necessary to create a dependent bureaucratic class, in order to undermine the marabouts and Sharifian elements.
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267:
242:
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1387: Abu Al-Abbas begins to give vizirs more power. Morocco knows six years of peace again, although Abu Al-Abbas benefits from this period to reconquer Tlemcen and
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made by the Almohads. It is composed of nine circular tiers arranged in an overall conical shape that could hold 514 glass oil lamps. Its decoration included mainly
2969:
inscriptions. This area is contained in turn within a large rectangular frame. The band of the frame is filled with monumental and ornamental inscriptions in white
2142:
1373: Muhammad as-Said is presented as the heir to his father, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, but being only five years old cannot reign, and dies in the same year.
2355:
1670:, capital of their Almohad ancestors, which they would govern independently until 1526. To the south of Marrakesh, Sufi mystics claimed autonomy, and in the 1370s
3235:
and Almohad predecessors. Particularly in Fes, their capital, they built monuments with increasingly intricate and extensive decoration, particularly in wood and
8688:
7137:
Bennison, Amira K. (2014). "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350". In Bennison, Amira K. (ed.).
1595:, who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, he was strangled by his own vizir in 1358, after which the dynasty began to decline.
2070:
and the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis mark the beginning of the decline of the Marinids, who are unable to drive back the Portuguese and the Castilians.
1705:
In 1459, Abd al-Haqq II managed a massacre of the Wattasid family, breaking their power. His reign, however, brutally ended as he was murdered during the
2119:
1361: Abu Umar Tachfin is named the successor to Abu Salim Ibrahim by the vizirs, with the support of the Christian militia. He reigns only a few months.
2496:
Jewish communities were a significant minority in urban centers and played a role in most aspects of society. It was during the Marinid period that the
2180:
1393: Abu Al-Abbas dies. Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad is designated as the new sultan. The troubles which follow the sudden death of Abu Al-Abbas in
3407:
in Chellah (the site of the former Roman city called Sala Colonia). Abu Yusuf Ya'qub built a mosque alongside his tomb and that of his wife. Both were
2329:
or "chief of police", who also oversaw judiciary matters. On some occasions the chamberlain was more important and the vizier reported to him instead.
895:
8045:
Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).
2267:
1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid vizirs. Only two brothers survive, who will become the first Wattasid sultans in 1472.
1523:
Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (r. 1310–1331) initiated huge construction projects across the land. Several madrasas were built, the
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8436:
2017:
1329: The Marinids defeat the Castilians in Algeciras, establishing a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing the
8084:(French ed.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc.
1534:, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Castile made several incursions into their territory. In 1260,
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2452:
The army's main weakness was its naval fleet, which could not keep up with the fleet of Aragon. The Marinids had shipyards and naval arsenals at
481:
8686:
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More details are known in particular about the army during the reign of Abu al-Hasan, which is described by some historical chroniclers such as
8680:
3312:
of this period. While mosque architecture largely followed the Almohad model, one noted change was the progressive increase in the size of the
3132:
Aside from Qur'an manuscripts, many other religious and legal texts were copied by calligraphers of this time, especially works related to the
9710:
8049:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. p. 61.
7592:
Ettahiri, Ahmed (2014). "La Bu'inaniya de Fès, perle des madrasas mérinides". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
3438:
described them in the 16th century as being lavishly decorated. Important Marinid graves in these necropolises were typically surmounted by a
7920:
Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2014). "Les bannières perdues des sultans mérinides". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
6497: Lebanon: Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn, 2002. p.282. “ بعده بأمر القبيلة ابنه « عبد الحق » المترجم له ، ومولده في الزاب ”
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by the early 11th century and was progressively adopted further west. These establishments served to train Islamic scholars, particularly in
1859:(Uthman I) succeeds to the throne. Marinids take possession of the Rif and seem to want to remain there. The Almohades counterattack in vain.
3124:, but he was unable to finish it following his military defeats in the east and subsequent dethronement. It was instead finished by his son
8429:
1009:
939:
7395:
Mudejarismo and Moorish Revival in Europe: Cultural Negotiations and Artistic Translations in the Middle Ages and 19th-century Historicism
1285:
The Marinids took their name from their ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati. Like earlier Berber ruling dynasties of North Africa and
8683:
3191:
rest of the surface. The spaces between these bands form other geometric shapes which are filled with wood panels of intricately carved
8620:
1718:
8679:
3195:. This motif is similar to that found on the Kutubiyya minbar, and even more so to that of the slightly later Almohad minbar of the
8718:
8672:
8659:
6426:
2634:, reached its apogee in terms of prestige, patronage, and intellectual scope. Additionally, the Marinids were prolific builders of
2163:
1384: Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman reigns over the Kingdom of Marrakech from 1384 to 1387 while the Marinid throne is still based in Fes.
8677:
7776:
Bosch-Vilá, J. (2012). "Ibn al- K̲h̲aṭīb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
7228:
2094:
1358 Abu Inan is assassinated by his vizir. A time of confusion starts. Each vizir tries to install weak candidates on the throne.
8978:
7255:
5960:
363:
8685:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8660:
8656:
2306:(deputy or governor) in Marrakesh, a position that would continue to exist for a long time. In some areas, like the mountainous
824:
820:
67:
9063:
8675:
8670:
6753:
2813:
Literary production under the Marinids was relatively prolific and diverse. In addition to religious texts such as treaties of
2793:
3322:
period, became as large as the main prayer hall and sometimes larger. Notable examples of Marinid mosque architecture are the
2864:
Marinid art continued many of the artistic traditions previously established in the region under the Almoravids and Almohads.
1370:
nonetheless managed to defeat the Marinids again in 1244, forcing them to retreat back to their original lands south of Taza.
10856:
10663:
10045:
8020:
Erzini, Nadia (2014). "Abu al-Hasan, le sultan calligraphe". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
7455:
7402:
7238:
7169:
7097:
7070:
6942:
Shatzmiller, Maya (2012). "Marīnids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
6877:
6463:
6436:
6406:
6350:
6316:
6287:
6256:
6145:
6118:
2558:
of Fez was concentrated in Fez itself and was more important to urban culture; the scholars of Fez had more contact with the
773:
8674:
8275:
7945:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb: From Morocco to Tunisia - Decorative Arts". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
6667:"An Architectural Investigation of Marrind and Wattasid Fes Medina (674-961/1276-1554), In Terms of Gender, Legend, and Law"
6176:
1702:
became Sultan one year after his birth. The Wattasids however refused to give up the Regency after Abd al-Haqq came to age.
10851:
10846:
8963:
6633:
2407:, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century, describes the flag of Fez, the Marinid capital, as being plain white.
614:
10569:
8661:
8657:
2923:
10876:
8452:
7390:
10715:
9715:
9070:
8665:
7760:
7676:
7329:
Rguig, Hicham (2014). "Quand Fès inventait le Mellah". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
5189:
3583:
3125:
788:
639:
8676:
7419:
3104:. The fourth copy, one of the finest preserved Marinid manuscripts, is a thirty-volume Qur'an which he donated to the
2125:
1362: Muhammad ibn Yaqub assumes power. He is a young son of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman, who had taken refuge in Castile.
768:
9359:
9312:
8731:
8220:
8175:
8132:
8029:
8001:
7929:
7858:
7830:
7800:
7601:
7565:
7431:
7338:
7313:
6797:
6763:
6643:
6379:
6067:
6009:
5972:
5791:
5765:
3613:
3595:
3039:
2403:
1782:
1648:
1456:
8658:
10871:
10866:
10861:
9222:
8364:
5318:
3577:
3553:
1760:
1626:
1585:
1434:
1149:
1002:
685:
2321:("Commander of the Muslims"). In later periods the Marinid sultans sometimes also granted themselves the title of
10341:
9031:
8918:
8867:
6367:
5392:
4697:
3511:
3498:
3413:
s: small square chambers covered by either a dome or a pyramidal roof. They stood in a small garden enclosure or
1888:
1396:
1367:
858:
732:
9503:
7894:
La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée
2626:
The Marinids were eager patrons of Islamic scholarship and intellectual culture. It was in this period that the
1266:
into what is now Morocco by the beginning of the 13th century. The Banu Marin first frequented the area between
9286:
8958:
8862:
8313:
8080:
Carboni, Stefano (1998). "Signification historique et artistique du minbar provenant de la mosquée Koutoubia".
7484:
6997:
6831:
6787:
6726:
6604:
6576:
6214:
5836:
5734:
3163:
2742:. Many more were built in other cities but have not been preserved, or only partially preserved, including in:
1764:
1630:
1438:
924:
727:
430:
8673:
3442:, a marble tombstone shaped like a triangular prism, laid horizontally and carved with funerary inscriptions.
2872:
10901:
10886:
10881:
10779:
9141:
8668:
7283:
6821:
5999:
3318:
or courtyard, which was previously a minor element of the floor plan but which eventually, in the subsequent
3008:
1319:
634:
415:
8678:
2843:, the Andalusi poet and writer from Granada, also spent time in Fes and North Africa when his Nasrid master
10774:
10658:
9101:
9009:
8754:
8711:
7155:
6716:
5414:
5374:
5356:
3607:
3601:
3589:
2999:
2443:. These mercenaries were paid a salary from the treasury, while the chieftains of tribal levies were given
1688:
8666:
2218:
1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq, who is only one year old.
705:
308:
10784:
9821:
9036:
8973:
7667:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
6545:
5538:
4991:
3619:
3541:
3323:
2928:
2912:
2892:
2735:
2711:
2627:
2609:
2074:
1546:
1114:
1113:
which had controlled Morocco. At the height of their power in the mid-14th century, during the reigns of
995:
934:
929:
288:
8662:
3346:
in Marrakesh also dates from the Marinid period, one of the few monuments from this period in the city.
1848:. In the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower is erected to protect the royal palace in Seville.
1301:, was born in the Zab into a noble family. His great-grandfather, Abu Bakr, was a sheikh of the region.
10841:
8663:
6342:
6279:
5153:
3565:
3270:
3246:
3159:
2230:
944:
761:
739:
690:
8346:
10896:
10742:
9890:
9454:
9131:
9058:
9024:
8953:
8291:
7671:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
6192:
5171:
4679:
3571:
3492:
3196:
3113:
2562:
of other major cities in the Maghreb than they did with religious leaders in the nearby countryside.
2360:
2167:
1952:
1288: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr receives in Fes the envoys of the king of Granada, to whom the town of
1927:("New Fes"), a new city near Fes, which comes to be considered a new district of Fes, in contrast to
1874:
910:
533:
81:
7354:
García-Arenal, Mercedes (1987). "Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive".
5897:
2722:, was a slightly more distinctive institution and was the only madrasa to also have the status of a
1934:
1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in Algeciras after a fourth expedition to the
1691:. After Sultan Abdalhaqq II (1421–1465) tried to break the power of the Wattasids, he was executed.
1684:
1313:, which was at the time the ruling regime. Their leader Muhyu contributed to the Almohad victory at
10906:
10700:
10675:
10525:
10184:
10179:
9106:
8287:
6188:
4661:
3479:
3285:, further increasing the Andalusian cultural influence in these regions in subsequent generations.
