355:
346:
43:
584:
307:. It appeared that, having developed their sailing outrigger canoes, the ancestors of the Polynesians migrated from East Asia, moved through the Melanesian area quickly on their way, and kept going to eastern areas, where they settled. They left little genetic evidence in Melanesia, "and only intermixed to a very modest degree with the indigenous populations there". Nevertheless, the study still found a small Austronesian genetic signature (below 20%) in less than half of the Melanesian groups who speak
283:
2405:
545:
673:
496:(2008) confirmed that Polynesians are closer genetically to Micronesians, Taiwanese Aborigines, and East Asians, than to Melanesians. The study concluded that Polynesians moved through Melanesia fairly rapidly, allowing only limited admixture between Austronesians and Melanesians. Thus, the high frequencies of B4a1a1 are the result of drift and represent the descendants of a very few successful East Asian females.
338:. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%â7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange. The Denisovans are considered cousin to the Neanderthals. Both groups are now understood to have migrated out of Africa, with the Neanderthals going into Europe, and the Denisovans heading east about 400,000 years ago. This is based on genetic evidence from a fossil found in
2154:
220:(the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Melanesians are more closely related to
318:
The study found a high rate of genetic differentiation and diversity among the groups living within the
Melanesian islands, with the peoples not only distinguished between the islands, but also by the languages, topography, and size of an island. Such diversity developed over the tens of thousands of
504:
Austronesian languages and cultural traits were introduced along the north and south-east coasts of New Guinea and in some of the islands north and east of New Guinea by migrating
Austronesians, probably starting over 3,500 years ago. This was followed by long periods of interaction that resulted in
523:
Genetic links have been identified between the
Oceanic peoples. Polynesians are dominated by a type of macro-haplogroup C y-DNA, which is a minority lineage in Melanesia, and have a very low frequency of the dominant Melanesian y-DNA K2b1. A significant minority of them also belongs to the typical
814:
Melanesian culture, the beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of the ethnogeographic group of
Pacific Islands known as Melanesia. From northwest to southeast, the islands form an arc that begins with New Guinea (the western half of which is called Papua and is part of Indonesia, and the
1064:
Pedro, Nicole; Brucato, Nicolas; Fernandes, Veronica; André, Mathilde; Saag, Lauri; Pomat, William; Besse, Céline; Boland, Anne; Deleuze, Jean-François; Clarkson, Chris; Sudoyo, Herawati; Metspalu, Mait; Stoneking, Mark; Cox, Murray P.; Leavesley, Matthew; Pereira, Luisa; Ricaut, François-Xavier
262:
Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea, the
Austronesian people, who had migrated into the area more than 3,000 years ago, came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan-speaking peoples. In the late 20th century, some
574:
unique to these people, and is not the same gene that causes blond hair in the
Northern European region. As with blond hair that arose in Northern Europe, incidence of blondness is more common in children than in adults, with hair tending to darken as the individual matures.
319:
years since initial settlement, as well as after the more recent arrival of
Polynesian ancestors at the islands. Papuan-speaking groups in particular were found to be the most differentiated, while Austronesian-speaking groups along the coastlines were more intermixed.
1798:
1358:
Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Majumder, Partha P.; Datar, Francisco; Stoneking, Mark; Sawai, Hiromi; Nishida, Nao; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Kawamura, Shoji; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (August 2017).
349:
PCA calculated on present-day and ancient individuals from eastern
Eurasia and Oceania. PC1 (23.8%) distinguish East-Eurasians and Australo-Melanesians, while PC2 (6.3%) differentiates East-Eurasians along a North to South
263:
scholars theorized a long period of interaction, which resulted in many complex changes in genetics, languages, and culture among the peoples. It was proposed that, from this area, a very small group of people (speaking an
1953:
Kenny, Eimear E; Timpson, Nicholas J; Sikora, Martin; Yee, Muh-Ching; Estrada, Andres Moreno; Eng, Celeste; Huntsman, Scott; Burchard, Esteban GonzĂĄlez; Stoneking, Mark; Bustamante, Carlos D; Myles, Sean M (4 May 2012).
