Mercury (element) - Knowledge

6120: 4160: 4203: 5880: 4176: 4191: 2782: 6003: 4273: 2205: 46: 1422: 3675: 4673: 4281: 5803: 3961:, though earlier attempts at making temperature-measuring instruments filled with quicksilver had been described in the 1650s. Fahrenheit's mercury thermometer was based on an earlier design that used alcohol rather than mercury; the mercury thermometer was significantly more accurate than those using alcohol. From the early 21st century onwards, the use of mercury thermometers has been declining, and mercury-containing instruments have been banned in many jurisdictions following the 1998 4678: 4668: 2566: 4797: 1478: 1902: 3272: 5815: 4864: 6393:, passed in 1990, put mercury on a list of toxic pollutants that need to be controlled to the greatest possible extent. Thus, industries that release high concentrations of mercury into the environment agreed to install maximum achievable control technologies (MACT). In March 2005, the EPA promulgated a regulation that added power plants to the list of sources that should be controlled and instituted a national 3218: 6290:, irritability, excitability, excessive shyness, and insomnia. With continuing exposure, a fine tremor develops and may escalate to violent muscular spasms. Tremor initially involves the hands and later spreads to the eyelids, lips, and tongue. Long-term, low-level exposure has been associated with more subtle symptoms of erethism, including fatigue, irritability, loss of memory, vivid dreams and depression. 4504:, that was common in the middle of the 20th century. It was used in a wide variety of applications and was available in various sizes, particularly button sizes. Its constant voltage output and long shelf life gave it a niche use for camera light meters and hearing aids. The mercury cell was effectively banned in most countries in the 1990s due to concerns about the mercury contaminating landfills. 3796:, a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 19th century for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. The mercury-containing organohalide 4800: 6007: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6010: 4802: 3762:, or taken long term, and can have adverse effects at therapeutic doses, though effects from therapeutic doses are typically reversible. Although this form of mercury appears to be less toxic than other forms, its use in traditional Chinese medicine has not yet been justified, as the therapeutic basis for the use of cinnabar is not clear. 6008: 4452:. Disadvantages were concerns regarding environmental impact associated with ground testing and concerns about eventual cooling and condensation of some of the propellant on the spacecraft in long-duration operations. The first spaceflight to use electric propulsion was a mercury-fueled ion thruster developed at 6467:

enacted a total ban on the use of mercury in the manufacturing and import/export of mercury products, effective 1 January 2008. In 2002, several lakes in Norway were found to have a poor state of mercury pollution, with an excess of 1 μg/g of mercury in their sediment. In 2008, Norway's Minister

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Atmospheric mercury contamination in outdoor urban air at the start of the 21st century was measured at 0.01–0.02 μg/m. A 2001 study measured mercury levels in 12 indoor sites chosen to represent a cross-section of building types, locations and ages in the New York area. This study found mercury

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Because of the high toxicity of mercury, both the mining of cinnabar and refining for mercury are hazardous and historic causes of mercury poisoning. In China, prison labor was used by a private mining company as recently as the 1950s to develop new cinnabar mines. Thousands of prisoners were used by

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reducing the orbit radius of the outermost electrons, and thus weakening the metallic bonding in mercury. Upon freezing, the volume of mercury decreases by 3.59% and its density changes from 13.69 g/cm when liquid to 14.184 g/cm when solid. The coefficient of volume expansion is 181.59 × 10

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said: "Mercury is among the most dangerous environmental toxins. Satisfactory alternatives to Hg in products are available, and it is therefore fitting to induce a ban." Products containing mercury were banned in Sweden in 2009, while elemental mercury has been banned from manufacture and use in all

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system. States were given until November 2006 to impose stricter controls, but after a legal challenge from several states, the regulations were struck down by a federal appeals court on 8 February 2008. The rule was deemed not sufficient to protect the health of persons living near coal-fired power

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to the uninformed. Procedures have been developed to contain mercury spills, as well as recommendations on appropriate responses based on the conditions of a spill. Tracking liquid mercury away from the site of a spill is a major concern in liquid mercury spills; regulations emphasize containment of

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Due to its physical properties and relative chemical inertness, liquid mercury is absorbed very poorly through intact skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Mercury vapor is the primary hazard of elemental mercury. As a result, containers of mercury are securely sealed to avoid spills and evaporation.

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use a basin of mercury to form a flat and absolutely horizontal mirror, useful in determining an absolute vertical or perpendicular reference. Concave horizontal parabolic mirrors may be formed by rotating liquid mercury on a disk, the parabolic form of the liquid thus formed reflecting and focusing

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Mercury spills pose an immediate threat to people handling the material, in addition to being an environmental hazard if the material is not contained properly. This is of particular concern for visible mercury, or mercury in liquid state, as its unusual appearance and behavior for a metal makes it

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made from mercury; this sodium is then reacted with water to produce sodium hydroxide. Many of the industrial mercury releases of the 20th century came from this process, although modern plants claim to be safe in this regard. From the 1960s onward, the majority of industrial plants moved away from

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all treat mercury as an occupational hazard; both OSHA and NIOSH, among other regulatory agencies, have established specific occupational exposure limits on the element and its derivative compounds in liquid and vapor form. Environmental releases and disposal of mercury are regulated in the U.S.

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configuration with a secondary water circuit, for a number of years starting in the late 1920s in a drive to improve plant efficiency. Several other plants were built, including the Schiller Station in Portsmouth, NH, which went online in 1950. The idea did not catch on industry-wide due to the

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with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1%

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in order to help the gold to sink through the flowing water-gravel mixture. Thin gold particles may form mercury-gold amalgam and therefore increase the gold recovery rates. Large-scale use of mercury stopped in the 1960s. However, mercury is still used in small scale, often clandestine, gold

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Bluhm, RE; Bobbitt, RG; Welch, LW; Wood, AJJ; Bonfiglio, JF; Sarzen, C; Heath, AJ; Branch, RA (1992). "Elemental Mercury Vapour Toxicity, Treatment, and Prognosis After Acute, Intensive Exposure in Chloralkali Plant Workers. Part I: History, Neuropsychological Findings and Chelator effects".

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are the largest aggregate source (40% of U.S. mercury emissions in 1999). This includes power plants fueled with gas where the mercury has not been removed. Emissions from coal combustion are between one and two orders of magnitude higher than emissions from oil combustion, depending on the

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Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood. An example of the early therapeutic application of mercury of was published in 1787 by

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are historically important but are of little industrial value in the western world. Mercury(II) salts are a rare example of simple metal complexes that react directly with aromatic rings. Organomercury compounds are always divalent and usually two-coordinate and linear geometry. Unlike

6286:. Acute exposure to mercury vapor has been shown to result in profound central nervous system effects, including psychotic reactions characterized by delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency. Occupational exposure has resulted in broad-ranging functional disturbance, including 8237:

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plants, given the negative effects documented in the EPA Study Report to Congress of 1998. However newer data published in 2015 showed that after introduction of the stricter controls mercury declined sharply, indicating that the Clean Air Act had its intended impact.

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All known mercury compounds exhibit one of two positive oxidation states: I and II. Experiments have failed to unequivocally demonstrate any higher oxidation states: both the claimed 1976 electrosynthesis of an unstable Hg(III) species and 2007 cryogenic isolation of

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Article 4 Paragraph 1. e.g. "Member States shall ensure that, from July 1, 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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11% from gold production. The three largest point sources for mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines. Hydrogeochemical release of mercury from gold-mine tailings has been accounted as a significant source of atmospheric mercury in eastern

6386:, passed in 1996, phases out the use of mercury in batteries, and provides for the efficient and cost-effective disposal of many types of used batteries. North America contributed approximately 11% of the total global anthropogenic mercury emissions in 1995. 6205:. Mercury present in prey fish accumulates in the predator that consumes them. Since fish are less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, methylmercury concentrations in the fish tissue increase over time. Thus species that are high on the 3842:

in children, no evidence supports any such link. Nevertheless, thiomersal has been removed from, or reduced to trace amounts in, all U.S. vaccines recommended for children 6 years of age and under, with the exception of the inactivated influenza vaccine.

6263:. Symptoms typically include sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. The type and degree of symptoms exhibited depend upon the individual toxin, the dose, and the method and duration of exposure. 4202: 2636:), even small amounts of mercury can seriously corrode aluminium. For this reason, mercury is not allowed aboard an aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming an amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft. 12465: 8170:

Deming, Richard L.; Allred, A. L.; Dahl, Alan R.; Herlinger, Albert W.; Kestner, Mark O. (July 1976). "Tripositive mercury. Low temperature electrochemical oxidation of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanemercury(II) tetrafluoroborate".

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Preindustrial deposition rates of mercury from the atmosphere may be about 4 ng per 1 L of ice deposited. Volcanic eruptions and related natural sources are responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury emissions.

4159: 3206:. Initially, the Spanish Crown's mines in Almadén in Southern Spain supplied all the mercury for the colonies. Mercury deposits were discovered in the New World, and more than 100,000 tons of mercury were mined from the region of 2998:, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health, although it is now known that exposure to mercury vapor leads to serious adverse health effects. The first emperor of a unified China, 3847:(Mercurochrome), another mercury compound, is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes in some countries. Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. 6005: 4113:

for calibration of spectral position. Commercial calibration lamps are sold for this purpose; reflecting a fluorescent ceiling light into a spectrometer is a common calibration practice. Gaseous mercury is also found in some

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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Heating of mercury, or of compounds of mercury that may decompose when heated, should be carried out with adequate ventilation in order to minimize exposure to mercury vapor. The most toxic forms of mercury are its

4175: 3792:(along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. It is also used as a disinfectant. 4686: 12277: 4324: 6099:

measured total mercury at 0.01 to 12.07 mg/kg with mean of 2.10 mg/kg and median of 0.85 mg/kg (n=351). The highest mercury concentrations were shown to occur in and around the city of

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Liang, Y. X.; Sun, R. K.; Sun, Y.; Chen, Z. Q.; Li, L. H. (1993). "Psychological effects of low exposure to mercury vapor: Application of computer-administered neurobehavioral evaluation system".

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efforts are cutting back or eliminating mercury in such products. For example, the amount of mercury sold in thermostats in the United States decreased from 14.5 tons in 2004 to 3.9 tons in 2007.

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limits the concentration of mercury in such whiteners to 1 part per million. However, as of 2022, many commercially sold whitener products continue to exceed that limit, and are considered toxic.

3693:, while most of the other applications are slowly being phased out due to health and safety regulations. In some applications, mercury is replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive 2167:

and other devices, although concerns about the element's toxicity have led to the phasing out of such mercury-containing instruments. It remains in use in scientific research applications and in

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ruler of Egypt (r. 884–896), known for his extravagance and profligacy, reportedly built a basin filled with mercury, on which he would lie on top of air-filled cushions and be rocked to sleep.

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utilises mercury in a linear ion-trap-based clock. The novel use of mercury permits the creation of compact atomic clocks with low energy requirements ideal for space probes and Mars missions.

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to extract silver from ore using mercury, mercury became an essential resource in the economy of Spain and its American colonies. Mercury was used to extract silver from the lucrative mines in

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filled tubes, inconsistent red and blue spots are produced in the light emissions until the initial burning-in process is completed; eventually it will light a consistent dull off-blue color.

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Azziz-Baumgartner, E; Luber, G; Schurz-Rogers, H; Backer, L; Belson, M; Kieszak, S; Caldwell, K; Lee, B; Jones, R (2007). "Exposure assessment of a mercury spill in a Nevada school -- 2004".

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Some facial creams contain dangerous levels of mercury. Most contain comparatively non-toxic inorganic mercury, but products containing highly toxic organic mercury have been encountered.

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in association with fine grain muds and high total organic carbon content. The strong affinity of mercury for carbon rich sediments has also been observed in salt marsh sediments of the

6042:, studies have largely failed to discover a significant correlation between smoking and mercury uptake by humans compared to sources such as occupational exposure, fish consumption, and 8494: 6333:

with both drugs resulted in the mobilization of a small fraction of the total estimated body mercury. DMSA was able to increase the excretion of mercury to a greater extent than NAP.

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Maprani, Antu C.; Al, Tom A.; MacQuarrie, Kerry T.; Dalziel, John A.; Shaw, Sean A.; Yeats, Phillip A. (2005). "Determination of Mercury Evasion in a Contaminated Headwater Stream".

9914: 3368:. Stable derivatives include the chloride and nitrate. Treatment of Hg(I) compounds complexation with strong ligands such as sulfide, cyanide, etc. and induces disproportionation to 8984: 5762: 4801: 5757: 3249:

Mine, the last mercury mine in the United States, closed in 1992. The price of mercury has been highly volatile over the years and in 2006 was $ 650 per 76-pound (34.46 kg)

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Former mines in Italy, the United States and Mexico, which once produced a large proportion of the world supply, have now been completely mined out or, in the case of Slovenia (

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of mercury, arises when the metal is exposed to air for long periods at elevated temperatures. It reverts to the elements upon heating near 400 °C, as was demonstrated by

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Meera Senthilingam, "Skin whitening creams containing high levels of mercury continue to be sold on the world's biggest e-commerce sites, new report finds", 9 March 2022, CNN

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Bay, Japan, between 1932 and 1968. It is estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as

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Parker SK, Todd J, Schwartz B, Pickering LK (January 2005). "Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data".

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Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. Compared to other metals, it is a poor conductor of heat, but a fair conductor of electricity.

6107:, with a mean concentration of 2 mg/kg, up to 5 mg/kg. These concentrations are far higher than those in the salt marsh river creek sediments of New Jersey and 3150:; it has an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million (ppm) and is the 66th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. Because it does not blend 3006:

that contained rivers of flowing mercury on a model of the land he ruled, representative of the rivers of China—was reportedly killed by drinking a mercury and powdered

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Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Commission on Life Sciences; National Research Council (2000).

6383: 12304: 7626: 4803: 12080: 12049: 8981:"Title 21—Food and Drugs Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Subchapter D—Drugs for Human Use Code of federal regulations" 7592: 3444:

Mercury(II) is the most common oxidation state and is the main one in nature as well. All four mercuric halides are known and have been demonstrated to form linear

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Yu, Jin-Gang; Yue, Bao-Yu; Wu, Xiong-Wei; Liu, Qi; Jiao, Fei-Peng; Jiang, Xin-Yu; Chen, Xiao-Qing (1 December 2015). "Removal of mercury by adsorption: a review".

11139:"How incense and joss paper burning during the worship activities influences ambient mercury concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments of an Asian temple?" 9633:"The evaluation of total mercury and arsenic in skin bleaching creams commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago and their potential risk to the people of the Caribbean" 8827:

Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, Pickering LK (2004). "Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data".

7015: 3128:(now Slovenia) dominated mercury production from the opening of the mine in Almadén 2500 years ago, until new deposits were found at the end of the 19th century. 4811: 4402:. Its superconductive properties were later determined to be unusual compared to other later-discovered superconductors, such as the more popular niobium alloys. 14908: 12269: 4480:

gas to be a suitable replacement. Xenon is now the preferred propellant for ion engines, as it has a high molecular weight, little or no reactivity due to its

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Cocoros, Glenn; Cahn, Phyllis H.; Siler, William (November 1973). "Mercury concentrations in fish, plankton and water from three Western Atlantic estuaries".

3317:. Water run-off from such sites is a recognized source of ecological damage. Former mercury mines may be suited for constructive re-use; for example, in 1976 10885:

Ciriminna, Rosaria; Falletta, Ermelinda; Della Pina, Cristina; Teles, Joaquim Henrique; Pagliaro, Mario (2016). "Industrial Applications of Gold Catalysis".

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directive calling for energy-efficient lightbulbs to be made mandatory by 2012 encouraged China to re-open cinnabar mines to obtain the mercury required for

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became an alternative name for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name survives, as it was decided it was preferable to

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Berlincourt, T. G. & Hake, R. R. (1962). "Pulsed-Magnetic-Field Studies of Superconducting Transition Metal Alloys at High and Low Current Densities".

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systems. Advantages were mercury's high molecular weight, low ionization energy, low dual-ionization energy, high liquid density and liquid storability at

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at 0 °C, 181.71 × 10 at 20 °C and 182.50 × 10 at 100 °C (per °C). Solid mercury is malleable and ductile, and can be cut with a knife.

9043:. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Archived from 8758: 6067:

the visible mercury as the first course of action, followed by monitoring of mercury vapors and vapor cleanup. Several products are sold as mercury spill

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The above percentages are estimates of the global human-caused mercury emissions in 2000, excluding biomass burning, an important source in some regions.

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is an exception, and iron flasks have traditionally been used to transport the material. Several other first row transition metals with the exception of

6456:. The ban applies to new devices only, and contains exemptions for the health care sector and a two-year grace period for manufacturers of barometers. 10964: 7514: 6687: 4409:

were installed to increase the efficiency of fossil-fuel electrical power plants. The South Meadow power plant in Hartford, CT employed mercury as its

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Martín Gil, J.; Martín Gil, F. J.; Delibes de Castro, G.; Zapatero Magdaleno, P.; Sarabia Herrero, F. J. (1995). "The first known use of vermillion".