2222:
1867:
1841:
318:
6823:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108 - Clifford Edmund Bosworth - Google Boeken
3231:
The Marinid dynasty was important in further refining the artistic legacy established under their
10767:
10648:
10189:
10142:
10085:
9784:
9728:
9476:
9232:
9187:
9041:
8932:
8704:
8109:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)
4817:
3517:
3022:
2727:
2343:
2106:
1980:
1939:
1753:
1709:. This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of the
1619:
1427:
1289:
had done, and in order to help gain legitimacy for their rule, Marinid historiography claimed an
851:
834:
658:
17:
7632:
Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
2943:
2394:
1581:
1572:, which made him master of a huge territory, which spanned from southern present-day Morocco to
1485:. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the
1160:, a related ruling house, competed with the Marinid dynasty for control of the state and became
1142:
496:
10789:
10690:
10685:
10373:
10321:
10241:
10174:
10078:
10063:
9956:
9723:
9677:
9518:
9405:
9046:
8908:
8300:
6201:
4839:
4643:
3535:
3473:
3339:
3063:
3026:
2687:
2432:
2314:
regions, this resulted in indirect rule and a very limited presence of the central government.
1863:
1856:
594:
6691:
6666:
6453:
6396:
6108:
10720:
10680:
10493:
10368:
9432:
9422:
9381:
9352:
9172:
9121:
9116:
9053:
8888:
8684:
8682:
8681:
7058:
6868:
6532:
6518:
6304:
6082:
5755:
5556:
3625:
3450:
The following is the sequence of Marinid rulers from the founding of the dynasty to its end.
3250:
2957:
The oldest of the three banners is dated, according to its inscription, to May or June 1312 (
2947:
2844:
2212:
663:
10608:
6987:
3378:
in Salé, are still standing today and demonstrate resemblances with earlier Almohad models.
2977:
The second banner was made for Abu al-Hasan and is dated, according to its inscriptions, to
2045:
1344: The Castilians take over Algeciras. The Marinids are definitively ejected from Iberia.
10813:
10643:
10613:
10488:
10419:
10390:
10309:
9643:
9481:
9471:
9240:
8941:
8893:
8764:
6332:
4973:
3529:
3350:
3327:
3309:
3208:
2888:
2877:
2835:
was the most famous manifestation of this intellectual life which was also shared with the
2699:
2286:
2282:
2245:
2194:
2035:
2025:
1995:
1706:
1550:
1179:
395:
10593:
6095:
5858:
2507:
mercenary soldiers from abroad, forming small minorities primarily in the coastal cities.
8:
10505:
10385:
10351:
10253:
10073:
10068:
9880:
9599:
9535:
9410:
9395:
9212:
9197:
8992:
7448:
A History of African Higher Education From Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis
5941:
5574:
4955:
3631:
3523:
3081:
2802:
2783:
2703:
1524:
1486:
1138:
829:
668:
646:
629:
400:
10221:
10211:
6413:
and even contrived a family tree to establish their "descent" from a North Arabian tribe
6045:
Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman
599:
10618:
10598:
10581:
10532:
10397:
10206:
10157:
10090:
10008:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9895:
9865:
9757:
9655:
9523:
9498:
9305:
9160:
9136:
9126:
9084:
9004:
8968:
8739:
8510:
8295:
8253:
7371:
6196:
5338:
3559:
3254:
3138:
3045:
2836:
2719:
2707:
2671:
2238:
2205:
2088:
1895:
1561:
1531:
1482:
1470:
1347:
1225:
also progressively grew in this period, preparing the way for later dynasties like the
1126:
863:
589:
297:
8421:
2170:
ensures the second part of the interim in the reign of Abu al-Abbas from 1386 to 1387.
10727:
10623:
10559:
10554:
10483:
10380:
10095:
10023:
10018:
9860:
9789:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9562:
9513:
9279:
9177:
9111:
8821:
8816:
8594:
8546:
8534:
8516:
8309:
8257:
8236:
Nagy, Péter Tamás (2014). "Sultans' Paradise: The Royal Necropolis of Shala, Rabat".
8216:
8171:
8128:
8025:
7997:
7925:
7854:
7826:
7796:
7756:
7672:
7597:
7561:
7480:
7451:
7427:
7398:
7334:
7309:
7234:
7165:
7093:
7066:
6993:
6873:
6827:
6793:
6759:
6722:
6639:
6600:
6572:
6459:
6432:
6402:
6375:
6346:
6312:
6283:
6252:
6210:
6141:
6114:
6063:
6005:
5968:
5876:
5832:
5787:
5761:
3232:
3089:
2828:
2683:
2102:
1935:
1314:
1294:
1153:
1110:
1063:
653:
553:
548:
501:
435:
247:
8612:
6470:
North African dynasty probably of Berber origin, although they claimed Arab ancestry
5871:
3253:
afterwards. Their architectural style was very closely related to that found in the
2460:(Ceuta), but on at least one occasion the Marinid sultan hired mercenary ships from
1133:
in the 13th and 14th centuries and made an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the
1125:
including large parts of modern-day Algeria and Tunisia. The Marinids supported the
1109:
In 1244, after being at their service for several years, the Marinids overthrew the
10576:
10363:
10358:
10314:
10301:
10231:
10199:
10194:
10058:
10053:
10035:
9996:
9929:
9912:
9853:
9843:
9838:
9779:
9735:
9705:
9665:
9648:
9631:
9594:
9345:
9321:
9262:
9255:
9217:
9207:
9202:
9182:
9146:
8913:
8903:
8898:
8831:
8795:
8588:
8570:
8558:
8528:
8504:
8486:
8474:
8468:
8342:
8305:
8283:
8271:
8245:
8193:
Palais et demeures de Fès. Vol I: Époques mérinde et saadienne (XIVe-XVIIe siècles)
7363:
6749:
6206:
6184:
6172:
5866:
3354:
3343:
3331:
3293:
3221:
2951:
2932:
2691:
2583:
2521:
2110:
1824:
1726:
1558:
1535:
1359:
1230:
1157:
1146:
1087:
1050:
from the mid-13th to the 15th century and intermittently controlled other parts of
905:
900:
888:
756:
565:
449:
378:
260:
115:
51:
8153:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
7851:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
7230:
History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830
6309:
Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century : Rise and Fall of Empires
3381:
3349:
Of the Marinid royal palaces in Fes el-Jdid little has survived, with the current
10794:
10762:
10635:
10603:
10586:
10542:
10537:
10515:
10510:
10468:
10461:
10436:
10296:
10291:
10132:
10013:
9907:
9902:
9870:
9695:
9685:
9579:
9572:
9567:
9552:
9508:
9390:
9376:
9274:
9267:
9250:
9192:
9096:
9014:
8872:
8841:
8811:
8785:
8576:
8492:
8409:
8394:
8249:
6336:
6273:
6246:
6135:
3418:
3167:
3097:
3067:
2978:
2436:
2307:
1984:
1873:
1244: Muhammad I is killed by an officer of his own Christian mercenary militia.
1679:
tribes increasingly spread anarchy, which accelerated the decline of the empire.
1310:
1222:
1079:
1027:
868:
813:
575:
466:
348:
111:
10216:
3166:(in Marrakesh). This geometric motif is based on eight-pointed stars from which
2530:(scholars/jurists), who were especially influential in the cities, and with the
2042:, the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. The Marinids return to Africa.
10737:
10732:
10695:
10670:
10653:
10564:
10549:
10520:
10478:
10326:
10286:
10281:
10236:
10162:
10122:
10112:
10102:
9917:
9796:
9690:
9557:
9439:
9326:
8552:
7420:"Bridging Seas of Sand and Water: The Berber Dynasties of the Islamic Far West"
5688:
5135:
3637:
3547:
3399:
3274:
3258:
3143:
3050:
2966:
2900:
2839:
in Al-Andalus, where many of the intellectuals of this period also spent time.
2695:
2421:
2385:
2380:
2367:
2249:
2234:
2208:
seizes Ceuta. This conquest marks the beginning of overseas European expansion.
2153:
2146:
2060:
2049:
1969:
1299: Beginning of Tlemcen's siege by the Marinids, which will last nine years.
1812:
1699:
1592:
1573:
1565:
1542:
and, in 1267, initiated a full-scale invasion, but the Marinids repelled them.
1279:
1182:, which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco.
1175:
1118:
981:
967:
841:
343:
163:
6535:. United Arab Emirates: هيئة ابو ظبي للسياحة والثقافة،, 2014.
3273:
and the last Muslim realm of al-Andalus came to an end, many of the remaining
1795:
10835:
10818:
10705:
10500:
10473:
10446:
10424:
10402:
10169:
10152:
10137:
9981:
9934:
9922:
9848:
9740:
9614:
9609:
9584:
9466:
9019:
8857:
8836:
8780:
8582:
8540:
8522:
7254:
Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert); Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (1912).
5880:
5725:
4513:
3467:
3435:
3375:
3362:
3358:
3326:(founded in 1276, one of the earliest Marinid mosques), the expansion of the
3319:
2883:
Many Marinid religious buildings were furnished with the same kind of bronze
2840:
2775:
2767:
2497:
1852:
1800:
1339:
1298:
1226:
1103:
720:
673:
570:
454:
442:
151:
10246:
10226:
8336:, des origines à 1830, édition originale 1931, réédition Payot, Paris, 1994
3454:
1215–1269 : leaders of the Marinids, engaged in a struggle against the
3182:
The original minbar of the Bou Inania Madrasa, which is housed today at the
2285:. The sultan dies in the revolt when his throat is cut. The Portuguese king
2184:
make it possible for the Christian sovereigns to carry the war into Morocco.
2087:
1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of another
10710:
10451:
10441:
10407:
10336:
10331:
10258:
10048:
10030:
9991:
9986:
9966:
9961:
9833:
9826:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9700:
9638:
9619:
9604:
9540:
8279:
7696:
6180:
3282:
3213:
3105:
2675:
2631:
2520:
Sunni Islam as the official religion after the previous period of official
2490:
2253:
2136:
1966:
1296: Construction of Sidi Boumediene mosque, or Sidi Belhasan, in Tlemcen.
1335:
1193:
1051:
383:
91:
7207:
7186:
6398:
A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community
1250:. The Banu Marin were nomads who originated from the Zab (a region around
10429:
10414:
10263:
9976:
9885:
9875:
9801:
9449:
9444:
8480:
7260:. Kelly - University of Toronto. London, The Hakluyt society. p. 26.
3366:
3162:
found in the artisan tradition dating back to the 12th-century Almoravid
3117:
2852:
2832:
2824:
2723:
2653:
2486:
2389:
2337:
2190:
1398: Abu Amir dies. His brother, Abu Said Uthman ibn Ahmad, takes power.
2067:
2018:
2011:
1928:
1498:
1189:
846:
125:
7214:
Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag
7193:
Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag
2347:, depicted on the left under banners with white and blue zigzag pattern
10456:
10273:
10147:
10107:
10040:
8790:
8759:
8498:
7375:
7059:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh"
6789:
Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources - Google Boeken
3404:
3278:
3076:
2884:
2848:
2759:
2571:
2428:
2417:
2034:
1340: A combined Portuguese–Castilian army defeats the Marinids in the
1973:
1946:
1917:
1767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1633: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1478:
1441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1343:
1309:
After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to the
1286:
1197:
1130:
508:
461:
390:
331:
7666:
2464:. Marinid military contingents, mostly Zenata horsemen (also known as
2317:
The Marinid sultan was the head of the state and wielded the title of
2289:
finally manages to take Tangier, benefitting from the troubles in Fes.
2256:, but he instead uses the army to attack a small port located between
1274:, at times reaching as far as the Zab. They moved seasonally from the
1246:
The Marinids were a faction of the Berber tribal confederation of the
10346:
10117:
10001:
9971:
9752:
9626:
9417:
8600:
7963:
3225:
3192:
3183:
3172:
3109:
3018:
2908:
2896:
2779:
2747:
2604:
2461:
2271:
1983:
in connection with some obscure matter related to the harem. His son
1906:
1722:
1667:
1506:
1474:
1400:
1392:
1267:
1221:
families and the popular veneration of sharifian figures such as the
1071:
744:
326:
7367:
7138:
6755:
The Berbers and the Islamic State - Maya Shatzmiller - Google Boeken
3265:
is thus reminiscent of what was built in Fes at the same time. When
2582:
As the ruling family and its supporting tribes were Zenata Berbers,
2193:
1399: Benefitting from the anarchy within the Marinid kingdom, king
1742:
1608:
1416:
9747:
9530:
9488:
9427:
8696:
7992:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).