531:
Some recent studies suggest that all humans outside of Sub-Saharan Africa have inherited some genes from
Neanderthals, and that Melanesians are the only known modern humans whose prehistoric ancestors interbred with the
409:
into four racial groups: Malayans, Polynesians, Micronesians, and
Melanesians. D'Urville's model differed from that of Bory de Saint-Vincent in referring to 'Melanesians' rather than 'MĂ©laniens.' He derived the name
358:
Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and modern-day individuals from worldwide populations. Oceanians (Aboriginal Australians and Papuans) are most differentiated from both East-Eurasians and West-Eurasians.
294:
This Polynesian theory was overturned by a 2010 study, which was based on genome scans and evaluation of more than 800 genetic markers among a wide variety of Pacific peoples. It found that neither Polynesians nor
815:
eastern half of which comprises the independent country of Papua New Guinea) and continues through the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New Caledonia, Fiji, and numerous smaller islands.
362:
Melanesians of some islands are one of the few non-European peoples, and the only dark-skinned group of people outside Australia, known to have blond hair. The blond trait developed via the
520:
finding that Polynesians and Micronesians have little genetic relation to Melanesians; instead, they found significant distinctions between groups living within the Melanesian islands.
1116:
Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson (2005). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History".
827:
Dunn, Michael, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson (2004). "Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History".
469:. Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages shows that they have been evolving in ISEA for longer than previously believed. Ancestors of the Polynesians arrived in the
492:(2008) discovered that only 21% of the Polynesian autosomal gene pool is of Melanesian origin, with the rest (79%) being of East Asian origin. A study by Friedlaender
1745:
Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Reed, Floyd A.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Lea, Rodney A.; et al. (2008).
2646:
2636:
2616:
2527:
2631:
2441:
271:. The indigenous Melanesian populations are thus often classified into two main groups based on differences in language, culture or genetic ancestry: the
2522:
3169:
3039:
2369:
1796:
657:, a Melanesian people, as of 30 June 2016, was about 38,700 identifying as being of Torres Strait Islander origin only, and 32,200 of both
3234:
3214:
2682:
2011:
1892:
1282:
1177:
890:
1842:
1232:
3229:
354:
1625:
3084:
2492:
623:
for most of their history have had a majority Melanesian population, but the proportion has dropped to 43% in the face of modern immigration.
3625:
3094:
2482:
1926:
1907:
1195:
1007:
Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (10 April 2022).
3620:
335:
1696:
Kayser, Manfred; Lao, Oscar; Saar, Kathrin; Brauer, Silke; Wang, Xingyu; NĂŒrnberg, Peter; Trent, Ronald J.; Stoneking, Mark (2008).
1502:
TcherkĂ©zoff, Serge (2003). "A Long and Unfortunate Voyage Toward the 'Invention' of the Melanesia/Polynesia Distinction 1595â1832".
251:
culture, and later followed by Melanesian groups. They appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the
2434:
699:
342:. The evidence from Melanesia suggests their territory extended into southeast Asia, where ancestors of the Melanesians developed.
345:
3640:
378:
theorized that there was an 'old black race' in the Pacific who were conquered or defeated by the peoples of what is now called
3515:
1827:
1217:
904:
Taufik, Leonard; Teixeira, JoĂŁo C.; Llamas, Bastien; Sudoyo, Herawati; Tobler, Raymond; Purnomo, Gludhug A. (December 2022).
1843:
Kayser, Manfred, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss, Peter A. Underhill, Lutz Rower, Wulf Schiefenhövel and Mark Stoneking (2000).
1233:
Kayser, Manfred, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss, Peter A. Underhill, Lutz Rower, Wulf Schiefenhövel and Mark Stoneking (2000).
3615:
3610:
2427:
2105:
694:
383:
1009:"Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa"
17:
386:
developed a more elaborate, 15-race model of human diversity. He described the inhabitants of modern-day Melanesia as
3655:
3630:
2256:
2173:
2017:. NoumĂ©a, Nouvelle CalĂ©donie: Institut de la Statistique et des Ătudes Ăconomiques (ISEE). 26 August 2014. p. 3
2036:
3559:
758:
686:
465:
1115:
826:
566:
ethno-racial origins. It evolved independently in Melanesia, where Melanesians of some islands (along with some
3635:
1538:"MAPS AND NOTES to illustrate the history of the European "invention" of the Melanesia / Polynesia distinction"
3650:
145:
326:
races or subspecies have been discovered since the late 20th century. Based on his genetic studies of the
1642:
Kayser, M.; Brauer, S.; Weiss, G.; Underhill, P.A.; Roewer, L.; Schiefenhövel, W.; Stoneking, M. (2000).
