Marinid dynasty - Knowledge

2325:("Commander of the Faithful"). The involvement of the sultan in state affairs varied depending on the personality of each; some, like Abu al-Hassan, were directly involved in the bureaucracy, while others less so. Under the sultan, the heir-apparent usually held a large amount of power and often served as the head of the army on behalf of the sultan. Aside from these dynastic positions, the vizier was the official with the most executive power and oversaw most of the day-to-day operations of government. Several families of viziers became particularly powerful during the Marinid period and competed with each other for influence, with the Wattasids being the most significant example in their later history. After the vizier, the most important officials were the public treasurer, in charge of taxes and expenditures, who reported to either the vizier or the sultan. Other important officials included the sultan's chamberlain, the secretaries of his chancery, and the 2982:

gold thread, or different shades of yellow. It features a grand Arabic inscription in cursive letters along its top edge which calls for the victory of its owner, Abu al-Hasan. The central part of the banner once again has sixteen circles, arranged in a grid formation, each containing a small Arabic cursive inscription that repeats either the words "Eternal power and infinite glory" or "Perpetual joy and infinite glory". These circles are in turn contained within a large rectangular frame whose band is occupied by four more cursive inscriptions, of moderate size, which again call for Abu al-Hasan's victory while attributing all victory to God. Four more small inscriptions are contained within circles at the four corners of this frame. Finally, the bottom edge of the banner is occupied by a longer inscription, in small cursive letters again, which gives the full titles and lineage of Abu al-Hasan.

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in the provinces beyond the capital. They also maintained the Berber traditions of democratic or consultative government, particularly through the existence of a council of Marinid tribal chiefs whom the sultan consulted when necessary, primarily on military matters. To maintain their control over the provinces beyond the capital of Fez, the Marinids mostly relied on appointing their family members to governorships or on securing local alliances through marriage. These local governors were in charge of both the administration and the military. After Abu Yusuf Ya'qub captured Marrakesh in 1269, for example, he appointed his ally Muhammad ibn 'Ali, to whom he was related by marriage, as his

3009: 3000: 2574:" Islamic currents were more prominent in rural areas. Indigenous Berber religions and religious practices also continued to linger in these areas. Some Sufi brotherhoods, especially those led by sharifian families, posed a potential political challenge to Marinid rule and were involved in occasional rebellions, but in general the Marinids attempted to incorporate them into their sphere of influence. They also used their patronage of Maliki institutions as a counterbalance to Sufism. Sufism was also practiced in the cities, often in a more scholarly form and with the involvement of the sultan, state officials, and various scholars. 3158:(pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobile staircase with an archway at the bottom of the stairs and a canopy at the top and it is composed of many pieces of wood assembled together. In spite of later restorations which modified its character, it still preserves much of its original Marinid woodwork. Its two flanks are covered with an example of the elaborate 68: 2974:

positions in the Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa (mainly Qur'an 61:10-11). At the four corners of the rectangular band are roundels containing golden cursive letters against a deep blue background, whose inscriptions attribute victory and salvation to God. The whole rectangular band is in turn lined on both its inner and outer edges by smaller inscription bands of Qur'anic verses. Lastly, the bottom edge of the banner is filled with two lines of red cursive script detailing the titles and lineage of Abu Sa'id Uthman and the date of the banner's fabrication.

1330:). The relationship between them and the Almohads became strained and starting in 1215, there were regular outbreaks of fighting between the two parties. In 1217 they tried to occupy the eastern part of present-day Morocco but were defeated by an Almohad army and Abd al-Haqq was killed. They were expelled, pulling back from the urban towns and settlements, while their leadership passed on to Uthman I and then Muhammad I. In the intervening years, they regrouped and managed to establish their authority again over the rural tribes in the regions around 3382: 2424:, who had moved further west into the Maghreb during the Almohad period. The Marinids also continued to hire Christian mercenaries from Europe, as their Almohad predecessors had done, who consisted mainly of cavalry and served as the sultan's bodyguard. This heterogeneity of the army is one of the reasons that direct central government control was not possible across the entire Marinid realm. The army was sufficiently large, however, to allow the Marinid sultans to send military expeditions to the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th and 14th centuries. 309: 1796: 3370:

traditions between the two kingdoms. Further clues about domestic architecture of the period are provided by a few Marinid-era private houses that have been preserved in Fes. They are centered around inner courtyards surrounded by two-story galleries and feature architectural forms and decoration that are highly reminiscent of those found in Marinid madrasas, showing a certain consistency in the decorative techniques across building types. Some Marinid monumental gates, such as the gate of the

3214: 8933: 3425:) at the back of the mosque. The necropolis was surrounded by a set of walls and an ornate monumental gate completed by Abu al-Hasan in 1339. Abu al-Hasan himself was then buried in a small mausoleum which was embellished with exceptional stone-carved low-relief decoration. The mausoleum, along with a madrasa accompanying the funerary complex, was likely completed by his son and successor, Abu Inan. However, Abu Inan himself is believed to have been buried in Fes instead, in a 1516:, which they made their administrative and military center. While Fes had been a prosperous city throughout the Almohad period, even becoming the largest city in the world during that time, it was in the Marinid period that Fes reached its golden age, a period which marked the beginning of an official, historical narrative for the city. It is from the Marinid period that Fes' reputation as an important intellectual centre largely dates and the Marinids established the first 2493:(aside from minority Jewish and Christian communities). Urban local politics was marked by affiliations with local aristocratic families. In the countryside, the population remained largely Berber and dominated by tribal politics. The nomadic population, however, became more arabised than the rural sedentary population. Nomadic Berber tribes were joined by nomadic Arab tribes such as the Banu Hilal, who had arrived in this far western region during the Almohad period. 2338: 2661: 2605: 963: 1743: 1609: 1417: 3289: 1820: 8360: 977: 2965:, along with decorative motifs woven in blue, white, red, and gold thread. Its visual layout shares other general similarities with the so-called Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa from the earlier Almohad period (13th century). The central part of the banner is filled with a grid of sixteen green circles containing short religious statements in small 2986:

that it may have been a cheaper reproduction of Abu al-Hasan's banner intended for the use by soldiers or that it was intended as a template drawn by the calligrapher from which artisans could weave the real banner (and as weaving was done from the back, the letters would have to appear reversed from the weaver's perspective during production).

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their dynasty. They used this patronage to encourage the loyalty of Fes's influential but fiercely independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam. The madrasas also served to train the scholars and elites who operated their state's bureaucracy.

2435:. His main attack force was composed of Zanata horsemen, around 40,000 strong, along with Arab tribal horsemen, around 1500 mounted archers of "Turkish" origin, and around 1000 Andalusi foot archers. The regular standing army, which also formed the sultan's personal guard, consisted of between 2000 and 5000 Christian mercenaries from 3146:. They range from volumes written in plain Maghrebi script to richly-illuminated manuscripts produced by the Marinid royal libraries. Preserved in various historic Moroccan libraries today, these manuscripts also show that, in addition to the capital of Fes, important workshops for production were also located in Salé and Marrakesh. 1549:(r. 1331–1348), the Marinid army was large and disciplined. It consisted of 40,000 Zenata cavalry, while Arab nomads contributed to the cavalry and Andalusians were included as archers. The personal bodyguard of the sultan consisted of 7,000 men, and included Christian, Kurdish and Black African elements. Under 2954:. Ibn Khaldun wrote that Abu al-Hasan possessed hundreds of silk and gold banners which were displayed in palaces or on ceremonial occasions, while both the Marinid and Nasrid armies carried many colourful banners with them into battle. They thus had great symbolic value and were deployed on many occasions. 2718:, was less successful in contributing to the city's scholarly life. These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions in their own right, but they usually had much narrower curriculums or specializations than the Qarawiyyin. The last and largest Marinid madrasa in Fes, the 3074:

Many of the sultans were themselves accomplished calligraphers. This tradition of sovereigns practicing calligraphy and copying the Qur'an themselves was well-established in many Islamic elite circles by the 13th century, with the oldest surviving example in this region dating from the Almohad caliph

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The Marinid army was largely composed of tribes loyal to the Marinids or associated with the ruling dynasty. However, the number of men these tribes could field had its limits, which required the sultans to recruit from other tribes and from mercenaries. Additional troops were drawn from other Zenata

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After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession. The county was divided and political anarchy set in, with different viziers and foreign powers supporting different factions. In

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and Fez from the weakened Almohads. Meknes was captured in 1244 or 1245, Fez was captured in 1248, and Sijilmassa in 1255. The Almohad caliph, Sa'id, managed to reassert his authority briefly in 1248 by coming north with an army to confront them, at which point Abu Yahya formally submitted to him and

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and other expensive woods – is decorated via a mix of marquetry and inlaid carved decoration. The main decorative pattern along its major surfaces on either side is centered around eight-pointed stars, from which bands decorated with ivory inlay then interweave and repeat the same pattern across the

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A third banner, undated and less well-preserved, is also believed to date from Abu al-Hasan's time. It is curious for the fact that its inscriptions are painted onto the fabric instead of woven into it, while the orientation of its inscriptions is inversed or "mirrored". Some scholars have suggested

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In many respects, the Marinids reproduced or continued the social and political structures that existed under the Almohads, ruling a primarily tribal state that relied on the loyalty of their own tribe and allies to maintain order and that imposed very little official civil administrative structures

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740 AH (corresponding to either December 1339 or January 1340). It measures 347 by 267 centimeters. It is made with similar weaving techniques as its older counterpart and uses the same overall visual arrangement, although this time the predominant colour is yellow, with details woven in blue, red,

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When the morning light shines, the Sultan mounts his horse and the white standard which is the flag of the dynasty, called al-Mansur (the Victorious) is carried next to him. Immediately before him march the armed men on foot; the horses held in hand, covered with caparisons of patterned cloth, that

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A number of other ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the Qarawiyyin mosque's prayer hall also date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in

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After gaining a foothold in the city of Algeciras in the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, the Marinids became active in the conflict between Muslims and Christians in Iberia. To gain absolute control of the trade in the Strait of Gibraltar from their base at Algeciras, they conquered several

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letters whose style is similar to the Kufic inscriptions carved into the walls of the Marinid madrasas of Fes, which in turn are derived from earlier Kufic inscriptions found in Almohad architecture. These inscriptions feature a selection of Qur'anic verses very similar to those found in the same

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in Morocco, came into existence. Jews were sometimes appointed to administrative positions in the state, though at other times they were dismissed from these positions for ideological and political reasons. There were also some Christians in urban centers, although these were mainly merchants and

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world was generally antithetical to more heterodox religious doctrines, including the doctrine espoused by the preceding Almohads. As such, it only came to flourish in Morocco under the Marinids that followed them. To the Marinids, madrasas played a part in bolstering the political legitimacy of

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and various other Marinid chroniclers, Sultan Abu al-Hasan was particularly prolific and skilled, and is recorded to have copied four Qur'ans. The first one appears to have been started following several years of military successes and was finished in 1339, at which point it was sent to Chellah

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In the 15th century, it was hit by a financial crisis, after which the state had to stop financing the different marabouts and Sharifian families, which had previously been useful instruments in controlling different tribes. The political support of these marabouts and Sharifians halted, and it

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are largely ruined. Excavations in Aghmat, in southern Morocco, have uncovered the remains of a smaller Marinid palace or mansion which has profound resemblances, in terms of its layout, to surviving Nasrid-era palaces in Granada and al-Andalus, demonstrating yet again the shared architectural

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in Spanish), were also hired by the states of the Iberian Peninsula. They served, for example, in the armies of the Kingdom of Aragon and the Nasrid Emirate of Granada on some occasions. In Nasrid Granada, Zenata soldiers were led by exiled members of the Marinid family up until the late 14th

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The majority of documented madrasa constructions took place in the first half of the 14th century, especially under the reign of Sultan Abu al-Hasan (ruled 1331–1348). Many of these madrasas were built near the major mosques which had already acted as older centers of learning, such as the

1808: 2819:(jurisprudence), there was also poetry and scientific texts. Geographies and, most of all, histories were produced, partly because the dynasty itself was eager to use these to legitimize its rule. The oldest surviving historical chronicle from the Marinid period is considered to be 3170:

bands spread outward and repeat the motif across the whole surface. Contrary to the famous Almoravid minbar in Marrakesh, however, the empty spaces between the bands are not occupied by a mix of pieces with carved floral reliefs but are rather occupied entirely by pieces of

3403:, the founder of the Marinid dynasty, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq I (d. 1217), was buried at a site called Tāfirtāst or Tāfarṭast, a site near Meknes (close to where he fell in battle). Starting with Abu Yusuf Ya'qub (d. 1286), the Marinid sultans began to be buried at a new 2515:

While the Marinids did not declare themselves champions of a reformist religious ideology, as their Almohad and Almoravid predecessors had, they attempted to promote themselves as guardians of proper Islamic government as a way to legitimize their rule. They also restored

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was generally the language spoken at the Marinid court in Fez. The Marinids also continued the Almohad practice of appointing religious officials who could preach in Tamazight. Tamazight languages and dialects also continued to be widely spoken in rural areas. However,

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broke off under a coalition of merchants and Arab clan leaders of the Banu Sabih. To the east, the Zianid and Hafsid families reemerged and to the north, the Europeans were taking advantage of this instability by attacking the coast. Meanwhile, unruly wandering Arab

2388:(d. 1418) recalled a white flag made of silk with verses from the Qur’an written in gold at the top of the circle as the sultanate’s emblem among the kings of the Banu Abd al-Haqq of the Banu Marin in Morocco, calling it the Victorious Flag. Maghrebi historian 3429:

attached to the Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid. After him, most sultans were buried at the site known as the "Marinid Tombs" to the north of Fes el-Bali. This necropolis seems to have once again consisted of an enclosed garden cemetery inside which stood several

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in 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds. His son and successor, Abd al-Haqq, was the effective founder of the Marinid dynasty. Later, the Almohads suffered a severe defeat against Christian kingdoms of Iberia on 16 July 1212 in the

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suggested that the Marinids used white banners, much like their Almohad predecessors, following a long Islamic tradition of using white as a dynastic color. Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain. Historian

2690:. One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at these major centers of learning. In Fes, the first madrasa was the 2383:

indicates that the Sultans's banner was white according to Marinid sources, she also states: "The naming of the Marinid palatine city, Madīnat al-Bayḍā', the White City, reflects their use of white as a dynastic colour." Egyptian historiographer

7114: 1322:. The severe loss of life at the battle left the Almohad state weakened and some of its regions somewhat depopulated. Starting in 1213 or 1214, the Marinids began to tax farming communities of today's north-eastern Morocco (the area between 3128:

and eventually brought to Tunis by Ibn Marzuq. Abu al-Hasan's son and immediate successor, Abu Inan, for his part, is known to have copied a collection of hadiths with letters written in a mix of blue and brown ink, with gold flourishes.