6718:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 - Google Boeken
6428:
Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past
3455:
3262:
2958:
2763:
2715:
2666:
2660:
2567:
2538:
2445:
2416:
tribes of the central Maghreb and from the Arab tribes such as the
2201:, massacres half of the population and reduces the rest to slavery.
1924:
1844:
comes to power in 1213. The battle takes place on the coast of the
1837:
1695:
1671:
1577:
1569:
1513:
1355:
1162:
808:
803:
680:
518:
6001:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2887:
that the Almohads made for mosques. The Marinid chandelier in the
9660:
9589:
9545:
9400:
8727:
8644:
8456:
8377:
3386:
3371:
3335:
3304:
3297:
3266:
3241:
3217:
2962:
2915:, Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Christian forces in 1333.
2787:
2751:
2635:
2620:
2612:
2352:
2257:
2226:
2198:
2174:
1991:
1990:
1308: Abu Thabit dies of disease after only one year in power in
1910:
1828:
1676:
1663:
1554:
1517:
1363:
1351:
1327:
1259:
1255:
1201:
1122:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
749:
513:
336:
9461:
7284:"Marīnid Fez: The Economic Background of the 'Quest for Empire'"
6635:
The Report: Morocco 2009 - Oxford Business Group - Google Boeken
3054:
2731:
2453:
1945:
1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr combats revolts in and around the
1899:
1807:
1539:
1379:
1152:
from the Marinids in 1344, definitively expelling them from the
9493:
9368:
9245:
8359:
8165:
7209:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر
7188:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر
6137:
Les institutions gouvernementales sous les Mérinides: 1258-1465
6110:
Almohad Movement in North Africa in the 12th and 13th Centuries
3288:
3236:
3155:
3133:
3121:
3085:
3030:
2939:
2771:
2739:
2726:. Surviving Marinid madrasas built in other cities include the
2643:
2616:
2588:
2563:
2531:
2517:
2502:
2466:
2278:
2078:
2039:
1819:
1710:
1502:
1383:
1275:
1271:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1217:
increasingly predominated in the countryside. The influence of
1214:
1211:
1186:
1171:
1167:
1134:
1095:
1043:
132:
101:
8655:
7821:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Marinid".
7061:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.).
5783:
The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050
2899:
forms like floral patterns as well as a poetic inscription in
10127:
7556:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).
7479:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
6058:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).
6026:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3409:
3390:
3187:
3176:
3101:
3093:
2970:
2806:
2799:
Al-Manhaj al-Faaiq wa al-Manhal al-Raaiq fi Ahkam al-Wathaaiq
2755:
2526:
2457:
2440:
2261:
2053:
1953:
1685:
Tetouan was taken by Castile and its population was massacred
1375:
1323:
1290:
1206:
1067:
213:
8044:
7306:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
7140:
The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib
7089:
The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait
5898:"Marinid dynasty (Berber dynasty) - Encyclopædia Britannica"
2105:
is nominated sultan by the vizirs. He is one of the sons of
1887:
1258: Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq dies of disease. His uncle,
1866:
is assassinated by one of his Christian slaves. His brother
1855:
dies during victorious combat against the Almohads. His son
8195:. Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
7253:
6992:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–118.
6692:"An architectural Investigation of Marinid and Watasid Fes"
6571:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104.
5831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–118.
3459:
3314:
3080:(where he was later buried). The next copy was sent to the
2942:
which were captured from Sultan Abu al-Hasan's army in the
2815:
2743:
2648:
2639:
2543:
2181:
1960:
1331:
9337:
8064:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. pp. 155–156.
7063:
Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism
6047:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
1584:
in 1340, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia, only
1204:
across the country which promoted the education of Maliki
1185:
In contrast to their predecessors, the Marinids sponsored
7669:
Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre
6546:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Marinides ou Mérinides"
5729:
3361:
to the north have disappeared and the complex around the
2638:, a type of institution which originated in northeastern
2311:
1881:
1845:
1714:
1497:
nearby Iberian towns: by the year 1294 they had occupied
1388:
1121:, the Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over most of the
7991:
7698:
Ad-Dhakhirah as-Saniyya fi Akhbari ad-Dawla al-Mariniyya
7555:
6889:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, M. Th Houtsma
6305:"The Nasrids of Granada and the Marinids of the Maghrib"
6057:
2847:
was there in exile between 1358 and 1362. The historian
1694:
Marinid rulers after 1420 came under the control of the
1530:
The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the
1358:
broke away in 1229, followed by the independence of the
1196:
their capital. Under their rule, Fez enjoyed a relative
1166:
rulers between 1420 and 1459 while officially acting as
8451:
6096:
http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/568
2439:, Castile, and Portugal, as well as Black Africans and
2122:
1361: The period called the "reign of the vizirs" ends.
8191:
Revault, Jacques; Golvin, Lucien; Amahan, Ali (1985).
7823:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
7293:(conference). Al-Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco.
6599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 104.
3239:. They were also the first to deploy extensive use of
3096:, and a third one a couple of years later went to the
8642:
6060:
Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
2524:. They allied themselves politically with the Maliki
2152:
1374: Partition of the empire into two kingdoms: the
2014:
begins his 29-year journey across Africa and Eurasia.
1666:
tribesmen from the High Atlas came down and occupied
1564:
was conquered, followed in 1347 by the defeat of the
8304:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands:
7853:. Yale University Press. pp. 121–123, 182–184.
7422:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
7233:. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 198.
7216:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151.
7195:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151.
7164:] (in French). Place des éditeurs. p. 126.
6205:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands:
5774:
2241:
sacrifices his brother for national trade interests.
1891:, fourth son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds to the throne.
1342:. Meanwhile, the Almohads lost their territories in
1034:
45:
8213:
Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465
8190:
7440:
7042:Pennell, C.R. (2013). "Chapter 4: Tribal Morocco".
3506:
1269–1465 : Marinid Sultans of Fez and Morocco
2007:
1323: Construction of the Attarin's madrasa in Fes.
1979:1307: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is assassinated by a
8168:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
8022:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7994:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7922:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7594:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7558:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
7331:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
6855:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830
6275:Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500
5998:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Marīnids".
2599:
1880:1249: Severe repression of anti-Marinid forces in
1827:constructed by the Marinids during their siege of
1200:. The Marinids also pioneered the construction of
8097:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
8062:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
7619:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
7092:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 185.
6785:
6522:, ... par M. de Marlès. Tome premier . 1825.
6484:. Morocco: ع.ك. الفيلالي،, 2006.
6106:
6083:Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century.
2710:in 1346. Another madrasa, built in 1320 near the
2551:) endowments that financed mosques and madrasas.
1994:, a city which he has just founded. His brother,
1909:and the end of Almohad domination of the western
1545:At the height of their power, during the rule of
10833:
7820:
6302:
6133:
6113:. Princeton University Press. pp. 490–491.
2056:and restores his authority over all the Maghreb.
1512:In 1276, they founded the North African city of
1297:tribe. The first leader of the Marinid dynasty,
7085:
6365:
2851:was another example, while the famous traveler
2187:1396: Abu Amir Abdallah succeeds to the throne.
6989:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
6597:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
6569:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
6431:. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. p. 64.
6248:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
6127:
5829:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
5753:
3303:Notably, the Marinids were the first to build
9353:
8712:
8628:
8437:
7919:
7353:
6085: United Kingdom: Unesco, 1984.
1877:, the third son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds him.
1591:In 1348, Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his son
1003:
10810:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
8170:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 446–450.
8024:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 464–467.
7996:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 494–501.
7924:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 542–547.
7596:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 474–481.
7560:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 474–476.
7333:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 452–454.
7143:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216.
6424:
6311:. Fundación El legado andalusì. p. 78.
6100:
6062:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 432–435.
5892:
5890:
3487:After 1244 : Marinid Emirs based in Fez
2786:which was rebuilt in the 16th century), and
1836:1215: The Banu Marin (Marinids) attacks the
1683:splintered into different entities. In 1399
1481:to support the ongoing struggle against the
39:
8270:
8125:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650
7750:
7690:
7688:
7424:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
7281:
7123:] (in Arabic). دار السلمى،. p. 43.
6941:
6748:
6251:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103.
6171:
6042:
5958:
5930:, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 41-42.
2248:prepares an army for a crusade against the
2145:1374: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, supported by the
2116:1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen.
2048:1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys the
1725:from the 1459 massacre, who instigated the
9360:
9346:
8719:
8705:
8635:
8621:
8444:
8430:
7881:. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire.
7775:
7500:Deverdun, Gaston (2012). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn".
7056:
6820:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (January 1989).
6028:, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 414.
5856:
2277:1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq appoints a
2229:. Many prisoners are taken and the infant
2109:and is supported by the king of Castille,
1963:, the earliest preserved Marinid building.
1719:Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya
1403:in 1269, effectively ending Almohad rule.
1010:
996:
66:
7651:. Princeton University Press. p. 29.
6985:
6594:
6566:
6244:
5887:
5870:
5826:
3445:
2270:1462: Ferdinand IV of Castile takes over
1783:Learn how and when to remove this message
1649:Learn how and when to remove this message
1457:Learn how and when to remove this message
1178:, was finally overthrown and killed by a
1156:. Starting in the early 15th century the
10892:15th-century disestablishments in Africa
8099:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
7891:
7876:
7790:
7685:
7621:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
7591:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7499:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7086:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (17 March 2011).
7065:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22.
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6872:, p.42 Edinburgh University Press 1996.
6819:
6370:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
6331:
5997:
5754:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2014).
3380:
3287:
3212:
3038:
2931:, dated to 1339–1340, now housed at the
2922:
2871:
2792:
2659:
2603:
2336:
2001:1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters Ceuta.
1818:
1806:
1794:
1553:another attempt was made to reunite the
10634:
8079:
8015:
8013:
7987:
7985:
7944:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7746:
7744:
7694:
7631:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7477:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique
7417:
7303:
7153:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
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6957:
6955:
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6913:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6813:
6786:Fairchild Ruggles, D. (25 April 2011).
6590:
6588:
5939:
3066:frontispiece and is written in a broad
2918:
2876:The enormous Marinid chandelier in the
1732:
1717:. He was in turn overthrown in 1471 by
1293:origin for the dynasty through a North
14:
10834:
8401:Ruling house of the Marinid Sultanate
8210:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8146:
8144:
8122:
8094:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8059:
8019:
7844:
7842:
7778:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7662:
7660:
7658:
7649:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography
7616:
7502:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7474:
7470:
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7277:
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7267:
7226:
7112:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6944:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6507:التاريخ الإسلامي - ج 7: العهد المملوكي
6395:Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016).
6271:
6038:
6036:
6034:
5822:
5820:
5818:
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5812:
5810:
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8700:
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7958:
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7872:
7870:
7848:
7769:
7646:
7574:
7328:
7322:
7127:
6697:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk. p. 23
6482:التاريخ السياسي للمغرب العربي الكبير
6452:Gerli, E. Michael (4 December 2013).
6451:
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5707:
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4008:
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3808:
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3800:
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3783:
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3727:
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3721:
3719:
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3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3620:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II ibn Ahmad II
3114:Islamic Museum of the Haram al-Sharif
2281:vizir, Aaron ben Batash, provoking a
774:Revolution of the King and the People
8726:
8235:
8159:
8088:
8047:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque
8038:
8010:
7982:
7900:
7809:
7741:
7542:
7538:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
7508:
7450:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005,
7205:
7184:
7044:Morocco: From Empire to Independence
6950:
6892:
6585:
6560:
5993:
5991:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5786:. Cambridge University Press. 1975.