7411: 12749: 12199: 10182: 8020: 4365:, and many other laboratory instruments took advantage of mercury's properties as a very dense, opaque liquid with a nearly linear thermal expansion. 11746: 10308: 7723: 6922: 3355:

Unlike its lighter neighbors, cadmium and zinc, mercury usually forms simple stable compounds with metal-metal bonds. Most mercury(I) compounds are

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banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in December 1941. The psychological symptoms associated with mercury poisoning inspired the phrase "

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concentrations significantly elevated over outdoor concentrations, at a range of 0.0065 – 0.523 μg/m. The average was 0.069 μg/m.

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Xuefang Wang; Andrews, Lester; Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2007). "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF

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are cheaper than conventional large mirror telescopes by up to a factor of 100, but the mirror cannot be tilted and always points straight up.

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Brown, I. D.; Gillespie, R. J.; Morgan, K. R.; Tun, Z.; Ummat, P. K. (1984). "Preparation and crystal structure of mercury hexafluoroniobate (

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but the spectral identifications are disputed in {{Cite journal |title=Mercury-fluorine interactions: a matrix isolation investigation of Hg⋯F

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Tresca, Cesare; Profeta, Gianni; Marini, Giovanni; Bachelet, Giovanni B.; Sanna, Antonio; Calandra, Matteo; Boeri, Lilia (3 November 2022).

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skills, and sleep disturbance in workers with chronic exposure to mercury vapor even at low concentrations in the range 0.7–42 μg/m.

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Mercury also enters into the environment through the improper disposal of mercury-containing products. Due to health concerns (see below),

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contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. Because mercury and methylmercury are fat soluble, they primarily accumulate in the

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is proposed for reactors cooled with liquid metal, because the high density of mercury requires much more energy to circulate as coolant.

12719: 11822:"Population-Based Inorganic Mercury Biomonitoring and the Identification of Skin Care Products as a Source of Exposure in New York City" 10695: 9033: 8394: 7227: 6448:) and batteries (the limit is 5 ppm). In July 2007, the European Union also banned mercury in non-electrical measuring devices, such as 6274:

A study has shown that acute exposure (4–8 hours) to calculated elemental mercury levels of 1.1 to 44 mg/m resulted in chest pain,

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O. This process separated the fur from the pelt and matted it together. This solution and the vapors it produced were highly toxic. The

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Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some

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to produce chlorine, though 11% of the chlorine made in the United States was still produced with the mercury cell method as of 2005.

3399:, a colorless gas, has the formula HgH, containing no Hg-Hg bond; however, the gas has only ever been observed as isolated molecules. 2951:—were associated with the seven planets. Quicksilver was associated with the fastest planet, which had been named after the Roman god 7492: 6432:) bans mercury from certain electrical and electronic products, and limits the amount of mercury in other products to less than 1000 6201:, although they are also found throughout the muscle tissue. Mercury presence in fish muscles can be studied using non-lethal muscle 4292:

Many historic applications made use of the peculiar physical properties of mercury, especially as a dense liquid and a liquid metal:

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has "inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness" of the mercury ingredients in these products.

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Anderegg, G.; Schwarzenbach, G.; Padmoyo, M.; Borg, Ö. F. (1958). "Monomolekular gelöstes Quecksilberhydroxyd und seine Basizität".

6329:(DMSA). In one small study including 11 construction workers exposed to elemental mercury, patients were treated with DMSA and NAP. 6241:

residents have been found to be exposed to significant levels of inorganic mercury compounds through the use of skin care products.

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use elemental mercury. This use allows a new uncontaminated electrode to be available for each measurement or each new experiment.

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In November 2014 "large quantities" of mercury were discovered in a chamber 60 feet below the 1800-year-old pyramid known as the "

14898: 4145:. An argon-filled lamp without mercury will have dull spots and will fail to light correctly. Lighting containing mercury can be 1531: 8105:"'Green' Lightbulbs Poison Workers: hundreds of factory staff are being made ill by mercury used in bulbs destined for the West" 6785: 3597:) is still occasionally used to test for ammonia owing to its tendency to form the deeply colored iodide salt of Millon's base. 6375: 4190: 7935: 4523:, interior latex paint, handheld maze games, cleaning, and road leveling devices in cars. Mercury compounds have been used in 2878: 12742: 12600: 12395: 12226: 10384: 10359: 10275: 10110: 9860: 9833: 9806: 9779: 9564: 9539: 9512: 9487: 9389: 9364: 9339: 9116: 8797: 8506: 8447: 8259: 8133: 7996: 7969: 7810: 7783: 7756: 7586: 7557: 7367: 7287: 7260: 7178: 7143: 7116: 6671: 6322: 5752: 2639: 2104:

natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. Exposure to mercury and mercury-containing organic compounds is toxic to the

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Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor. The equation for this extraction is:

12327:"Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment" 12072: 10578: 7610: 6351: 6298:

Research on the treatment of mercury poisoning is limited. Currently available drugs for acute mercurial poisoning include

5026: 2282: 12041: 7656: 6428:, the directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (see 6255:

Toxic effects include damage to the brain, kidneys and lungs. Mercury poisoning can result in several diseases, including

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Half of mercury emissions are attributed to mankind. The sources can be divided into the following estimated percentages:

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hats. Animal skins were rinsed in an orange solution (the term "carroting" arose from this color) of the mercury compound

3210:, Peru, over the course of three centuries following the discovery of deposits there in 1563. The patio process and later 7304: 5153: 5073: 4598: 4581: 3395:, with the connectivity Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl. It reacts with chlorine to give mercuric chloride, which resists further oxidation. 3279:

In 2020, China was the top producer of mercury, providing 88% of the world output (2200 out of 2500 tonnes), followed by

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Castro MS, Sherwell J (2015). "Effectiveness of Emission Controls to Reduce the Atmospheric Concentrations of Mercury".

12198:. United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Argued 6 December 2007, Decided 8 February 2008. 7011: 6473:

but a few applications (such as certain energy-saving light sources and amalgam dental fillings) in Denmark since 2008.

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was a play on words based on the older phrase, but the character himself does not exhibit symptoms of mercury poisoning.

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is charged with regulating and managing mercury contamination. Several laws give the EPA this authority, including the

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of mercury, −38.8344 °C, is a fixed point used as a temperature standard for the International Temperature Scale (

3003: 2553:. Mercury reacts with solid sulfur flakes, which are used in mercury spill kits to absorb mercury (spill kits also use 10670:"Glacial Ice Cores Reveal A Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Atmospheric Mercury Deposition for the Last 270 Years" 108: 14893: 12683: 11971: 11300: 10654: 9150: 8925: 8476: 8279:

Knight, Lon B. (1971). "Hyperfine Interaction, Chemical Bonding, and Isotope Effect in ZnH, CdH, and HgH Molecules".

7046: 6948: 6732: 6516:, which lies directly beneath mercury on the periodic table, is likely a liquid at standard pressure and temperature. 6053:, which is a common tradition practiced in Asia, including China, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia. 5603: 5508: 3758:. Review of its safety has found that cinnabar can lead to significant mercury intoxication when heated, consumed in 3325:

and created a county park on the site, after conducting extensive safety and environmental analysis of the property.

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Pacyna E G; Pacyna J M; Steenhuisen F; Wilson S (2006). "Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000".

10673: 8695:. Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington. Archived from 4181:

Skin tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which act both as light source and

14883: 14379: 12735: 12688: 12531: 12501: 11773:"Notes from the Field: Methylmercury Toxicity from a Skin Lightening Cream Obtained from Mexico — California, 2019" 8620: 7070: 6127:

Due to the health effects of mercury exposure, industrial and commercial uses are regulated in many countries. The

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purposes. Five of these date to the Classic Period of Maya civilization (c. 250–900) but one example predated this.

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Pike, Ashley C. W.; Garman, Elspeth F.; Krojer, Tobias; von Delft, Frank; Carpenter, Elisabeth P. (1 March 2016).

6880: 4768: 4130:. It is also used in specialist medical care lamps for skin tanning and disinfection. Gaseous mercury is added to 14045: 12701: 12170: 12144: 6967:

Norrby, L.J. (1991). "Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?".

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amass body burdens of mercury that can be ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called

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Mercury in the form of one of its common ores, cinnabar, is used in various traditional medicines, especially in

3735:

The first edition of the Merck's Manual (1899) featured many then-medically relevant mercuric compounds, such as

3322: 3026: 3015: 1198: 14807: 11433: 10501: 4212:

is a linear ion-trap-based mercury ion clock, designed for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space.

14502: 12136: 10406:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique

8754: 6488: 6347: 4296:

Quantities of liquid mercury ranging from 90 to 600 grams (3.2 to 21.2 oz) have been recovered from elite

4238: 4051: 3800:(sometimes sold as Mercurochrome) is still widely used but has been banned in some countries, such as the U.S. 3449: 3318: 2705:

with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day.

2248: 12421:

Berg, T; Fjeld, E; Steinnes, E (2006). "Atmospheric mercury in Norway: contributions from different sources".

11492:"Status of organic pollutants in surface sediments of Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary, New Jersey, USA" 10990:"Investigation of Toxic Metals in the Tobacco of Different Iranian Cigarette Brands and Related Health Issues" 6119: 3924:. By far the largest use of mercury in the late 20th century was in the mercury cell process (also called the 3689:, especially those used to measure high temperatures. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in 2601:

are also resistant in forming amalgams. Other elements that do not readily form amalgams with mercury include

14878: 12110: 10214: 9169:. (The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1, pp. 9–18.) 8780: 7518: 6367: 5783: 5233: 1920: 12342: 11029:

Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon (2011).

10971: 8522:

Surmann, P; Zeyat, H (November 2005). "Voltammetric analysis using a self-renewable non-mercury electrode".

7522: 6698: 14745: 12646: 12592: 12472: 10244: 9681:

https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/09/world/zmwg-skin-whitening-creams-mercury-ecommerce-sites-intl-cmd/index.html

8801: 8013: 7403: 6063: 5321: 5173: 5148: 4943: 4726: 3954: 3882: 3755: 3679: 14755: 12192: 11185: 11138: 10258:

Smart, N. A. (1968). "Use and residues of mercury compounds in agriculture". In Francis A. Gunther (ed.).

10186: 9733:

Healy, Paul F.; Blainey, Marc G. (2011). "Ancient Maya Mosaic Mirrors: Function, Symbolism, And Meaning".

7828:"The potential of microorganisms as biomonitoring and bioremediation tools for mercury-contaminated soils" 6436:. There are restrictions for mercury concentration in packaging (the limit is 100 ppm for sum of mercury, 4677: 4614:

have not been recovered. Mercury was also used in silver mining to extract the metal from ore through the

3908:

from the chlorine gas. Usually the salt is dissolved in water to produce a brine. By-products of any such

3109:

contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the

14518: 11491: 10300: 9580:

Robert L. Tjoelker; et al. (2016). "Mercury Ion Clock for a NASA Technology Demonstration Mission".

8727: 7719: 7649: 6929: 6858: 5432: 5183: 4380: 4015: 3686: 2856: 12369: 5995:

China is estimated to produce 50% of the mercury emissions, most of which result from the production of

4748: 4672: 3287:

the Luo Xi mining company to establish new tunnels. Worker health in functioning mines is at high risk.

14903: 14868: 14863: 14363: 14038: 12693: 12663: 12628: 12553: 10523: 5831: 5188: 5038: 4473: 4453: 4047: 3334: 3214:

process continued to create great demand for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 19th century.

3033:," Mexico along with "jade statues, jaguar remains, a box filled with carved shells and rubber balls". 2955:, who was associated with speed and mobility. The astrological symbol for the planet became one of the 2750: 1906: 1092: 14750: 11606: 8104: 7827: 14760: 12464:

Edlich, Richard F; Rhoads, Samantha K.; Cantrell, Holly S.; Azavedo, Sabrina M.; Newkirk, Anthony T.

11184:

Lin, Chunshui; Huang, Ru-Jin; Duan, Jing; Zhong, Haobin; Xu, Wei; Wu, Yunfei; Zhang, Renjian (2022).

10938: 6128: 5563: 5528: 5488: 5141: 5108: 4958: 4222: 3958: 3526: 3313:

Abandoned mercury mine processing sites often contain very hazardous waste piles of roasted cinnabar

3226: 3137: 8732: 6590: 4257: 1701: 10085: 8841: 8388: 8078: 6264: 5558: 5178: 5113: 5050: 4414: 4300:

tombs (100–700 AD) or ritual caches at six sites. This mercury may have been used in bowls as

3962: 3406:, which consist of linear chains of mercury centers, capped with a positive charge. One example is 3295: 3246: 1913: 1222: 12699:

Changing Patterns in the Use, Recycling, and Material Substitution of Mercury in the United States

12073:"UN News — Governments at UN forum agree on legally-binding treaty to curb mercury pollution" 11549: 5883:

Amount of atmospheric mercury deposited at Wyoming's Upper Fremont Glacier over the last 270 years

14335: 12713: 12636: 11966:, Environmental Health Criteria monograph No. 118, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991, 11186:"Large contribution from worship activities to the atmospheric soot particles in northwest China" 10649:, Environmental Health Criteria monograph No. 001, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976, 6379: 6326: 6034:

such as mercury from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are subsequently inhaled during

5588: 5543: 5163: 4465: 4328: 4218: 4209: 4142: 4082: 4070: 3991: 3925: 3729: 3461: 2642:

is the most common type of liquid metal embrittlement, as mercury is a natural component of some

1551: 1458: 1072: 12706: 12193:"State of New Jersey et al., Petitioners vs. Environmental Protection Agency (Case No. 05-1097)" 10606:

McFarland, RB & Reigel, H (1978). "Chronic Mercury Poisoning from a Single Brief Exposure".

10152: 9253: 6625: 4376:

installed prior to 1970), tilt switches used in old fire detectors and in some home thermostats.

14486: 14222: 10330: 8836: 8567:"An Account of the Efficacy of Mercury in the Cure of Inflammatory Diseases, and the Dysentery" 8150:

Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2009). "The Highest Oxidation States of the Transition Metal Elements".

8045: 6402: 6088: 6043: 5900: 5726: 5213: 4539: 4391: 3966: 3835: 3736: 3620: 3530: 3298:

manufacture. Environmental dangers have been a concern, particularly in the southern cities of

3141: 3080: 2270: 2244: 1716: 1099: 1084: 1060: 70: 10553: 9850: 9823: 9529: 9329: 9306: 8437: 8249: 7800: 7746: 7574: 7277: 7221: 4109:. Those low-pressure lamps emit very spectrally narrow lines, which are traditionally used in 3938: 1131: 14835: 14470: 14450: 14343: 14294: 11393:"Rise and fall of mercury (Hg) pollution in sediment cores of the Thames Estuary, London, UK" 10702: 10100: 10061: 10030: 9796: 9769: 9044: 8644:"Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials?" 7986: 7170: 6318: 5696: 5538: 5404: 5316: 5013: 4700: 4660: 4406: 4249: 4127: 4078: 3859: 3638:

compounds, organomercury compounds do not react with water. They usually have the formula HgR

3600: 3522: 3483: 3445: 3341: 2807: 9096: 8465: 8123: 7865:

Rytuba, James J (2003). "Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact".

5879: 4714: 4535:. Mercury has been replaced with safer compounds in most, if not all, of these applications. 4398:

through the cooling of mercury below 4 kelvin shortly after the discovery and production of

2235:

of 356.73 °C, both the lowest of any stable metal, although preliminary experiments on

14888: 14709: 14552: 14286: 14270: 14165: 12778: 12430: 12235: 11999: 11927: 11693: 11564: 11506: 11448: 11197: 11150: 10851: 10776: 10741: 10126: 9959: 9589: 9475: 9418: 9284: 8288: 7677: 7546: 6976: 6390: 5981: 5238: 4971: 4667: 4497: 4261: 4110: 4086: 4062: 3986: 3785: 3769: 3748: 3578: 3518: 3457: 2614: 2546: 2176: 1521: 1410: 12668: 9382:

Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded

7484: 6416:

in the United States, and as a result are a disproportionate source of mercury pollution.

4373: 8: 14770: 14727: 14327: 14310: 14278: 14262: 14246: 14214: 14116: 14104: 11490:

Vane, C.H.; Harrison, I.; Kim, A.W.; Moss-Hayes, V.; Vickers, B.P.; Horton, B.P. (2008).