2891:, with a diameter of 2.5 metres and weighing 3 tons, is the largest surviving example of its kind in North Africa. It dates to 1294 and was commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf. It is closely modeled on another large chandelier in the 2855:

also passed through Morocco and other regions in Africa and Asia in the 14th century and described them in his writings. Not only grand regional histories but also local histories were composed by some authors for cities and towns.

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1384: Abu al-Abbas is temporarily removed by the Nasrids. The Nasrids replace him with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, a disabled son of Abu Inan Faris. This ensures a kind of interim during the reign of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad from 1384 to

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in the region. The madrasas of Fes, such as the Bou Inania, al-Attarine, and Sahrij madrasas, as well as the Marinid madrasa of Salé and the other Bou Inania in Meknes, are considered among the greatest architectural works in

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1358: Abu Zian as-Said Muhammad ibn Faris is named sultan by the vizirs, just after the assassination of Abu Inan. His reign lasts only a few months. Abu Yahya abu Bakr ibn Faris comes to power, but also reigns only a few

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references the small white flag as a miniature version of the royal standard that was given to the main commander on the battlefield as a mark of authority to lead the troops. The flag was raised in conquered fortresses.

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A number of manuscripts from the Marinid period have been preserved to the present-day. One outstanding example is a Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf and dated to 1306. It features an elaborately

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It was in this period that Iberian Christians were first able to take the fighting across the Strait of Gibraltar to what is today Morocco: in 1260 and 1267 they attempted an invasion, but both attempts were defeated.

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talked about the flags he saw during the time of Sultan Abu al-Hasan, indicating that they used to give governors, workers, and commanders permission to take one small flag made of white linen. Contemporary historian

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It was under the leadership of Abu Yahya, whose reign began in 1244, that the Marinids re-entered into the region on a more deliberate campaign of conquest. Between 1244 and 1248 the Marinids were able to take Taza,

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Histoire de la domination des Arabes et des Maures en Espagne et en Portugal, depuis l'invasion de ces peuples jusqu'a leur expulsion définitive; rédigée sur l'histoire traduite de l'arabe en espagnol de M. Joseph

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The population under Marinid rule was mostly Berber and Arab, though there were contrasts between the main cities and the countryside as well as between sedentary and nomadic populations. The cities were heavily

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1366: Muhammad ibn Yaqub is assassinated by his vizir. He is replaced by Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, one of the sons of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman who until this time had been held locked up in the palace of

1391:. However, in June of the same year the caliph was ambushed and killed by the Zayyanids in a battle to the south of Oujda. The Marinids intercepted the defeated Almohad army on its return, and the Christian 7391:""Oh, You Seeker of Knowledge! This is Its Gate Opened Wide..." The Transcultural Networks of Patrons, Artists, Scholars, Writers and Diplomats Between Medieval Iberia and North Africa in the 14th Century" 6481: 3070:

using brown ink, with headings written in golden Kufic letters and new verses marked by small labels inside gold circles. Like most other manuscripts in this time and region, it was written on parchment.

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1310: Abu al-Rabi dies of disease after having repressed a revolt of army officials in Taza. Among them is Gonzalve, chief of the Christian militia. His brother Abu Said Uthman succeeds him to the throne.

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Not many Marinid textiles have survived, but it is assumed that luxurious silks continued to be made as in previous periods. The only reliably-dated Marinid textiles extant today are three impressive

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1372: Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali dies of disease leaving the throne to his very young son Muhammad as-Said, beginning a new period of instability. The vizirs try on several occasions to install a

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serving under the Almohads entered the service of the Marinids instead. Abu Yahya quickly reoccupied his previously conquered cities the same year, and established his capital in Fes. His successor,

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Fili, Abdallah; Messier, Ronald; Capel, Chloé; Héritier-Salama, Violaine (2014). "Les palais mérinides dévoilées: le cas d'Aghmat". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

2541:), with whom they sometimes intermarried. After establishing themselves in Fez, the Marinids insisted on directly appointing the officials in charge of religious institutions and on managing the 2961:

712 AH). It was made in the "kasbah" (royal citadel) of Fes for Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman (father of Abu al-Hasan). The banner measures 280 by 220 cm and is made of predominantly green silk

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is kept as a hostage. A treaty is made with the Portuguese enabling them to embark if they return Ceuta. Fernando is kept as a hostage to guarantee the execution of this pact. Influenced by

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in North Africa in the middle of the 11th-12th centuries, they were pushed to leave their lands in the region of Biskra. They moved to the north-west of present-day Algeria, before entering

1576:. However, within the next year, a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia made them lose their eastern territories. The Marinids had already suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a 7087: 3199:

in Marrakesh (commissioned between 1189 and 1195). The arch above the first step of the minbar contains an inscription, now partly disappeared, which refers to Abu Inan and his titles.

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A. Khaneboubi, « Mérinides (Berb. : Ayt Mrin) », Encyclopédie berbère , 31 | 2010, document M94, mis en ligne le 08 octobre 2020, consulté le 05 mars 2023. URL :

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was the language of law, government, and most literature, and assimilation of the region's population to Arabic language and culture also advanced significantly during this period.

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Book of knowledge of all the kingdoms, lands, and lordships that are in the world, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them

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1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, one of the two Wattasid vizirs surviving the 1459 massacre, installs himself in Fes, where he founds the Wattasid dynasty.

3186:, dates from 1350 to 1355 when the madrasa was being built. It is notable as one of the best Marinid examples of its kind. The Bou Inania minbar, made of wood – including 1527:

being the most famous. The building of these madrasas were necessary to create a dependent bureaucratic class, in order to undermine the marabouts and Sharifian elements.

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1387: Abu Al-Abbas begins to give vizirs more power. Morocco knows six years of peace again, although Abu Al-Abbas benefits from this period to reconquer Tlemcen and

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made by the Almohads. It is composed of nine circular tiers arranged in an overall conical shape that could hold 514 glass oil lamps. Its decoration included mainly

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inscriptions. This area is contained in turn within a large rectangular frame. The band of the frame is filled with monumental and ornamental inscriptions in white

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1373: Muhammad as-Said is presented as the heir to his father, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali, but being only five years old cannot reign, and dies in the same year.

2355: 1670:, capital of their Almohad ancestors, which they would govern independently until 1526. To the south of Marrakesh, Sufi mystics claimed autonomy, and in the 1370s 3235:

and Almohad predecessors. Particularly in Fes, their capital, they built monuments with increasingly intricate and extensive decoration, particularly in wood and

8688: 7137:

Bennison, Amira K. (2014). "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350". In Bennison, Amira K. (ed.).

1595:, who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, he was strangled by his own vizir in 1358, after which the dynasty began to decline. 2070:

and the rebellions of Tlemcen and Tunis mark the beginning of the decline of the Marinids, who are unable to drive back the Portuguese and the Castilians.

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In 1459, Abd al-Haqq II managed a massacre of the Wattasid family, breaking their power. His reign, however, brutally ended as he was murdered during the

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1361: Abu Umar Tachfin is named the successor to Abu Salim Ibrahim by the vizirs, with the support of the Christian militia. He reigns only a few months.

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Jewish communities were a significant minority in urban centers and played a role in most aspects of society. It was during the Marinid period that the

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1393: Abu Al-Abbas dies. Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad is designated as the new sultan. The troubles which follow the sudden death of Abu Al-Abbas in

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in Chellah (the site of the former Roman city called Sala Colonia). Abu Yusuf Ya'qub built a mosque alongside his tomb and that of his wife. Both were

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or "chief of police", who also oversaw judiciary matters. On some occasions the chamberlain was more important and the vizier reported to him instead.

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Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).

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1459: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq revolts against his own Wattasid vizirs. Only two brothers survive, who will become the first Wattasid sultans in 1472.

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Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (r. 1310–1331) initiated huge construction projects across the land. Several madrasas were built, the

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1329: The Marinids defeat the Castilians in Algeciras, establishing a foothold in the south of the Iberian peninsula with the hope of reversing the

8084:(French ed.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. 1534:, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Castile made several incursions into their territory. In 1260, 8627: 2452:

The army's main weakness was its naval fleet, which could not keep up with the fleet of Aragon. The Marinids had shipyards and naval arsenals at

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More details are known in particular about the army during the reign of Abu al-Hasan, which is described by some historical chroniclers such as

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of this period. While mosque architecture largely followed the Almohad model, one noted change was the progressive increase in the size of the

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Aside from Qur'an manuscripts, many other religious and legal texts were copied by calligraphers of this time, especially works related to the

9710: 8049:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc. p. 61. 7592:

Ettahiri, Ahmed (2014). "La Bu'inaniya de Fès, perle des madrasas mérinides". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

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described them in the 16th century as being lavishly decorated. Important Marinid graves in these necropolises were typically surmounted by a

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Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2014). "Les bannières perdues des sultans mérinides". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

6497: Lebanon: Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn, 2002. p.282. “ بعده بأمر القبيلة ابنه « عبد الحق » المترجم له ، ومولده في الزاب ” 2642:

by the early 11th century and was progressively adopted further west. These establishments served to train Islamic scholars, particularly in

1859:(Uthman I) succeeds to the throne. Marinids take possession of the Rif and seem to want to remain there. The Almohades counterattack in vain. 3124:, but he was unable to finish it following his military defeats in the east and subsequent dethronement. It was instead finished by his son 8429: 1009: 939: 7395:

Mudejarismo and Moorish Revival in Europe: Cultural Negotiations and Artistic Translations in the Middle Ages and 19th-century Historicism

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The Marinids took their name from their ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati. Like earlier Berber ruling dynasties of North Africa and

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rest of the surface. The spaces between these bands form other geometric shapes which are filled with wood panels of intricately carved

8620: 1718: 8679: 3195:. This motif is similar to that found on the Kutubiyya minbar, and even more so to that of the slightly later Almohad minbar of the 8718: 8672: 8659: 6426: 2634:, reached its apogee in terms of prestige, patronage, and intellectual scope. Additionally, the Marinids were prolific builders of 2163:

1384: Abu Zayd Abd ar-Rahman reigns over the Kingdom of Marrakech from 1384 to 1387 while the Marinid throne is still based in Fes.

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Bosch-Vilá, J. (2012). "Ibn al- K̲h̲aṭīb". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

7228: 2094:

1358 Abu Inan is assassinated by his vizir. A time of confusion starts. Each vizir tries to install weak candidates on the throne.

8978: 7255: 5960: 363: 8685: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8656: 2306:(deputy or governor) in Marrakesh, a position that would continue to exist for a long time. In some areas, like the mountainous 824: 820: 67: 9063: 8675: 8670: 6753: 2813:

Literary production under the Marinids was relatively prolific and diverse. In addition to religious texts such as treaties of

2793: 3322:

period, became as large as the main prayer hall and sometimes larger. Notable examples of Marinid mosque architecture are the

2864:

Marinid art continued many of the artistic traditions previously established in the region under the Almoravids and Almohads.

1370:

nonetheless managed to defeat the Marinids again in 1244, forcing them to retreat back to their original lands south of Taza.

10856: 10663: 10045: 8020:

Erzini, Nadia (2014). "Abu al-Hasan, le sultan calligraphe". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

7455: 7402: 7238: 7169: 7097: 7070: 6942:

Shatzmiller, Maya (2012). "Marīnids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

6877: 6463: 6436: 6406: 6350: 6316: 6287: 6256: 6145: 6118: 2558:

of Fez was concentrated in Fez itself and was more important to urban culture; the scholars of Fez had more contact with the

773: 8674: 8275: 7945:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb: From Morocco to Tunisia - Decorative Arts". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

6667:"An Architectural Investigation of Marrind and Wattasid Fes Medina (674-961/1276-1554), In Terms of Gender, Legend, and Law" 6176: 1702:

became Sultan one year after his birth. The Wattasids however refused to give up the Regency after Abd al-Haqq came to age.

10851: 10846: 8963: 6633: 2407:, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century, describes the flag of Fez, the Marinid capital, as being plain white. 614: 10569: 8661: 8657: 2923: 10876: 8452: 7390: 10715: 9715: 9070: 8665: 7760: 7676: 7329:

Rguig, Hicham (2014). "Quand Fès inventait le Mellah". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).