3584:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I al-Mustansir
2024:1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His son
1959:1291: Construction of the mosque of
1840:when the 16-year-old Almohad caliph
1765:adding citations to reliable sources
1736:
1631:adding citations to reliable sources
1602:
1439:adding citations to reliable sources
1410:
1141:. They were however defeated at the
1046:dynasty that controlled present-day
8264:
8229:
8199:
8141:
8116:
8068:
8053:
7885:
7839:
7784:
7655:
7625:
7610:
7536:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
7493:
7461:
7347:
7297:
7264:
7006:
6031:
5859:"Mérinides (Berb. : Ayt Mrin)"
5857:Khaneboubi, A. (30 December 2010).
5807:
3652:Family tree of the Marinid dynasty
3422:
3393:, which became a Marinid necropolis
3257:, in Spain, under the contemporary
3120:he began a fifth copy intended for
3088:in 1339–40 via the intermediary of
3075:al-Murtada (d. 1266). According to
3025:and dated to 1306 (now kept at the
2907:1337, was a bell brought back from
1477:to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to
1174:. In 1465 the last Marinid sultan,
1083:
1031:
40:
24:
8184:
7953:
7896:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
7867:
7640:
6495:al-Aʻlām: al-Dahhān-ʻAbd al-Salām.
6303:Torremocha Silva, Antonio (2006).
6223:
6154:
6051:
5845:
3608:Abu Zayyan Muhammad IV ibn Ahmad I
3112:in 1344–45 and is now kept at the
2031:1337: First occupation of Tlemcen.
1972:1306: Conquest and destruction of
1520:in Morocco here during this time.
1192:as the official religion and made
27:1244–1465 Berber empire in Morocco
25:
10918:
8352:
8082:Le Minbar de la Mosquée Kutubiyya
7154:Abitbol, Michel (10 April 2014).
6493:Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn.
6307:. In Viguera, Maria Jesús (ed.).
5988:
5915:
2702:next to it two years later), the
2630:, the main center of learning in
2404:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms
2059:1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his son
1258:). Following the arrival of Arab
368:(8th century BC – 7th century AD)
9223:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
8931:
8358:
7795:. London: Picador. p. 281.
7721:Historical Dictionary of Morocco
7636:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 312–313.
7426:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 373.
7291:The City of Fez in World History
7121:Aspects of Maghrebi civilization
7113:العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (1957).
6455:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
3007:
2998:
2537:(families claiming descent from
2149:princes of Granada, takes power.
2084:1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen.
1811:Coin minted during the reign of
1741:
1607:
1415:
975:
961:
686:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
307:
265:
240:
72:The Marinid sultanate circa 1360
8326:
7938:
7727:
7713:
7411:
7382:
7308:. Routledge. pp. 282–283.
7247:
7220:
7199:
7178:
7147:
7106:
7079:
7050:
6883:
6860:
6847:
6779:
6742:
6709:
6684:
6659:
6626:
6613:
6538:
6531:Conde, José Antonio.
6525:
6512:
6500:
6487:
6475:
6445:
6418:
6388:
6359:
6325:
6296:
6265:
6088:
6076:
6018:
5872:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.568
3626:Abu 'Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad II
3614:Abu 'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir
3596:Abu 'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir
3434:s. Though mostly ruined today,
3261:. The decoration of the famous
3202:
2950:. Today they are housed at the
2694:built in 1271, followed by the
2664:Sculpted decoration, including
2600:Intellectual life and education
2132:1370: Third seizure of Tlemcen.
1889:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq
1752:needs additional citations for
1721:, one of the two the surviving
1618:needs additional citations for
1426:needs additional citations for
1387:retreated to a fortress in the
1145:in 1340 and finished after the
7227:Julien, Charles André (1970).
6004:. Edinburgh University Press.
5952:
5933:
5747:
5735:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
3644:
3374:necropolis near Rabat and the
3175:mosaic decoration inlaid with
3164:minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque
2989:
2827:(first published by Professor
2670:, around the courtyard of the
2063:succeeds him as Marinid ruler.
1949:and the province of Marrakesh.
769:Opposition to European control
13:
1:
8334:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord
8215:. Lienart. pp. 264–295.
5865:(in French) (31): 4889–4895.
5740:
3357:period. Likewise, the former
3353:dating mainly from the later
2498:Jewish quarter of Fez el-Jdid
2479:
2296:
2156:and the Kingdom of Marrakech.
1698:, who exercised a regency as
1689:the Portuguese captured Ceuta
1320:battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
635:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856
10857:Countries in medieval Africa
8250:10.1080/09503110.2014.915103
7393:. In Giese, Francine (ed.).
6425:Bowen Savant, Sarah (2014).
6245:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).
5967:. Vol. IV. p. 91.
3560:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ibn Faris
3548:Abu Inan Faris al-Mutawakkil
3310:western Islamic architecture
3249:), which became standard in
3245:(mosaic tilework in complex
2867:
2554:The influence of the Maliki
1580:-Castilian coalition in the
1366:in 1235. The Almohad caliph
7:
10852:Medieval history of Algeria
10847:Medieval history of Morocco
9367:
8151:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
8111:Islam: Art and Architecture
7949:. h.f.ullmann. p. 322.
7947:Islam: Art and Architecture
7849:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
7825:. Oxford University Press.
7793:The Travels of Ibn Battutah
7751:Bressolette, Henri (2016).
7634:Islam: Art and Architecture
7617:Parker, Richard B. (1981).
7389:Conrad, Michael A. (2021).
6043:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949).
5940:Universalis, Encyclopædia.
5719:
3638:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II
3324:Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid
2577:
2510:
2410:
2375:is to say, saddle blankets.
2252:in response to the call of
2197:arrives in Morocco, seizes
1713:, was proclaimed Sultan in
1346:to Christian kingdoms like
1035:
821:Coup d'état attempt in 1971
619:(beginning 19th century AD)
538:(beginning 11th century AD)
364:Classical to Late Antiquity
46:
10:
10923:
10877:14th century in al-Andalus
7282:Shatzmiller, Maya (2010).
7057:Stockstill, Abbey (2023).
6533:تاريخ حكم العرب في إسبانيا
6343:Edinburgh University Press
6280:Cambridge University Press
6107:Roger Le Tourneau (1969).
3566:Abu Salim Ibrahim ibn 'Ali
3206:
3149:
3043:Page from a manuscript of
2782:, Tlemcen, Marrakesh (the
2594:
2474:
2231:Fernando, the Saint Prince
1870:(Muhammad I) succeeds him.
1598:
1241:
1236:
762:Tangier International Zone
691:French conquest of Morocco
10803:
10755:
10272:
9676:
9375:
9299:
9231:
9168:
9159:
9092:
9083:
9000:
8991:
8964:Prefectures and provinces
8949:
8940:
8929:
8881:
8850:
8804:
8773:
8747:
8738:
8652:
8464:
8406:
8399:
8391:
8373:
7879:La grande mosquée de Taza
7701:(in Arabic). pp. 5–7
7534:Marçais, Georges (1954).
7418:Balbale, Abigail (2017).
6986:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
6869:The New Islamic dynasties
6672:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk
6621:The New Islamic Dynasties
6595:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
6567:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
6272:Powers, David S. (2002).
6134:Ahmed Khaneboubi (2008).
5963:General History of Africa
5928:The New Islamic Dynasties
5827:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
5760:. Routledge. p. 49.
5635:
5633:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4460:
4458:
4357:
4355:
4254:
4252:
4151:
4149:
4048:
4046:
3945:
3943:
3842:
3840:
3739:
3737:
3580:(1361–1365; second reign)
3572:Abu 'Amr Tashfin ibn 'Ali
3493:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq
3365:on the hills overlooking
3340:Mosque of Sidi Abu Madyan
3269:was conquered in 1492 by
2698:founded in 1321 (and the
2684:Mosque of the Andalusians
2332:
1916:1274: The Marinids seize
1875:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq
1406:
1074:. It was named after the
482:Territorial fragmentation
219:
209:
205:
195:
185:
181:
173:
169:
157:
147:• 1215–1217 (first)
145:
141:
131:
121:
107:
97:
87:
82:Ruling dynasty of Morocco
77:
65:
60:
34:
8155:. Yale University Press.
8095:Parker, Richard (1981).
8060:Parker, Richard (1981).
7892:Terrasse, Henri (1968).
7877:Terrasse, Henri (1943).
7475:Gaudio, Attilio (1982).
6366:Idris El Hareir (2011).
5946:Encyclopædia Universalis
5757:Atlas of Islamic History
3602:Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris
3518:Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Nasir
2341:Marinid soldiers in the
1868:Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq
1823:Remnants of the city of
583:other political entities
159:• 1420–1465 (last)
10872:15th century in Morocco
10867:14th century in Morocco
10862:13th century in Morocco
8347:Encyclopædia Britannica
8332:JULIEN, Charles-André,
8211:Salmon, Xavier (2021).
8123:Salmon, Xavier (2016).
7735:Ibn Rushd's Metaphysics
7206:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006).
7185:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006).
6853:Julien, Charles-André,
6374:. UNESCO. p. 420.
5902:Encyclopædia Britannica
3590:Abu Zayyan Muhammad III
2821:al-Dhakhîrah as-Sanîyya
2728:Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan
2449:lands as compensation.
2344:Cantigas de Santa Maria
2107:Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman
2026:Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman
1987:succeeds to the throne.
1940:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr
1586:holding on to Algeciras
1304:
852:Western Sahara conflict
98:Official languages
8791:Barghawata Confederacy
8301:Encyclopaedia of Islam
7791:Battutah, Ibn (2002).
7753:A la découverte de Fès
7647:Irwin, Robert (2019).
7304:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
7116:مظاهر الحضارة المغربية
6202:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3578:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II
3554:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II
3446:List of Marinid rulers
3394:
3332:Mosque of al-Mansourah
3300:
3281:) fled to Morocco and
3228:
3058:
3027:Bavarian State Library
2935:
2880:
2859:
2810:
2688:Grand Mosque of Meknes
2678:
2652:). The madrasa in the
2623:
2377:
2356:Ambrosio Huici Miranda
2351:Spanish Historian and
2348:
2211:1418: Abu Said Uthman
2073:1350: Construction of
1857:Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq
1832:
1816:
1804:
1062:) and of the southern
595:Principality of Debdou
486:(10th–11th century AD)
197:• Disestablished
10780:Medieval great powers
9071:Western Sahara status
8851:European protectorate
8760:Kingdom of Mauretania
7397:. Brill. p. 87.
7046:. Simon and Schuster.
6333:Fromherz, Allen James
3480:Abu Ma'ruf Muhammad I
3384:
3359:Marinid Royal Gardens
3291:
3251:Moroccan architecture
3216:
3126:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz
3082:Mosque of the Prophet
3042:
2927:The banner of Sultan
2926:
2911:by the son of Sultan
2875:
2823:probably composed by
2796:
2663:
2607:
2372:
2340:
2223:Portuguese expedition
1842:Yusuf II Al-Mustansir
1822:
1810:
1798:
1399:(1259–1286) captured
462:Barghwata confederacy
420:(8th–10th century AD)
108:Common languages
10902:Dynasties of Morocco
10887:1240s establishments
10882:History of Gibraltar
10790:European colonialism
10775:Ancient great powers
8979:World Heritage Sites
8868:Spanish Protectorate
8765:Mauretania Tingitana
8367:at Wikimedia Commons
5959:Niane, D.T. (1981).