11434:"Mercury contamination in surface sediments and sediment cores of the Mersey Estuary, UK" 7226:. Cavendish Society. pp. 103 (Na), 110 (W), 122 (Zn), 128 (Fe), 247 (Au), 338 (Pt). 6441: 6354:(UNEP) to prevent mercury vapor emissions. The convention was signed on 10 October 2013. 5573: 5518: 5483: 5409: 5336: 5286: 5281: 5266: 4923: 4419: 4019: 4007: 3929: 3909: 3809: 3765: 3744: 3709: 3498: 3403: 3380: 3084: 2952: 2655: 2643: 2582: 2542: 2288: 2276: 2168: 1634: 1582: 1232: 12624: 12434: 12239: 12003: 11931: 11697: 11568: 11510: 11452: 11201: 11154: 10855: 10780: 10745: 10334: 9963: 9937: 9593: 9479: 9422: 9288: 8292: 7681: 6980: 6697:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: DØ Experiment (lagacy document). Archived from 2646:

and will come into contact with petroleum processing equipment under normal conditions.

1619: 14302: 14189: 14177: 14140: 14092: 14080: 14075: 12679: 12023: 11895: 11870: 11846: 11821: 11797: 11705: 11368: 11278: 11221: 11119: 11065: 11030: 11006: 10989: 10920: 10473: 10448: 10429: 9993: 9949: 9750: 9657: 9632: 9613: 9447: 9406: 9073: 8899: 8862: 8696: 8668: 8643: 8591: 8566: 8547: 7882: 7826:

Meyer, Lorraine; Guyot, Stéphane; Chalot, Michel; Capelli, Nicolas (1 September 2023).

7701: 7466: 7432: 7407: 6992: 6839: 6749: 6218: 6015:

Joss paper burning on the street, a common tradition practiced in Asia, Hong Kong, 2023

5807: 5568: 5444: 5206: 4988: 4928: 4898: 4845: 4610:

prospecting. It is estimated that 45,000 metric tons of mercury used in California for

4516: 4362: 4182: 4098: 4058: 3851: 3396: 3229:. Cinnabar sometimes alters to native mercury in the oxidized zone of mercury deposits. 2172: 1952: 1445: 1214: 1208: 11772: 11162: 10260:

Residue Reviews: Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chemicals in Foods and Feeds

9710: 9693: 8071:"Thank President Obama and Administrator Jackson for protecting us from toxic mercury" 7306:

Mercury Liquid Metal Embrittlement Of Alloys For Oil And Gas Production And Processing

14873: 14740: 14322: 14241: 14128: 14061: 12658: 12606: 12596: 12446: 12251: 12015: 11967: 11961: 11943: 11900: 11851: 11802: 11588: 11580: 11548:

Vane, C.H.; Harrison, I.; Kim, A.W.; Moss-Hayes, V.; Vickers, B.P.; Hong, K. (2009).

11530: 11522: 11472: 11464: 11414: 11360: 11270: 11239: 11225: 11213: 11166: 11111: 11070: 11052: 11011: 10912: 10867: 10792: 10650: 10644: 10623: 10619: 10478: 10421: 10380: 10355: 10281: 10271: 10106: 10042: 9997: 9985: 9856: 9829: 9802: 9775: 9754: 9715: 9662: 9605: 9560: 9535: 9508: 9483: 9452: 9434: 9385: 9360: 9335: 9146: 9112: 9011: 8962: 8891: 8854: 8673: 8596: 8578: 8539: 8502: 8472: 8443: 8255: 8216: 8129: 7992: 7965: 7886: 7847: 7806: 7779: 7752: 7693: 7618: 7582: 7553: 7488: 7458: 7450: 7373: 7363: 7330: 7283: 7256: 7174: 7139: 7112: 7042: 6944: 6818: 6728: 6667: 6641: 6606: 6525:

A room can easily reach 29°C (84°F) to melt caesium, and 30°C (86°F) to melt gallium.

6433: 6394: 6330: 6250: 6214: 6165:

have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of

6111:

of Southern China, which exhibit low mercury concentrations of about 0.2 mg/kg.

5912: 5860: 5456: 5379: 5372: 5326: 5193: 4983: 4978: 4888: 4628: 4512: 4468:

in 1964. The SERT-1 flight was followed up by the SERT-2 flight in 1970. Mercury and

4395: 4297: 4253: 3740: 3690: 3626: 3538: 3467: 3347:

have disputed interpretations and remain difficult (if not impossible) to reproduce.

3076: 3060: 3044: 2956: 2625: 2610: 2180: 2179:. Electricity passed through mercury vapor in a fluorescent lamp produces short-wave 2121: 2117: 1681: 1672: 1452: 1361: 1351: 12673: 12442: 12027: 11576: 11518: 11460: 11372: 11282: 11137:

Shen, Huazhen; Tsai, Cheng-Mou; Yuan, Chung-Shin; Jen, Yi-Hsiu; Ie, Iau-Ren (2017).

11123: 10924: 9331:

Physiological monitoring and instrument diagnosis in perinatal and neonatal medicine

8903: 8551: 7928: 7705: 7470: 6996: 3482:. Hydroxides of mercury are poorly characterized, as attempted isolation studies of 14231: 14156: 13693: 13398: 13227: 13056: 12975: 12894: 12867: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12438: 12243: 12007: 11935: 11890: 11882: 11841: 11833: 11792: 11784: 11701: 11572: 11514: 11456: 11404: 11352: 11262: 11240:"Parkinson's disease in occupational exposure to joss paper, a report of two cases" 11205: 11158: 11101: 11060: 11042: 11001: 10902: 10894: 10859: 10784: 10753: 10749: 10615: 10468: 10460: 10413: 10263: 9975: 9967: 9885: 9742: 9705: 9652: 9644: 9617: 9597: 9442: 9426: 9104: 8952: 8883: 8866: 8846: 8663: 8655: 8586: 8531: 8482: 8418: 8365: 8296: 8208: 8180: 8159: 7874: 7839: 7685: 7442: 7162: 6984: 6834: 6826: 6764: 6637: 6598: 6260: 6226: 6210: 6169:, a highly toxic organic compound of mercury. Species of fish that are high on the 6020: 5989: 5716: 5613: 5553: 5439: 5392: 5341: 5301: 5276: 5261: 5243: 5218: 5158: 5043: 4993: 4760: 4606: 4565: 4449: 4350: 4320: 4316: 4106: 4011: 3917: 3858:

now exist for most therapeutic uses. In 2003, mercury compounds were found in some

3823: 3475: 3211: 2920: 2786: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2164: 2148: 2129: 2093: 2082: 1973: 1948: 1868: 1727: 1574: 1470: 1343: 1176: 1077: 1065: 12399: 10863: 8805: 4718: 2899: 14434: 14406: 14351: 14236: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12632: 12586: 11209: 10970:. Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association. January 2010. Archived from 10813: 10571: 10304: 10185:. Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association. January 2010. Archived from 9971: 9140: 8496: 7843: 7773: 7689: 7326: 7250: 7133: 6410: 6371: 6153: 6035: 5938: 5934: 5864: 5501: 5461: 5331: 5296: 5228: 5168: 5096: 5033: 4933: 4585: 4493: 4430: 4384: 4272: 4166: 4146: 4115: 3897: 3674: 3147: 3048: 2797: 2629: 2217: 2204: 2101: 1752: 1400: 1325: 45: 10495: 10267: 10262:. Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Vol. 23. Springer. pp. 1–36. 8804:/ Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. 6 September 2007. Archived from 8783:. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 29 September 2020. 7320: 6789: 4379:

Owing to its acoustic properties, mercury was used as the propagation medium in

3788:(also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat 14735: 14418: 12758: 12641: 12011: 9889: 9601: 6768: 6425: 6096: 6092: 5996: 5930: 5819: 5623: 5523: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5223: 4918: 4528: 4369: 4358: 4234: 3663: 3534: 3291: 3052: 2781: 2606: 2526: 2294: 2243:

have indicated that they have even lower boiling points. This effect is due to

2156: 2105: 1771: 1568: 1462: 1242: 1126: 124: 11654: 11550:"Organic and metal contamination in surface mangrove sediments of South China" 11409: 11397:

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

11392: 11356: 11296: 11266: 11106: 11089: 10464: 9746: 9430: 8535: 8163: 7878: 4740: 4280: 1165:

629.88 K (356.73 °C, 674.11 °F)

14857: 14815: 14396: 13852: 12680:

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): Mercury Contamination in Fish guide

12610: 11747:"Woman had 524x the normal level of mercury in her blood from skin cream use" 11584: 11526: 11468: 11418: 11056: 10701:. Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association. May 2003. Archived from 10425: 10046: 9989: 9909: 9876:

Eckert, J. P. (October 1953). "A Survey of Digital Computer Memory Systems".

9719: 9438: 9015: 8582: 8422: 8383: 7851: 7622: 7454: 7377: 7334: 6610: 6482: 6314: 6238: 6190: 6182: 6166: 6039: 6027: 5946: 5868: 5802: 5638: 5128: 5123: 5118: 4876: 4632: 4615: 4611: 4589: 4508: 4410: 4399: 4383:

devices used in early digital computers of the mid-20th century, such as the

4312: 4074: 3651: 3631: 3195: 3183:, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore. Mercury ores often occur in 3176: 3113:

of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists.

3098: 2999: 2984: 2976: 2811: 2522: 2232: 2228: 2213: 2160: 2125: 2109: 1959: 1706: 1428: 1386: 1160: 1146: 1042: 889: 12653: 12588:

Mercury and the Making of California: Mining, Landscape, and Race, 1840–1890

12247: 9204:. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works 9179: 9108: 8957: 8940: 7579:

E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume IV: 'Itk–Kwaṭṭa

4073:

in an effort to create heavy atom derivatives that can be used to solve the

3051:

Daedalus gave the appearance of voice in his statues using quicksilver. The

2632:

layer which protects metallic aluminium from oxidizing in-depth (as in iron

2058:

element, mercury is the only metallic element that is known to be liquid at

14823: 13906: 13735: 13440: 12840: 12773: 12450: 12255: 11939: 11855: 11806: 11788: 11592: 11534: 11476: 11364: 11274: 11217: 11170: 11115: 11074: 11015: 10916: 10898: 10871: 10796: 9666: 9648: 9609: 9469: 9456: 8895: 8887: 8858: 8850: 8677: 8600: 8543: 8220: 8212: 7697: 7111:(9th ed.). New York, NY: cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. 6830: 6469: 6186: 6104: 6031: 5953: 5671: 5633: 5618: 5449: 5414: 5359: 5078: 4938: 4501: 4339: 4131: 4043: 4027: 3970: 3901: 3827: 3777: 3250: 3207: 3164: 3156: 3151: 3121: 3064: 2676: 2628:

when the two pure metals come into contact. Since the amalgam destroys the

2299: 2051: 1874: 1421: 1188: 931: 798: 572: 12694:

BBC – Earth News – Mercury "turns" wetland birds such as ibises homosexual

12019: 11947: 11904: 11886: 11047: 10842:

Dennis Normile (27 September 2013). "In Minamata, Mercury Still Divides".

10669: 10482: 10285: 9631:

Mohammed, Terry; Mohammed, Elisabeth; Bascombe, Shermel (9 October 2017).

8966: 8387: 7462: 6727:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 6602: 6409:

that burn hazardous waste are held to a looser standard than are standard

4824: 3155:

mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). It is found either as a

14650: 14535: 13960: 13924: 13915: 13825: 13807: 13798: 12835: 12140: 11252: 10731: 10627: 9980: 7138:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. 6888: 6513: 6493: 6449: 6413: 6406: 6283: 5593: 5291: 5271: 4908: 4441: 4346:

used to float and rotate in a bath of mercury which acted like a bearing.

4343: 3878: 3867: 3863: 3514: 3356: 3110: 3030: 3011: 2565: 2530: 2236: 2212:(density ~7.6 g/cm) floats on mercury due to the combination of the 2152: 2136: 1011: 973: 945: 938: 868: 854: 847: 12712: 12523: 12493: 11837: 9201: 8918:"Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Mercury Compounds in the List" 8659: 8614: 8369: 8189:

but note that Reidel & Kaupp cite more recent work arguing that the

8184: 7062: 4810: 3642:, which are often volatile, or HgRX, which are often solids, where R is 14670: 13969: 13897: 13870: 13843: 13503: 13485: 13458: 13289: 13280: 13019: 10907: 10577:. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1999. 9582:

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

8941:"Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy" 8398:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 197. 7903: 7446: 6591:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 6535: 6279: 6206: 6170: 6068: 6050: 5942: 5643: 5399: 4903: 4817: 4593: 4524: 4315:, it was used for filling decorative pools. Later, the American artist 4305: 4138: 3974: 3815: 3635: 3494: 3280: 3184: 3172: 3168: 2983:, the most common natural source of mercury, has been in use since the 2534: 980: 924: 903: 882: 621: 607: 586: 458: 451: 252: 12166: 12102: 10788: 10497: 10433: 10401: 8467:

Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

8300: 7611:"Liquid mercury found under Mexican pyramid could lead to king's tomb" 6988: 3238: 3117: 2062:; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is the 14618: 13978: 13951: 13942: 13789: 13771: 13762: 13753: 13539: 13449: 13422: 13370: 13316: 13298: 13262: 13242: 13181: 13118: 13062: 13001: 12990: 12909: 12860: 12850: 12845: 12698: 7195: 6453: 6268: 6256: 6178: 6162: 6084: 5711: 5666: 5628: 5578: 5513: 5419: 4883: 4853: 4732: 4557: 4547: 4543: 4520: 4481: 4354: 4332: 4285: 4123: 4102: 4023: 4003: 3874: 3844: 3797: 3793: 3694: 3659: 3608: 3604: 3506: 3303: 3199: 3068: 3036: 2883: 2861: 2849: 2827: 2821: 2691: 2621: 2590: 2240: 2188: 2144: 2140: 2097: 2036: 2021: 1686: 1541: 1392: 1155: (−38.8290 °C, −37.8922 °F) 987: 966: 959: 840: 826: 819: 812: 649: 579: 558: 521: 479: 465: 437: 419: 375: 326: 282: 238: 229: 169: 14030: 11868: 6570: 3271: 2716:

occurs naturally in tiny traces as an intermediate decay product of

2120:

can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of mercury (such as

14585: 13933: 13834: 13717: 13699: 13674: 13665: 13638: 13611: 13575: 13566: 13548: 13476: 13467: 13361: 13233: 13199: 13109: 13100: 13091: 13082: 13037: 12956: 12938: 12873: 10417: 9954: 9095:

O'Brien, Thomas F.; Bommaraju, Tilak V.; Hine, Fumio, eds. (2005).

7275: 7041:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 4.125–4.126. 6748:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

6299: 6287: 6194: 6108: 5985: 5960: 5083: 4783: 4532: 4488:

Other applications made use of the chemical properties of mercury:

4119: 3893: 3870: 3855: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3759: 3502: 3222: 3160: 3056: 3040: 2980: 2602: 2184: 2089: 2078: 1794: 1758: 1733: 1605: 1026: 952: 875: 784: 770: 754: 747: 726: 705: 677: 670: 656: 600: 593: 514: 412: 389: 319: 312: 305: 298: 266: 206: 192: 144: 11871:"Chronic neurobehavioral effects of elemental mercury in dentists" 9230:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 29 November 2021 8723:"Did Mercury in "Little Blue Pills" Make Abraham Lincoln Erratic?" 6817:

Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).

4542:

to sabotage Luftwaffe planes: a mercury paste was applied to bare

3525:(HgTe) are also known, these as well as various derivatives, e.g. 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13888: 13879: 13861: 13816: 13744: 13726: 13656: 13602: 13584: 13557: 13530: 13512: 13494: 13404: 13334: 13307: 13271: 13253: 13217: 13208: 13190: 13172: 13071: 13010: 12900: 12855: 12727: 12346: 11035:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

10498:"Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California" 6688:"Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements And Inorganic Compounds" 6445: 6282:, impairment of pulmonary function, and evidence of interstitial 6275: 6198: 6072: 5916: 4863: 4818: 4469: 4426: 3933: 3831: 3545: 3384: 3314: 3307: 3188: 3180: 3094: 3072: 3019: 2924: 2661: 2264: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2055: 1170: 999: 917: 910: 896: 861: 805: 791: 740: 698: 684: 663: 642: 628: 614: 544: 493: 472: 444: 430: 403: 396: 382: 368: 289: 245: 162: 10884: 8408: 3658:

HgX, is a dangerous family of compounds that are often found in

3217: 3101:

from which all metals were formed. They believed that different

13780: 13708: 13593: 13521: 13431: 13413: 13379: 13343: 13325: 13154: 13145: 13136: 13028: 12981: 12947: 12929: 12884: 12654:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Mercury Topic

11771:

Mudan, Anita, Copan L, Wang R, et al. (20 December 2019).