570:) are one of a few non-European ethnic groups who have blond hair. This has been traced to an allele of
3645:
2450:
2348:
2307:
1361:"Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture"
1617:
205:
638:
with about 318,000 people, mostly of Melanesian ancestry. The western half of New Guinea is part of
2517:
2039:. Canberra, Australia: High Commission of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Archived from
374:
Early European explorers noted the physical differences among groups of Pacific Islanders. In 1756
208:, which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (
1795:
Assessing Y-chromosome Variation in the South Pacific Using Newly Detected, by Krista Erin Latham
3579:
2554:
2098:
776:
654:
456:
1417:
3584:
3532:
3495:
567:
438:
308:
209:
161:
125:
2844:
2322:
2282:
2218:
1886:
1276:
1171:
884:
658:
509:
463:. The "out of Taiwan model" was challenged by a study from Leeds University and published in
287:
264:
217:
84:
2062:
3569:
3259:
2390:
2287:
2251:
2241:
2063:"3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016"
1967:
1856:
1655:
1537:
1455:
1246:
1125:
838:
719:
470:
304:
299:
have much genetic relation to Melanesians. Both groups are strongly related genetically to
244:
129:
109:
68:
1146:
859:
8:
3505:
3478:
2859:
2168:
588:
402:
276:
76:
1971:
1860:
1659:
1459:
1250:
1129:
842:
3537:
3034:
2919:
2670:
2665:
2512:
2408:
2312:
2292:
2246:
2188:
2091:
1988:
1955:
1931:
1773:
1746:
1722:
1697:
1575:
1519:
1476:
1443:
1385:
1360:
1335:
1308:
1159:
1093:
1066:
1041:
1008:
940:
905:
872:
513:
375:
268:
1869:
1844:
1668:
1643:
1558:
Durmont D'Urville, Jules-SĂ©bastian-CĂ©sar (2003). "On The Islands of the Great Ocean".
1259:
1234:
3564:
3547:
3314:
3054:
2962:
2953:
2769:
2752:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2626:
2611:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2327:
1993:
1911:
1874:
1823:
1778:
1727:
1673:
1579:
1523:
1481:
1390:
1340:
1264:
1213:
1151:
1098:
1046:
1028:
986:
945:
927:
864:
829:
678:
560:
525:
517:
508:
It was once postulated that from this area a very small group of people (speaking an
460:
331:
300:
213:
165:
906:"Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects"
282:
3574:
3490:
3326:
3309:
3089:
3069:
3064:
3059:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2784:
2774:
2687:
2477:
2317:
2272:
2203:
2133:
1983:
1975:
1864:
1768:
1758:
1717:
1709:
1698:"Genome-wide analysis indicates more Asian than Melanesian ancestry of Polynesians"
1663:
1567:
1511:
1471:
1463:
1380:
1372:
1330:
1320:
1254:
1163:
1141:
1133:
1088:
1078:
1036:
1020:
976:
935:
917:
876:
854:
846:
635:
627:
533:
327:
312:
169:
80:
72:
42:
2994:
3510:
3401:
3336:
3289:
3284:
3049:
3029:
3024:
3014:
2972:
2931:
2914:
2909:
2873:
2757:
2725:
2697:
2653:
2534:
2332:
2297:
2213:
2138:
1819:
1802:
1763:
1325:
725:
620:
604:
583:
252:
92:
51:
1571:
1515:
964:
405:
expanded and simplified much of this earlier work. He classified the peoples of
3520:
3455:
3428:
3413:
3376:
3361:
3179:
3104:
2948:
2817:
2702:
2596:
2581:
2549:
2353:
2198:
1908:"Genome scan shows Polynesians have little genetic relationship to Melanesians"
1713:
1196:"Genome Scans Show Polynesians Have Little Genetic Relationship to Melanesians"
272:
200:
The origin of Melanesians is generally associated with the first settlement of
181:
1307:
Friedlaender J, Friedlaender FR, Reed FA, Kidd KK, Kidd JR (18 January 2008).
1083:
336:
ancient human ancestors of the Melanesians interbred in Asia with these humans
3604:
3483:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3406:
3319:
3299:
3239:
3224:
3189:
3174:
3109:
3079:
3019:
2936:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2849:
2804:
2762:
2720:
2692:
2606:
2564:
2419:
2385:
2193:
2178:
1032:
990:
931:
798:
616:
536:, sharing 4%â6% of their genome with this ancient cousin of the Neanderthal.