5863:Encyclopédie berbère
3632:Abu Sa'id Uthman III
3530:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
3328:Great Mosque of Taza
3209:Moorish architecture
3179:and precious woods.
3160:geometric decoration
2944:Battle of Rio Salado
2919:Textiles and banners
2889:Great Mosque of Taza
2878:Great Mosque of Taza
2395:Charles-André Julien
2246:Afonso V of Portugal
2195:Henry III of Castile
2036:Battle of Rio Salado
1996:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman
1761:improve this article
1733:Chronology of events
1627:improve this article
1582:Battle of Río Salado
1435:improve this article
1143:Battle of Río Salado
1098:tribe. It ruled the
733:Spanish protectorate
640:Hispano-Moroccan War
497:Caliphate of Córdoba
455:Emirate of Sijilmasa
396:Mauretania Tingitana
10785:Modern great powers
8863:French Protectorate
6857:, Payot 1931, p.196
3556:(1358; first reign)
3536:Abu Sa'id Uthman II
3351:Royal Palace of Fes
3294:Mosque of Mansourah
3220:of the Marinid-era
3136:school such as the
2952:Cathedral of Toledo
2933:Cathedral of Toledo
2784:Ben Youssef Madrasa
2646:and jurisprudence (
2489:and more uniformly
2221:1437: Failure of a
1525:Al-Attarine Madrasa
1487:Strait of Gibraltar
1139:Strait of Gibraltar
830:Moulay Bouazza plot
728:French protectorate
669:Treaty of Algeciras
630:Franco-Moroccan War
401:Exarchate of Africa
187:• Established
9142:Telecommunications
8127:. Paris: LienArt.
7695:Ibn Abi Zar, Ali.
7458:, pp. 154–157
7162:History of Morocco
6509:. IslamKotob.
3474:Abu Sa'id Uthman I
3395:
3301:
3255:Emirate of Granada
3247:geometric patterns
3229:
3122:Al-Khalil (Hebron)
3059:
2936:
2881:
2837:Emirate of Granada
2831:, Algiers, 1920).
2811:
2679:
2672:Bou Inania Madrasa
2624:
2584:Berber (Tamazight)
2570:, and other more "
2349:
2239:Edward of Portugal
2206:John I of Portugal
2089:Bou Inania Madrasa
2075:Bou Inania madrasa
1923:1276: Founding of
1833:
1817:
1805:
1562:kingdom of Tlemcen
1532:Emirate of Granada
1483:Kingdom of Castile
1473:ceded the town of
1471:Nasrids of Granada
1127:Emirate of Granada
982:History portal
968:Morocco portal
864:Hirak Rif Movement
859:2011–2012 protests
10842:Marinid Sultanate
10829:
10828:
10751:
10750:
10716:Polish–Lithuanian
9891:Gurjara-Pratihara
9335:
9334:
9295:
9294:
9155:
9154:
9079:
9078:
9010:Foreign relations
8987:
8986:
8927:
8926:
8694:
8693:
8610:
8609:
8453:Islamic dynasties
8420:
8419:
8414:
8407:Succeeded by
8363:Media related to
7456:978-0-313-32061-3
7446:Lulat, Y. G.-M.:
7404:978-90-04-44858-2
7240:978-0-7100-6614-5
7171:978-2-262-03816-8
7157:Histoire du Maroc
7099:978-0-8122-0463-6
7072:978-1-000-90044-6
6878:978-0-231-10714-3
6750:Shatzmiller, Maya
6465:978-1-136-77161-3
6438:978-0-748-64497-1
6408:978-1-315-51107-8
6352:978-0-7486-5418-5
6318:978-84-96556-34-8
6289:978-0-521-81691-5
6258:978-0-521-33767-0
6147:978-2-296-06644-1
6120:978-1-4008-7669-3
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5699:
5585:
5567:
5549:
5425:
5407:
5385:
5367:
5349:
5331:
5202:
5182:
5164:
5146:
5002:
4984:
4966:
4850:
4828:
4708:
4690:
4672:
4654:
4524:
3542:Abu al-Hasan 'Ali
3462:from 1216 to 1244
3397:According to the
3385:The main gate of
3292:The ruins of the
2893:Qarawiyyin Mosque
2829:Mohamed Bencheneb
2736:Bou Inana Madrasa
2708:Mesbahiya Madrasa
2706:in 1323, and the
2700:Sba'iyyin Madrasa
2103:Abu Salim Ibrahim
1936:Iberian Peninsula
1905:1269: Seizure of
1793:
1792:
1785:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1315:Battle of Alarcos
1154:Iberian Peninsula
1100:Marinid sultanate
1064:Iberian Peninsula
1020:
1019:
654:Treaty of Wad Ras
585:
502:Fatimid Caliphate
436:Umayyad Caliphate
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
253:
252:
248:Almohad Caliphate
55:
16:(Redirected from
10914:
10897:Berber dynasties
10632:
10631:
10297:Austro-Hungarian
9997:Chagatai Khanate
9362:
9355:
9348:
9339:
9338:
9315:
9308:
9256:Hassaniya Arabic
9166:
9165:
9090:
9089:
9032:Sûreté Nationale
8998:
8997:
8947:
8946:
8935:
8919:2011–12 protests
8796:Kingdom of Nekor
8745:
8744:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8698:
8697:
8643:Timeline of the
8637:
8630:
8623:
8614:
8613:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8423:
8422:
8412:
8392:Preceded by
8371:
8370:
8362:
8339:
8320:
8319:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8208:
8197:
8196:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8148:
8139:
8138:
8120:
8114:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8077:
8066:
8065:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8017:
8008:
8007:
7989:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7960:
7951:
7950:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7917:
7898:
7897:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7874:
7865:
7864:
7846:
7837:
7836:
7818:
7807:
7806:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7692:
7683:
7682:
7664:
7653:
7652:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7589:
7572:
7571:
7553:
7540:
7539:
7531:
7506:
7505:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7472:
7459:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7279:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7039:
7004:
7003:
6983:
6948:
6947:
6939:
6890:
6887:
6881:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6630:
6624:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6542:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6516:
6510:
6504:
6498:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6242:
6221:
6220:
6169:
6152:
6151:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6029:
6024:Ira M. Lapidus,
6022:
6016:
6015:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5937:
5931:
5924:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5854:
5843:
5842:
5824:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5751:
5697:
5583:
5565:
5547:
5423:
5403:
5383:
5365:
5347:
5327:
5200:
5180:
5162:
5144:
5000:
4982:
4964:
4848:
4826:
4706:
4688:
4670:
4652:
4522:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3524:Abu Thabit 'Amir
3424:
3344:Ben Salah Mosque
3338:(1303), and the
3222:Ben Salah Mosque
3184:Dar Batha museum
3021:commissioned by
3011:
3002:
2692:Saffarin Madrasa
2682:Qarawiyyin, the
2364:
2323:amīr al-mu'minīn
2319:amīr al-muslimīn
2215:but is defeated.
2137:puppet sovereign
1788:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1745:
1737:
1727:Wattasid dynasty
1654:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1611:
1603:
1547:Abu al-Hasan Ali
1462:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1419:
1411:
1360:Zayyanid dynasty
1158:Wattasid dynasty
1085:
1038:
1033:
1012:
1005:
998:
980:
979:
978:
966:
965:
964:
918:History by topic
795:
794:
757:Tangier Protocol
712:
711:
659:Treaty of Madrid
621:
620:
600:Republic of Salé
582:
540:
539:
488:
487:
450:Emirate of Nekor
422:
421:
370:
369:
311:
301:
283:
282:
269:
268:
261:Wattasid dynasty
257:
256:
244:
243:
237:
236:
221:
220:
116:Berber languages
70:
49:
44:
43:
42:
32:
31:
21:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10912:
10911:
10907:Sunni dynasties
10832:
10831:
10830:
10825:
10814:American Empire
10799:
10795:African empires
10747:
10630:
10322:Central African
10268:
10086:Romano-Germanic
9672:
9406:Middle Assyrian
9379:
9371:
9366:
9336:
9331:
9318:
9311:
9304:
9291:
9275:Moroccan people
9251:Moroccan Arabic
9227:
9151:
9097:Bank Al-Maghrib
9075:
8983:
8936:
8923:
8877:
8873:Operation Torch
8846:
8800:
8786:Idrisid dynasty
8769:
8734:
8725:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8648:
8641:
8611:
8606:
8460:
8450:
8416:
8411:
8410:Idrisid dynasty
8403:
8397:
8395:Almohad dynasty
8387:
8382:
8365:Marinid dynasty
8355:
8343:Marinid Dynasty
8337:
8329:
8324:
8323:
8316:
8308:. p. 573.
8296:Heinrichs, W.P.
8272:Shatzmiller, M.
8269:
8265:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8209:
8200:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8164:
8160:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8121:
8117:
8108:
8104:
8093:
8089:
8078:
8069:
8058:
8054:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7990:
7983:
7973:
7971:
7962:
7961:
7954:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7918:
7901:
7890:
7886:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7819:
7810:
7803:
7789:
7785:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7755:. L'Harmattan.
7749:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7728:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7704:
7702:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7665:
7656:
7645:
7641:
7630:
7626:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7590:
7575:
7568:
7554:
7543:
7532:
7509:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7473:
7462:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7387:
7383:
7368:10.2307/1595913
7362:(66): 113–143.
7356:Studia Islamica
7352:
7348:
7341:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7302:
7298:
7286:
7280:
7265:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7204:
7200:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7152:
7148:
7135:
7128:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7055:
7051:
7040:
7007:
7000:
6984:
6951:
6940:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6866:C.E. Bosworth,
6865:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6784:
6780:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6747:
6743:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6619:C.E. Bosworth,
6618:
6614:
6607:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6530:
6526:
6517:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6492:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6301:
6297:
6290:
6282:. p. 101.
6270:
6266:
6259:
6243:
6224:
6217:
6209:. p. 571.
6197:Heinrichs, W.P.
6173:Shatzmiller, M.
6170:
6155:
6148:
6140:. L'Harmattan.
6132:
6128:
6121:
6105:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6056:
6052:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5996:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5957:
5953:
5942:"MÉRINIDES LES"
5938:
5934:
5926:C.E. Bosworth,
5925:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5888:
5855:
5846:
5839:
5825:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5722:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5582:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5379:ibn Abd al-Aziz
5378:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5133:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4666:ibn Abd al-Haqq
4665:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4409:
4306:
4203:
4100:
3997:
3894:
3791:
3647:
3512:Abu Yusuf Yaqub
3499:Abu Yusuf Yaqub
3448:
3342:(1338–39). The
3275:Spanish Muslims
3211:
3205:
3152:
3118:Bijaya (Bougie)
3098:Masjid al-Haram
3068:Maghrebi script
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3023:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
3014:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2921:
2870:
2862:
2602:
2597:
2580:
2513:
2482:
2477:
2413:
2358:
2335:
2327:sahib al-shurta
2299:
1985:Abu Thabit Amir
1803:in Fes, Morocco
1789:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1746:
1735:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1624:
1612:
1601:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1397:Abu Yusuf Yaqub
1311:Almohad dynasty
1307:
1244:
1239:
1024:Marinid dynasty
1016:
987:
976:
974:
962:
960:
951:
950:
949:
945:Imperial cities
890:
883:
875:
874:
873:
869:Abraham Accords
814:Moroccanization
798:
797:
792:
791:
790:
780:
779:
778:
740:French Conquest
715:
714:
709:
708:
707:
697:
696:
695:
624:
623:
618:
617:
616:
606:
605:
604:
590:Zawiya Dila'iya
584:
578:
543:
542:
537:
536:
535:
525:
524:
523:
491:
490:
485:
484:
483:
473:
472:
471:
467:Idrisid dynasty
431:Muslim conquest
425:
424:
419:
418:
417:
407:
406:
405:
373:
372:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
353:
321:
299:
292:
266:
241:
198:
188:
160:
148:
112:Maghrebi Arabic
73:
56:
37:
36:Marinid dynasty
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10920:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10823:
10822:
10821:
10816:
10807:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10661:
10651:
10646:
10640:
10638:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10596:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10579:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10552:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10540:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10491:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10417:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10378:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10324:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10312:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10278:
10276:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10209:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10099:
10098:
10093:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10006:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9851:
9846:
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9726:
9718:
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9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9682:
9680:
9678:Post-classical
9674:
9673:
9671:
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9658:
9653:
9652:
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9484:
9479:
9477:Middle Kingdom
9474:
9464:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9433:Neo-Babylonian
9430:
9425:
9423:Old Babylonian
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9398:
9393:
9387:
9385:
9373:
9372:
9365:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9342:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9329:
9324:
9317:
9316:
9309:
9301:
9300:
9297:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9287:Western Sahara
9284:
9283:
9282:
9272:
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9270:
9265:
9260:
9259:
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9253:
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9169:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9132:Western Sahara
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9059:Prime Minister
9056:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9022:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8974:Western Sahara
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
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8901:
8896:
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8814:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8793:
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8783:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
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8762:
8757:
8751:
8749:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8724:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8640:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8617:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8585:(1666–present)
8580:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8449:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8418:
8417:
8408:
8405:
8398:
8393:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8374:
8369:
8368:
8354:
8353:External links
8351:
8350:
8349:
8340:
8328:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8314:
8292:van Donzel, E.