11720:"How We Do Things at IISD-ELA: Collecting a fish muscle biopsy" 10098: 8190: 6587: 6539: 6464: 6202: 6100: 5923: 5721: 5701: 5608: 5598: 5306: 4776: 4744: 4556:

From the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, a process called "

4457: 4434: 4031: 3905: 3839: 3768:(also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used in 3479: 3453: 3299: 3242: 3234: 3125: 3106: 3102: 2936: 2932: 2912:), this name was due to mercury's liquid and shiny properties. 2594: 2578: 2113: 1477: 1152: 1139: 833: 777: 691: 635: 565: 551: 528: 500: 486: 354: 347: 340: 259: 222: 199: 185: 153: 11028: 9472:

A guide to the use and calibration of detector array equipment

9407:"An overview of heavy-atom derivatization of protein crystals" 8194: 7668:

Pendergast, David M. (6 August 1982). "Ancient maya mercury".

6854: 6664:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

3957:

containing mercury were invented in the early 18th century by

2789:(☿) has been used since ancient times to represent the element 1997: 13994: 13683: 13388: 13046: 12920: 11662: 11635:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 23 June 2006 6816: 6222: 6174: 5964: 5731: 5676: 5068: 4484:

nature, and high liquid density under mild cryogenic storage.

4477: 4134: 4057:

Mercury-containing compounds are also of use in the field of

3697: 3647: 3544:

Mercury(II) salts form a variety of complex derivatives with

3517:

form. The latter sometimes occurs naturally as metacinnabar.

3471: 2995: 2991: 2843: 1105: 761: 535: 273: 178: 11655:"Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls] (as Hg)" 10349: 6244: 4736: 4169:, whose spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation. 3838:

that this mercury-based preservative could cause or trigger

3402:

Indicative of its tendency to bond to itself, mercury forms

3275:

Evolution of mercury price (U.S.) and production (worldwide)

2255:

Table of thermal and physical properties of liquid mercury:

1991: 13647: 13620: 13163: 13127: 12965: 11820:

McKelvey W, Jeffery N, Clark N, Kass D, Parsons PJ (2010).

10496:

Alpers, C. N.; Hunerlach, M. P.; May, J. Y.; Hothem, R. L.

9935: 9303:"Laval University Liquid mirrors and adaptive optics group" 9275:

Gibson, B. K. (1991). "Liquid Mirror Telescopes: History".

9250:"Liquid-mirror telescope set to give stargazing a new spin" 8873: 8826: 7798: 6437: 6158: 5706: 4953: 4948: 4913: 4764: 4561: 4461: 4150: 3643: 3490: 3203: 3007: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2633: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2000: 1979: 1018: 733: 712: 361: 333: 213: 12420: 10766: 9694:"Edward Charles Howard. Explosives, meteorites, and sugar" 9380:

Kissinger, Peter; Heineman, William R. (23 January 1996).

8254:. Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 162. 8193:

ligand is instead oxidized. The claimed 2007 isolation is

7014:. General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. 6384:

Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act

4710: 3888: 3714: 2088:

Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as

1994: 13352: 12767: 11663:

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

11547: 11489: 9404: 8169: 7959: 4418:

weight and toxicity of mercury, as well as the advent of

3921: 3493:, mercury forms very stable derivatives with the heavier 3105:

could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of

2948: 507: 12071:

Section, United Nations News Service (19 January 2013).

11819: 9630: 9470:

Hopkinson, G. R.; Goodman, T. M.; Prince, S. R. (2004).

9094: 8641: 4002:

Liquid mercury is part of a popular secondary reference

1506: = 673.20 pm (at triple point) 12463: 12169:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 10941:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 9704:(2). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 230–239. 9142:

A history of the thermometer and its use in meteorology

9034:"Chapter 3: Manufacturing Processes Involving Mercury. 8313: 7825: 6881:"New 12-sided pound coin to enter circulation in March" 6857:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 4165:

The deep violet glow of a mercury vapor discharge in a

2521:

Mercury does not react with most acids, such as dilute

14395: 10987: 10605: 6626:"Density of mercury—measurements and reference values" 6123:

EPA workers clean up residential mercury spill in 2004

6049:

A less well-known source of mercury is the burning of

5871:. Mercury can cause both chronic and acute poisoning. 4756: 3965:. Modern alternatives to mercury thermometers include 3241:), shut down due to the fall of the price of mercury. 11988: 4368:

As an electrically conductive liquid, it was used in

2012: 11087: 10816:. Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. 10639: 10637: 8932: 7543: 6747: 4264:

in firearms throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

3452:

with other ligands. This behavior is similar to the

2675:

being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived

1988: 1985: 1193:

234.3156 K, 1.65×10 kPa

12414: 11869:Ngim, CH; Foo, SC; Boey, KW; Keyaratnam, J (1992). 11770: 9277:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

9224:"Mercury Thermometer Alternatives: Hg Alternatives" 8922:

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)

8690: 8642:Liu J; Shi JZ; Yu LM; Goyer RA; Waalkes MP (2008). 7303:Case, Raymundo; McIntyre, Dale R. (14 March 2010). 5970:

1.1% from mercury production, mainly for batteries.

4553:

Mercury was once used as a gun barrel bore cleaner.