5189: 3583: 3125: 788: 639: 8676: 7419: 3104:. The fourth copy, one of the finest preserved Marinid manuscripts, is a thirty-volume Qur'an which he donated to the 2125:

1362: Muhammad ibn Yaqub assumes power. He is a young son of Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman, who had taken refuge in Castile.

768: 9359: 9312: 8731: 8220: 8175: 8132: 8029: 8001: 7929: 7858: 7830: 7800: 7601: 7565: 7431: 7338: 7313: 6797: 6763: 6643: 6379: 6067: 6009: 5972: 5791: 5765: 3613: 3595: 3039: 2403: 1782: 1648: 1456: 8658: 10871: 10866: 10861: 9222: 8364: 5318: 3577: 3553: 1760: 1626: 1585: 1434: 1149: 1002: 685: 2321:("Commander of the Muslims"). In later periods the Marinid sultans sometimes also granted themselves the title of 10341: 9031: 8918: 8867: 6367: 5392: 4697: 3511: 3498: 3413:

s: small square chambers covered by either a dome or a pyramidal roof. They stood in a small garden enclosure or

1888: 1396: 1367: 858: 732: 9503: 7894:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

2626:

The Marinids were eager patrons of Islamic scholarship and intellectual culture. It was in this period that the

1266:

into what is now Morocco by the beginning of the 13th century. The Banu Marin first frequented the area between

9286: 8958: 8862: 8313: 8080:

Carboni, Stefano (1998). "Signification historique et artistique du minbar provenant de la mosquée Koutoubia".

7484: 6997: 6831: 6787: 6726: 6604: 6576: 6214: 5836: 5734: 3163: 2742:. Many more were built in other cities but have not been preserved, or only partially preserved, including in: 1764: 1630: 1438: 924: 727: 430: 8673: 3442:, a marble tombstone shaped like a triangular prism, laid horizontally and carved with funerary inscriptions. 2872: 10901: 10886: 10881: 10779: 9141: 8668: 7283: 6821: 5999: 3318:

or courtyard, which was previously a minor element of the floor plan but which eventually, in the subsequent

3008: 1319: 634: 415: 8678: 2843:, the Andalusi poet and writer from Granada, also spent time in Fes and North Africa when his Nasrid master 10774: 10658: 9101: 9009: 8754: 8711: 7155: 6716: 5414: 5374: 5356: 3607: 3601: 3589: 2999: 2443:. These mercenaries were paid a salary from the treasury, while the chieftains of tribal levies were given 1688: 8666: 2218:

1420: Abu Said Uthman dies. He is replaced by his son, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq, who is only one year old.

705: 308: 10784: 9821: 9036: 8973: 7667:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

6545: 5538: 4991: 3619: 3541: 3323: 2928: 2912: 2892: 2735: 2711: 2627: 2609: 2074: 1546: 1114: 1113:

which had controlled Morocco. At the height of their power in the mid-14th century, during the reigns of

995: 934: 929: 288: 8662: 3346:

in Marrakesh also dates from the Marinid period, one of the few monuments from this period in the city.

1848:. In the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower is erected to protect the royal palace in Seville. 1301:, was born in the Zab into a noble family. His great-grandfather, Abu Bakr, was a sheikh of the region. 10841: 8663: 6342: 6279: 5153: 3565: 3270: 3246: 3159: 2230: 944: 761: 739: 690: 8346: 10896: 10742: 9890: 9454: 9131: 9058: 9024: 8953: 8291: 7671:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 6192: 5171: 4679: 3571: 3492: 3196: 3113: 2562:

of other major cities in the Maghreb than they did with religious leaders in the nearby countryside.

2360: 2167: 1952:

1288: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr receives in Fes the envoys of the king of Granada, to whom the town of

1927:("New Fes"), a new city near Fes, which comes to be considered a new district of Fes, in contrast to 1874: 910: 533: 81: 7354:

García-Arenal, Mercedes (1987). "Les Bildiyyīn de Fès, un groupe de néo-musulmans d'origine juive".

5897: 2722:, was a slightly more distinctive institution and was the only madrasa to also have the status of a 1934:

1286: Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq dies of disease in Algeciras after a fourth expedition to the

1691:. After Sultan Abdalhaqq II (1421–1465) tried to break the power of the Wattasids, he was executed. 1684: 1313:, which was at the time the ruling regime. Their leader Muhyu contributed to the Almohad victory at 10906: 10700: 10675: 10525: 10184: 10179: 9106: 8287: 6188: 4661: 3479: 3285:, further increasing the Andalusian cultural influence in these regions in subsequent generations. 2222: 1867: 1841: 318: 17: 6823:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108 - Clifford Edmund Bosworth - Google Boeken

3231:

The Marinid dynasty was important in further refining the artistic legacy established under their

10767: 10648: 10189: 10142: 10085: 9784: 9728: 9476: 9232: 9187: 9041: 8932: 8704: 8109:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.)

4817: 3517: 3022: 2727: 2343: 2106: 1980: 1939: 1753: 1709:. This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of the 1619: 1427: 1289:

had done, and in order to help gain legitimacy for their rule, Marinid historiography claimed an

851: 834: 658: 7632:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

2943: 2394: 1581: 1572:, which made him master of a huge territory, which spanned from southern present-day Morocco to 1485:. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the 1160:, a related ruling house, competed with the Marinid dynasty for control of the state and became 1142: 496: 10789: 10690: 10685: 10373: 10321: 10241: 10174: 10078: 10063: 9956: 9723: 9677: 9518: 9405: 9046: 8908: 8300: 6201: 4839: 4643: 3535: 3473: 3339: 3063: 3026: 2687: 2432: 2314:

regions, this resulted in indirect rule and a very limited presence of the central government.

1863: 1856: 594: 6691: 6666: 6453: 6396: 6108: 10720: 10680: 10493: 10368: 9432: 9422: 9381: 9352: 9172: 9121: 9116: 9053: 8888: 8684: 8682: 8681: 7058: 6868: 6532: 6518: 6304: 6082: 5755: 5556: 3625: 3450:

The following is the sequence of Marinid rulers from the founding of the dynasty to its end.

3250: 2957:

The oldest of the three banners is dated, according to its inscription, to May or June 1312 (

2947: 2844: 2212: 663: 10608: 6987: 3378:

in Salé, are still standing today and demonstrate resemblances with earlier Almohad models.

2977:

The second banner was made for Abu al-Hasan and is dated, according to its inscriptions, to

2045:

1344: The Castilians take over Algeciras. The Marinids are definitively ejected from Iberia.

10813: 10643: 10613: 10488: 10419: 10390: 10309: 9643: 9481: 9471: 9240: 8941: 8893: 8764: 6332: 4973: 3529: 3350: 3327: 3309: 3208: 2888: 2877: 2835:

was the most famous manifestation of this intellectual life which was also shared with the

2699: 2286: 2282: 2245: 2194: 2035: 2025: 1995: 1706: 1550: 1179: 395: 10593: 6095: 5858: 2507:

mercenary soldiers from abroad, forming small minorities primarily in the coastal cities.

8: 10505: 10385: 10351: 10253: 10073: 10068: 9880: 9599: 9535: 9410: 9395: 9212: 9197: 8992: 7448:

A History of African Higher Education From Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis

5941: 5574: 4955: 3631: 3523: 3081: 2802: 2783: 2703: 1524: 1486: 1138: 829: 668: 646: 629: 400: 10221: 10211: 6413:

and even contrived a family tree to establish their "descent" from a North Arabian tribe

6045:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

599: 10618: 10598: 10581: 10532: 10397: 10206: 10157: 10090: 10008: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9895: 9865: 9757: 9655: 9523: 9498: 9305: 9160: 9136: 9126: 9084: 9004: 8968: 8739: 8510: 8295: 8253: 7371: 6196: 5338: 3559: 3254: 3138: 3045: 2836: 2719: 2707: 2671: 2238: 2205: 2088: 1895: 1561: 1531: 1482: 1470: 1347: 1225:

also progressively grew in this period, preparing the way for later dynasties like the

1126: 863: 589: 297: 8421: 2170:

ensures the second part of the interim in the reign of Abu al-Abbas from 1386 to 1387.

10727: 10623: 10559: 10554: 10483: 10380: 10095: 10023: 10018: 9860: 9789: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9562: 9513: 9279: 9177: 9111: 8821: 8816: 8594: 8546: 8534: 8516: 8309: 8257: 8236:

Nagy, Péter Tamás (2014). "Sultans' Paradise: The Royal Necropolis of Shala, Rabat".

8216: 8171: 8128: 8025: 7997: 7925: 7854: 7826: 7796: 7756: 7672: 7597: 7561: 7480: 7451: 7427: 7398: 7334: 7309: 7234: 7165: 7093: 7066: 6993: 6873: 6827: 6793: 6759: 6722: 6639: 6600: 6572: 6459: 6432: 6402: 6375: 6346: 6312: 6283: 6252: 6210: 6141: 6114: 6063: 6005: 5968: 5876: 5832: 5787: 5761: 3232: 3089: 2828: 2683: 2102: 1935: 1314: 1294: 1153: 1110: 1063: 653: 553: 548: 501: 435: 247: 8612: 6470:

North African dynasty probably of Berber origin, although they claimed Arab ancestry

5871: 3253:

afterwards. Their architectural style was very closely related to that found in the

2460:(Ceuta), but on at least one occasion the Marinid sultan hired mercenary ships from 1133:

in the 13th and 14th centuries and made an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the

1125:

including large parts of modern-day Algeria and Tunisia. The Marinids supported the

1109:

In 1244, after being at their service for several years, the Marinids overthrew the

10576: 10363: 10358: 10314: 10301: 10231: 10199: 10194: 10058: 10053: 10035: 9996: 9929: 9912: 9853: 9843: 9838: 9779: 9735: 9705: 9665: 9648: 9631: 9594: 9345: 9321: 9262: 9255: 9217: 9207: 9202: 9182: 9146: 8913: 8903: 8898: 8831: 8795: 8588: 8570: 8558: 8528: 8504: 8486: 8474: 8468: 8342: 8305: 8283: 8271: 8245: 8193:

Palais et demeures de Fès. Vol I: Époques mérinde et saadienne (XIVe-XVIIe siècles)

7363: 6749: 6206: 6184: 6172: 5866: 3354: 3343: 3331: 3293: 3221: 2951: 2932: 2691: 2583: 2521: 2110: 1824: 1726: 1558: 1535: 1359: 1230: 1157: 1146: 1087: 1050:

from the mid-13th to the 15th century and intermittently controlled other parts of

905: 900: 888: 756: 565: 449: 378: 260: 115: 51: 8153:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

7851:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

7230:

History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830

6309:

Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century : Rise and Fall of Empires

3381: 3349:

Of the Marinid royal palaces in Fes el-Jdid little has survived, with the current

10794: 10762: 10635: 10603: 10586: 10542: 10537: 10515: 10510: 10468: 10461: 10436: 10296: 10291: 10132: 10013: 9907: 9902: 9870: 9695: 9685: 9579: 9572: 9567: 9552: 9508: 9390: 9376: 9274: 9267: 9250: 9192: 9096: 9014: 8872: 8841: 8811: 8785: 8576: 8492: 8409: 8394: 8249: 6336: 6273: 6246: 6135: 3418: 3167: 3097: 3067: 2978: 2436: 2307: 1984: 1873:

1244: Muhammad I is killed by an officer of his own Christian mercenary militia.

1679:

tribes increasingly spread anarchy, which accelerated the decline of the empire.

1310: 1222: 1079: 1027: 868: 813: 575: 466: 348: 111: 10216: 3166:(in Marrakesh). This geometric motif is based on eight-pointed stars from which 2530:(scholars/jurists), who were especially influential in the cities, and with the 2042:, the southernmost town of the Iberian peninsula. The Marinids return to Africa. 10737: 10732: 10695: 10670: 10653: 10564: 10549: 10520: 10478: 10326: 10286: 10281: 10236: 10162: 10122: 10112: 10102: 9917: 9796: 9690: 9557: 9439: 9326: 8552: 7420:"Bridging Seas of Sand and Water: The Berber Dynasties of the Islamic Far West" 5688: 5135: 3637: 3547: 3399: 3274: 3258: 3143: 3050: 2966: 2900: 2839:

in Al-Andalus, where many of the intellectuals of this period also spent time.

2695: 2421: 2385: 2380: 2367: 2249: 2234: 2208:

seizes Ceuta. This conquest marks the beginning of overseas European expansion.

2153: 2146: 2060: 2049: 1969:

1299: Beginning of Tlemcen's siege by the Marinids, which will last nine years.

1812: 1699: 1592: 1573: 1565: 1542:

and, in 1267, initiated a full-scale invasion, but the Marinids repelled them.

1279: 1182:, which led to the establishment of direct Wattasid rule over most of Morocco. 1175: 1118: 981: 967: 841: 343: 163: 6535:. United Arab Emirates: ‫هيئة ابو ظبي للسياحة والثقافة،‬, 2014. 3273:

and the last Muslim realm of al-Andalus came to an end, many of the remaining

1795: 10835: 10818: 10705: 10500: 10473: 10446: 10424: 10402: 10169: 10152: 10137: 9981: 9934: 9922: 9848: 9740: 9614: 9609: 9584: 9466: 9019: 8857: 8836: 8780: 8582: 8540: 8522: 7254:

Markham, Clements R. (Clements Robert); Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (1912).