8288:Bosworth, C.E.
8263:
8244:(2): 132–146.
8228:
8221:
8198:
8183:
8176:
8158:
8140:
8133:
8115:
8113:. h.f.ullmann.
8102:
8087:
8067:
8052:
8037:
8030:
8009:
8002:
7981:
7952:
7937:
7930:
7899:
7884:
7866:
7859:
7838:
7831:
7808:
7801:
7783:
7768:
7762:978-2343090221
7761:
7740:
7737:. p. 574.
7726:
7723:. p. 102.
7712:
7684:
7678:978-3902782311
7677:
7654:
7639:
7624:
7609:
7602:
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6949:
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6741:
6727:
6708:
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6658:
6644:
6625:
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6605:
6584:
6577:
6559:
6537:
6524:
6511:
6499:
6486:
6474:
6464:
6444:
6437:
6417:
6407:
6387:
6380:
6358:
6351:
6345:. p. 16.
6324:
6317:
6295:
6288:
6264:
6257:
6222:
6215:
6193:van Donzel, E.
6189:Bosworth, C.E.
6153:
6146:
6126:
6119:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6068:
6050:
6030:
6017:
6010:
5987:
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5806:
5792:
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5742:
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5738:
5737:
5732:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5691:Abd al-Haqq II
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
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5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5570:
5568:
5552:
5550:
5541:Abd al-Aziz II
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5509:
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5446:
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5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5410:
5408:
5388:
5386:
5370:
5368:
5359:Musa ibn Faris
5352:
5350:
5334:
5332:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
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5280:
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4822:Ya'qub al-Nasr
4813:
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3690:
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3557:
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3527:
3521:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3447:
3444:
3400:Rawd al-Qirtas
3271:Catholic Spain
3259:Nasrid dynasty
3204:
3201:
3151:
3148:
3144:Malik ibn Anas
3106:Al-Aqsa Mosque
3090:Sultan Qalawun
3051:Malik ibn Anas
3016:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2920:
2917:
2901:cursive Arabic
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2790:(near Rabat).
2696:Sahrij Madrasa
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2579:
2576:
2512:
2509:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2412:
2409:
2386:Al-Qalqashandi
2381:Amira Bennison
2368:Michel Abitbol
2334:
2331:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2283:popular revolt
2275:
2268:
2265:
2242:
2235:Pope Eugene IV
2219:
2216:
2213:besieges Ceuta
2209:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:Kingdom of Fes
2150:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2061:Abu Inan Faris
2057:
2050:Hafsid dynasty
2046:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1860:
1849:
1813:Abu Inan Faris
1791:
1790:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1700:Abd al-Haqq II
1657:
1656:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1593:Abu Inan Faris
1557:. In 1337 the
1538:forces raided
1465:
1464:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1306:
1303:
1280:Moulouya River
1254:in modern-day
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1176:Abd al-Haqq II
1150:took Algeciras
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
989:
988:
986:
985:
971:
956:
953:
952:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
889:Morocco in the
885:
884:
882:Related topics
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
866:
861:
855:
854:
849:
844:
842:Madrid Accords
838:
837:
832:
827:
817:
816:
811:
806:
800:
799:
793:(1956–present)
787:
786:
785:
782:
781:
777:
776:
771:
765:
764:
759:
753:
752:
747:
742:
736:
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730:
724:
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716:
704:
703:
702:
699:
698:
694:
693:
688:
683:
677:
676:
671:
666:
664:Tangier Crisis
661:
656:
650:
649:
647:Protégé system
643:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
613:
612:
611:
608:
607:
603:
602:
597:
592:
580:
579:
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568:
562:
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480:
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478:
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458:
457:
452:
446:
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433:
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409:
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403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
362:
361:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
346:
344:Iberomaurusian
340:
339:
334:
329:
323:
322:
317:
316:
313:
312:
304:
303:
294:
293:
286:
279:
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164:Abd al-Haqq II
161:
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149:
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143:
142:
139:
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135:
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118:
109:
105:
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79:
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71:
63:
62:
58:
57:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10919:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
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10880:
10878:
10875:
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10870:
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10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10820:
10819:Soviet empire
10817:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10804:Miscellaneous
10802:
10796:
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10791:
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10786:
10783:
10781:
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10472:
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10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10403:German Empire
10401:
10400:
10399:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10375:
10372:
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10360:
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10350:
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10340:
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10280:
10279:
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10260:
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10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10143:Turco-Persian
10141:
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10136:
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10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
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10116:
10114:
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9897:
9894:
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9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9855:
9852:
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9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9774:
9771:
9769:
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9709:
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9534:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9363:
9358:
9356:
9351:
9349:
9344:
9343:
9340:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
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9170:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9020:Alawi dynasty
9018:
9017:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8934:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8858:Treaty of Fez
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8781:Berber Revolt
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:Early Islamic
8772:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8715:
8710:
8708:
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8702:
8699:
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8633:
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8619:
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8602:
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8463:
8458:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8440:
8435:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8424:
8415:
8413:Joutey branch
8402:
8396:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8379:
8372:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8317:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8284:Bianquis, Th.
8281:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8222:9782359063356
8218:
8214:
8207:
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8203:
8194:
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8177:9782350314907
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8134:9782359061826
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8063:
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8031:9782350314907
8027:
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7931:9782350314907
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7860:9780300218701
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7832:9780195309911
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6548:. Larousse.fr
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6458:. Routledge.
6457:
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6401:. Routledge.
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6212:
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6185:Bianquis, Th.
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6035:
6027:
6021:
6013:
6011:9780748621378
6007:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5992:
5976:
5974:9789231017100
5970:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5955:
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5793:9780521209816
5789:
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5777:
5769:
5767:9781317588979
5763:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:Marinid Tombs
5724:
5723:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5695:
5694:
5644:
5642:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5563:
5562:
5545:
5544:
5510:
5507:
5499:
5497:
5489:
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5486:
5477:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5457:
5430:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5404:r. 1374-1384,
5401:
5400:
5381:
5380:
5363:
5362:
5361:al-Mutawakkil
5345:
5344:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5311:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5289:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5259:
5251:
5249:
5239:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5198:
5197:
5192:Abd al-Aziz I
5178:
5177:
5160:
5159:
5142:
5141:
5140:al-Mutawakkil
5138:Faris ibn Ali
5123:
5120:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5070:
5054:
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5036:
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5023:
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4998:
4997:
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4798:
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4727:
4704:
4703:
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4668:
4667:
4650:
4649:
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4636:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4520:
4519:
4516:Abd al-Haqq I
4489:
4487:
4435:
4433:
4386:
4384:
4332:
4330:
4283:
4281:
4229:
4227:
4180:
4178:
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4077:
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4023:
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3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:Abd al-Haqq I
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:Leo Africanus
3433:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:Bab el-Mrissa
3373:
3368:
3364:
3363:Marinid Tombs
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:in 1294, the
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3197:Kasbah Mosque
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:Pages from a
3010:
3001:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
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2934:
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2925:
2916:
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2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Ibn al-Khatib
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2803:al-Wansharisi
2800:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:Ksar el-Kebir
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:Friday mosque
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
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2200:
2196:
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2169:
2165:
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2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:succeeds him.
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:succeeds him.
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1942:replaces him.
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1853:Abd al-Haqq I
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1801:Marinid Tombs
1797:
1787:
1784:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1750:This section
1748:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1616:This section
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1458:
1450:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:This section
1422:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:Ksar el-Kebir
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1299:Abd al-Haqq I
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:oasis to the
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:revolt in Fez
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:Abd al-Haqq I
1102:, founded by
1101:
1097:
1096:Zenata Berber
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1036:al-marīniyyūn
1029:
1025:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
991:
990:
984:
983:
972:
970:
969:
958:
957:
955:
954:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
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922:
919:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
887:
886:
879:
878:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:Years of lead
833:
831:
828:
826:
822:
819:
818:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
796:
784:
783:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:Treaty of Fez
719:
718:
713:
701:
700:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:Agadir Crisis
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
622:
610:
609:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
541:
529:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
489:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:Berber Revolt
441:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
423:
416:Early Islamic
411:
410:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
371:
359:
358:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
333:
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324:
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208:
204:
200:
194:
190:
184:
180:
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172:
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162:
156:
153:
152:Abd al-Haqq I
150:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
47:al-marīniyyūn
33:
30:
19:
10570:Contemporary
10420:Indo-Persian
10408:Nazi Germany
10352:Contemporary
10254:Vijayanagara
10153:Great Seljuk
10064:Thessalonica
9992:Golden Horde
9632:Carthaginian
9411:Neo-Assyrian
9396:Neo-Sumerian
9233:Demographics
9188:Coat of arms
9173:Architecture
9042:Human rights
8826:
8564:
8400:
8384:
8375:
8333:
8327:Bibliography
8299:
8266:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8212:
8192:
8186:
8167:
8161:
8152:
8124:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8096:
8090:
8081:
8061:
8055:
8046:
8040:
8021:
7993:
7972:. Retrieved
7967:
7946:
7940:
7921:
7893:
7887:
7878:
7850:
7822:
7792:
7786:
7777:
7771:
7752:
7734:
7729:
7720:
7715:
7705:20 September
7703:. Retrieved
7697:
7668:
7648:
7642:
7633:
7627:
7618:
7612:
7593:
7557:
7535:
7501:
7495:
7476:
7447:
7442:
7423:
7413:
7394:
7384:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7330:
7324:
7305:
7299:
7290:
7256:
7249:
7229:
7222:
7213:
7208:
7201:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7139:
7120:
7115:
7108:
7088:
7081:
7062:
7052:
7043:
6988:
6943:
6885:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6837:. Retrieved
6822:
6815:
6803:. Retrieved
6788:
6781:
6769:. Retrieved
6754:
6744:
6732:. Retrieved
6717:
6711:
6699:. Retrieved
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6661:
6649:. Retrieved
6634:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6596:
6568:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6540:
6527:
6514:
6502:
6489:
6477:
6469:
6454:
6447:
6427:
6420:
6412:
6397:
6390:
6371:
6368:
6361:
6337:
6327:
6308:
6298:
6274:
6267:
6247:
6200:
6136:
6129:
6109:
6102:
6090:
6078:
6059:
6053:
6044:
6025:
6020:
6000:
5978:. Retrieved
5964:
5961:
5954:
5945:
5935:
5927:
5905:. Retrieved
5901:
5862:
5828:
5797:. Retrieved
5782:
5776:
5756:
5749:
5698:r. 1420-1465
5689:Abu Muhammad
5687:
5584:r. 1398-1420
5573:
5566:r. 1396-1398
5555:
5548:r. 1393-1396
5537:
5424:r. 1386-1387
5413:
5399:al-Mustansir
5393:Abu al-Abbas
5391:
5384:r. 1372-1374
5377:Muhammad III
5373:
5366:r. 1384-1386
5355:
5348:r. 1358-1359
5337:
5317:
5201:r. 1366-1372
5196:al-Mustansir
5188:
5181:r. 1361-1362
5170:
5163:r. 1359-1361
5152:
5145:r. 1348-1358
5134:
5001:r. 1331-1348
4992:Abu al-Hasan
4990:
4983:r. 1308-1310
4974:Abu al-Rabi'
4972:
4965:r. 1307-1309
4954:
4849:r. 1310-1331
4838:
4827:r. 1286-1307
4816:
4707:r. 1258-1286
4696:
4689:r. 1244-1258
4682:Abu Bakr ibn
4678:
4671:r. 1240-1244
4660:
4653:r. 1217-1240
4646:Uthman I ibn
4642:
4523:r. 1195-1217
4514:Abu Muhammad
4512:
3505:
3504:
3486:
3485:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3414:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3348:
3313:
3302:
3283:North Africa
3240:
3230:
3203:Architecture
3181:
3153:
3137:
3131:
3073:
3060:
3053:, copied in
3044:
2984:
2976:
2956:
2937:
2929:Abu al-Hasan
2913:Abu al-Hasan
2905:
2882:
2863:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2712:Grand Mosque
2680:
2665:
2647:
2625:
2581:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2532:
2525:
2514:
2501:
2500:, the first
2495:
2483:
2465:
2451:
2444:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2400:
2378:
2373:
2350:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2303:
2300:
2254:Pope Pius II
1956:is returned.