236:
47:
1979:
1594:
1467:
1137:
981:
850:
3396:
3391:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3304:
3294:
3219:
3204:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3099:
3044:
2967:
2926:
2897:
2839:
2809:
2779:
2740:
2591:
2502:
2487:
1997:
1878:
1782:
1731:
1677:
1485:
1394:
1344:
1268:
1155:
1102:
1050:
949:
868:
734:
710:
631:
563:
477:
366:
gene, which is not the same gene that causes blondness in European blonds.
296:
189:
157:
105:
88:
1198:, Press Release, Temple University, 17 January 2008, accessed 19 July 2015
1024:
922:
3554:
3445:
3423:
3346:
3269:
3249:
3244:
3209:
3199:
3184:
3164:
3154:
3129:
3074:
2979:
2885:
2677:
2641:
2621:
2586:
2539:
2507:
2497:
2460:
2302:
2208:
1413:
1376:
1306:
764:
704:
646:, with a significant minority of settlers from other parts of Indonesia.
201:
965:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"
749: â Melanesian ethnic groups native to the island country of Vanuatu
3542:
3525:
3194:
3121:
2989:
2984:
2822:
2601:
2277:
2040:
746:
600:
153:
133:
3500:
3384:
2943:
2114:
770:
650:
639:
485:
452:
379:
322:
Further DNA analysis has taken research into new directions, as more
228:
204:
by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during the
177:
173:
149:
55:
1441:
544:
3418:
3279:
3006:
2658:
1956:"Melanesians blond hair is caused by an amino acid change in TYRP1"
1595:"Climate Change and Postglacial Human Dispersals in Southeast Asia"
449:
216:
and other Asia-Pacific groups. It is estimated that people reached
1444:"Melanesian Blond Hair Is Caused by an Amino Acid Change in TYRP1"
743: â Set of ethnic groups in Southeast Asia and Andaman islands
2868:
2469:
2143:
1530:
752:
740:
643:
608:
596:
549:
516:. This theory was, however, contradicted by a study published by
406:
339:
232:
221:
185:
1744:
1637:
1635:
2796:
2183:
1497:
1495:
256:
248:
1618:"DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration (Published 2011)"
1357:
3589:
3274:
2544:
1632:
1418:"Denisovans Were Neanderthals' Cousins, DNA Analysis Reveals"
1006:
571:
556:
499:
425:
415:
363:
113:
2153:
2083:
1492:
441:. Dumont D'Urville combined the two peoples into one group.
3331:
2712:
2128:
779: â One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians
612:
437:
Bory de Saint-Vincent had distinguished MĂ©laniens from the
240:
1927:"Another Genetic Quirk of the Solomon Islands: Blond Hair"
1641:
1067:"Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul"
1063:
903:
505:
many complex changes in genetics, languages, and culture.
2012:"SynthĂšse N°35 â Recensement de la population 2014"
382:, whom he distinguished as having lighter skin. By 1825
730:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
715:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
661:
and Torres Strait Islander origin (a total of 70,900).
539:
512:) departed to the east and became the forebears of the
473:
of Papua New Guinea at least 6,000 to 8,000 years ago.
267:) departed to the east to become the forebears of the
259:
and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east.
1952:
1557:
1442:
Kenny, Eimear E.; Timpson, Nicholas J. (4 May 2012).
484:(2000) also showed that Polynesians have significant
668:
626:
The largest and most populous Melanesian country is
1845:"The Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes"
1695:
1235:"The Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes"
172:. There are several creoles of the region, such as
700:List of ethnic groups of Southwest Papua Province
168:branch) or one of the many unrelated families of
3602:
1924:
1813:
1551:
1207:
755: â Geographical region in the Pacific Ocean
713: â Broad term for peoples of Southeast Asia
1644:"Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes"
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
488:genetic admixture. A follow-up study by Kayser
330:, an ancient human species discovered in 2010,
2449:
1686:, vol. 11, no. 2, pages 141â142 (23 Jan 2001).