5880: 5725: 4513: 3467: 3435: 3375: 3362: 3358: 3326:(founded in 1276, one of the earliest Marinid mosques), the expansion of the 3319: 2883:

Many Marinid religious buildings were furnished with the same kind of bronze

2840: 2775: 2767: 2497: 1852: 1800: 1339: 1298: 1226: 1103: 720: 673: 570: 454: 442: 151: 10246: 10226: 8336:, des origines à 1830, édition originale 1931, réédition Payot, Paris, 1994 3454:

1215–1269 : leaders of the Marinids, engaged in a struggle against the

3182:

The original minbar of the Bou Inania Madrasa, which is housed today at the

2285:. The sultan dies in the revolt when his throat is cut. The Portuguese king 2184:

make it possible for the Christian sovereigns to carry the war into Morocco.

2087:

1357: Defeat of Abu Inan Faris in front of Tlemcen. Construction of another

10710: 10451: 10441: 10407: 10336: 10331: 10258: 10048: 10030: 9991: 9986: 9966: 9961: 9833: 9826: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9700: 9638: 9619: 9604: 9540: 8279: 7696: 6180: 3282: 3213: 3105: 2675: 2631: 2520:

Sunni Islam as the official religion after the previous period of official

2490: 2253: 2136: 1966:

1296: Construction of Sidi Boumediene mosque, or Sidi Belhasan, in Tlemcen.

1335: 1193: 1051: 383: 91: 7207: 7186: 6398:

A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community

1250:. The Banu Marin were nomads who originated from the Zab (a region around 10429: 10414: 10263: 9976: 9885: 9875: 9801: 9449: 9444: 8480: 7260:. Kelly - University of Toronto. London, The Hakluyt society. p. 26. 3366: 3162:

found in the artisan tradition dating back to the 12th-century Almoravid

3117: 2852: 2832: 2824: 2723: 2653: 2486: 2389: 2337: 2190:

1398: Abu Amir dies. His brother, Abu Said Uthman ibn Ahmad, takes power.

2067: 2018: 2011: 1928: 1498: 1189: 846: 125: 7214:

Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag

7193:

Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag

2347:, depicted on the left under banners with white and blue zigzag pattern 10456: 10273: 10147: 10107: 10040: 8790: 8759: 8498: 7375: 7059:"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh" 6789:

Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources - Google Boeken

3404: 3278: 3076: 2884: 2848: 2759: 2571: 2428: 2417: 2034:

1340: A combined Portuguese–Castilian army defeats the Marinids in the

1973: 1946: 1917: 1767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1633: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1478: 1441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1343: 1309:

After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to the

1286: 1197: 1130: 508: 461: 390: 331: 7666: 2464:. Marinid military contingents, mostly Zenata horsemen (also known as 2317:

The Marinid sultan was the head of the state and wielded the title of

2289:

finally manages to take Tangier, benefitting from the troubles in Fes.

2256:, but he instead uses the army to attack a small port located between 1274:, at times reaching as far as the Zab. They moved seasonally from the 1246:

The Marinids were a faction of the Berber tribal confederation of the

10346: 10117: 10001: 9971: 9752: 9626: 9417: 8600: 7963: 3225: 3192: 3183: 3172: 3109: 3018: 2908: 2896: 2779: 2747: 2604: 2461: 2271: 1983:

in connection with some obscure matter related to the harem. His son

1906: 1722: 1667: 1506: 1474: 1400: 1392: 1267: 1221:

families and the popular veneration of sharifian figures such as the

1071: 744: 326: 7367: 7138: 6755:

The Berbers and the Islamic State - Maya Shatzmiller - Google Boeken

3265:

is thus reminiscent of what was built in Fes at the same time. When

2582:

As the ruling family and its supporting tribes were Zenata Berbers,

2193:

1399: Benefitting from the anarchy within the Marinid kingdom, king

1742: 1608: 1416: 9747: 9530: 9488: 9427: 8696: 7992:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).

6718:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 - Google Boeken

6428:

Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past

3455: 3262: 2958: 2763: 2715: 2666: 2660: 2567: 2538: 2445: 2416:

tribes of the central Maghreb and from the Arab tribes such as the

2201:, massacres half of the population and reduces the rest to slavery. 1924: 1844:

comes to power in 1213. The battle takes place on the coast of the

1837: 1695: 1671: 1577: 1569: 1513: 1355: 1162: 808: 803: 680: 518: 6001:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

2887:

that the Almohads made for mosques. The Marinid chandelier in the

9660: 9589: 9545: 9400: 8727: 8644: 8456: 8377: 3386: 3371: 3335: 3304: 3297: 3266: 3241: 3217: 2962: 2915:, Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Christian forces in 1333. 2787: 2751: 2635: 2620: 2612: 2352: 2257: 2226: 2198: 2174: 1991: 1990:

1308: Abu Thabit dies of disease after only one year in power in

1910: 1828: 1676: 1663: 1554: 1517: 1363: 1351: 1327: 1259: 1255: 1201: 1122: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1040: 749: 513: 336: 9461: 7284:"Marīnid Fez: The Economic Background of the 'Quest for Empire'" 6635:

The Report: Morocco 2009 - Oxford Business Group - Google Boeken

3054: 2731: 2453: 1945:

1286: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr combats revolts in and around the

1899: 1807: 1539: 1379: 1152:

from the Marinids in 1344, definitively expelling them from the

9493: 9368: 9245: 8359: 8165: 7209:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر 7188:رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر 6137:

Les institutions gouvernementales sous les Mérinides: 1258-1465

6110:

Almohad Movement in North Africa in the 12th and 13th Centuries

3288: 3236: 3155: 3133: 3121: 3085: 3030: 2939: 2771: 2739: 2726:. Surviving Marinid madrasas built in other cities include the 2643: 2616: 2588: 2563: 2531: 2517: 2502: 2466: 2278: 2078: 2039: 1819: 1710: 1502: 1383: 1275: 1271: 1251: 1247: 1218: 1217:

increasingly predominated in the countryside. The influence of

1214: 1211: 1186: 1171: 1167: 1134: 1095: 1043: 132: 101: 8655: 7821:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Marinid".

7061:. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.). 5783:

The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050

2899:

forms like floral patterns as well as a poetic inscription in

10127: 7556:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

7479:. Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 6058:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

6026:

Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History

3409: 3390: 3187: 3176: 3101: 3093: 2970: 2806: 2799:

Al-Manhaj al-Faaiq wa al-Manhal al-Raaiq fi Ahkam al-Wathaaiq

2755: 2526: 2457: 2440: 2261: 2053: 1953: 1685:

Tetouan was taken by Castile and its population was massacred

1375: 1323: 1290: 1206: 1067: 213: 8044: 7306:

Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus

7140:

The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib

7089:

The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait

5898:"Marinid dynasty (Berber dynasty) - Encyclopædia Britannica" 2105:

is nominated sultan by the vizirs. He is one of the sons of

1887:

1258: Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq dies of disease. His uncle,

1866:

is assassinated by one of his Christian slaves. His brother

1855:

dies during victorious combat against the Almohads. His son

8195:. Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 7253: 6992:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–118. 6692:"An architectural Investigation of Marinid and Watasid Fes" 6571:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104. 5831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–118. 3459: 3314: 3080:(where he was later buried). The next copy was sent to the 2942:

which were captured from Sultan Abu al-Hasan's army in the

2815: 2743: 2648: 2639: 2543: 2181: 1960: 1331: 9337: 8064:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. pp. 155–156. 7063:

Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism

6047:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 1584:

in 1340, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia, only

1204:

across the country which promoted the education of Maliki

1185:

In contrast to their predecessors, the Marinids sponsored

7669:

Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre

6546:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Marinides ou Mérinides" 5729: 3361:

to the north have disappeared and the complex around the

2638:, a type of institution which originated in northeastern 2311: 1881: 1845: 1714: 1497:

nearby Iberian towns: by the year 1294 they had occupied

1388: 1121:, the Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over most of the 7991: 7698:

Ad-Dhakhirah as-Saniyya fi Akhbari ad-Dawla al-Mariniyya

7555: 6889:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, M. Th Houtsma

6305:"The Nasrids of Granada and the Marinids of the Maghrib" 6057: 2847:

was there in exile between 1358 and 1362. The historian

1694:

Marinid rulers after 1420 came under the control of the

1530:

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the

1358:

broke away in 1229, followed by the independence of the

1196:

their capital. Under their rule, Fez enjoyed a relative

1166:

rulers between 1420 and 1459 while officially acting as

8451: 6096:

http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/568

2439:, Castile, and Portugal, as well as Black Africans and 2122:

1361: The period called the "reign of the vizirs" ends.

8191:

Revault, Jacques; Golvin, Lucien; Amahan, Ali (1985).

7823:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

7293:(conference). Al-Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco. 6599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 104. 3239:. They were also the first to deploy extensive use of 3096:, and a third one a couple of years later went to the 8642: 6060:

Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne

2524:. They allied themselves politically with the Maliki 2152:

1374: Partition of the empire into two kingdoms: the

2014:

begins his 29-year journey across Africa and Eurasia.

1666:

tribesmen from the High Atlas came down and occupied

1564:

was conquered, followed in 1347 by the defeat of the

8304:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 7853:. Yale University Press. pp. 121–123, 182–184. 7422:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). 7233:. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 198. 7216:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151. 7195:] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151. 7164:] (in French). Place des éditeurs. p. 126. 6205:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 5774: 2241:

sacrifices his brother for national trade interests.

1891:, fourth son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds to the throne. 1342:. Meanwhile, the Almohads lost their territories in 1034: 45: 8213:

Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465

8190: 7440: 7042:Pennell, C.R. (2013). "Chapter 4: Tribal Morocco". 3506:

1269–1465 : Marinid Sultans of Fez and Morocco

2007:

1323: Construction of the Attarin's madrasa in Fes.