1931:("Old Fes").
1825:al-Mansourah
1779:
1770:
1759:Please help
1754:verification
1751:
1704:
1693:
1687:and in 1415
1681:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1625:Please help
1620:verification
1617:
1590:
1588:until 1344.
1551:Abu al-Hasan
1544:
1529:
1522:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1468:
1453:
1444:
1433:Please help
1428:verification
1425:
1372:
1308:
1284:
1263:
1245:
1205:
1184:
1161:
1137:side of the
1117:and his son
1115:Abu al-Hasan
1108:
1099:
1091:
1075:
1052:North Africa
1023:
1021:
973:
959:
917:
823: /
706:Protectorate
581:
558:
379:Carthaginian
230:Succeeded by
229:
224:
29:
10158:Khwarezmian
10091:Carolingian
9896:Rashtrakuta
9600:Shaishunaga
9499:Hellenistic
9482:New Kingdom
9472:Old Kingdom
9047:LGBT rights
8959:Earthquakes
8909:Mohammed VI
8603:(1837–1969)
8597:(1711–1835)
8595:Karamanlids
8591:(1705–1957)
8579:(1549–1659)
8573:(1472–1554)
8567:(1269–1465)
8561:(1235–1556)
8555:(1229–1574)
8549:(1147–1269)
8543:(1059–1158)
8541:Khurasanids
8537:(1040–1147)
8531:(1008–1152)
8511:Sulaymanids
8481:Muhallabids
8378:Royal house
8338:(in French)
8306:E. J. BRILL
8280:Bearman, P.
6839:24 February
6805:24 February
6771:24 February
6734:24 February
6701:24 February
6676:24 February
6651:24 February
6552:24 February
6338:Ibn Khaldun
6207:E. J. BRILL
6181:Bearman, P.
5980:24 February
5907:24 February
5417:Muhammad IV
5397:Abd al-Aziz
5321:Muhammad II
5207:Abu al-Fadl
4702:Abd al-Haqq
4684:Abd al-Haqq
4648:Abd al-Haqq
3645:Family tree
3640:(1420–1465)
3634:(1398–1420)
3628:(1396–1397)
3622:(1393–1396)
3616:(1387–1393)
3610:(1386–1387)
3604:(1384–1386)
3598:(1373–1384)
3592:(1372–1374)
3586:(1365–1372)
3568:(1359–1361)
3562:(1358–1359)
3550:(1348–1358)
3544:(1331–1351)
3538:(1310–1331)
3532:(1308–1310)
3526:(1307–1308)
3520:(1286–1307)
3514:(1269–1286)
3501:(1258–1269)
3495:(1244–1258)
3482:(1240–1244)
3476:(1217–1240)
3470:(1215–1217)
3458:, based in
3367:Fes el-Bali
3168:interlacing
3116:. While in
3064:illuminated
3046:al-Muwatta'
2990:Manuscripts
2946:in 1340 by
2885:chandeliers
2853:Ibn Battuta
2833:Ibn Khaldun
2825:Ibn Abi Zar
2716:Fes el-Jdid
2704:al-Attarine
2644:Islamic law
2568:maraboutism
2491:Islamicized
2422:Banu Ma'qil
2390:Ibn Khaldun
2359: [
2244:1458: King
2204:1415: King
2068:Black Death
2038:, close to
2019:Reconquista
2012:Ibn Battuta
1929:Fes el Bali
1815:(1348–1358)
1707:1465 revolt
1393:mercenaries
1210:, although
847:Green March
298:History of
225:Preceded by
126:Sunni Islam
10836:Categories
10728:Portuguese
10609:Revival Le
10599:Vietnamese
10242:Later Tran
10212:Vietnamese
10108:Singhasari
10096:Holy Roman
9720:Bulgarian
9656:Satavahana
9627:Phoenician
9563:Achaemenid
9524:Indo-Greek
9504:Macedonian
9418:Babylonian
9198:Literature
9122:Casablanca
9117:Investment
9054:Parliament
8889:Mohammed V
8817:Almoravids
8755:Prehistory
8535:Almoravids
8525:(973–1148)
8501:(790–1066)
8471:(710–1019)
8404:1269–1465
8385:Banu Marin
8315:9004081127
8276:"Marīnids"
7486:2723301591
6999:0521337674
6833:9004090827
6728:9004082654
6606:0521337674
6578:0521337674
6216:9004081127
6177:"Marīnids"
5838:0521337674
5741:References
5693:ibn Uthman
5577:Uthman III
5415:Abu Zayyan
5375:Abu Zayyan
5319:Abu Zayyan
4956:Abu Thabit
4844:ibn Ya'qub
4818:Abu Ya'qub
4700:Ya'qub ibn
4664:Muhammad I
4662:Abu Ma'ruf
4307:ibn Hamama
4202:Hamama ibn
3440:maqabriyya
3405:necropolis
3207:See also:
3193:arabesques
3077:Ibn Marzuq
2948:Alfonso XI
2849:Ibn Idhari
2845:Muhammad V
2720:Bou Inania
2686:, and the
2628:Qarawiyyin
2610:Bou Inania
2535:or sharifs
2522:Almohadism
2480:Population
2429:Ibn Marzuk
2418:Banu Hilal
2379:Historian
2297:Government
2066:1348: The
1974:Taroudannt
1947:Draa River
1938:. His son
1918:Sijilmassa
1896:Castilians
1894:1260: The
1578:Portuguese
1568:empire in
1559:Abdalwadid
1479:Al-Andalus
1469:After the
1344:Al-Andalus
1287:Al-Andalus
1198:golden age
1147:Castilians
1131:al-Andalus
1076:Banu Marin
549:Almoravids
391:Mauretania
332:Mousterian
319:Prehistory
10721:Couronian
10359:Ethiopian
10347:Manchukuo
10302:Brazilian
10148:Ghaznavid
10118:Srivijaya
10069:Trebizond
10054:Byzantine
10036:North Sea
10031:Norwegian
10019:Almoravid
10002:Ilkhanate
9972:Majapahit
9945:Muromachi
9854:Solomonic
9839:Ethiopian
9753:Caliphate
9686:Aragonese
9514:Ptolemaic
9241:Languages
9102:Companies
8942:Geography
8894:Hassan II
8832:Wattasids
8647:dynasties
8601:Senussids
8589:Husaynids
8571:Wattasids
8559:Zayyanids
8529:Hammadids
8519:(909–973)
8513:(814–922)
8507:(800–909)
8505:Aghlabids
8495:(788–985)
8489:(777–909)
8487:Rustamids
8483:(771–793)
8477:(757–976)
8475:Midrarids
8258:162998554
5881:1015-7344
5579:ibn Ahmad
5575:Abu Sa'id
5561:ibn Ahmad
5559:Abd Allah
5543:ibn Ahmad
5539:Abu Faris
5419:ibn Ahmad
5406:1387-1393
5395:Ahmad ibn
5357:Abu Faris
5343:ibn Faris
5339:Abu Yahya
5330:1362-1366
5323:ibn Faris
5190:Abu Faris
5154:Abu Salim
4978:ibn Yusuf
4842:Uthman II
4840:Abu Sa'id
4820:Yusuf ibn
4698:Abu Yusuf
4680:Abu Yahya
4644:Abu Sa'id
4518:ibn Mihyu
4408:Mihyu ibn
4101:ibn Wazir
3998:ibn Fajus
3893:Fajus ibn
3792:ibn Marin
3233:Almoravid
3226:Marrakesh
3173:marquetry
3110:Jerusalem
2979:Jumada II
2909:Gibraltar
2897:arabesque
2868:Metalwork
2780:Sijilmasa
2748:al-Jadida
2572:heterodox
2471:century.
2462:Catalonia
2272:Gibraltar
2168:Al-Wathiq
1907:Marrakesh
1773:July 2022
1723:Wattasids
1696:Wattasids
1668:Marrakesh
1639:July 2022
1536:Castilian
1507:Gibraltar
1475:Algeciras
1447:July 2022
1401:Marrakech
1268:Sijilmasa
1231:Alaouites
1219:sharifian
1072:Gibraltar
1070:) around
1032:المرينيون
745:Zaian War
710:(1912–56)
566:Wattasids
519:Maghrawas
327:Acheulean
122:Religion
61:1244–1465
41:المرينيون
10701:Japanese
10664:Scottish
10644:American
10636:Colonial
10565:Imperial
10533:Moroccan
10469:Japanese
10447:Afsharid
10306:Burmese
10292:Austrian
10247:Later Le
10222:Early Le
10207:Venetian
10133:Tiwanaku
10046:Hellenic
10009:Moroccan
9940:Kamakura
9930:Japanese
9913:Saffarid
9866:Georgian
9780:Chalukya
9758:Rashidun
9748:Calakmul
9716:Bruneian
9595:Haryanka
9573:Sasanian
9568:Parthian
9519:Bactrian
9509:Seleucid
9489:Goguryeo
9467:Egyptian
9401:Assyrian
9391:Akkadian
9382:Colonies
9322:Category
9280:diaspora
9213:Religion
9037:Military
8993:Politics
8827:Marinids
8822:Almohads
8812:Idrisids
8732:articles
8583:'Alawids
8565:Marinids
8547:Almohads
8517:Fatimids
8499:Ifranids
8493:Idrisids
8469:Salihids
8298:(eds.).
8274:(1991).
8238:Al-Masaq
7974:17 April
7964:"Qurʼan"
7780:. Brill.
7504:. Brill.
6946:. Brill.
6752:(2000).