4037: 3834:, although this use is in decline. Although it was 2003: 1982: 1976: 12301:"EPA Regulations Give Kilns Permission To Pollute" 11386: 11384: 11382: 10601: 10599: 10059: 9579: 8521: 8464: 7545: 3654:, a generic term for compounds with the formula CH 3079:, a pool of mercury was found under a marker in a 1516:60.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) 11541: 11483: 11183: 10634: 9527: 9379: 9327: 9252:. Govert Schilling. 14 March 2003. Archived from 9070:"Chlorine Online Diagram of mercury cell process" 8792: 8790: 7161: 6750:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 4507:Mercury was used for preserving wood, developing 4472:were preferred propellants for ion engines until 4276:A single-pole, single-throw (SPST) mercury switch 3920:(NaOH), which is commonly called caustic soda or 3014:alchemists intended as an elixir of immortality. 14855: 12270:"Oldest, dirtiest power plants told to clean up" 11683: 11390: 9903:van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (1 September 2010). 7929:"Mercury Recycling in the United States in 2000" 7276:Vargel, C.; Jacques, M.; Schmidt, M. P. (2004). 6855:"What is EPA doing about mercury air emissions?" 5984:was the dumping of waste mercury compounds into 4233:Mercury is effective as an active ingredient in 4018:. The calomel electrode is used to work out the 3146:Mercury is an extremely rare element in Earth's 3047:move by pouring quicksilver in its interior. In 12398:. EU Business. 21 December 2007. Archived from 11917: 11431: 11391:Vane, C.H.; Beriro, D.J.; Turner, G.H. (2015). 11379: 11136: 10596: 10010: 9036:Use and Release of Mercury in the United States 8691:Pimple KD, Pedroni JA, Berdon V (9 July 2002). 8462: 7898: 7896: 7864: 7392:Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry 7357: 7219: 6095:. A 2015 study of foreshore sediments from the 4799: 4772: 2549:. Like silver, mercury reacts with atmospheric 2050:, from which its chemical symbol is derived. A 12669:Material Safety Data Sheet – Mercury ICSC 0056 12223: 11432:Vane, C.H.; Jones, D.G.; Lister, T.R. (2009). 11425: 10965:"IMERC Fact Sheet: Mercury Use in Thermostats" 10878: 10841: 10446: 9031: 8983:. United States Food and Drug Administration. 8787: 8471:(5th ed.), London: Longman, p. 319, 6623: 5874: 4706: 4605:Historically, mercury was used extensively in 14909:Chemical elements with rhombohedral structure 14778: 14046: 12743: 12524:"Sweden may be forced to lift ban on mercury" 12370:"EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers" 12298: 12107:United States Environmental Protection Agency 9794: 9274: 8247: 8011: 7984: 7964:. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–159. 7091: 6943:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 6655: 6267:have shown effects such as tremors, impaired 6259:(pink disease), Hunter-Russell syndrome, and 6142:United States Environmental Protection Agency 5839: 4456:and flown on the Space Electric Rocket Test " 3194:Beginning in 1558, with the invention of the 1921: 1089: 14783: 12585:Johnston, Andrew Scott (15 September 2013). 12466:Banning Mercury Amalgam in the United States 11345:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 11323:"Action Levels for Elemental Mercury Spills" 11297:"Mercury: Spills, Disposal and Site Cleanup" 10449:"Did the Mad Hatter have mercury poisoning?" 10183:"IMERC Fact Sheet: Mercury Use in Batteries" 9902: 9732: 9554: 9502: 8102: 7893: 7487:. Center for Environmental Health Sciences, 7302: 7157: 7155: 6966: 6819:"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid" 6804:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 6786:"Definition of hydrargyrum | Dictionary.com" 3387:, is really the compound with the formula Hg 1536:961 nΩ⋅m (at 25 °C) 1420: 12689:NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Mercury 12361: 10814:"Minamata Disease The History and Measures" 9848: 9531:Transformation of human diploid fibroblasts 8435: 8149: 8005: 7751:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. 7404:"Mercury and the environment — Basic facts" 7353: 7351: 6873: 6666:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 6071:, ranging from metal salts to polymers and 3439: 2801: 2569:Mercury-discharge spectral calibration lamp 2128:) either directly or through mechanisms of 29:Chemical element with atomic number 80 (Hg) 14053: 14039: 12750: 12736: 12185: 11659:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 11342: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10672:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 10374: 10099:James Collier; Geoffrey F. Hewitt (1987). 9774:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 10. 9167:Fahrenheit, a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry 8720: 8716: 8714: 8121: 8038: 7771: 7744: 7667: 7572: 7552:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 49. 7255:. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 14. 7193: 5846: 5832: 4862: 3977:sensors that output to a digital display. 3614: 3552:N), the one-dimensional polymer (salts of 3350: 3283:(178 t), Russia (50 t) and Mexico (32 t). 1928: 1914: 1649: 1642: 1476: 44: 12554:"Survey of mercury and mercury compounds" 12095: 11984: 11982: 11894: 11845: 11796: 11408: 11105: 11064: 11046: 11005: 10994:Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 10988:Pourkhabbaz, A.; Pourkhabbaz, H. (2012). 10906: 10808: 10806: 10472: 10013:Bulletin of the American Physical Society 9979: 9953: 9821: 9709: 9656: 9446: 9138: 9132: 8956: 8840: 8667: 8590: 8241: 7960:Burkholder, M. & Johnson, L. (2008). 7152: 7131: 6962: 6960: 6838: 6741: 6661: 6245:Effects and symptoms of mercury poisoning 6078: 5899:65% from stationary combustion, of which 4752: 3501:, HgS, which occurs in nature as the ore 3290:A newspaper claimed that an unidentified 3091:, "alloy of mercury") with other metals. 12584: 12367: 12319: 10837: 10835: 10298: 10237:"Organotin Compounds in the Environment" 9685: 9103:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 17–36. 9027: 9025: 8488: 8382: 8173:Journal of the American Chemical Society 8098: 8096: 7654:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7604: 7602: 7348: 6581: 6118: 6114: 6083:Sediments within large urban-industrial 6001: 5878: 4425:Similarly, liquid mercury was used as a 4327:. The fountain is now on display at the 4279: 4271: 3928:) where metallic sodium is formed as an 3713: 3673: 3662:water. They arise by a process known as 3573:), and "fusible white precipitate" or Cl 3270: 3216: 2780: 2564: 2203: 13850: 12707:Thermodynamical data on liquid mercury. 12388: 12070: 12042:"Minamata Convention Agreed by Nations" 11088:Bernhard D, Rossmann A, Wick G (2005). 10887:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 10720: 10350:Castles, W. T.; Kimball, V. F. (2005). 10329: 9691: 9006:"The CRB Commodity Yearbook (annual)". 8711: 7322:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary 7248: 6823:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 6512:Theoretical calculations indicate that 4550:; this would cause structural failures. 3889:Production of chlorine and caustic soda 3513:, the reddish cubic form and the black 2529:such as concentrated sulfuric acid and 14: 14856: 13904: 13733: 13438: 12227:Environmental Science & Technology 11979: 11911: 11875:British Journal of Industrial Medicine 11031:"Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke" 10803: 10769:Environmental Science & Technology 10564: 9875: 9767: 9097:"History of the Chlor-Alkali Industry" 8524:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 8498:Toxicological effects of methylmercury 8376: 8278: 7832:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 7799:Ehrlich, H. L.; Newman, D. K. (2008). 7765: 7577:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). 7537: 7414:from the original on 16 September 2011 7410:, Federal Government of Canada. 2004. 7362:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 7–9. 7269: 7194:Swackhamer, Barry (26 November 2011). 7135:Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 7106: 6957: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6780: 6778: 6725:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6376:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 4622: 4237:compounds used to depigment skin. The 4149:/oven pumped only once. When added to 3722: 3456:ion. The best known mercury halide is 2927:, the seven known metals—quicksilver, 2800:for mercury. It is an abbreviation of 2573:Mercury dissolves many metals such as 2516: 2199: 14060: 14034: 13958: 13922: 13913: 13823: 13805: 13796: 12731: 12343:"Mercury compounds in European Union" 12307:from the original on 17 November 2011 11862: 11777:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 10945:from the original on 12 February 2007 10832: 10504:from the original on 22 February 2008 10399: 10354:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 104. 10292: 10257: 10127:"Glenn Contributions to Deep Space 1" 10060:Mueller, Grover C. (September 1929). 9917:from the original on 14 November 2023 9355:Zoski, Cynthia G. (7 February 2007). 9354: 9022: 8938: 8463:Vogel, Arthur I.; Svehla, G. (1979), 8093: 7647: 7608: 7599: 7073:from the original on 20 November 2016 7039:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 7009: 6941:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 6722: 6323:2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid 6091:and diffuse mercury pollution within 3448:, despite mercury's tendency to form 3083:. By 500 BC mercury was used to make 1886: 1883: 1861: 1858: 1850: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1806: 1803: 1783: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1745: 1742: 1720: 1715: 13967: 13895: 13868: 13841: 13501: 13483: 13456: 13287: 13278: 12423:The Science of the Total Environment 12205:from the original on 3 February 2011 12083:from the original on 16 October 2016 12052:from the original on 30 January 2013 11744: 10157:The Internet Encyclopedia of Science 10105:. Taylor & Francis. p. 64. 10041:(3). Bonnier Corporation: 40. 1931. 9905:"The discovery of superconductivity" 8564: 8107:. The Sunday Times (of London, UK). 7629:from the original on 1 December 2016 7495:from the original on 2 December 2012 7360:Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry 7036: 6938: 6861:from the original on 8 February 2007 6352:United Nations Environment Programme 6038:. While mercury is a constituent of 4196:Assorted types of fluorescent lamps. 3650:and X is usually halide or acetate. 3509:. Like ZnS, HgS crystallizes in two 3486:have yielded mercury oxide instead. 3059:(mercury sulfide) in ointments; the 2175:in some locales. It is also used in 13976: 13949: 13940: 13787: 13769: 13760: 13751: 13537: 13447: 13420: 13368: 13314: 13296: 13260: 13240: 13179: 13116: 13017: 12999: 12988: 12907: 12534:from the original on 28 August 2016 12504:from the original on 28 August 2016 12376:from the original on 3 January 2009 11299:. Environmental Protection Agency. 10572:"Toxicological Profile for Mercury" 10133:from the original on 1 October 2009 9101:Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology 8623:from the original on 24 August 2013 8335:) and mercury hexafluorotantalate ( 7775:Mercury hazards to living organisms 7485:"Mercury — Element of the ancients" 6920: 6903: 6775: 5074:Radium and radon in the environment 4582:United States Public Health Service 4440:Mercury was a propellant for early 3997: 1284: 24: 13931: 13832: 13715: 13697: 13672: 13663: 13636: 13609: 13564: 13546: 13474: 13465: 13359: 13231: 13197: 13107: 13089: 13080: 13060: 13035: 12757: 12578: 12299:Howard Berkes (10 November 2011). 12046:United Nations Environment Program 11706:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04500.x 10084:. 13 November 2008. Archived from 9503:Howatson A H (1965). "Chapter 8". 8987:from the original on 13 March 2007 8761:from the original on 11 April 2009 8077:. 21 December 2011. Archived from 7941:from the original on 26 March 2009 7648:Hicks, R. D. (1907). "Chapter 3". 6571:"Standard Atomic Weights: Mercury" 4795: 4256:, which has mainly been used as a 3944: 3383:, a colorless solid also known as 3359:and feature the dimeric cation, Hg 1369:1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol 1203:1750 K, 172.00 MPa 25: 14920: 13886: 13877: 13859: 13814: 13724: 13654: 13627: 13600: 13582: 13573: 13555: 13528: 13510: 13492: 13402: 13332: 13305: 13269: 13215: 13206: 13188: 13170: 13098: 13069: 13008: 12954: 12936: 12898: 12871: 12618: 12345:. EIA Track. 2007. Archived from 12280:from the original on 14 July 2014 12173:from the original on 30 June 2007 12133:"Reductions in Mercury Emissions" 11163:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.159 10820:from the original on 24 June 2009 10584:from the original on 21 July 2011 10311:from the original on 20 July 2009 9938:"Why mercury is a superconductor" 9801:. Osprey Publishing. p. 29. 9637:Journal of Public Health Research 9505:An Introduction to Gas Discharges 8926:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 8755:"What happened to Mercurochrome?" 8268:from the original on 13 May 2016. 8128:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. 8111:from the original on 17 May 2009. 7726:from the original on 11 June 2011 7595:from the original on 3 June 2016. 7018:from the original on 4 April 2007 7012:"Why is mercury a liquid at STP?" 6624:Fehlauer, H.; Bettin, H. (2004). 6419: 4228: 3548:. These include Millon's base (Hg 3029:," "the third largest pyramid of 2832:is a Greek compound word meaning 2060:standard temperature and pressure 13778: 13742: 13706: 13591: 13519: 13429: 13411: 13341: 13323: 13251: 13152: 13143: 13134: 12979: 12882: 12625:Chemistry in its element podcast 12546: 12516: 12486: 12457: 12335: 12292: 12262: 12217: 12159: 12125: 12113:from the original on 13 May 2008 12064: 12034: 11954: 11813: 11764: 11738: 11712: 11677: 11647: 11625: 11599: 11336: 11315: 11303:from the original on 13 May 2008 11289: 11246: 11232: 11177: 11130: 11081: 11022: 10981: 10957: 10931: 10760: 10688: 10676:from the original on 4 July 2007 10662: 10620:10.1097/00043764-197808000-00003 10546: 10534:from the original on 19 May 2009 10516: 10489: 10440: 10393: 10368: 10343: 10323: 10251: 10229: 10201: 10175: 10163:from the original on 30 May 2009 10145: 10119: 10092: 10070: 10053: 10023: 10004: 9929: 9896: 9869: 9842: 9815: 9788: 9761: 9726: 9673: 9624: 9411:Acta Crystallographica Section D 8026:from the original on 27 May 2008 7096:. Frederick Muller. p. 111. 6887:. 1 January 2017. Archived from 6401:The EPA announced new rules for 6357: 6341: 6056: 6030:readily absorbs and accumulates 5813: 5801: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4599:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 4323:for the Spanish Pavilion at the 4267: 4221:(DSAC) under development by the 4201: 4189: 4174: 4158: 4067:potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) 4038:Polarography and crystallography 3583:potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) 2753:-active nuclei, having spins of 1972: 1901: 1900: 1375:3rd: 3300 kJ/mol 1372:2nd: 1810 kJ/mol 1252: 13681: 13386: 13377: 13044: 13026: 12945: 12927: 12702:United States Geological Survey 12659:EPA fish consumption guidelines 12443:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.059 12103:"Mercury: Laws and regulations" 11745:Mole, Beth (20 December 2019). 11577:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.024 11519:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.004 11461:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.03.006 9855:. Nelson Thornes. p. 260. 9573: 9548: 9521: 9496: 9463: 9398: 9373: 9348: 9321: 9295: 9268: 9242: 9216: 9202:"Mercury Reduction Act of 2003" 9194: 9172: 9159: 9088: 9062: 8999: 8973: 8910: 8820: 8773: 8747: 8684: 8635: 8607: 8558: 8515: 8456: 8429: 8402: 8307: 8281:The Journal of Chemical Physics 8272: 8142: 8115: 8063: 7988:Domestic Architecture and Power 7978: 7953: 7921: 7858: 7819: 7792: 7738: 7712: 7661: 7641: 7566: 7507: 7477: 7426: 7396: 7384: 7313: 7296: 7242: 7230:from the original on 9 May 2013 7213: 7187: 7125: 7100: 7085: 7055: 7030: 7003: 6847: 6544: 6528: 6519: 6506: 6364:Environmental Protection Agency 4894:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4546:, causing the metal to rapidly 3949: 3937:mercury cell processes towards 3854:, although substitutes such as 3803: 3669: 3027:Temple of the Feathered Serpent 3016:Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun 14899:Occupational safety and health 13645: 13618: 13161: 13125: 12963: 12918: 12137:International Joint Commission 10754:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041 10301:"The Amazing Rusting Aluminum" 10299:Gray, T. (22 September 2004). 10063:Cheaper Power from Quicksilver 8168:The claimed 1976 synthesis is 8152:Coordination Chemistry Reviews 7581:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 973. 7252:Essentials of Dental Materials 6810: 6716: 6680: 6617: 6563: 6550:674.11 °F; 629.88 °K 6489:Mercury pollution in the ocean 6459: 6348:Minamata Convention on Mercury 6336: 5763:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 4325:1937 World Exhibition in Paris 4239:Minamata Convention on Mercury 4137:-filled lamps to increase the 4052:hanging mercury drop electrode 3850:Mercury is still used in some 3478:in an early synthesis of pure 3450:tetrahedral molecular geometry 3319:Santa Clara County, California 2979:tombs that date from 1500 BC; 2620:Mercury readily combines with 2609:is a common reducing agent in 1563: cm/mol (293 K) 1356:Pauling scale: 2.00 13: 1: 13350: 11832:(2) (published 2011): 203–9. 10939:"Mercury-containing Products" 10864:10.1126/science.341.6153.1446 10102:Introduction to Nuclear Power 9711:10.1016/s0187-893x(17)30114-3 8356:): mercury layer compounds". 8238:|bibcode=2008PCCP...10.4594R} 7748:Jewelrymaking through history 7609:Yuhas, Alan (24 April 2015). 7544:Wright, David Curtis (2001). 6969:Journal of Chemical Education 6557: 6087:act as an important sink for 5234:Electrical resistance heating 4105:" type advertising signs and 4092: 4061:. Mercuric compounds such as 3505:and is the brilliant pigment 3131: 2194: 2116:of humans and other animals; 1552:Molar magnetic susceptibility 12647:The Periodic Table of Videos 12593:University Press of Colorado 12473:Food and Drug Administration 11210:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118907 10453:Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 10078:"Mercury as a Working Fluid" 9972:10.1103/PhysRevB.106.L180501 9528:Milo G E; Casto B C (1990). 9357:Handbook of Electrochemistry 9334:. CUP Archive. p. 175. 9328:Brans, Y W; Hay W W (1995). 9139:Middleton, W. E. K. (1966). 9072:. Euro Chlor. Archived from 8802:Food and Drug Administration 8501:. National Academies Press. 8148:For a general overview, see 7844:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115185 7690:10.1126/science.217.4559.533 7200:The Historic Marker Database 7132:Incropera, Frank P. (2007). 6346:140 countries agreed in the 6293: 6232: 4944:Persistent organic pollutant 4868:Air pollution from a factory 4560:" was used in the making of 4422:steam plants in later years. 3822:in the United States) is an 3808:Mercury is an ingredient in 3756:traditional Chinese medicine 3687:liquid-in-glass thermometers 3680:mercury-in-glass thermometer 3328: 2884: 2862: 2850: 2828: 2822: 2776: 2037: 2022: 7: 12674:Stopping Pollution: Mercury 11090:"Metals in Cigarette Smoke" 10377:Concise Inorganic Chemistry 10268:10.1007/978-1-4615-8437-7_1 10153:"Electric space propulsion" 10035:The Popular Science Monthly 9828:. Sura Books. p. 251. 9474:. SPIE Press. p. 125. 8939:Beyer KH (September 1993). 8721:Mayell, H. (17 July 2007). 8389:"Corrosive Sublimate" 8103:Sheridan, M. (3 May 2009). 7573:Sobernheim, Moritz (1987). 6662:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 6476: 6468:of Environment Development 5875:Releases in the environment 4374:home mercury light switches 4244: 4097:Gaseous mercury is used in 4016:standard hydrogen electrode 3939:diaphragm cell technologies 3741:yellow mercury proto-iodide 3703: 3310:province in the southwest. 3075:, once a major city of the 2749:are the most often studied 2649: 2560: 1907:Category: Mercury (element) 1498: = 347.64 pm 1488: = 301.06 pm 1237:27.983 J/(mol·K) 10: 14925: 13249: 13078: 12997: 12916: 12880: 12782: 12650:(University of Nottingham) 12629:Royal Society of Chemistry 12012:10.1177/096032719201100308 10500:. U.S. Geological Survey. 10082:Museum of Retro Technology 9890:10.1109/JRPROC.1953.274316 9602:10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2543738 9559:. CRC Press. p. 363. 9534:. CRC Press. p. 104. 9507:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 9180:"Protocol on Heavy Metals" 9008:The CRB Commodity Yearbook 8571:The London Medical Journal 8442:. CRC Press. p. 507. 8046:"World Mineral Production" 8019:. U.S. Geological Survey. 7805:. CRC Press. p. 265. 7519:People's Republic of China 6642:10.1088/0026-1394/41/2/S02 6595:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6362:In the United States, the 6248: 6151: 4626: 4476:performed studies finding 4474:Hughes Research Laboratory 4454:NASA Glenn Research Center 4048:dropping mercury electrode 3980: 3900:(common salt, NaCl) using 3707: 3618: 3335:Category:Mercury compounds 3332: 3135: 3097:thought of mercury as the 2970: 2877: 2855: 2844: 2815: 2653: 1617:"Hg": from its Latin name 1577: (at 20 °C) 427: 295: 235: 175: 150: 14769: 14726: 14702: 14207: 14068: 13992: 13692: 13397: 13226: 13055: 12974: 12893: 12866: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12777: 12772: 12765: 12714:"Mercury (element)" 12368:Jones H. (10 July 2007). 