1979:1307: Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr is assassinated by a 8168:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 8022:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7994:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7922:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7594:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7558:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 7331:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne 6855:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830 6275:Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300-1500 5998:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Marīnids". 2599: 1880:1249: Severe repression of anti-Marinid forces in 1827:constructed by the Marinids during their siege of 1200:. The Marinids also pioneered the construction of 8097:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 8062:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 7619:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 7092:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 185. 6785: 6522:, ... par M. de Marlès. Tome premier . 1825. 6484:. Morocco: ‫ع.ك. الفيلالي،‬, 2006. 6106: 6083:Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. 2710:in 1346. Another madrasa, built in 1320 near the 2551:) endowments that financed mosques and madrasas. 1994:, a city which he has just founded. His brother, 1909:and the end of Almohad domination of the western 1545:At the height of their power, during the rule of 10833: 7820: 6302: 6133: 6113:. Princeton University Press. pp. 490–491. 2056:and restores his authority over all the Maghreb. 1512:In 1276, they founded the North African city of 1297:tribe. The first leader of the Marinid dynasty, 7085: 6365: 2851:was another example, while the famous traveler 2187:1396: Abu Amir Abdallah succeeds to the throne. 6989:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6597:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6569:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 6431:. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. p. 64. 6248:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 6127: 5829:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 5753: 3303:Notably, the Marinids were the first to build 9353: 8712: 8628: 8437: 7919: 7353: 6085: United Kingdom: Unesco, 1984. 1877:, the third son of Abd Al-Haqq, succeeds him. 1591:In 1348, Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his son 1003: 10810:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 8170:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 446–450. 8024:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 464–467. 7996:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 494–501. 7924:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 542–547. 7596:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 474–481. 7560:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 474–476. 7333:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 452–454. 7143:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216. 6424: 6311:. Fundación El legado andalusì. p. 78. 6100: 6062:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 432–435. 5892: 5890: 3487:After 1244 : Marinid Emirs based in Fez 2786:which was rebuilt in the 16th century), and 1836:1215: The Banu Marin (Marinids) attacks the 1683:splintered into different entities. In 1399 1481:to support the ongoing struggle against the 39: 8270: 8125:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 7750: 7690: 7688: 7424:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture 7281: 7123:] (in Arabic). دار السلمى،. p. 43. 6941: 6748: 6251:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. 6171: 6042: 5958: 5930:, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 41-42. 2248:prepares an army for a crusade against the 2145:1374: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, supported by the 2116:1359: Resurgence of the Zianids of Tlemcen. 2048:1347: Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman destroys the 1725:from the 1459 massacre, who instigated the 9360: 9346: 8719: 8705: 8635: 8621: 8444: 8430: 7881:. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. 7775: 7500:Deverdun, Gaston (2012). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn". 7056: 6820:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (January 1989). 6028:, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 414. 5856: 2277:1465: Abu Muhammad Abd Al-Haqq appoints a 2229:. Many prisoners are taken and the infant 2109:and is supported by the king of Castille, 1963:, the earliest preserved Marinid building. 1719:Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya 1403:in 1269, effectively ending Almohad rule. 1010: 996: 66: 7651:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 6985: 6594: 6566: 6244: 5887: 5870: 5826: 3445: 2270:1462: Ferdinand IV of Castile takes over 1783:Learn how and when to remove this message 1649:Learn how and when to remove this message 1457:Learn how and when to remove this message 1178:, was finally overthrown and killed by a 1156:. Starting in the early 15th century the 10892:15th-century disestablishments in Africa 8099:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 7891: 7876: 7790: 7685: 7621:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. 7591: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7499: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7086:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (17 March 2011). 7065:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6872:, p.42 Edinburgh University Press 1996. 6819: 6370:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 6331: 5997: 5754:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (2014). 3380: 3287: 3212: 3038: 2931:, dated to 1339–1340, now housed at the 2922: 2871: 2792: 2659: 2603: 2336: 2001:1309: Abu al-Rabi Sulayman enters Ceuta. 1818: 1806: 1794: 1553:another attempt was made to reunite the 10634: 8079: 8015: 8013: 7987: 7985: 7944: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7746: 7744: 7694: 7631: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7533: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7477:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 7417: 7303: 7153: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6813: 6786:Fairchild Ruggles, D. (25 April 2011). 6590: 6588: 5939: 3066:frontispiece and is written in a broad 2918: 2876:The enormous Marinid chandelier in the 1732: 1717:. He was in turn overthrown in 1471 by 1293:origin for the dynasty through a North 14: 10834: 8401:Ruling house of the Marinid Sultanate 8210: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8146: 8144: 8122: 8094: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8059: 8019: 7844: 7842: 7778:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7662: 7660: 7658: 7649:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 7616: 7502:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 7474: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7388: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7226: 7112: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6944:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6507:التاريخ الإسلامي - ج 7: العهد المملوكي 6395:Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016). 6271: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 9341: 8700: 8616: 8425: 8150: 8103: 7958: 7956: 7872: 7870: 7848: 7769: 7646: 7574: 7328: 7322: 7127: 6697:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk. p. 23 6482:‫التاريخ السياسي للمغرب العربي الكبير 6452:Gerli, E. Michael (4 December 2013). 6451: 6394: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5707: 5705: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5571: 5569: 5553: 5551: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5483: 5481: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5411: 5409: 5389: 5387: 5371: 5369: 5353: 5351: 5335: 5333: 5315: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5217: 5206: 5204: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5148: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5076: 5074: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4988: 4986: 4970: 4968: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4692: 4676: 4674: 4658: 4656: 4640: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3620:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II ibn Ahmad II 3114:Islamic Museum of the Haram al-Sharif 2281:vizir, Aaron ben Batash, provoking a 774:Revolution of the King and the People 8726: 8235: 8159: 8088: 8047:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque 8038: 8010: 7982: 7900: 7809: 7741: 7542: 7538:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 7508: 7450:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 7205: 7184: 7044:Morocco: From Empire to Independence 6950: 6892: 6585: 6560: 5993: 5991: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5786:. Cambridge University Press. 1975. 3584:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I al-Mustansir 2024:1331: Abu Said Uthman dies. His son 1959:1291: Construction of the mosque of 1840:when the 16-year-old Almohad caliph 1765:adding citations to reliable sources 1736: 1631:adding citations to reliable sources 1602: 1439:adding citations to reliable sources 1410: 1141:. They were however defeated at the 1046:dynasty that controlled present-day 8264: 8229: 8199: 8141: 8116: 8068: 8053: 7885: 7839: 7784: 7655: 7625: 7610: 7536:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 7493: 7461: 7347: 7297: 7264: 7006: 6031: 5859:"Mérinides (Berb. : Ayt Mrin)" 5857:Khaneboubi, A. (30 December 2010). 5807: 3652:Family tree of the Marinid dynasty 3422: 3393:, which became a Marinid necropolis 3257:, in Spain, under the contemporary 3120:he began a fifth copy intended for 3088:in 1339–40 via the intermediary of 3075:al-Murtada (d. 1266). According to 3025:and dated to 1306 (now kept at the 2907:1337, was a bell brought back from 1477:to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to 1174:. In 1465 the last Marinid sultan, 1083: 1031: 40: 24: 8184: 7953: 7896:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 7867: 7640: 6495:al-Aʻlām: al-Dahhān-ʻAbd al-Salām. 6303:Torremocha Silva, Antonio (2006). 6223: 6154: 6051: 5845: 3608:Abu Zayyan Muhammad IV ibn Ahmad I 3112:in 1344–45 and is now kept at the 2031:1337: First occupation of Tlemcen. 1972:1306: Conquest and destruction of 1520:in Morocco here during this time. 1192:as the official religion and made 27:1244–1465 Berber empire in Morocco 25: 10918: 8352: 8082:Le Minbar de la Mosquée Kutubiyya 7154:Abitbol, Michel (10 April 2014). 6493:Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. 6307:. In Viguera, Maria Jesús (ed.). 5988: 5915: 2702:next to it two years later), the 2630:, the main center of learning in 2404:Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms 2059:1348: Abu al-Hasan dies, his son 1258:). Following the arrival of Arab 368:(8th century BC – 7th century AD) 9223:Jewellery of the Berber cultures 8931: 8358: 7795:. London: Picador. p. 281. 7721:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 7636:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 312–313. 7426:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 373. 7291:The City of Fez in World History 7121:Aspects of Maghrebi civilization 7113:العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (1957). 6455:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia 3007: 2998: 2537:(families claiming descent from 2149:princes of Granada, takes power. 2084:1351: Second seizure of Tlemcen. 1811:Coin minted during the reign of 1741: 1607: 1415: 975: 961: 686:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 307: 265: 240: 72:The Marinid sultanate circa 1360 8326: 7938: 7727: 7713: 7411: 7382: 7308:. Routledge. pp. 282–283. 7247: 7220: 7199: 7178: 7147: 7106: 7079: 7050: 6883: 6860: 6847: 6779: 6742: 6709: 6684: 6659: 6626: 6613: 6538: 6531:Conde, José Antonio. 6525: 6512: 6500: 6487: 6475: 6445: 6418: 6388: 6359: 6325: 6296: 6265: 6088: 6076: 6018: 5872:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.568 3626:Abu 'Amir Abdallah ibn Ahmad II 3614:Abu 'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir 3596:Abu 'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir 3434:s. Though mostly ruined today, 3261:. The decoration of the famous 3202: 2950:. Today they are housed at the 2694:built in 1271, followed by the 2664:Sculpted decoration, including 2600:Intellectual life and education 2132:1370: Third seizure of Tlemcen. 1889:Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq 1752:needs additional citations for 1721:, one of the two the surviving 1618:needs additional citations for 1426:needs additional citations for 1387:retreated to a fortress in the 1145:in 1340 and finished after the 7227:Julien, Charles André (1970). 6004:. Edinburgh University Press. 5952: 5933: 5747: 5735:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 3644: 3374:necropolis near Rabat and the 3175:mosaic decoration inlaid with 3164:minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque 2989: 2827:(first published by Professor 2670:, around the courtyard of the 2063:succeeds him as Marinid ruler. 1949:and the province of Marrakesh. 769:Opposition to European control 13: 1: 8334:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord 8215:. Lienart. pp. 264–295. 5865:(in French) (31): 4889–4895. 5740: 3357:period. Likewise, the former 3353:dating mainly from the later 2498:Jewish quarter of Fez el-Jdid 2479: 2296: 2156:and the Kingdom of Marrakech. 1698:, who exercised a regency as 1689:the Portuguese captured Ceuta 1320:battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 635:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 10857:Countries in medieval Africa 8250:10.1080/09503110.2014.915103 7393:. In Giese, Francine (ed.). 6425:Bowen Savant, Sarah (2014). 6245:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). 5967:. Vol. IV. p. 91. 3560:Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ibn Faris 3548:Abu Inan Faris al-Mutawakkil 3310:western Islamic architecture 3249:), which became standard in 3245:(mosaic tilework in complex 2867: 2554:The influence of the Maliki 1580:-Castilian coalition in the 1366:in 1235. The Almohad caliph 7: 10852:Medieval history of Algeria 10847:Medieval history of Morocco 9367: 8151:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 8111:Islam: Art and Architecture 7949:. h.f.ullmann. p. 322. 7947:Islam: Art and Architecture 7849:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 7825:. Oxford University Press. 7793:The Travels of Ibn Battutah 7751:Bressolette, Henri (2016). 