773: â Biogeographic region of Southeast Asia
578:
160:. Most speak one of the many languages of the
2435:
2099:
737: â Ethnic groups of Austronesian peoples
642:and is predominantly inhabited by indigenous
1905:
1891:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1747:"The genetic structure of Pacific Islanders"
1309:"The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders"
1289:
1281:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
889:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
761: â Melanesian inhabitants of New Guinea
695:List of ethnic groups of West Papua Province
369:
1592:
1501:
1412:
2442:
2428:
2106:
2092:
1906:Friedlaender, Jonathan (17 January 2008).
1408:
1406:
1404:
767: â Austronesian ethnolinguistic group
722: â Speakers of Austronesian languages
500:Austronesian languages and cultural traits
398:(i.e. Polynesian) races surrounding them.
41:
1987:
1868:
1772:
1762:
1721:
1667:
1475:
1384:
1351:
1334:
1324:
1258:
1145:
1092:
1082:
1040:
980:
939:
921:
897:
858:
286:A Fijian mountain warrior, photograph by
212:), and sharing deep ancestry with modern
1191:
1189:
1187:
1002:
1000:
582:
543:
353:
344:
281:
164:language family (especially ones in the
1401:
796:
707: â Ethnic group of the Philippines
311:, and which was entirely absent in the
14:
3603:
1702:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1615:
969:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
595:The predominantly Melanesian areas of
195:
2423:
2087:
1616:Bhanoo, Sindya N. (7 February 2011).
1184:
997:
728: â Ethnic groups from Madagascar
434:, to mean "islands of black people".
3626:Ethnic groups in the Solomon Islands
962:
956:
540:Incidence of blond hair in Melanesia
448:(2008) have argued for an older pre-
1628:from the original on 11 April 2023.
963:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022).
630:. The largest city in Melanesia is
390:, a distinct racial group from the
384:Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
27:Indigenous inhabitants of Melanesia
24:
25:
3667:
3621:Ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea
797:Keesing, Roger M.; Kahn, Miriam.
2404:
2403:
2152:
671:
224:than to Aboriginal Australians.
2067:Australian Bureau of Statistics
2055:
2029:
2004:
1946:
1925:Sindya N. Bhanoo (3 May 2012).
1918:
1899:
1836:
1807:
1789:
1738:
1689:
1609:
1586:
1435:
1226:
759:Indigenous people of New Guinea
687:Indigenous people of New Guinea
466:Molecular Biology and Evolution
110:traditional Melanesian religion
3641:Ethnic groups in New Caledonia
1201:
1147:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E
1109:
1057:
860:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E
820:
790:
13:
1:
2113:
1870:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00734-X
1669:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00734-x
1260:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00734-X
784:
603:and surrounding islands, the
152:, in an area stretching from
1764:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019
1365:Genome Biology and Evolution
1326:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019
1013:Genome Biology and Evolution
7:
1572:10.1080/0022334032000120512
1516:10.1080/0022334032000120521
664:
579:Melanesian areas of Oceania
10:
3672:
3616:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
3611:Ethnic groups in Australia
2451:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
2349:Melanesian Spearhead Group
1714:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.010
1560:Journal of Pacific History
1504:Journal of Pacific History
653:, the total population of
426:
416:
3471:
3375:
3258:
3120:
3005:
2795:
2711:
2468:
2457:
2399:
2378:
2362:
2341:
2265:
2229:
2161:
2150:
2121:
1814:Spriggs, Matthew (1997).
1682:See also correction in:
1208:Spriggs, Matthew (1997).
1084:10.1038/s10038-020-0781-3
1071:Journal of Human Genetics
370:History of classification
243:, was first inhabited by
206:Initial Upper Paleolithic
124:
119:
103:
98:
67:
62:
40:
3656:Ethnic groups in Oceania
3631:Ethnic groups in Vanuatu
777:Torres Strait Islanders
144:are the predominant and
3516:Bangka Belitung Chinese
2308:d'Entrecasteaux Islands
1980:10.1126/science.1217849
1468:10.1126/science.1217849
1138:10.1126/science.1114615
982:10.47248/hpgg2202010001
851:10.1126/science.1114615
803:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
655:Torres Strait Islanders
1816:The Island Melanesians
1210:The Island Melanesians
592:
568:indigenous Australians
552:
439:indigenous Australians
359:
351:
309:Austronesian languages
291:
210:Ancient East Eurasians
146:indigenous inhabitants
126:Aboriginal Australians
3636:Ethnic groups in Fiji
2323:Torres Strait Islands
2283:Louisiade Archipelago
923:10.3390/genes13122373
659:Aboriginal Australian
586:
547:
510:Austronesian language
457:Island Southeast Asia
357:
348:
288:Francis Herbert Dufty
285:
265:Austronesian language
182:Solomon Islands Pijin
120:Related ethnic groups
85:English-based creoles
3651:Austronesian peoples
2391:Melanesian Super Cup
2288:Bismarck Archipelago
1801:13 July 2015 at the
1416:(22 December 2010).