11611:World Health Organization 11557:Marine Pollution Bulletin 11499:Marine Pollution Bulletin 11441:Marine Pollution Bulletin 11410:10.1017/S1755691015000158 11357:10.1007/s11356-015-5880-x 11267:10.1080/15563650601031569 11107:10.1080/15216540500459667 10465:10.1136/bmj.287.6409.1961 10339:. D. Francis. p. 62. 9747:10.1017/S0956536111000241 9431:10.1107/S2059798316000401 8781:"Dental Amalgam Fillings" 8648:Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 8536:10.1007/s00216-005-0069-7 8164:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014 7879:10.1007/s00254-002-0629-5 7282:. Elsevier. p. 158. 7167:Chemistry of the Elements 7165:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 7037:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 6939:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 6129:World Health Organization 5489:War and environmental law 5109:Health effects from noise 4959:Volatile organic compound 4647: 4642: 4538:It was allegedly used by 4460:" spacecraft launched by 4446:electric space propulsion 4223:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4014:as an alternative to the 3959:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 3904:to separate the metallic 3737:mercury-ammonium chloride 3527:mercury cadmium telluride 3227:Sonoma County, California 3138:Category:Mercury minerals 2626:mercury-aluminium amalgam 1899: 1895: 1880: 1855: 1844: 1833: 1822: 1811: 1800: 1777: 1764: 1739: 1712: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1633: 1613: 1596: 1591: 1581: 1567: 1550: 1540: 1530: 1520: 1510: 1469: 1451: 1441: 1436: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1391:empirical: 151 1385: 1360: 1350: 1324: 1319: 1241: 1231: 1221: 1207: 1197: 1187: 1169: 1159: 1145: 1125: 1120: 1112: 1098: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1040: 1017: 130: 122: 118: 85: 69: 65: 57: 52: 43: 14894:Nuclear reactor coolants 12167:"Clean Air Mercury Rule" 10402:"Hats and the Fur Trade" 9852:Electrical Installations 9165:Grigull, Ulrich (1966). 8798:"Thimerosal in Vaccines" 8728:National Geographic News 8423:10.1002/hlca.19580410411 7991:. Springer. p. 33. 7390:Maurice Crosland (2004) 7358:Stillman, J. M. (2003). 7220:Gmelin, Leopold (1852). 7107:Holman, Jack P. (2002). 7094:Guide to Uncommon Metals 7063:"Dynamic Periodic Table" 6769:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 6499: 5973:2.0% from other sources. 5114:Marine mammals and sonar 4727:Precautionary statements 3992:liquid-mirror telescopes 3963:Protocol on Heavy Metals 3440:Compounds of mercury(II) 3323:Almaden Quicksilver Mine 3043:made a wooden statue of 2915:The modern English name 2898:. Like the English name 2249:relativistic contraction 2231:of −38.83 °C and a 2191:, making visible light. 2183:, which then causes the 2069:, though metals such as 1962:80. It is also known as 14884:Native element minerals 12720:Encyclopædia Britannica 12494:"Sweden to ban mercury" 12396:"Norway to ban mercury" 12248:10.1021/acs.est.5b03576 12077:UN News Service Section 11826:Environ Health Perspect 11686:Journal of Fish Biology 11190:Environmental Pollution 10447:Waldron, H. A. (1983). 9692:Wisniak, Jaime (2012). 9145:. Johns Hopkins Press. 9109:10.1007/0-306-48624-5_2 9032:Leopold, B. R. (2002). 8958:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388 8395:Encyclopædia Britannica 7517:. Ministry of Culture, 7249:Soratur, S. H. (2002). 7196:"Mercury Storage Vault" 6403:coal-fired power plants 6380:Safe Drinking Water Act 6327:dimercaptosuccinic acid 6147: 5901:coal-fired power plants 5589:Freshwater salinization 5509:Agricultural wastewater 4498:electrochemical battery 4466:Wallops Flight Facility 4219:Deep Space Atomic Clock 4210:Deep Space Atomic Clock 4143:electrical conductivity 4083:isomorphous replacement 3967:resistance thermometers 3926:Castner-Kellner process 3866:, stimulant laxatives, 3615:Organomercury compounds 3379:and elemental mercury. 3351:Compounds of mercury(I) 3321:purchased the historic 3002:—allegedly buried in a 2660:There are seven stable 2020:) from the Greek words 1966:and was formerly named 1526:8.30 W/(m⋅K) 1227:59.11 kJ/mol 1183:13.546 g/cm 12723:(11th ed.). 1911. 11940:10.1006/enrs.1993.1040 11920:Environmental Research 11789:10.15585/mmwr.mm6850a4 10899:10.1002/anie.201604656 10524:"Mercury amalgamation" 10352:Firearms and Their Use 9878:Proceedings of the IRE 9795:Pearson L. F. (2003). 9649:10.4081/jphr.2017.1097 8888:10.1542/peds.2004-2402 8851:10.1542/peds.2004-0434 8411:Helvetica Chimica Acta 8248:Henderson, W. (2000). 8213:10.1002/anie.200703710 8012:Brooks, W. E. (2007). 7985:Jamieson, R W (2000). 7962:Colonial Latin America 7521:. 2003. Archived from 7325:. Springfield, Mass.: 7279:Corrosion of Aluminium 7223:Hand book of chemistry 7092:Simons, E. N. (1968). 6831:10.1002/anie.201906966 6723:Weast, Robert (1984). 6124: 6079:Sediment contamination 6044:amalgam tooth fillings 6016: 5915:production, typically 5884: 5808:Environment portal 4806: 4496:is a non-rechargeable 4407:mercury vapor turbines 4392:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 4289: 4277: 4128:mercury arc rectifiers 3860:over-the-counter drugs 3719: 3682: 3621:Organomercury compound 3531:mercury zinc telluride 3276: 3230: 3142:Category:Mercury mines 3081:Mesoamerican ballcourt 3010:mixture formulated by 2919:comes from the planet 2802: 2790: 2644:hydrocarbon reservoirs 2613:, and is also used in 2570: 2245:lanthanide contraction 2221: 1532:Electrical resistivity 1425: 1100:Electron configuration 71:Standard atomic weight 11887:10.1136/oem.49.11.782 11633:"1910.1000 TABLE Z-2" 11048:10.3390/ijerph8020613 10400:Crean, J. F. (1962). 10129:. NASA. 21 May 2008. 9555:Shionoya, S. (1999). 9384:(2nd ed.). CRC. 8693:"Syphilis in history" 7867:Environmental Geology 7171:Butterworth-Heinemann 7163:Greenwood, Norman N. 6603:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 6485:(isotopic separation) 6405:on 22 December 2011. 6319:British Anti-Lewisite 6217:happened this way in 6122: 6115:Occupational exposure 6014: 5882: 5549:Industrial wastewater 5317:Municipal solid waste 5239:Soil guideline values 4805: 4607:hydraulic gold mining 4283: 4275: 4250:Mercury(II) fulminate 4079:X-ray crystallography 3990:incident light. Such 3717: 3677: 3523:mercury(II) telluride 3484:mercury(II) hydroxide 3446:coordination geometry 3274: 3220: 2975:Mercury was found in 2784: 2640:Mercury embrittlement 2568: 2207: 1490:α = 70.529° 1424: 1342: (a mildly 61:shiny, silvery liquid 18:Mercury contamination 14879:Endocrine disruptors 12276:. 22 December 2011. 11607:"Mercury and health" 10696:"Indoor Air Mercury" 10336:Chemical Experiments 10088:on 21 February 2011. 9849:Shelton, C. (2004). 9741:(2): 229–244 (241). 9359:. Elsevier Science. 9309:on 18 September 2011 8808:on 29 September 2007 8436:Rogalski, A (2000). 8251:Main group chemistry 8201:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 7548:The History of China 6382:. Additionally, the 6265:Case–control studies 6021:toxics use reduction 5758:Most polluted cities 5410:Overhead power lines 4788:(fire diamond) 4111:optical spectroscopy 4087:anomalous scattering 4063:mercury(II) chloride 3862:, including topical 3786:Mercury(II) chloride 3770:traditional medicine 3519:Mercury(II) selenide 3458:mercury(II) chloride 3221:Native mercury with 2967:as a chemical name. 2615:high-pressure sodium 2557:and powdered zinc). 2537:dissolve it to give 2177:fluorescent lighting 1623:, itself from Greek 1522:Thermal conductivity 1411:Van der Waals radius 1223:Heat of vaporization 12500:. 14 January 2009. 12482:on 1 November 2013. 12435:2006ScTEn.368....3B 12240:2015EnST...4914000C 12234:(24): 14000–14007. 12004:1992HETox..11..201B 11932:1993ER.....60..320L 11838:10.1289/ehp.1002396 11726:. 30 September 2015 11698:1973JFBio...5..641C 11569:2009MarPB..58..134V 11511:2008MarPB..56.1802V 11453:2009MarPB..58..940V 11202:2022EPoll.29918907L 11155:2017Chmsp.167..530S 10856:2013Sci...341.1446N 10781:2005EnST...39.1679M 10746:2006AtmEn..40.4048P 10379:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10375:Lee, J. D. (1999). 10189:on 29 November 2012 9964:2022PhRvB.106r0501T 9735:Ancient Mesoamerica 9594:2016ITUFF..63.1034T 9480:2004gucd.book.....H 9423:2016AcCrD..72..303P 9289:1991JRASC..85..158G 9076:on 2 September 2006 8699:on 16 February 2005 8660:10.3181/0712-MR-336 8616:Merck's Manual 1899 8370:10.1021/ic00194a020 8358:Inorganic Chemistry 8293:1971JChPh..55.2061K 8185:10.1021/ja00430a020 8122:Boulland M (2006). 8075:Act.credoaction.com 7772:Eisler, R. (2006). 7745:Hesse, R W (2007). 7682:1982Sci...217..533P 7327:G. & C. Merriam 6981:1991JChEd..68..110N 6442:hexavalent chromium 6064:attractive nuisance 5982:industrial disaster 5574:Ocean acidification 5484:Unexploded ordnance 5405:Advertising clutter 5337:Post-consumer waste 5282:Foam food container 5267:Biodegradable waste 4924:Global distillation 4639: 4623:Toxicity and safety 4517:anti-fouling paints 4288:to measure pressure 4099:mercury-vapor lamps 4020:electrode potential 3910:chloralkali process 3766:Mercury(I) chloride 3723:Historical and folk 3710:Amalgam (dentistry) 3499:mercury(II) sulfide 3404:mercury polycations 3381:Mercury(I) chloride 2959:for the metal, and 2656:Isotopes of mercury 2517:Chemical properties 2289:Thermal diffusivity 2277:Kinematic viscosity 2200:Physical properties 2135:Mercury is used in 2096:). The red pigment 1635:Isotopes of mercury 1405:132±5 pm 1362:Ionization energies 1244:Vapor pressure 1233:Molar heat capacity 1121:Physical properties 1116:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 1113:Electrons per shell 40: 12591:. TotalBoox, TBX. 12402:on 21 January 2008 12329:. 27 January 2003. 10066:. Popular Science. 8439:Infrared detectors 7651:Aristotle De Anima 7447:10.1007/BF01922425 7408:Environment Canada 6389:The United States 6125: 6017: 5885: 5820:Ecology portal 5445:Herbicidal warfare 4989:Introduced species 4929:Indoor air quality 4899:Chlorofluorocarbon 4807: 4637: 4329:Fundació Joan Miró 4290: 4278: 4183:electrical ballast 4059:structural biology 3987:transit telescopes 3720: 3683: 3397:Mercury(I) hydride 3277: 3231: 2957:alchemical symbols 2814:name for mercury, 2791: 2787:the planet Mercury 2694:of 444 years, and 2571: 2222: 2173:dental restoration 1442:Natural occurrence 1432: 1426: 1024: 1007: 32: 14904:Transition metals 14869:Chemical elements 14864:Mercury (element) 14851: 14850: 14698: 14697: 14062:Mercury compounds 14028: 14027: 14021: 14020: 13987: 13986: 12602:978-1-4571-8399-7 12530:. 21 April 2012. 12147:on 28 August 2008 12109:. 16 April 2008. 11963:Inorganic mercury 11783:(50): 1166–1167. 11665:. 30 October 2019 11505:(10): 1802–1808. 11330:www.atsdr.cdc.gov 10893:(46): 1433–7851. 10789:10.1021/es048962j 10528:Corrosion Doctors 10386:978-0-632-05293-6 10361:978-1-4179-8957-7 10277:978-1-4615-8439-1 10247:on 10 March 2007. 10210:Mercury Silvering 10159:. David Darling. 10112:978-1-56032-682-3 10031:"Popular Science" 9942:Physical Review B 9884:(10): 1393–1406. 9862:978-0-7487-7979-6 9835:978-81-7254-293-1 9808:978-0-7478-0556-4 9781:978-1-4042-1780-5 9698:Educación Química 9566:978-0-8493-7560-6 9557:Phosphor handbook 9541:978-0-8493-4956-0 9514:978-0-08-020575-5 9489:978-0-8194-5532-1 9417:(Pt 3): 303–318. 9391:978-0-8247-9445-3 9366:978-0-444-51958-0 9341:978-0-521-41951-2 9256:on 18 August 2003 9118:978-0-306-48624-1 8508:978-0-309-07140-6 8449:978-90-5699-203-3 8364:(26): 4506–4508. 8301:10.1063/1.1676373 8261:978-0-85404-617-1 8207:(44): 8371–8375. 8179:(14): 4132–4137. 8135:978-0-7385-3131-1 7998:978-0-306-46176-7 7971:978-0-19-504542-0 7812:978-0-8493-7906-2 7785:978-0-8493-9212-2 7758:978-0-313-33507-5 7676:(4559): 533–535. 7588:978-90-04-08265-6 7559:978-0-313-30940-3 7489:Dartmouth College 7369:978-0-7661-3230-6 7289:978-0-08-044495-6 7262:978-81-7179-989-3 7180:978-0-08-037941-8 7145:978-0-471-45728-2 7118:978-0-07-240655-9 6989:10.1021/ed068p110 6792:on 12 August 2014 6757:Chinese Physics C 6673:978-1-62708-155-9 6331:Chelation therapy 6312: 6308: 6251:Mercury poisoning 6215:Mercury poisoning 6140:primarily by the 6012: 5913:non-ferrous metal 5861:organic compounds 5856: 5855: 5791: 5790: 5457:Nuclear holocaust 5380:Urban heat island 5194:Radioactive waste 4979:Biological hazard 4889:Air quality index 4838:Chemical compound 4836: 4835: 4701:Hazard statements 4629:Mercury poisoning 4513:silvering mirrors 4396:superconductivity 4381:delay-line memory 4351:sphygmomanometers 4254:primary explosive 4208:The miniaturized 4107:fluorescent lamps 4008:calomel electrode 3896:is produced from 3836:widely speculated 3749:mercuric chloride 3691:fluorescent lamps 3601:Mercury fulminate 3579:Nessler's reagent 3539:infrared detector 3468:Mercury(II) oxide 3225:, Socrates mine, 3077:Maya civilization 3061:ancient Egyptians 2664:of mercury, with 2611:organic synthesis 2514: 2513: 2261:Temperature (°C) 2181:ultraviolet light 2165:fluorescent lamps 2149:sphygmomanometers 2122:mercuric chloride 2118:mercury poisoning 1942: 1941: 1891: 1890: 1602:Ancient Egyptians 1546:diamagnetic 1542:Magnetic ordering 1512:Thermal expansion 1471:Lattice constants 1453:Crystal structure 1427: 1415:155 pm 1352:Electronegativity 1320:Atomic properties 1314: 1313: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1005: 995: 994: 721:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 14916: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14571: 14570: 14562: 14561: 14393: 14392: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14032: 14031: 13997: 13996: 13983: 13981: 13974: 13972: 13965: 13963: 13956: 13954: 13947: 13945: 13938: 13936: 13929: 13927: 13920: 13918: 13911: 13909: 13902: 13900: 13893: 13891: 13884: 13882: 13875: 13873: 13866: 13864: 13857: 13855: 13848: 13846: 13839: 13837: 13830: 13828: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13810: 13803: 13801: 13794: 13792: 13785: 13783: 13776: 13774: 13767: 13765: 13758: 13756: 13749: 13747: 13740: 13738: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13720: 13713: 13711: 13704: 13702: 13688: 13686: 13679: 13677: 13670: 13668: 13661: 13659: 13652: 13650: 13643: 13641: 13634: 13632: 13625: 13623: 13616: 13614: 13607: 13605: 13598: 13596: 13589: 13587: 13580: 13578: 13571: 13569: 13562: 13560: 13553: 13551: 13544: 13542: 13535: 13533: 13526: 13524: 13517: 13515: 13508: 13506: 13499: 13497: 13490: 13488: 13481: 13479: 13472: 13470: 13463: 13461: 13454: 13452: 13445: 13443: 13436: 13434: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13416: 13409: 13407: 13393: 13391: 13384: 13382: 13375: 13373: 13366: 13364: 13357: 13355: 13348: 13346: 13339: 13337: 13330: 13328: 13321: 13319: 13312: 13310: 13303: 13301: 13294: 13292: 13285: 13283: 13276: 13274: 13267: 13265: 13258: 13256: 13247: 13245: 13238: 13236: 13222: 13220: 13213: 13211: 13204: 13202: 13195: 13193: 13186: 13184: 13177: 13175: 13168: 13166: 13159: 13157: 13150: 13148: 13141: 13139: 13132: 13130: 13123: 13121: 13114: 13112: 13105: 13103: 13096: 13094: 13087: 13085: 13076: 13074: 13067: 13065: 13051: 13049: 13042: 13040: 13033: 13031: 13024: 13022: 13015: 13013: 13006: 13004: 12995: 12993: 12986: 12984: 12970: 12968: 12961: 12959: 12952: 12950: 12943: 12941: 12934: 12932: 12925: 12923: 12914: 12912: 12905: 12903: 12889: 12887: 12878: 12876: 12768: 12752: 12745: 12738: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12716: 12614: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12558: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12475:. Archived from 12470: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12418: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12392: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12349:on 28 April 2008 12339: 12333: 12330: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12221: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12204: 12197: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12143:. Archived from 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12068: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12038: 12032: 12031: 11986: 11977: 11976: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11898: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11800: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11716: 11710: 11709: 11681: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11651: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11554: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11496: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11438: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11412: 11388: 11377: 11376: 11351:(6): 5056–5076. 11340: 11334: 11333: 11332:. 22 March 2012. 11327: 11319: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11181: 11175: 11174: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11109: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11068: 11050: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11009: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10977:on 17 June 2012. 10976: 10969: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10910: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10850:(6153): 1446–7. 10839: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10764: 10758: 10757: 10729: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10708:on 25 March 2009 10707: 10700: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10641: 10632: 10631: 10603: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10583: 10576: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10554:"Mercury 294594" 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10476: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10243:. Archived from 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10213:, archived from 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9983: 9957: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9713: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9660: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9588:(7): 1034–1043. 9577: 9571: 9570: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9450: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9305:. Archived from 9299: 9293: 9292: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9176: 9170: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9042: 9029: 9020: 9019: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8928:. 30 April 2009. 8914: 8908: 8907: 8870: 8844: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8757:. 23 July 2004. 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8731:. Archived from 8718: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8671: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8619:(1st ed.). 8611: 8605: 8604: 8594: 8565:Lind, J (1787). 8562: 8556: 8555: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483:Internet Archive 8481:– via the 8470: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8323: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8287:(5): 2061–2070. 8276: 8270: 8269: 8245: 8239: 8224: 8188: 8167: 8158:(5–6): 606–624. 8146: 8140: 8139: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8025: 8018: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7551: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7169:(2nd ed.). 7159: 7150: 7149: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6936: 6935:on 26 June 2008. 6934: 6928:. Archived from 6927: 6918: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6891:on 1 August 2024 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6814: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6788:. Archived from 6782: 6773: 6772: 6754: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6704:on 24 March 2004 6703: 6692: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6567: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6310: 6306: 6261:Minamata disease 6227:Minamata disease 6211:biomagnification 6013: 5990:Minamata disease 5848: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5805: 5737: 5736: 5440:Chemical warfare 5342:Waste management 5302:Industrial waste 5277:Electronic waste 5262:Advertising mail 5244:Phytoremediation 5219:Land degradation 5159:Depleted uranium 5044:Overillumination 4994:Invasive species 4866: 4856: 4841: 4840: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4798: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4640: 4636: 4566:mercuric nitrate 4450:room temperature 4431:nuclear reactors 4370:mercury switches 4321:mercury fountain 4317:Alexander Calder 4205: 4193: 4178: 4162: 4071:protein crystals 4069:can be added to 4012:electrochemistry 3998:Electrochemistry 3918:sodium hydroxide 3824:organic compound 3751:, among others. 