7634:Islam: Art and Architecture 7617:Parker, Richard B. (1981). 7389:Conrad, Michael A. (2021). 6043:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 5940:Universalis, Encyclopædia. 5719: 3638:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II 3324:Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 2577: 2510: 2410: 2375:is to say, saddle blankets. 2252:in response to the call of 2197:arrives in Morocco, seizes 1713:, was proclaimed Sultan in 1346:to Christian kingdoms like 1035: 821:Coup d'état attempt in 1971 619:(beginning 19th century AD) 538:(beginning 11th century AD) 364:Classical to Late Antiquity 46: 10: 10923: 10877:14th century in al-Andalus 7282:Shatzmiller, Maya (2010). 7057:Stockstill, Abbey (2023). 6533:تاريخ حكم العرب في إسبانيا 6343:Edinburgh University Press 6280:Cambridge University Press 6107:Roger Le Tourneau (1969). 3566:Abu Salim Ibrahim ibn 'Ali 3206: 3149: 3043:Page from a manuscript of 2782:, Tlemcen, Marrakesh (the 2594: 2474: 2231:Fernando, the Saint Prince 1870:(Muhammad I) succeeds him. 1598: 1241: 1236: 762:Tangier International Zone 691:French conquest of Morocco 10803: 10755: 10272: 9676: 9375: 9299: 9231: 9168: 9159: 9092: 9083: 9000: 8991: 8964:Prefectures and provinces 8949: 8940: 8929: 8881: 8850: 8804: 8773: 8747: 8738: 8652: 8464: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8373: 7879:La grande mosquée de Taza 7701:(in Arabic). pp. 5–7 7534:Marçais, Georges (1954). 7418:Balbale, Abigail (2017). 6986:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 6869:The New Islamic dynasties 6672:. Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk 6621:The New Islamic Dynasties 6595:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 6567:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 6272:Powers, David S. (2002). 6134:Ahmed Khaneboubi (2008). 5963:General History of Africa 5928:The New Islamic Dynasties 5827:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 5760:. Routledge. p. 49. 5635: 5633: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5479: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4906: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4460: 4458: 4357: 4355: 4254: 4252: 4151: 4149: 4048: 4046: 3945: 3943: 3842: 3840: 3739: 3737: 3580:(1361–1365; second reign) 3572:Abu 'Amr Tashfin ibn 'Ali 3493:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq 3365:on the hills overlooking 3340:Mosque of Sidi Abu Madyan 3269:was conquered in 1492 by 2698:founded in 1321 (and the 2684:Mosque of the Andalusians 2332: 1916:1274: The Marinids seize 1875:Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq 1406: 1074:. It was named after the 482:Territorial fragmentation 219: 209: 205: 195: 185: 181: 173: 169: 157: 147:• 1215–1217 (first) 145: 141: 131: 121: 107: 97: 87: 82:Ruling dynasty of Morocco 77: 65: 60: 34: 8155:. Yale University Press. 8095:Parker, Richard (1981). 8060:Parker, Richard (1981). 7892:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 7877:Terrasse, Henri (1943). 7475:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 6366:Idris El Hareir (2011). 5946:Encyclopædia Universalis 5757:Atlas of Islamic History 3602:Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris 3518:Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Nasir 2341:Marinid soldiers in the 1868:Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq 1823:Remnants of the city of 583:other political entities 159:• 1420–1465 (last) 10872:15th century in Morocco 10867:14th century in Morocco 10862:13th century in Morocco 8347:Encyclopædia Britannica 8332:JULIEN, Charles-André, 8211:Salmon, Xavier (2021). 8123:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 7735:Ibn Rushd's Metaphysics 7206:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006). 7185:عاصم, محمد رزق (2006). 6853:Julien, Charles-André, 6374:. UNESCO. p. 420. 5902:Encyclopædia Britannica 3590:Abu Zayyan Muhammad III 2821:al-Dhakhîrah as-Sanîyya 2728:Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan 2449:lands as compensation. 2344:Cantigas de Santa Maria 2107:Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman 2026:Abu al-Hasan ibn Uthman 1987:succeeds to the throne. 1940:Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr 1586:holding on to Algeciras 1304: 852:Western Sahara conflict 98:Official languages 8791:Barghawata Confederacy 8301:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7791:Battutah, Ibn (2002). 7753:A la découverte de Fès 7647:Irwin, Robert (2019). 7304:Kennedy, Hugh (1996). 7116:مظاهر الحضارة المغربية 6202:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3578:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 3554:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 3446:List of Marinid rulers 3394: 3332:Mosque of al-Mansourah 3300: 3281:) fled to Morocco and 3228: 3058: 3027:Bavarian State Library 2935: 2880: 2859: 2810: 2688:Grand Mosque of Meknes 2678: 2652:). The madrasa in the 2623: 2377: 2356:Ambrosio Huici Miranda 2351:Spanish Historian and 2348: 2211:1418: Abu Said Uthman 2073:1350: Construction of 1857:Uthman ibn Abd al-Haqq 1832: 1816: 1804: 1062:) and of the southern 595:Principality of Debdou 486:(10th–11th century AD) 197:• Disestablished 10780:Medieval great powers 9071:Western Sahara status 8851:European protectorate 8760:Kingdom of Mauretania 7397:. Brill. p. 87. 7046:. Simon and Schuster. 6333:Fromherz, Allen James 3480:Abu Ma'ruf Muhammad I 3384: 3359:Marinid Royal Gardens 3291: 3251:Moroccan architecture 3216: 3126:Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz 3082:Mosque of the Prophet 3042: 2927:The banner of Sultan 2926: 2911:by the son of Sultan 2875: 2823:probably composed by 2796: 2663: 2607: 2372: 2340: 2223:Portuguese expedition 1842:Yusuf II Al-Mustansir 1822: 1810: 1798: 1399:(1259–1286) captured 462:Barghwata confederacy 420:(8th–10th century AD) 108:Common languages 10902:Dynasties of Morocco 10887:1240s establishments 10882:History of Gibraltar 10790:European colonialism 10775:Ancient great powers 8979:World Heritage Sites 8868:Spanish Protectorate 8765:Mauretania Tingitana 8367:at Wikimedia Commons 5959:Niane, D.T. (1981). 5863:Encyclopédie berbère 3632:Abu Sa'id Uthman III 3530:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 3328:Great Mosque of Taza 3209:Moorish architecture 3179:and precious woods. 3160:geometric decoration 2944:Battle of Rio Salado 2919:Textiles and banners 2889:Great Mosque of Taza 2878:Great Mosque of Taza 2395:Charles-André Julien 2246:Afonso V of Portugal 2195:Henry III of Castile 2036:Battle of Rio Salado 1996:Abu al-Rabi Sulayman 1761:improve this article 1733:Chronology of events 1627:improve this article 1582:Battle of Río Salado 1435:improve this article 1143:Battle of Río Salado 1098:tribe. It ruled the 733:Spanish protectorate 640:Hispano-Moroccan War 497:Caliphate of Córdoba 455:Emirate of Sijilmasa 396:Mauretania Tingitana 10785:Modern great powers 8863:French Protectorate 6857:, Payot 1931, p.196 3556:(1358; first reign) 3536:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 3351:Royal Palace of Fes 3294:Mosque of Mansourah 3220:of the Marinid-era 3136:school such as the 2952:Cathedral of Toledo 2933:Cathedral of Toledo 2784:Ben Youssef Madrasa 2646:and jurisprudence ( 2489:and more uniformly 2221:1437: Failure of a 1525:Al-Attarine Madrasa 1487:Strait of Gibraltar 1139:Strait of Gibraltar 830:Moulay Bouazza plot 728:French protectorate 669:Treaty of Algeciras 630:Franco-Moroccan War 401:Exarchate of Africa 187:• Established 9142:Telecommunications 8127:. Paris: LienArt. 7695:Ibn Abi Zar, Ali. 7458:, pp. 154–157 7162:History of Morocco 6509:. IslamKotob. 3474:Abu Sa'id Uthman I 3395: 3301: 3255:Emirate of Granada 3247:geometric patterns 3229: 3122:Al-Khalil (Hebron) 3059: 2936: 2881: 2837:Emirate of Granada 2831:, Algiers, 1920). 2811: 2679: 2672:Bou Inania Madrasa 2624: 2584:Berber (Tamazight) 2570:, and other more " 2349: 2239:Edward of Portugal 2206:John I of Portugal 2089:Bou Inania Madrasa 2075:Bou Inania madrasa 1923:1276: Founding of 1833: 1817: 1805: 1562:kingdom of Tlemcen 1532:Emirate of Granada 1483:Kingdom of Castile 1473:ceded the town of 1471:Nasrids of Granada 1127:Emirate of Granada 982:History portal 968:Morocco portal 864:Hirak Rif Movement 859:2011–2012 protests 10842:Marinid Sultanate 10829: 10828: 10751: 10750: 10716:Polish–Lithuanian 9891:Gurjara-Pratihara 9335: 9334: 9295: 9294: 9155: 9154: 9079: 9078: 9010:Foreign relations 8987: 8986: 8927: 8926: 8694: 8693: 8610: 8609: 8453:Islamic dynasties 8420: 8419: 8414: 8407:Succeeded by 8363:Media related to 7456:978-0-313-32061-3 7446:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 7404:978-90-04-44858-2 7240:978-0-7100-6614-5 7171:978-2-262-03816-8 7157:Histoire du Maroc 7099:978-0-8122-0463-6 7072:978-1-000-90044-6 6878:978-0-231-10714-3 6750:Shatzmiller, Maya 6465:978-1-136-77161-3 6438:978-0-748-64497-1 6408:978-1-315-51107-8 6352:978-0-7486-5418-5 6318:978-84-96556-34-8 6289:978-0-521-81691-5 6258:978-0-521-33767-0 6147:978-2-296-06644-1 6120:978-1-4008-7669-3 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5699: 5585: 5567: 5549: 5425: 5407: 5385: 5367: 5349: 5331: 5202: 5182: 5164: 5146: 5002: 4984: 4966: 4850: 4828: 4708: 4690: 4672: 4654: 4524: 3542:Abu al-Hasan 'Ali 3462:from 1216 to 1244 3397:According to the 3385:The main gate of 3292:The ruins of the 2893:Qarawiyyin Mosque 2829:Mohamed Bencheneb 2736:Bou Inana Madrasa 2708:Mesbahiya Madrasa 2706:in 1323, and the 2700:Sba'iyyin Madrasa 2103:Abu Salim Ibrahim 1936:Iberian Peninsula 1905:1269: Seizure of 1793: 1792: 1785: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1315:Battle of Alarcos 1154:Iberian Peninsula 1100:Marinid sultanate 1064:Iberian Peninsula 1020: 1019: 654:Treaty of Wad Ras 585: 502:Fatimid Caliphate 436:Umayyad Caliphate 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 253: 252: 248:Almohad Caliphate 55: 16:(Redirected from 10914: 10897:Berber dynasties 10632: 10631: 10297:Austro-Hungarian 9997:Chagatai Khanate 9362: 9355: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9315: 9308: 9256:Hassaniya Arabic 9166: 9165: 9090: 9089: 9032:Sûreté Nationale 8998: 8997: 8947: 8946: 8935: 8919:2011–12 protests 8796:Kingdom of Nekor 8745: 8744: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8698: 8697: 8643:Timeline of the 8637: 8630: 8623: 8614: 8613: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8412: 8392:Preceded by 8371: 8370: 8362: 8339: 8320: 8319: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8208: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8120: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8066: 8065: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8017: 8008: 8007: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7917: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7846: 7837: 7836: 7818: 7807: 7806: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7692: 7683: 7682: 7664: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7589: 7572: 7571: 7553: 7540: 7539: 7531: 7506: 7505: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7472: 7459: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7279: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7004: 7003: 6983: 6948: 6947: 6939: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6864: 6858: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6242: 6221: 6220: 6169: 6152: 6151: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6040: 6029: 6024:Ira M. Lapidus, 6022: 6016: 6015: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5854: 5843: 5842: 5824: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5751: 5697: 5583: 5565: 5547: 5423: 5403: 5383: 5365: 5347: 5327: 5200: 5180: 5162: 5144: 5000: 4982: 4964: 4848: 4826: 4706: 4688: 4670: 4652: 4522: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3524:Abu Thabit 'Amir 3424: 3344:Ben Salah Mosque 3338:(1303), and the 3222:Ben Salah Mosque 3184:Dar Batha museum 3021:commissioned by 3011: 3002: 2692:Saffarin Madrasa 2682:Qarawiyyin, the 2364: 2323:amīr al-mu'minīn 2319:amīr al-muslimīn 2215:but is defeated. 2137:puppet sovereign 1788: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1745: 1737: 1727:Wattasid dynasty 1654: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1611: 1603: 1547:Abu al-Hasan Ali 1462: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1419: 1411: 1360:Zayyanid dynasty 1158:Wattasid dynasty 1085: 1038: 1033: 1012: 1005: 998: 980: 979: 978: 966: 965: 964: 918:History by topic 795: 794: 757:Tangier Protocol 712: 711: 659:Treaty of Madrid 621: 620: 600:Republic of Salé 582: 540: 539: 488: 487: 450:Emirate of Nekor 422: 421: 370: 369: 311: 301: 283: 282: 269: 268: 261:Wattasid dynasty 257: 256: 244: 243: 237: 236: 221: 220: 116:Berber languages 70: 49: 44: 43: 42: 32: 31: 21: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10907:Sunni dynasties 10832: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10814:American Empire 10799: 10795:African empires 10747: 10630: 10322:Central African 10268: 10086:Romano-Germanic 9672: 9406:Middle Assyrian 9379: 9371: 9366: 9336: 9331: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9291: 9275:Moroccan people 9251:Moroccan Arabic 9227: 9151: 9097:Bank Al-Maghrib 9075: 8983: 8936: 8923: 8877: 8873:Operation Torch 8846: 8800: 8786:Idrisid dynasty 8769: 8734: 8725: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8648: 8641: 8611: 8606: 8460: 8450: 8416: 8411: 8410:Idrisid dynasty 8403: 8397: 8395:Almohad dynasty 8387: 8382: 8365:Marinid dynasty 8355: 8343:Marinid Dynasty 8337: 8329: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8308:. p. 573. 8296:Heinrichs, W.P. 8272:Shatzmiller, M. 8269: 8265: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8209: 8200: 8189: 8185: 8178: 8164: 8160: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8121: 8117: 8108: 8104: 8093: 8089: 8078: 8069: 8058: 8054: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7990: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7918: 7901: 7890: 7886: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7819: 7810: 7803: 7789: 7785: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7755:. L'Harmattan. 7749: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7665: 7656: 7645: 7641: 7630: 7626: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7590: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7543: 7532: 7509: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7473: 7462: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7416: 7412: 7405: 7387: 7383: 7368:10.2307/1595913 7362:(66): 113–143. 