6721:. 1987.
6335:(2011).
6199:(eds.).
6175:(1991).
5720:See also
5557:Abu Amir
5341:Abu Bakr
5328:r. 1358,
5172:Abu Umar
5136:Abu Inan
4976:Sulayman
4958:Amir ibn
4410:Abi Bakr
4305:Abu Bakr
4204:Muhammad
4099:Muhammad
3456:Almohads
3355:Alaouite
3305:madrasas
3263:Alhambra
3139:Muwatta'
2959:Muharram
2797:Part of
2764:Azemmour
2734:and the
2667:muqarnas
2636:madrasas
2578:Language
2539:Muhammad
2511:Religion
2487:arabized
2433:al-Umari
2411:Military
2287:Afonso V
2250:Ottomans
1925:Fes Jdid
1864:Uthman I
1838:Almohads
1672:Azemmour
1570:Ifriqiya
1518:madrasas
1514:Fes Jdid
1356:Ifriqiya
1264:en masse
1260:Bedouins
1227:Saadians
1223:Idrisids
1202:madrasas
1163:de facto
1135:European
1119:Abu Inan
1111:Almohads
1092:Ayt Mrin
1084:بنو مرين
1039:) was a
935:Military
930:Economic
809:Sand War
804:Ifni War
681:Hafidiya
559:Marinids
554:Almohads
514:Miknasas
509:Ifranids
289:a series
287:Part of
210:Currency
10768:largest
10763:Empires
10743:Swedish
10738:Spanish
10733:Russian
10696:Italian
10671:Chinese
10659:English
10654:British
10649:Belgian
10624:Vietnam
10614:Tay son
10560:Tsarist
10555:Russian
10550:Ottoman
10516:Dzungar
10511:Khoshut
10484:Mexican
10479:Maratha
10462:Pahlavi
10442:Safavid
10437:Iranian
10364:Haitian
10327:Chinese
10287:Ashanti
10259:Wagadou
10185:Eastern
10180:Western
10163:Timurid
10123:Tibetan
10113:Songhai
10103:Serbian
10024:Almohad
10014:Idrisid
9918:Samanid
9908:Tahirid
9903:Iranian
9881:Kannauj
9861:Genoese
9797:Chinese
9790:Eastern
9785:Western
9773:Fatimid
9768:Abbasid
9763:Umayyad
9736:Burmese
9696:Ayyubid
9691:Angevin
9661:Xianbei
9649:Eastern
9644:Western
9590:Magadha
9553:Iranian
9546:Xiongnu
9531:Hittite
9440:Chinese
9428:Kassite
9377:Ancient
9369:Empires
9306:Outline
9183:Cuisine
9161:Culture
9137:Tourism
9127:Tangier
9085:Economy
9005:Cabinet
8969:Regions
8842:'Alawis
8748:Ancient
8740:History
8728:Morocco
8645:Maghreb
8577:Sa'dids
8553:Hafsids
8457:Maghreb
7968:wdl.org
7376:1595913
5799:28 July
5211:ibn Ali
5194:ibn Ali
5176:ibn Ali
5174:Tashfin
5158:ibn Ali
5156:Ibrahim
4994:Ali ibn
3389:, near
3387:Chellah
3372:Chellah
3336:Tlemcen
3320:Saadian
3298:Tlemcen
3267:Granada
3218:Minaret
3156:minbars
3150:Minbars
3057:in 1326
2967:cursive
2963:taffeta
2940:banners
2809:of Fes.
2788:Chellah
2752:Tangier
2621:Morocco
2613:Madrasa
2595:Culture
2533:shurafa
2475:Society
2467:jinetes
2370:writes:
2353:Arabist
2304:khalifa
2258:Tangier
2227:Tangier
2199:Tetouan
2175:Algiers
2098:months.
2091:in Fes.
1992:Tetouan
1911:Maghreb
1829:Tlemcen
1711:Sharifs
1677:Bedouin
1664:Hintata
1599:Decline
1574:Tripoli
1555:Maghreb
1364:Tlemcen
1352:Hafsids
1348:Castile
1328:Berkane
1295:Arabian
1282:basin.
1256:Algeria
1242:Origins
1237:History
1215:sheikhs
1190:Sunnism
1172:viziers
1168:regents
1123:Maghreb
1060:Tunisia
1056:Algeria
1048:Morocco
825:in 1972
750:Rif War
615:Decline
349:Capsian
337:Aterian
300:Morocco
174:History
88:Capital
18:Merinid
10706:Mongol
10691:German
10686:French
10676:Danish
10619:Dainam
10594:Tongan
10582:Somali
10577:Sokoto
10543:'Alawi
10521:Kalmyk
10501:Mongol
10494:Second
10474:Korean
10425:Mughal
10415:Indian
10398:German
10391:Second
10381:French
10374:Second
10310:Second
10282:Afghan
10274:Modern
10200:Kyrgyz
10195:Uighur
10190:Second
10170:Turkic
10138:Toltec
10074:Epirus
10059:Nicaea
9982:Mongol
9935:Yamato
9871:Huetar
9729:Second
9666:Rouran
9615:Shunga
9610:Maurya
9585:Kushan
9558:Median
9536:Hunnic
9494:Harsha
9327:Portal
9268:French
9263:Berber
9246:Arabic
9178:Cinema
9112:Health
9107:Energy
8954:Cities
8882:Modern
8837:Saadis
8805:Empire
8730:
8523:Zirids
8459:region
8312:
8256:
8219:
8174:
8131:
8028:
8000:
7970:. 1306
7928:
7857:
7829:
7799:
7759:
7675:
7600:
7564:
7483:
7454:
7430:
7401:
7374:
7337:
7312:
7237:
7168:
7096:
7069:
6996:
6876:
6830:
6796:
6762:
6725:
6642:
6603:
6575:
6462:
6435:
6405:
6378:
6349:
6315:
6286:
6255:
6213:
6144:
6117:
6066:
6008:
5971:
5879:
5835:
5790:
5764:
4996:Uthman
3895:Jarmat
3790:Jarmat
3574:(1361)
3423:الروضة
3419:Arabic
3242:zellij
3237:stucco
3134:Maliki
3086:Medina
3031:Munich
3019:Qur'an
2772:Aghmat
2740:Meknes
2617:Meknes
2589:Arabic
2564:Sufism
2518:Maliki
2503:mellah
2437:Aragon
2333:Emblem
2279:Jewish
2166:1386:
2147:Nasrid
2101:1359:
2079:Meknes
2040:Tarifa
2010:1325:
1981:eunuch
1862:1240:
1851:1217:
1566:Hafsid
1505:, and
1503:Tarifa
1407:Apogee
1384:Meknes
1350:, the
1338:, and
1276:Figuig
1272:Figuig
1252:Biskra
1248:Zenata
1187:Maliki
1088:Berber
1080:Arabic
1044:Muslim
1041:Berber
1028:Arabic
940:Postal
925:Jewish
789:Modern
576:Alawis
571:Saadis
534:Empire
291:on the
177:
137:
133:Sultan
102:Arabic
78:Status
10756:Lists
10711:Omani
10681:Dutch
10587:Isaaq
10538:Saadi
10506:Oirat
10489:First
10457:Qajar
10386:First
10369:First
10342:China
10315:Third
10175:First
10128:Tikal
10079:Morea
10049:Roman
9967:Latin
9962:Khmer
9957:Kanem
9923:Buyid
9849:Zagwe
9844:Aksum
9834:Chola
9741:First
9724:First
9711:Bornu
9706:Benin
9701:Aztec
9639:Roman
9620:Gupta
9605:Nanda
9541:White
9313:Index
9218:Sport
9208:Music
9203:Media
9147:Trade
8914:2000s
8904:1990s
8899:1970s
8278:. In
8254:S2CID
7372:JSTOR
7287:(PDF)
7212:[
7191:[
7160:[
7119:[
6695:(PDF)
6670:(PDF)
6623:, 42.
6520:Conde
6179:. In
5209:Ahmad
4960:Yusuf
3996:Wazir
3689:Marin
3432:qubba
3427:qubba
3415:rawda
3410:qubba
3391:Rabat
3334:near
3296:near
3277:(and
3188:ebony
3177:ivory
3102:Mecca
3094:Egypt
2971:Kufic
2807:Mufti
2756:Ceuta
2654:Sunni
2560:ulama
2556:ulama
2549:habus
2527:ulama
2458:Sebta
2446:iqta'
2441:Kurds
2363:]
2308:Atlas
2262:Ceuta
2160:1386.
2111:Pedro
2054:Tunis
1954:Cadiz
1898:raid
1662:1359
1376:Rabat
1368:Sa'id
1324:Nador
1207:ulama
1094:), a
1068:Spain
911:2010s
906:2000s
901:1990s
896:1980s
891:1970s
384:Roman
214:Dinar
10526:Bogd
10452:Zand
10430:Sikh
10337:Qing
10332:Ming
10264:Wari
10232:Tran
10217:Dinh
9987:Yuan
9977:Mali
9886:Pala
9876:Inca
9827:Yuan
9817:Song
9812:Liao
9807:Tang
9580:Kush
9462:Dʿmt
9193:Flag
9064:list
9025:list
9015:King
8310:ISBN
8217:ISBN
8172:ISBN
8129:ISBN
8026:ISBN
7998:ISBN
7976:2021
7926:ISBN
7855:ISBN
7827:ISBN
7797:ISBN
7757:ISBN
7707:2024
7673:ISBN
7598:ISBN
7562:ISBN
7481:ISBN
7452:ISBN
7428:ISBN
7399:ISBN
7335:ISBN
7310:ISBN
7235:ISBN
7166:ISBN
7094:ISBN
7067:ISBN
6994:ISBN
6874:ISBN
6841:2014
6828:ISBN
6807:2014
6794:ISBN
6773:2014
6760:ISBN
6736:2014
6723:ISBN
6703:2014
6678:2014
6653:2014
6640:ISBN
6601:ISBN
6573:ISBN
6554:2014
6460:ISBN
6433:ISBN
6403:ISBN
6376:ISBN
6347:ISBN
6313:ISBN
6284:ISBN
6253:ISBN
6211:ISBN
6142:ISBN
6115:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6006:ISBN
5982:2014
5969:ISBN
5909:2014
5877:ISSN
5833:ISBN
5801:2021
5788:ISBN
5762:ISBN
3460:Taza
3315:sahn
3279:Jews
3154:The
3055:Salé
2816:fiqh
2768:Safi
2760:Anfa
2744:Taza
2732:Salé
2649:fiqh
2640:Iran
2608:The
2547:(or
2544:waqf
2456:and
2454:Salé
2431:and
2420:and
2401:The
2310:and
2260:and
2182:Taza
2129:Fes.
1961:Taza
1900:Salé
1799:The
1540:Salé
1499:Rota
1380:Salé
1332:Taza
1326:and
1305:Rise
1291:Arab
1270:and
1229:and
1212:Sufi
1058:and
1022:The
201:1465
191:1244
10604:Mac
10041:Oyo
9950:Edo
9822:Jīn
9802:Sui
9455:Jin
9450:Han
9445:Qin
8455:in
8345:at
8246:doi
7364:doi
5867:doi
5730:Fes
5728:in
3224:in
3142:by
3108:in
3100:in
3092:in
3084:in
3049:by
2860:Art
2801:by
2738:of
2730:in
2714:of
2676:Fes
2674:in
2632:Fes
2615:in
2312:Rif
2225:to
2077:in
2052:of
1882:Fes
1846:Rif
1763:by
1715:Fes
1629:by
1437:by
1389:Rif
1362:of
1354:of
1336:Fez
1194:Fez
1170:or
1129:in
92:Fez
10838::
10237:Ho
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