3625:Organic mercury 3596: 3595: 3594: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3497:. Preeminent is 3476:Joseph Priestley 3435: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3212:pan amalgamation 3087:(Medieval Latin 3000:Qín Shǐ Huáng Dì 2911: 2908: 2905: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2854:-), the root of 2853: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2805: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2555:activated carbon 2551:hydrogen sulfide 2258: 2257: 2157:mercury switches 2130:biomagnification 2094:mercuric sulfide 2083:room temperature 2081:melt just above 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1949:chemical element 1930: 1923: 1916: 1904: 1903: 1871: 1864: 1791: 1786: 1755: 1748: 1730: 1723: 1698: 1666: 1665: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1629:, 'water-silver' 1609: 1562: 1560: 1480: 1437:Other properties 1341: 1335: 1326:Oxidation states 1292: 1288: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1180: 1136: 1135: 1091: 1052: 1051: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 422: 415: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 292: 285: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 232: 225: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 181: 172: 165: 156: 147: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 106: 104: 97: 95: 81: 48: 41: 39: 31: 21: 14924: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14914: 14913: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14831: 14827: 14819: 14811: 14803: 14795: 14787: 14771:Mercury cations 14765: 14722: 14713: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14414: 14410: 14399: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14359: 14355: 14347: 14339: 14331: 14318: 14314: 14306: 14298: 14290: 14282: 14274: 14266: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14226: 14218: 14203: 14193: 14185: 14181: 14173: 14169: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14136: 14132: 14124: 14120: 14112: 14108: 14100: 14096: 14088: 14084: 14064: 14059: 14029: 14024: 14023: 14022: 13988: 13979: 13977: 13970: 13968: 13961: 13959: 13952: 13950: 13943: 13941: 13934: 13932: 13925: 13923: 13916: 13914: 13907: 13905: 13898: 13896: 13889: 13887: 13880: 13878: 13871: 13869: 13862: 13860: 13853: 13851: 13844: 13842: 13835: 13833: 13826: 13824: 13817: 13815: 13808: 13806: 13799: 13797: 13790: 13788: 13781: 13779: 13772: 13770: 13763: 13761: 13754: 13752: 13745: 13743: 13736: 13734: 13727: 13725: 13718: 13716: 13709: 13707: 13700: 13698: 13684: 13682: 13675: 13673: 13666: 13664: 13657: 13655: 13648: 13646: 13639: 13637: 13630: 13628: 13621: 13619: 13612: 13610: 13603: 13601: 13594: 13592: 13585: 13583: 13576: 13574: 13567: 13565: 13558: 13556: 13549: 13547: 13540: 13538: 13531: 13529: 13522: 13520: 13513: 13511: 13504: 13502: 13495: 13493: 13486: 13484: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13466: 13459: 13457: 13450: 13448: 13441: 13439: 13432: 13430: 13423: 13421: 13414: 13412: 13405: 13403: 13389: 13387: 13380: 13378: 13371: 13369: 13362: 13360: 13353: 13351: 13344: 13342: 13335: 13333: 13326: 13324: 13317: 13315: 13308: 13306: 13299: 13297: 13290: 13288: 13281: 13279: 13272: 13270: 13263: 13261: 13254: 13252: 13243: 13241: 13234: 13232: 13218: 13216: 13209: 13207: 13200: 13198: 13191: 13189: 13182: 13180: 13173: 13171: 13164: 13162: 13155: 13153: 13146: 13144: 13137: 13135: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13117: 13110: 13108: 13101: 13099: 13092: 13090: 13083: 13081: 13072: 13070: 13063: 13061: 13047: 13045: 13038: 13036: 13029: 13027: 13020: 13018: 13011: 13009: 13002: 13000: 12991: 12989: 12982: 12980: 12966: 12964: 12957: 12955: 12948: 12946: 12939: 12937: 12930: 12928: 12921: 12919: 12910: 12908: 12901: 12899: 12885: 12883: 12874: 12872: 12761: 12756: 12711: 12633:Chemistry World 12627:(MP3) from the 12621: 12603: 12581: 12579:Further reading 12576: 12566: 12564: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12547: 12537: 12535: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12507: 12505: 12492: 12491: 12487: 12479: 12471:(Report). USA: 12468: 12462: 12458: 12419: 12415: 12405: 12403: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12379: 12377: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12341: 12340: 12336: 12325: 12324: 12320: 12310: 12308: 12297: 12293: 12283: 12281: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12222: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12131: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12101: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12040: 12039: 12035: 11992:Hum Exp Toxicol 11987: 11980: 11974: 11960: 11959: 11955: 11916: 11912: 11867: 11863: 11818: 11814: 11769: 11765: 11755: 11753: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11718: 11717: 11713: 11682: 11678: 11668: 11666: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11613:. 31 March 2017 11605: 11604: 11600: 11552: 11546: 11542: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11389: 11380: 11341: 11337: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11306: 11304: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11251: 11247: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11182: 11178: 11135: 11131: 11100:(12): 805–809. 11086: 11082: 11041:(12): 613–628. 11027: 11023: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10937: 10936: 10932: 10883: 10879: 10840: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10812: 10811: 10804: 10765: 10761: 10730: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10643: 10642: 10635: 10604: 10597: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10507: 10505: 10494: 10490: 10445: 10441: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10348: 10344: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10305:Popular Science 10297: 10293: 10278: 10256: 10252: 10235: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10217:on 4 March 2005 10207: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10166: 10164: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10097: 10093: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10058: 10054: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10009: 10005: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9901: 9897: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9825:AIEEE Chemistry 9820: 9816: 9809: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9768:Lew K. (2008). 9766: 9762: 9731: 9727: 9690: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9629: 9625: 9578: 9574: 9567: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9526: 9522: 9515: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9468: 9464: 9403: 9399: 9392: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9301: 9300: 9296: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9093: 9089: 9079: 9077: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9050:on 21 June 2007 9047: 9040: 9030: 9023: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8937: 8933: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8871: 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8796: 8795: 8788: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8719: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8689: 8685: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8577:(Pt 1): 43–56. 8563: 8559: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8493: 8489: 8479: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8407: 8403: 8381: 8377: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8277: 8273: 8262: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8198: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8120: 8116: 8101: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7863: 7859: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7802:Geomicrobiology 7797: 7793: 7786: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7666: 7662: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7607: 7600: 7589: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7542: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7370: 7356: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7218: 7214: 7204: 7202: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7105: 7101: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6932: 6925: 6921:Hammond, C. R. 6919: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6815: 6811: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6776: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6695:www-d0.fnal.gov 6690: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6622: 6618: 6586: 6582: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6538:; 234.32 ° 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6479: 6462: 6422: 6411:hazardous waste 6372:Clean Water Act 6360: 6344: 6339: 6296: 6253: 6247: 6235: 6156: 6154:Mercury in fish 6150: 6117: 6081: 6059: 6036:tobacco smoking 6002: 5939:hazardous waste 5877: 5865:dimethylmercury 5852: 5814: 5812: 5800: 5793: 5792: 5692: 5684: 5683: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5584:Pharmaceuticals 5564:Nonpoint source 5504: 5494: 5493: 5462:Nuclear fallout 5435: 5425: 5424: 5395: 5385: 5384: 5375: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5332:Packaging waste 5297:Hazardous waste 5257: 5249: 5248: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5169:Nuclear fallout 5164:Nuclear fission 5144: 5134: 5133: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5029: 5027:Electromagnetic 5019: 5018: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4934:Ozone depletion 4879: 4869: 4854: 4839: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4729: 4703: 4689: 4663: 4635: 4625: 4586:mad as a hatter 4579: 4575: 4571: 4533:antisyphilitics 4529:antidepressants 4494:mercury battery 4359:diffusion pumps 4270: 4247: 4231: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4194: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4167:germicidal lamp 4163: 4095: 4040: 4000: 3983: 3952: 3947: 3945:Laboratory uses 3915: 3912:are hydrogen (H 3898:sodium chloride 3891: 3810:dental amalgams 3806: 3725: 3718:Amalgam filling 3712: 3706: 3672: 3657: 3641: 3623: 3617: 3607:widely used in 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3442: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3267: 3263: 3144: 3134: 3049:Greek mythology 2973: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2798:chemical symbol 2785:The symbol for 2779: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2630:aluminium oxide 2563: 2527:oxidizing acids 2519: 2218:surface tension 2202: 2197: 2187:in the tube to 2100:is obtained by 2047: 2044: 2041: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2014: 1975: 1971: 1934: 1909: 1867: 1862: 1789: 1784: 1751: 1746: 1726: 1721: 1696: 1689: 1682:abundance 1655: 1637: 1603: 1587:7439-97-6 1573:liquid: 1451.4 1558: 1556: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1401:Covalent radius 1381: 1337: 1331: 1315: 1290: 1258: 1174: 1129: 1045: 1041: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 996: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 420: 413: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 290: 283: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 230: 223: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 179: 170: 163: 154: 145: 123:Mercury in the 114: 102: 100: 93: 91: 79: 73: 37: 33: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14922: 14912: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14775: 14773: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14732: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14711: 14706: 14704: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14576: 14567: 14558: 14550: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14403: 14401: 14390: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14058: 14057: 14050: 14043: 14035: 14026: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13975: 13966: 13957: 13948: 13939: 13930: 13921: 13912: 13903: 13894: 13885: 13876: 13867: 13858: 13849: 13840: 13831: 13822: 13813: 13804: 13795: 13786: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13750: 13741: 13732: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13662: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13626: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13590: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13554: 13545: 13536: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13482: 13473: 13464: 13455: 13446: 13437: 13428: 13419: 13410: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13385: 13376: 13367: 13358: 13349: 13340: 13331: 13322: 13313: 13304: 13295: 13286: 13277: 13268: 13259: 13250: 13248: 13239: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13214: 13205: 13196: 13187: 13178: 13169: 13160: 13151: 13142: 13133: 13124: 13115: 13106: 13097: 13088: 13079: 13077: 13068: 13059: 13053: 13052: 13043: 13034: 13025: 13016: 13007: 12998: 12996: 12987: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12962: 12953: 12944: 12935: 12926: 12917: 12915: 12906: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12759:Periodic table 12755: 12754: 12747: 12740: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12709: 12704: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12677: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12639: 12620: 12619:External links 12617: 12616: 12615: 12601: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12561:Miljøstyrelsen 12545: 12515: 12485: 12456: 12413: 12387: 12360: 12334: 12318: 12291: 12261: 12216: 12184: 12158: 12124: 12094: 12063: 12033: 11978: 11972: 11953: 11910: 11881:(11): 782–90. 11861: 11812: 11763: 11737: 11711: 11692:(6): 641–647. 11676: 11646: 11624: 11598: 11563:(1): 134–144. 11540: 11482: 11447:(6): 940–946. 11424: 11403:(4): 285–296. 11378: 11335: 11314: 11288: 11261:(4): 391–395. 11245: 11231: 11176: 11129: 11080: 11021: 11000:(1): 636–644. 10980: 10956: 10930: 10877: 10831: 10802: 10775:(6): 1679–87. 10759: 10719: 10687: 10661: 10655: 10633: 10595: 10563: 10545: 10515: 10488: 10459:(6409): 1961. 10439: 10418:10.2307/139669 10392: 10385: 10367: 10360: 10342: 10331:Francis, G. W. 10322: 10291: 10276: 10250: 10228: 10200: 10174: 10144: 10118: 10111: 10091: 10069: 10052: 10022: 10003: 9928: 9895: 9868: 9861: 9841: 9834: 9822:Ramanathan E. 9814: 9807: 9787: 9780: 9760: 9725: 9684: 9672: 9623: 9572: 9565: 9547: 9540: 9520: 9513: 9495: 9488: 9462: 9397: 9390: 9372: 9365: 9347: 9340: 9320: 9294: 9267: 9241: 9215: 9193: 9171: 9158: 9151: 9131: 9117: 9087: 9061: 9021: 8998: 8972: 8931: 8909: 8842:10.1.1.327.363 8835:(3): 793–804. 8819: 8786: 8772: 8746: 8735:on 22 May 2008 8710: 8683: 8634: 8606: 8557: 8530:(6): 1009–13. 8514: 8507: 8487: 8477: 8455: 8448: 8428: 8417:(4): 988–996. 8401: 8386:, ed. (1911). 8384:Chisholm, Hugh 8375: 8350: 8341: 8329: 8320: 8306: 8271: 8260: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8196: 8141: 8134: 8114: 8092: 8062: 8037: 8004: 7997: 7977: 7970: 7952: 7920: 7904:"Metacinnabar" 7892: 7873:(3): 326–338. 7857: 7818: 7811: 7791: 7784: 7764: 7757: 7737: 7711: 7660: 7640: 7598: 7587: 7565: 7558: 7536: 7525:on 4 July 2008 7515:"Qin Shihuang" 7506: 7476: 7441:(8): 759–761. 7425: 7395: 7383: 7368: 7347: 7312: 7295: 7288: 7268: 7261: 7241: 7212: 7186: 7179: 7151: 7144: 7124: 7117: 7099: 7084: 7067:www.ptable.com 7054: 7047: 7029: 7002: 6956: 6949: 6923:"The Elements" 6902: 6872: 6846: 6809: 6774: 6740: 6733: 6715: 6679: 6672: 6654: 6636:(2): S16–S22. 6616: 6580: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6543: 6527: 6518: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6478: 6475: 6461: 6458: 6426:European Union 6421: 6420:European Union 6418: 6359: 6356: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6295: 6292: 6249:Main article: 6246: 6243: 6234: 6231: 6152:Main article: 6149: 6146: 6116: 6113: 6097:Thames estuary 6080: 6077: 6058: 6055: 5997:vinyl chloride 5975: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5957: 5950: 5931:waste disposal 5927: 5920: 5909: 5905: 5876: 5873: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5810: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5753:Law by country 5750: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624:Surface runoff 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5524:Eutrophication 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Scorched earth 5476: 5475: 5474: 5472:Nuclear winter 5469: 5467:Nuclear famine 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Bioremediation 5221: 5216: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5154:Bioremediation 5151: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5104:Transportation 5100: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051:Radio spectrum 5048: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Global dimming 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4779: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4644: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4603: 4596:" in his book 4577: 4573: 4569: 4554: 4551: 4536: 4509:daguerreotypes 4505: 4486: 4485: 4438: 4423: 4403: 4388: 4377: 4366: 4347: 4340:Fresnel lenses 4336: 4309: 4269: 4266: 4246: 4243: 4235:skin whitening 4230: 4229:Skin whitening 4227: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4116:electron tubes 4094: 4091: 4039: 4036: 3999: 3996: 3982: 3979: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3913: 3890: 3887: 3805: 3802: 3724: 3721: 3705: 3702: 3678:The bulb of a 3671: 3668: 3664:biomethylation 3655: 3639: 3619:Main article: 3616: 3613: 3591: 3574: 3568: 3558: 3549: 3535:semiconductors 3441: 3438: 3431: 3421: 3412: 3392: 3388: 3374: 3363: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3330: 3327: 3292:European Union 3269: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3133: 3130: 3053:ancient Greeks 3039:recounts that 2972: 2969: 2923:. In medieval 2796:is the modern 2778: 2775: 2773:respectively. 2743: 2732: 2721: 2710: 2699: 2684: 2669: 2654:Main article: 2651: 2648: 2607:Sodium amalgam 2562: 2559: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2295:Prandtl Number 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2161:mercury relays 2106:nervous system 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1669:Main isotopes 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1604: (before 1600: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1569:Speed of sound 1565: 1564: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1429:Spectral lines 1417: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1209:Heat of fusion 1205: 1204: 1201: 1199:Critical point 1195: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1151:234.3210 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1108:] 4f 5d 6s 1102: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1015: 1014: 997: 993: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 767: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 541: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 426: 424: 417: 409: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 294: 287: 279: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 234: 227: 219: 218: 211: 204: 197: 190: 183: 176: 174: 167: 159: 158: 151: 149: 139: 128: 127: 125:periodic table 120: 119: 116: 115: 113: 112: 98: 88: 86: 83: 82: 77: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 35: 34:Mercury, 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14921: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14861: 14859: 14844: 14834: 14832: 14822: 14820: 14814: 14812: 14806: 14804: 14798: 14796: 14790: 14788: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14691: 14669: 14667: 14649: 14647: 14617: 14615: 14584: 14582: 14551: 14549: 14534: 14532: 14517: 14515: 14501: 14499: 14485: 14483: 14469: 14467: 14449: 14447: 14433: 14431: 14417: 14415: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14397:Organomercury 14394: 14388: 14378: 14376: 14362: 14360: 14350: 14348: 14342: 14340: 14334: 14332: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14309: 14307: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14291: 14285: 14283: 14277: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14261: 14259: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14221: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14195: 14188: 14186: 14176: 14174: 14164: 14162: 14155: 14153: 14139: 14137: 14127: 14125: 14115: 14113: 14103: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14056: 14051: 14049: 14044: 14042: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13991: 13982: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13928: 13919: 13910: 13901: 13892: 13883: 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13820: 13811: 13802: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13678: 13669: 13660: 13651: 13642: 13633: 13624: 13615: 13606: 13597: 13588: 13579: 13570: 13561: 13552: 13543: 13534: 13525: 13516: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13471: 13462: 13453: 13444: 13435: 13426: 13417: 13408: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13383: 13374: 13365: 13356: 13347: 13338: 13329: 13320: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13284: 13275: 13266: 13257: 13246: 13237: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13212: 13203: 13194: 13185: 13176: 13167: 13158: 13149: 13140: 13131: 13122: 13113: 13104: 13095: 13086: 13075: 13066: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13041: 13032: 13023: 13014: 13005: 12994: 12985: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12960: 12951: 12942: 12933: 12924: 12913: 12904: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12877: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12760: 12753: 12748: 12746: 12741: 12739: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12722: 12721: 12715: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12664:Hg 80 Mercury 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12622: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12562: 12555: 12549: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12519: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12489: 12478: 12474: 12467: 12460: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12375: 12371: 12364: 12348: 12344: 12338: 12328: 12322: 12306: 12302: 12295: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12228: 12220: 12201: 12194: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12098: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12067: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11998:(3): 201–10. 