7356:Studia Islamica 7352: 7348: 7341: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7302: 7298: 7286: 7280: 7265: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7204: 7200: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7152: 7148: 7135: 7128: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7055: 7051: 7040: 7007: 7000: 6984: 6951: 6940: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6866:C.E. Bosworth, 6865: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6619:C.E. Bosworth, 6618: 6614: 6607: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6530: 6526: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6282:. p. 101. 6270: 6266: 6259: 6243: 6224: 6217: 6209:. p. 571. 6197:Heinrichs, W.P. 6173:Shatzmiller, M. 6170: 6155: 6148: 6140:. L'Harmattan. 6132: 6128: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6056: 6052: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6012: 5996: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5957: 5953: 5942:"MÉRINIDES LES" 5938: 5934: 5926:C.E. Bosworth, 5925: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5896: 5895: 5888: 5855: 5846: 5839: 5825: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5722: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5379:ibn Abd al-Aziz 5378: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4705: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4666:ibn Abd al-Haqq 4665: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4409: 4306: 4203: 4100: 3997: 3894: 3791: 3647: 3512:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 3499:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 3448: 3342:(1338–39). The 3275:Spanish Muslims 3211: 3205: 3152: 3118:Bijaya (Bougie) 3098:Masjid al-Haram 3068:Maghrebi script 3037: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3023:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 3014: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2992: 2921: 2870: 2862: 2602: 2597: 2580: 2513: 2482: 2477: 2413: 2358: 2335: 2327:sahib al-shurta 2299: 1985:Abu Thabit Amir 1803:in Fes, Morocco 1789: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1758: 1746: 1735: 1655: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1624: 1612: 1601: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1432: 1420: 1409: 1397:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 1311:Almohad dynasty 1307: 1244: 1239: 1024:Marinid dynasty 1016: 987: 976: 974: 962: 960: 951: 950: 949: 945:Imperial cities 890: 883: 875: 874: 873: 869:Abraham Accords 814:Moroccanization 798: 797: 792: 791: 790: 780: 779: 778: 740:French Conquest 715: 714: 709: 708: 707: 697: 696: 695: 624: 623: 618: 617: 616: 606: 605: 604: 590:Zawiya Dila'iya 584: 578: 543: 542: 537: 536: 535: 525: 524: 523: 491: 490: 485: 484: 483: 473: 472: 471: 467:Idrisid dynasty 431:Muslim conquest 425: 424: 419: 418: 417: 407: 406: 405: 373: 372: 367: 366: 365: 355: 354: 353: 321: 299: 292: 266: 241: 198: 188: 160: 148: 112:Maghrebi Arabic 73: 56: 37: 36:Marinid dynasty 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10920: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10640: 10638: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10596: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10552: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10361: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10324: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10278: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9836: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9750: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9678:Post-classical 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9533: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9477:Middle Kingdom 9474: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9433:Neo-Babylonian 9430: 9425: 9423:Old Babylonian 9415: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9373: 9372: 9365: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9317: 9316: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9287:Western Sahara 9284: 9283: 9282: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9237: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9132:Western Sahara 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9059:Prime Minister 9056: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8974:Western Sahara 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8749: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8724: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8701: 8692: 8691: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8605: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8585:(1666–present) 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8449: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8354: 8353:External links 8351: 8350: 8349: 8340: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8292:van Donzel, E. 8288:Bosworth, C.E. 8263: 8244:(2): 132–146. 8228: 8221: 8198: 8183: 8176: 8158: 8140: 8133: 8115: 8113:. h.f.ullmann. 8102: 8087: 8067: 8052: 8037: 8030: 8009: 8002: 7981: 7952: 7937: 7930: 7899: 7884: 7866: 7859: 7838: 7831: 7808: 7801: 7783: 7768: 7762:978-2343090221 7761: 7740: 7737:. p. 574. 7726: 7723:. p. 102. 7712: 7684: 7678:978-3902782311 7677: 7654: 7639: 7624: 7609: 7602: 7573: 7566: 7541: 7507: 7492: 7485: 7460: 7439: 7432: 7410: 7403: 7381: 7346: 7339: 7321: 7314: 7296: 7263: 7246: 7239: 7219: 7198: 7177: 7170: 7146: 7126: 7105: 7098: 7078: 7071: 7049: 7005: 6998: 6949: 6891: 6882: 6859: 6846: 6832: 6812: 6798: 6778: 6764: 6741: 6727: 6708: 6683: 6658: 6644: 6625: 6612: 6605: 6584: 6577: 6559: 6537: 6524: 6511: 6499: 6486: 6474: 6464: 6444: 6437: 6417: 6407: 6387: 6380: 6358: 6351: 6345:. p. 16. 6324: 6317: 6295: 6288: 6264: 6257: 6222: 6215: 6193:van Donzel, E. 6189:Bosworth, C.E. 6153: 6146: 6126: 6119: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6068: 6050: 6030: 6017: 6010: 5987: 5973: 5951: 5932: 5914: 5886: 5844: 5837: 5806: 5792: 5773: 5766: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5691:Abd al-Haqq II 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5570: 5568: 5552: 5550: 5541:Abd al-Aziz II 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5410: 5408: 5388: 5386: 5370: 5368: 5359:Musa ibn Faris 5352: 5350: 5334: 5332: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5185: 5183: 5167: 5165: 5149: 5147: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4987: 4985: 4969: 4967: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 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3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3447: 3444: 3400:Rawd al-Qirtas 3271:Catholic Spain 3259:Nasrid dynasty 3204: 3201: 3151: 3148: 3144:Malik ibn Anas 3106:Al-Aqsa Mosque 3090:Sultan Qalawun 3051:Malik ibn Anas 3016: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2920: 2917: 2901:cursive Arabic 2869: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2790:(near Rabat). 2696:Sahrij Madrasa 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2579: 2576: 2512: 2509: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2412: 2409: 2386:Al-Qalqashandi 2381:Amira Bennison 2368:Michel Abitbol 2334: 2331: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2283:popular revolt 2275: 2268: 2265: 2242: 2235:Pope Eugene IV 2219: 2216: 2213:besieges Ceuta 2209: 2202: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154:Kingdom of Fes 2150: 2143: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2064: 2061:Abu Inan Faris 2057: 2050:Hafsid dynasty 2046: 2043: 2032: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1988: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1932: 1921: 1914: 1903: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1860: 1849: 1813:Abu Inan Faris 1791: 1790: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1700:Abd al-Haqq II 1657: 1656: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1593:Abu Inan Faris 1557:. In 1337 the 1538:forces raided 1465: 1464: 1423: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1306: 1303: 1280:Moulouya River 1254:in modern-day 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1176:Abd al-Haqq II 1150:took Algeciras 1018: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1000: 992: 989: 988: 986: 985: 971: 956: 953: 952: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 921: 920: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 889:Morocco in the 885: 884: 882:Related topics 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 866: 861: 855: 854: 849: 844: 842:Madrid Accords 838: 837: 832: 827: 817: 816: 811: 806: 800: 799: 793:(1956–present) 787: 786: 785: 782: 781: 777: 776: 771: 765: 764: 759: 753: 752: 747: 742: 736: 735: 730: 724: 723: 717: 716: 704: 703: 702: 699: 698: 694: 693: 688: 683: 677: 676: 671: 666: 664:Tangier Crisis 661: 656: 650: 649: 647:Protégé system 643: 642: 637: 632: 626: 625: 613: 612: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 597: 592: 580: 579: 573: 568: 562: 561: 556: 551: 545: 544: 532: 531: 530: 527: 526: 522: 521: 516: 511: 505: 504: 499: 493: 492: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 470: 469: 464: 458: 457: 452: 446: 445: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 414: 413: 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 398: 393: 387: 386: 381: 375: 374: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 352: 351: 346: 344:Iberomaurusian 340: 339: 334: 329: 323: 322: 317: 316: 313: 312: 304: 303: 294: 293: 286: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 263: 254: 251: 250: 245: 233: 232: 227: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 167: 166: 164:Abd al-Haqq II 161: 158: 155: 154: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 58: 57: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10919: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10820: 10819:Soviet empire 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804:Miscellaneous 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 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10418: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10403:German Empire 10401: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10143:Turco-Persian 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 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9681: 9679: 9675: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9020:Alawi dynasty 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:Treaty of Fez 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8781:Berber Revolt 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774:Early Islamic 8772: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8651: 8646: 8638: 8633: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8442: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8415: 8413:Joutey branch 8402: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8372: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8284:Bianquis, Th. 8281: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8222:9782359063356 8218: 8214: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8177:9782350314907 8173: 8169: 8162: 8154: 8147: 8145: 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Larousse.fr 6547: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458:. Routledge. 6457: 6456: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6401:. Routledge. 6400: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6381:9789231041532 6377: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6185:Bianquis, Th. 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6071: 6069:9782350314907 6065: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6013: 6011:9780748621378 6007: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5992: 5976: 5974:9789231017100 5970: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5795: 5793:9780521209816 5789: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5767:9781317588979 5763: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726:Marinid Tombs 5724: 5723: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5694: 5644: 5642: 5590: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5563: 5562: 5545: 5544: 5510: 5507: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5457: 5430: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5404:r. 1374-1384, 5401: 5400: 5381: 5380: 5363: 5362: 5361:al-Mutawakkil 5345: 5344: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5291: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5239: 5231: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5198: 5197: 5192:Abd al-Aziz I 5178: 5177: 5160: 5159: 5142: 5141: 5140:al-Mutawakkil 5138:Faris ibn Ali 5123: 5120: 5112: 5110: 5102: 5100: 5092: 5090: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5070: 5054: 5052: 5036: 5034: 5023: 5021: 4998: 4997: 4980: 4979: 4962: 4961: 4943: 4940: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4894: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4871: 4869: 4846: 4845: 4824: 4823: 4801: 4798: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4758: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4727: 4704: 4703: 4686: 4685: 4668: 4667: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4636: 4628: 4626: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4520: 4519: 4516:Abd al-Haqq I 4489: 4487: 4435: 4433: 4386: 4384: 4332: 4330: 4283: 4281: 4229: 4227: 4180: 4178: 4126: 4124: 4077: 4075: 4023: 4021: 3974: 3972: 3920: 3918: 3871: 3869: 3817: 3815: 3768: 3766: 3714: 3712: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468:Abd al-Haqq I 3466: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3436:Leo Africanus 3433: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3376:Bab el-Mrissa 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363:Marinid Tombs 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330:in 1294, the 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197:Kasbah Mosque 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017:Pages from a 3010: 3001: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841:Ibn al-Khatib 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2803:al-Wansharisi 2800: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Ksar el-Kebir 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:Friday mosque 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028:succeeds him. 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998:succeeds him. 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1942:replaces him. 