11997: 11993: 11985: 11983: 11975: 11973:92-4-157118-7 11969: 11965: 11964: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11767: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11680: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11634: 11628: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11551: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11324: 11318: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10984: 10973: 10966: 10960: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10836: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10807: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10734:Atmos Environ 10728: 10726: 10724: 10704: 10697: 10691: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10658: 10656:92-4-154061-3 10652: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10638: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10608:J. Occup. Med 10602: 10600: 10580: 10573: 10567: 10559: 10558:Sigma-Aldrich 10555: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10519: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10363: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10204: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10148: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10114: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10065: 10064: 10056: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9982: 9981:11573/1659661 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9911: 9910:Physics Today 9906: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9858: 9854: 9853: 9845: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9818: 9810: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9791: 9783: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9524: 9516: 9510: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9343: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9324: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9203: 9197: 9181: 9175: 9168: 9162: 9154: 9152:9780801871535 9148: 9144: 9143: 9135: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9046: 9039: 9037: 9028: 9026: 9017: 9013: 9010:: 173. 2000. 9009: 9002: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8951:(3): 388–91. 8950: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8776: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8717: 8715: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8491: 8484: 8480: 8478:0-582-44367-9 8474: 8469: 8468: 8459: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8252: 8244: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8097: 8081:on 1 May 2012 8080: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8047: 8041: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7937: 7930: 7924: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7781: 7778:. CRC Press. 7777: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7664: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7575:"Khumārawaih" 7569: 7561: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7272: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7245: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7109:Heat Transfer 7103: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7048:0-8493-0486-5 7044: 7040: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6952: 6950:0-8493-0486-5 6946: 6942: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6805: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6763:(3): 030001. 6762: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6734:0-8493-0464-4 6730: 6726: 6719: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6534:−37.89 ° 6531: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6483:COLEX process 6481: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6395:cap and trade 6392: 6391:Clean Air Act 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6368:Clean Air Act 6365: 6358:United States 6355: 6353: 6349: 6342:International 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6315:penicillamine 6304: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6239:New York City 6230: 6228: 6225:, now called 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6191:albacore tuna 6188: 6184: 6183:king mackerel 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6167:methylmercury 6164: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6057:Spill cleanup 6054: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040:tobacco smoke 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028:tobacco plant 6024: 6022: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5949:incineration. 5948: 5947:sewage sludge 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5872: 5870: 5869:methylmercury 5866: 5862: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639:Water quality 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Traffic signs 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Nanomaterials 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:Radioactivity 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5129:Soundproofing 5127: 5125: 5124:Noise control 5122: 5120: 5119:Noise barrier 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4633:Mercury cycle 4630: 4617: 4616:patio process 4613: 4612:placer mining 4608: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4590:Lewis Carroll 4587: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527:, laxatives, 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4420:supercritical 4416: 4412: 4411:working fluid 4408: 4405:Experimental 4404: 4401: 4400:liquid helium 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385:SEAC computer 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313:Islamic Spain 4310: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4268:Historic uses 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:phase problem 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971:thermocouples 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3652:Methylmercury 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3632:organocadmium 3628: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3584: 3580: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:white solid. 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3237:) and Spain ( 3236: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196:patio process 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:livingstonite 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159:(rare) or in 3158: 3153: 3152:geochemically 3149: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3124:(Italy), and 3123: 3119: 3116:The mines in 3114: 3112: 3111:transmutation 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3018:, the second 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2985:Neolithic Age 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907:living-silver 2901: 2886: 2880: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2813: 2812:ancient Greek 2809: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2752: 2693: 2678: 2677:radioisotopes 2663: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523:sulfuric acid 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271:Specific heat 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:boiling point 2230: 2229:melting point 2225: 2219: 2215: 2214:buoyant force 2211: 2206: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2126:methylmercury 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:immune system 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2039: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960:atomic number 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1935: | 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863:46.612 d 1854: 1843: 1832: 1821: 1810: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1776: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1708: 1707:product 1705: 1703: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1387:Atomic radius 1384: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161:Boiling point 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147:Melting point 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078:period 6 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066:group 12 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043:Atomic number 1039: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1001: 998: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 891:Rutherfordium 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 768: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 604: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 548: 543: 542: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 410: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 316: 311: 309: 304: 302: 297: 293: 288: 286: 281: 280: 277: 272: 270: 265: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 233: 228: 226: 221: 220: 217: 212: 210: 205: 203: 198: 196: 191: 189: 184: 182: 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Retrieved 11291: 11258: 11255:Clin Toxicol 11254: 11248: 11234: 11193: 11189: 11179: 11146: 11142: 11132: 11097: 11093: 11083: 11038: 11034: 11024: 10997: 10993: 10983: 10972:the original 10959: 10947:. Retrieved 10933: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10847: 10843: 10822:. Retrieved 10772: 10768: 10762: 10740:(22): 4048. 10737: 10733: 10710:. Retrieved 10703:the original 10690: 10678:. Retrieved 10664: 10645: 10614:(8): 532–4. 10611: 10607: 10586:. Retrieved 10566: 10557: 10548: 10536:. Retrieved 10527: 10518: 10506:. Retrieved 10491: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10409: 10405: 10395: 10376: 10370: 10351: 10345: 10335: 10325: 10313:. Retrieved 10294: 10259: 10253: 10245:the original 10241:Open Chemist 10240: 10231: 10219:, retrieved 10215:the original 10209: 10203: 10191:. Retrieved 10187:the original 10177: 10165:. Retrieved 10156: 10147: 10135:. Retrieved 10121: 10101: 10094: 10086:the original 10081: 10072: 10062: 10055: 10038: 10034: 10025: 10016: 10012: 10006: 9945: 9941: 9931: 9919:. Retrieved 9908: 9898: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9851: 9844: 9824: 9817: 9797: 9790: 9770: 9763: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9675: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9556: 9550: 9530: 9523: 9504: 9498: 9471: 9465: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9381: 9375: 9356: 9350: 9330: 9323: 9311:. Retrieved 9307:the original 9297: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9258:. Retrieved 9254:the original 9244: 9232:. Retrieved 9227: 9218: 9206:. Retrieved 9196: 9184:. Retrieved 9174: 9166: 9161: 9141: 9134: 9122:. Retrieved 9100: 9090: 9080:15 September 9078:. Retrieved 9074:the original 9064: 9052:. Retrieved 9045:the original 9035: 9007: 9001: 8989:. Retrieved 8975: 8948: 8945:Hypertension 8944: 8934: 8921: 8912: 8879: 8875: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8810:. Retrieved 8806:the original 8775: 8763:. Retrieved 8749: 8737:. Retrieved 8733:the original 8726: 8701:. Retrieved 8697:the original 8686: 8654:(7): 810–7. 8651: 8647: 8637: 8625:. Retrieved 8615: 8609: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8497: 8490: 8466: 8458: 8438: 8431: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8393: 8378: 8361: 8357: 8309: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8250: 8243: 8204: 8200: 8176: 8172: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8124: 8117: 8083:. Retrieved 8079:the original 8074: 8065: 8053:. Retrieved 8051:. p. 48 8040: 8028:. Retrieved 8007: 7987: 7980: 7961: 7955: 7943:. Retrieved 7923: 7911:. Retrieved 7907: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7801: 7794: 7774: 7767: 7747: 7740: 7728:. Retrieved 7714: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7650: 7643: 7631:. Retrieved 7615:The Guardian 7614: 7578: 7568: 7547: 7539: 7527:. Retrieved 7523:the original 7509: 7497:. Retrieved 7479: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7416:. Retrieved 7398: 7391: 7386: 7359: 7338:. Retrieved 7321: 7315: 7305: 7298: 7278: 7271: 7251: 7244: 7232:. Retrieved 7222: 7215: 7203:. Retrieved 7199: 7189: 7166: 7134: 7127: 7108: 7102: 7093: 7087: 7075:. Retrieved 7066: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7020:. Retrieved 7005: 6972: 6968: 6940: 6930:the original 6893:. Retrieved 6889:the original 6884: 6875: 6863:. Retrieved 6849: 6822: 6812: 6802: 6794:. Retrieved 6790:the original 6760: 6756: 6743: 6724: 6718: 6706:. Retrieved 6699:the original 6694: 6682: 6663: 6657: 6645:. Retrieved 6633: 6629: 6619: 6594: 6583: 6565: 6546: 6530: 6521: 6508: 6470:Erik Solheim 6463: 6450:thermometers 6423: 6414:incinerators 6407:Cement kilns 6400: 6388: 6361: 6345: 6325:(DMPS), and 6302: 6297: 6273: 6254: 6236: 6187:bluefin tuna 6157: 6126: 6105:River Mersey 6089:point source 6082: 6060: 6048: 6032:heavy metals 6025: 6018: 5994: 5979: 5976: 5954:caustic soda 5933:, including 5894: 5890: 5886: 5857: 5727:Point source 5672:Heavy metals 5634:Urban runoff 5619:Sulfur water 5594:Septic tanks 5450:Agent Orange 5360:Space debris 5214:Agricultural 5079:Volcanic ash 4939:Particulates 4784: 4692: 4649: 4597: 4540:allied spies 4502:primary cell 4487: 4291: 4248: 4232: 4216: 4132:cold cathode 4118:, including 4096: 4056: 4044:polarography 4041: 4028:triple point 4006:(called the 4001: 3984: 3955:Thermometers 3953: 3950:Thermometers 3902:electrolysis 3892: 3879:nasal sprays 3849: 3828:preservative 3819: 3814: 3807: 3804:Contemporary 3778:disinfectant 3764: 3753: 3734: 3726: 3684: 3670:Applications 3624: 3599: 3543: 3488: 3466: 3460:, an easily 3443: 3401: 3354: 3338: 3312: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3255: 3232: 3208:Huancavelica 3193: 3165:metacinnabar 3157:native metal 3145: 3122:Monte Amiata 3115: 3099:First Matter 3093: 3088: 3035: 3024: 2989: 2974: 2964: 2960: 2916: 2914: 2837:water-silver 2810:form of the 2793: 2792: 2659: 2638: 2619: 2572: 2520: 2300:Bulk modulus 2283:Conductivity 2254: 2226: 2223: 2153:float valves 2137:thermometers 2134: 2087: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1944: 1943: 1785:64.14 h 1691: 1624: 1618: 1500: 1492: 1482: 1459:rhombohedral 1338: 1332: 1285: 1253: 1243: 1189:Triple point 1047: 933:Darmstadtium 800:Protactinium 719: 574:Praseodymium 74: 26: 14889:Neurotoxins 14703:Mercury(IV) 14208:Mercury(II) 12567:21 December 12538:22 November 12508:22 November 12372:. Reuters. 12141:Great Lakes 12087:22 November 11751:ArsTechnica 11669:22 December 11639:22 December 11617:22 December 11149:: 530–540. 11143:Chemosphere 10908:2434/463818 10588:22 February 10508:26 February 10221:12 February 9798:Lighthouses 9643:(3): 1097. 9234:22 December 8125:New Almaden 8085:30 December 8055:22 November 7913:16 November 7633:22 November 7435:Experientia 7340:27 December 7234:30 December 7205:11 December 7077:22 November 7010:Senese, F. 6796:22 December 6708:18 February 6514:copernicium 6494:Red mercury 6460:Scandinavia 6337:Regulations 6284:pneumonitis 5967:production. 5956:production. 5926:production. 5697:Area source 5539:Groundwater 5292:Green waste 5272:Brown waste 5256:Solid waste 5014:Information 4909:Exhaust gas 4687:Signal word 4525:antiseptics 4442:ion engines 4433:; however, 4394:discovered 4372:(including 4363:coulometers 4344:lighthouses 4046:, both the 3868:diaper-rash 3864:antiseptics 3577:. Known as 3541:materials. 3521:(HgSe) and 3515:zinc blende 3470:, the main 3462:sublimating 3357:diamagnetic 3185:hot springs 3067:used it in 3031:Teotihuacan 2965:quicksilver 2900:quicksilver 2829:Hydrargyros 2823:hydrargyros 2803:hydrargyrum 2531:nitric acid 2525:, although 2237:copernicium 1968:hydrargyrum 1964:quicksilver 1626:hydrárgyros 1620:hydrargyrum 1278:100 k 1175:(near 975:Livermorium 947:Copernicium 940:Roentgenium 870:Mendelevium 856:Einsteinium 849:Californium 14858:Categories 14069:Mercury(I) 12429:(1): 3–9. 12056:19 January 11196:: 118907. 11094:IUBMB Life 10412:(3): 380. 9955:2111.13867 9921:6 December 9260:11 October 8882:(1): 200. 8876:Pediatrics 8829:Pediatrics 7908:Mindat.org 7838:: 115185. 6975:(2): 110. 6630:Metrologia 6558:References 6454:barometers 6378:, and the 6280:hemoptysis 6207:food chain 6173:, such as 6171:food chain 6093:catchments 6069:adsorbents 6051:joss paper 5980:A serious 5959:1.4% from 5952:3.0% from 5943:crematoria 5929:3.0% from 5922:6.4% from 5911:6.8% from 5863:, such as 5784:By country 5776:Categories 5667:Pollutants 5644:Wastewater 5614:Stagnation 5559:Monitoring 5534:Freshwater 5400:Air travel 5287:Food waste 5229:Defecation 5039:Ecological 4972:Biological 4904:Combustion 4844:Part of a 4661:Pictograms 4627:See also: 4594:Mad Hatter 4521:herbicides 4355:barometers 4306:divinatory 4139:ionization 4124:thyratrons 4101:and some " 4093:Niche uses 4024:half cells 3975:thermistor 3826:used as a 3820:Thimerosal 3816:Thiomersal 3776:, topical 3730:James Lind 3708:See also: 3636:organozinc 3609:explosives 3537:useful as 3495:chalcogens 3491:soft metal 3333:See also: 3281:Tajikistan 3179:and other 3173:corderoite 3169:sphalerite 3136:See also: 3132:Occurrence 3095:Alchemists 2817:ὑδράργυρος 2624:to form a 2535:aqua regia 2273:(kJ/kg K) 2210:pound coin 2195:Properties 2145:manometers 2141:barometers 2054:, silvery 1937:references 1747:9.9 h 1722:444 y 1583:CAS Number 1446:primordial 1431:of mercury 1275:10 k 1213:2.29 982:Tennessine 926:Meitnerium 905:Seaborgium 884:Lawrencium 623:Dysprosium 609:Gadolinium 588:Promethium 460:Technetium 453:Molybdenum 254:Phosphorus 80:°(Hg) 58:Appearance 14400:compounds 12611:969039240 12528:The Local 12498:The Local 12311:2 January 12284:2 January 11585:0025-326X 11527:0025-326X 11469:0025-326X 11419:1755-6910 11307:11 August 11226:246355499 11057:1660-4601 10426:0315-4890 10047:0161-7370 9998:244715089 9990:2469-9950 9755:162282151 9720:0187-893X 9439:2059-7983 9186:10 August 9124:5 October 9016:1076-2906 8872:Erratum: 8837:CiteSeerX 8812:1 October 8583:0952-4177 8014:"Mercury" 7887:127179672 7852:0147-6513 7720:"Lamanai" 7623:0261-3077 7455:0014-4754 7378:233637688 7335:800618302 6895:2 January 6611:1365-3075 6300:chelators 6294:Treatment 6278:, cough, 6269:cognitive 6257:acrodynia 6233:Cosmetics 6179:swordfish 6163:shellfish 6109:mangroves 6085:estuaries 5935:municipal 5712:Garbology 5629:Turbidity 5579:Oil spill 5529:Firewater 5514:Biosolids 5420:Vandalism 5179:Poisoning 5174:Plutonium 5149:Actinides 5142:Radiation 4884:Acid rain 4855:Pollution 4652:labelling 4558:carroting 4544:aluminium 4531:, and in 4482:noble gas 4429:for some 4390:In 1911, 4333:Barcelona 4286:manometer 4262:cartridge 4147:bombarded 4120:ignitrons 4103:neon sign 4089:methods. 4004:electrode 3875:eye drops 3856:thiazides 3852:diuretics 3845:Merbromin 3798:merbromin 3794:Blue mass 3695:Galinstan 3627:compounds 3605:detonator 3507:vermilion 3329:Chemistry 3306:, and in 3304:Guangzhou 3264:→ Hg + SO 3247:McDermitt 3200:New Spain 3191:regions. 3187:or other 3120:(Spain), 3069:cosmetics 3037:Aristotle 2808:romanized 2777:Etymology 2692:half-life 2622:aluminium 2591:manganese 2510:0.000186 2504:8.15E-06 2498:6.73E-08 2484:0.000183 2478:7.41E-06 2472:7.65E-08 2458:0.000181 2452:6.91E-06 2446:8.02E-08 2440:13144.94 2432:0.000181 2426:6.35E-06 2420:8.53E-08 2414:13264.28 2406:0.000181 2400:5.72E-06 2394:9.28E-08 2388:13384.58 2380:0.000181 2374:5.02E-06 2368:1.04E-07 2362:13505.84 2354:0.000181 2348:4.61E-06 2342:1.14E-07 2336:13579.04 2328:0.000181 2322:4.30E-06 2316:1.24E-07 2310:13628.22 2267:(kg/m^3) 2241:flerovium 2227:It has a 2189:fluoresce 2098:vermilion 1951:; it has 1687:half-life 1598:Discovery 1272:1 k 989:Oganesson 968:Moscovium 961:Flerovium 842:Berkelium 828:Americium 821:Plutonium 814:Neptunium 651:Ytterbium 581:Neodymium 560:Lanthanum 523:Tellurium 481:Palladium 467:Ruthenium 439:Zirconium 421:Strontium 377:Germanium 328:Manganese 284:Potassium 240:Aluminium 231:Magnesium 171:Beryllium 14874:Coolants 14728:Amalgams 14364:Hg(Si(CH 12676:– Oceana 12532:Archived 12502:Archived 12451:16310836 12374:Archived 12332:(PBDE)." 12305:Archived 12278:Archived 12256:26606506 12200:Archived 12171:Archived 12111:Archived 12081:Archived 12050:Archived 12028:43524794 11856:20923743 11807:31856147 11593:18990413 11535:18715597 11477:19356771 11373:28365564 11365:26620868 11301:Archived 11283:33770481 11275:17486480 11218:35091017 11171:27764746 11124:35694266 11116:16393783 11075:21556207 11016:23493960 10943:Archived 10925:28730917 10917:27624999 10872:24072902 10818:Archived 10797:15819225 10674:Archived 10579:Archived 10532:Archived 10502:Archived 10333:(1849). 10309:Archived 10161:Archived 10131:Archived 9915:Archived 9667:29291194 9610:27019481 9457:26960118 9228:nist.gov 8985:Archived 8904:26700143 8896:15630018 8859:15342856 8759:Archived 8703:17 April 8678:18445765 8621:Archived 8601:29139904 8552:22732411 8544:16228199 8266:Archived 8221:17899620 8109:Archived 8021:Archived 7936:Archived 7934:. 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