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853:Abd al-Haqq I 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1801:Marinid Tombs 1797: 1787: 1784: 1776: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1750:This section 1748: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1653: 1650: 1642: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1616:This section 1614: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1424:This section 1422: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Ksar el-Kebir 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1299:Abd al-Haqq I 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1278:oasis to the 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1180:revolt in Fez 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1104:Abd al-Haqq I 1102:, founded by 1101: 1097: 1096:Zenata Berber 1093: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1036:al-marīniyyūn 1029: 1025: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 993: 991: 990: 984: 983: 972: 970: 969: 958: 957: 955: 954: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 919: 916: 915: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 887: 886: 879: 878: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835:Years of lead 833: 831: 828: 826: 822: 819: 818: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 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190: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 162: 156: 153: 152:Abd al-Haqq I 150: 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 69: 64: 59: 53: 48: 47:al-marīniyyūn 33: 30: 19: 10570:Contemporary 10420:Indo-Persian 10408:Nazi Germany 10352:Contemporary 10254:Vijayanagara 10153:Great Seljuk 10064:Thessalonica 9992:Golden Horde 9632:Carthaginian 9411:Neo-Assyrian 9396:Neo-Sumerian 9233:Demographics 9188:Coat of arms 9173:Architecture 9042:Human rights 8826: 8564: 8400: 8384: 8375: 8333: 8327:Bibliography 8299: 8266: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8212: 8192: 8186: 8167: 8161: 8152: 8124: 8118: 8110: 8105: 8096: 8090: 8081: 8061: 8055: 8046: 8040: 8021: 7993: 7972:. 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Retrieved 5782: 5776: 5756: 5749: 5698:r. 1420-1465 5689:Abu Muhammad 5687: 5584:r. 1398-1420 5573: 5566:r. 1396-1398 5555: 5548:r. 1393-1396 5537: 5424:r. 1386-1387 5413: 5399:al-Mustansir 5393:Abu al-Abbas 5391: 5384:r. 1372-1374 5377:Muhammad III 5373: 5366:r. 1384-1386 5355: 5348:r. 1358-1359 5337: 5317: 5201:r. 1366-1372 5196:al-Mustansir 5188: 5181:r. 1361-1362 5170: 5163:r. 1359-1361 5152: 5145:r. 1348-1358 5134: 5001:r. 1331-1348 4992:Abu al-Hasan 4990: 4983:r. 1308-1310 4974:Abu al-Rabi' 4972: 4965:r. 1307-1309 4954: 4849:r. 1310-1331 4838: 4827:r. 1286-1307 4816: 4707:r. 1258-1286 4696: 4689:r. 1244-1258 4682:Abu Bakr ibn 4678: 4671:r. 1240-1244 4660: 4653:r. 1217-1240 4646:Uthman I ibn 4642: 4523:r. 1195-1217 4514:Abu Muhammad 4512: 3505: 3504: 3486: 3485: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3414: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3348: 3313: 3302: 3283:North Africa 3240: 3230: 3203:Architecture 3181: 3153: 3137: 3131: 3073: 3060: 3053:, copied in 3044: 2984: 2976: 2956: 2937: 2929:Abu al-Hasan 2913:Abu al-Hasan 2905: 2882: 2863: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2712:Grand Mosque 2680: 2665: 2647: 2625: 2581: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2532: 2525: 2514: 2501: 2500:, the first 2495: 2483: 2465: 2451: 2444: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2400: 2378: 2373: 2350: 2342: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2303: 2300: 2254:Pope Pius II 1956:is returned. 1931:("Old Fes"). 1825:al-Mansourah 1779: 1770: 1759:Please help 1754:verification 1751: 1704: 1693: 1687:and in 1415 1681: 1660: 1645: 1636: 1625:Please help 1620:verification 1617: 1590: 1588:until 1344. 1551:Abu al-Hasan 1544: 1529: 1522: 1511: 1495: 1491: 1468: 1453: 1444: 1433:Please help 1428:verification 1425: 1372: 1308: 1284: 1263: 1245: 1205: 1184: 1161: 1137:side of the 1117:and his son 1115:Abu al-Hasan 1108: 1099: 1091: 1075: 1052:North Africa 1023: 1021: 973: 959: 917: 823: / 706:Protectorate 581: 558: 379:Carthaginian 230:Succeeded by 229: 224: 29: 10158:Khwarezmian 10091:Carolingian 9896:Rashtrakuta 9600:Shaishunaga 9499:Hellenistic 9482:New Kingdom 9472:Old Kingdom 9047:LGBT rights 8959:Earthquakes 8909:Mohammed VI 8603:(1837–1969) 8597:(1711–1835) 8595:Karamanlids 8591:(1705–1957) 8579:(1549–1659) 8573:(1472–1554) 8567:(1269–1465) 8561:(1235–1556) 8555:(1229–1574) 8549:(1147–1269) 8543:(1059–1158) 8541:Khurasanids 8537:(1040–1147) 8531:(1008–1152) 8511:Sulaymanids 8481:Muhallabids 8378:Royal house 8338:(in French) 8306:E. J. BRILL 8280:Bearman, P. 6839:24 February 6805:24 February 6771:24 February 6734:24 February 6701:24 February 6676:24 February 6651:24 February 6552:24 February 6338:Ibn Khaldun 6207:E. J. BRILL 6181:Bearman, P. 5980:24 February 5907:24 February 5417:Muhammad IV 5397:Abd al-Aziz 5321:Muhammad II 5207:Abu al-Fadl 4702:Abd al-Haqq 4684:Abd al-Haqq 4648:Abd al-Haqq 3645:Family tree 3640:(1420–1465) 3634:(1398–1420) 3628:(1396–1397) 3622:(1393–1396) 3616:(1387–1393) 3610:(1386–1387) 3604:(1384–1386) 3598:(1373–1384) 3592:(1372–1374) 3586:(1365–1372) 3568:(1359–1361) 3562:(1358–1359) 3550:(1348–1358) 3544:(1331–1351) 3538:(1310–1331) 3532:(1308–1310) 3526:(1307–1308) 3520:(1286–1307) 3514:(1269–1286) 3501:(1258–1269) 3495:(1244–1258) 3482:(1240–1244) 3476:(1217–1240) 3470:(1215–1217) 3458:, based in 3367:Fes el-Bali 3168:interlacing 3116:. While in 3064:illuminated 3046:al-Muwatta' 2990:Manuscripts 2946:in 1340 by 2885:chandeliers 2853:Ibn Battuta 2833:Ibn Khaldun 2825:Ibn Abi Zar 2716:Fes el-Jdid 2704:al-Attarine 2644:Islamic law 2568:maraboutism 2491:Islamicized 2422:Banu Ma'qil 2390:Ibn Khaldun 2359: [ 2244:1458: King 2204:1415: King 2068:Black Death 2038:, close to 2019:Reconquista 2012:Ibn Battuta 1929:Fes el Bali 1815:(1348–1358) 1707:1465 revolt 1393:mercenaries 1210:, although 847:Green March 298:History of 225:Preceded by 126:Sunni Islam 10836:Categories 10728:Portuguese 10609:Revival Le 10599:Vietnamese 10242:Later Tran 10212:Vietnamese 10108:Singhasari 10096:Holy Roman 9720:Bulgarian 9656:Satavahana 9627:Phoenician 9563:Achaemenid 9524:Indo-Greek 9504:Macedonian 9418:Babylonian 9198:Literature 9122:Casablanca 9117:Investment 9054:Parliament 8889:Mohammed V 8817:Almoravids 8755:Prehistory 8535:Almoravids 8525:(973–1148) 8501:(790–1066) 8471:(710–1019) 8404:1269–1465 8385:Banu Marin 8315:9004081127 8276:"Marīnids" 7486:2723301591 6999:0521337674 6833:9004090827 6728:9004082654 6606:0521337674 6578:0521337674 6216:9004081127 6177:"Marīnids" 5838:0521337674 5741:References 5693:ibn Uthman 5577:Uthman III 5415:Abu Zayyan 5375:Abu Zayyan 5319:Abu Zayyan 4956:Abu Thabit 4844:ibn Ya'qub 4818:Abu Ya'qub 4700:Ya'qub ibn 4664:Muhammad I 4662:Abu Ma'ruf 4307:ibn Hamama 4202:Hamama ibn 3440:maqabriyya 3405:necropolis 3207:See also: 3193:arabesques 3077:Ibn Marzuq 2948:Alfonso XI 2849:Ibn Idhari 2845:Muhammad V 2720:Bou Inania 2686:, and the 2628:Qarawiyyin 2610:Bou Inania 2535:or sharifs 2522:Almohadism 2480:Population 2429:Ibn Marzuk 2418:Banu Hilal 2379:Historian 2297:Government 2066:1348: The 1974:Taroudannt 1947:Draa River 1938:. His son 1918:Sijilmassa 1896:Castilians 1894:1260: The 1578:Portuguese 1568:empire in 1559:Abdalwadid 1479:Al-Andalus 1469:After the 1344:Al-Andalus 1287:Al-Andalus 1198:golden age 1147:Castilians 1131:al-Andalus 1076:Banu Marin 549:Almoravids 391:Mauretania 332:Mousterian 319:Prehistory 10721:Couronian 10359:Ethiopian 10347:Manchukuo 10302:Brazilian 10148:Ghaznavid 10118:Srivijaya 10069:Trebizond 10054:Byzantine 10036:North Sea 10031:Norwegian 10019:Almoravid 10002:Ilkhanate 9972:Majapahit 9945:Muromachi 9854:Solomonic 9839:Ethiopian 9753:Caliphate 9686:Aragonese 9514:Ptolemaic 9241:Languages 9102:Companies 8942:Geography 8894:Hassan II 8832:Wattasids 8647:dynasties 8601:Senussids 8589:Husaynids 8571:Wattasids 8559:Zayyanids 8529:Hammadids 8519:(909–973) 8513:(814–922) 8507:(800–909) 8505:Aghlabids 8495:(788–985) 8489:(777–909) 8487:Rustamids 8483:(771–793) 8477:(757–976) 8475:Midrarids 8258:162998554 5881:1015-7344 5579:ibn Ahmad 5575:Abu Sa'id 5561:ibn Ahmad 5559:Abd Allah 5543:ibn Ahmad 5539:Abu Faris 5419:ibn Ahmad 5406:1387-1393 5395:Ahmad ibn 5357:Abu Faris 5343:ibn Faris 5339:Abu Yahya 5330:1362-1366 5323:ibn Faris 5190:Abu Faris 5154:Abu Salim 4978:ibn Yusuf 4842:Uthman II 4840:Abu Sa'id 4820:Yusuf ibn 4698:Abu Yusuf 4680:Abu Yahya 4644:Abu Sa'id 4518:ibn Mihyu 4408:Mihyu ibn 4101:ibn Wazir 3998:ibn Fajus 3893:Fajus ibn 3792:ibn Marin 3233:Almoravid 3226:Marrakesh 3173:marquetry 3110:Jerusalem 2979:Jumada II 2909:Gibraltar 2897:arabesque 2868:Metalwork 2780:Sijilmasa 2748:al-Jadida 2572:heterodox 2471:century. 2462:Catalonia 2272:Gibraltar 2168:Al-Wathiq 1907:Marrakesh 1773:July 2022 1723:Wattasids 1696:Wattasids 1668:Marrakesh 1639:July 2022 1536:Castilian 1507:Gibraltar 1475:Algeciras 1447:July 2022 1401:Marrakech 1268:Sijilmasa 1231:Alaouites 1219:sharifian 1072:Gibraltar 1070:) around 1032:المرينيون 745:Zaian War 710:(1912–56) 566:Wattasids 519:Maghrawas 327:Acheulean 122:Religion 61:1244–1465 41:المرينيون 10701:Japanese 10664:Scottish 10644:American 10636:Colonial 10565:Imperial 10533:Moroccan 10469:Japanese 10447:Afsharid 10306:Burmese 10292:Austrian 10247:Later Le 10222:Early Le 10207:Venetian 10133:Tiwanaku 10046:Hellenic 10009:Moroccan 9940:Kamakura 9930:Japanese 9913:Saffarid 9866:Georgian 9780:Chalukya 9758:Rashidun 9748:Calakmul 9716:Bruneian 9595:Haryanka 9573:Sasanian 9568:Parthian 9519:Bactrian 9509:Seleucid 9489:Goguryeo 9467:Egyptian 9401:Assyrian 9391:Akkadian 9382:Colonies 9322:Category 9280:diaspora 9213:Religion 9037:Military 8993:Politics 8827:Marinids 8822:Almohads 8812:Idrisids 8732:articles 8583:'Alawids 8565:Marinids 8547:Almohads 8517:Fatimids 8499:Ifranids 8493:Idrisids 8469:Salihids 8298:(eds.). 8274:(1991). 8238:Al-Masaq 7974:17 April 7964:"Qurʼan" 7780:. Brill. 7504:. Brill. 6946:. Brill. 6752:(2000). 6721:. 1987. 6335:(2011). 6199:(eds.). 6175:(1991). 5720:See also 5557:Abu Amir 5341:Abu Bakr 5328:r. 1358, 5172:Abu Umar 5136:Abu Inan 4976:Sulayman 4958:Amir ibn 4410:Abi Bakr 4305:Abu Bakr 4204:Muhammad 4099:Muhammad 3456:Almohads 3355:Alaouite 3305:madrasas 3263:Alhambra 3139:Muwatta' 2959:Muharram 2797:Part of 2764:Azemmour 2734:and the 2667:muqarnas 2636:madrasas 2578:Language 2539:Muhammad 2511:Religion 2487:arabized 2433:al-Umari 2411:Military 2287:Afonso V 2250:Ottomans 1925:Fes Jdid 1864:Uthman I 1838:Almohads 1672:Azemmour 1570:Ifriqiya 1518:madrasas 1514:Fes Jdid 1356:Ifriqiya 1264:en masse 1260:Bedouins 1227:Saadians 1223:Idrisids 1202:madrasas 1163:de facto 1135:European 1119:Abu Inan 1111:Almohads 1092:Ayt Mrin 1084:بنو مرين 1039:) was a 935:Military 930:Economic 809:Sand War 804:Ifni War 681:Hafidiya 559:Marinids 554:Almohads 514:Miknasas 509:Ifranids 289:a series 287:Part of 210:Currency 18:Marinids 10768:largest 10763:Empires 10743:Swedish 10738:Spanish 10733:Russian 10696:Italian 10671:Chinese 10659:English 10654:British 10649:Belgian 10624:Vietnam 10614:Tay son 10560:Tsarist 10555:Russian 10550:Ottoman 10516:Dzungar 10511:Khoshut 10484:Mexican 10479:Maratha 10462:Pahlavi 10442:Safavid 10437:Iranian 10364:Haitian 10327:Chinese 10287:Ashanti 10259:Wagadou 10185:Eastern 10180:Western 10163:Timurid 10123:Tibetan 10113:Songhai 10103:Serbian 10024:Almohad 10014:Idrisid 9918:Samanid 9908:Tahirid 9903:Iranian 9881:Kannauj 9861:Genoese 9797:Chinese 9790:Eastern 9785:Western 9773:Fatimid 9768:Abbasid 9763:Umayyad 9736:Burmese 9696:Ayyubid 9691:Angevin 9661:Xianbei 9649:Eastern 9644:Western 9590:Magadha 9553:Iranian 9546:Xiongnu 9531:Hittite 9440:Chinese 9428:Kassite 9377:Ancient 9369:Empires 9306:Outline 9183:Cuisine 9161:Culture 9137:Tourism 9127:Tangier 9085:Economy 9005:Cabinet 8969:Regions 8842:'Alawis 8748:Ancient 8740:History 8728:Morocco 8645:Maghreb 8577:Sa'dids 8553:Hafsids 8457:Maghreb 7968:wdl.org 7376:1595913 5799:28 July 5211:ibn Ali 5194:ibn Ali 5176:ibn Ali 5174:Tashfin 5158:ibn Ali 5156:Ibrahim 4994:Ali ibn 3389:, near 3387:Chellah 3372:Chellah 3336:Tlemcen 3320:Saadian 3298:Tlemcen 3267:Granada 3218:Minaret 3156:minbars 3150:Minbars 3057:in 1326 2967:cursive 2963:taffeta 2940:banners 2809:of Fes. 2788:Chellah 2752:Tangier 2621:Morocco 2613:Madrasa 2595:Culture 2533:shurafa 2475:Society 2467:jinetes 2370:writes: 2353:Arabist 2304:khalifa 2258:Tangier 2227:Tangier 2199:Tetouan 2175:Algiers 2098:months. 2091:in Fes. 1992:Tetouan 1911:Maghreb 1829:Tlemcen 1711:Sharifs 1677:Bedouin 1664:Hintata 1599:Decline 1574:Tripoli 1555:Maghreb 1364:Tlemcen 1352:Hafsids 1348:Castile 1328:Berkane 1295:Arabian 1282:basin. 1256:Algeria 1242:Origins 1237:History 1215:sheikhs 1190:Sunnism 1172:viziers 1168:regents 1123:Maghreb 1060:Tunisia 1056:Algeria 1048:Morocco 825:in 1972 750:Rif War 615:Decline 349:Capsian 337:Aterian 300:Morocco 174:History 88:Capital 10706:Mongol 10691:German 10686:French 10676:Danish 10619:Dainam 10594:Tongan 10582:Somali 10577:Sokoto 10543:'Alawi 10521:Kalmyk 10501:Mongol 10494:Second 10474:Korean 10425:Mughal 10415:Indian 10398:German 10391:Second 10381:French 10374:Second 10310:Second 10282:Afghan 10274:Modern 10200:Kyrgyz 10195:Uighur 10190:Second 10170:Turkic 10138:Toltec 10074:Epirus 10059:Nicaea 9982:Mongol 9935:Yamato 9871:Huetar 9729:Second 9666:Rouran 9615:Shunga 9610:Maurya 9585:Kushan 9558:Median 9536:Hunnic 9494:Harsha 9327:Portal 9268:French 9263:Berber 9246:Arabic 9178:Cinema 9112:Health 9107:Energy 8954:Cities 8882:Modern 8837:Saadis 8805:Empire 8730: 8523:Zirids 8459:region 8312: 8256: 8219: 8174: 8131: 8028: 8000: 7970:. 1306 7928: 7857: 7829: 7799: 7759: 7675: 7600: 7564: 7483: 7454: 7430: 7401: 7374: 7337: 7312: 7237: 7168: 7096: 7069: 6996: 6876: 6830: 6796: 6762: 6725: 6642: 6603: 6575: 6462: 6435: 6405: 6378: 6349: 6315: 6286: 6255: 6213: 6144: 6117: 6066: 6008: 5971: 5879: 5835: 5790: 5764: 4996:Uthman 3895:Jarmat 3790:Jarmat 3574:(1361) 3423:الروضة 3419:Arabic 3242:zellij 3237:stucco 3134:Maliki 3086:Medina 3031:Munich 3019:Qur'an 2772:Aghmat 2740:Meknes 2617:Meknes 2589:Arabic 2564:Sufism 2518:Maliki 2503:mellah 2437:Aragon 2333:Emblem 2279:Jewish 2166:1386: 2147:Nasrid 2101:1359: 2079:Meknes 2040:Tarifa 2010:1325: 1981:eunuch 1862:1240: 1851:1217: 1566:Hafsid 1505:, and 1503:Tarifa 1407:Apogee 1384:Meknes 1350:, the 1338:, and 1276:Figuig 1272:Figuig 1252:Biskra 1248:Zenata 1187:Maliki 1088:Berber 1080:Arabic 1044:Muslim 1041:Berber 1028:Arabic 940:Postal 925:Jewish 789:Modern 576:Alawis 571:Saadis 534:Empire 291:on the 177: 137: 133:Sultan 102:Arabic 78:Status 10756:Lists 10711:Omani 10681:Dutch 10587:Isaaq 10538:Saadi 10506:Oirat 10489:First 10457:Qajar 10386:First 10369:First 10342:China 10315:Third 10175:First 10128:Tikal 10079:Morea 10049:Roman 9967:Latin 9962:Khmer 9957:Kanem 9923:Buyid 9849:Zagwe 9844:Aksum 9834:Chola 9741:First 9724:First 9711:Bornu 9706:Benin 9701:Aztec 9639:Roman 9620:Gupta 9605:Nanda 9541:White 9313:Index 9218:Sport 9208:Music 9203:Media 9147:Trade 8914:2000s 8904:1990s 8899:1970s 8278:. In 8254:S2CID 7372:JSTOR 7287:(PDF) 7212:[ 7191:[ 7160:[ 7119:[ 6695:(PDF) 6670:(PDF) 6623:, 42. 6520:Conde 6179:. 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