799:"Melanesian culture"
720:Austronesian peoples
471:Bismarck Archipelago
305:Taiwanese aborigines
245:Austronesian peoples
227:The eastern part of
130:Austronesian peoples
89:Rabaul Creole German
69:Melanesian languages
2069:. 18 September 2018
1972:2012Sci...336..554K
1861:2000CBio...10.1237K
1660:2000CBio...10.1237K
1460:2012Sci...336..554K
1251:2000CBio...10.1237K
1130:2005Sci...309.2072D
1124:(5743): 2072â2075.
1025:10.1093/gbe/evac045
843:2005Sci...309.2072D
837:(5743): 2072â2075.
589:Australo-Melanesian
480:analysis by Kayser
279:-speaking groups.
196:Origin and genetics
37:
2313:Raja Ampat Islands
2293:Santa Cruz Islands
2189:Western New Guinea
1932:The New York Times
1622:The New York Times
1377:10.1093/gbe/evx118
593:
553:
376:Charles de Brosses
360:
352:
315:-speaking groups.
292:
247:, who created the
214:East Asian peoples
35:
18:Melanesian peoples
3646:Melanesian people
3598:
3597:
2417:
2416:
2370:Political parties
2328:Trobriand Islands
2162:Other territories
1912:Temple University
1910:(Press release).
1855:(20): 1237â1246.
1829:978-0-631-16727-3
1654:(20): 1237â1246.
1597:. Oxford Journals
1593:Martin Richards.
1245:(20): 1237â1246.
1219:978-0-631-16727-3
679:New Guinea portal
561:Northern European
555:Most people with
526:Haplogroup O-M175
518:Temple University
514:Polynesian people
461:mitochondrial DNA
269:Polynesian people
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
3663:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2318:Schouten Islands
2273:Island Melanesia
2156:
2134:Papua New Guinea
2122:Sovereign states
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:on 9 August 2016
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1872:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1811:
1805:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1371:(8): 2013â2022.
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1149:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1065:(October 2020).
1061:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1004:
995:
994:
984:
960:
954:
953:
943:
925:
901:
895:
894:
888:
880:
862:
824:
818:
817:
811:
809:
794:
731:
716:
681:
676:
675:
674:
636:Papua New Guinea
628:Papua New Guinea
534:Denisova hominin
524:East Asian male
459:(ISEA) based on
429:
428:
419:
418:
403:Dumont D'Urville
328:Denisova hominin
170:Papuan languages
73:Papuan languages
45:
38:
34:
21:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3467:
3371:
3261:
3254:
3116:
3001:
2791:
2707:
2464:
2453:
2448:
2418:
2413:
2395:
2374:
2358:
2337:
2333:Woodlark Island
2298:Loyalty Islands
2261:
2225:
2214:Southwest Papua
2157:
2148:
2139:Solomon Islands
2117:
2112:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1883:
1849:Current Biology
1841:
1837:
1830:
1812:
1808:
1803:Wayback Machine
1794:
1790:
1743:
1739:
1694:
1690:
1684:Current Biology
1648:Current Biology
1640:
1633:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1500:
1493:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1411:
1402:
1356:
1352:
1305:
1290:
1274:
1273:
1239:Current Biology
1231:
1227:
1220:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1169:
1168:
1114:
1110:
1077:(10): 875â887.
1062:
1058:
1005:
998:
961:
957:
902:
898:
882:
881:
825:
821:
807:
805:
795:
791:
787:
782:
729:
726:Malagasy people
714:
677:
672:
670:
667:
621:Loyalty Islands
605:Solomon Islands
581:
542:
502:
372:
303:, particularly
253:Solomon Islands
198:
58:
52:Southwest Papua
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3521:Maluku Chinese
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3484:Black Dutchmen
3475:
3473:
3472:Non-indigenous
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3381:
3379:
3377:Maluku Islands
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2354:Melanesia 2000
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Highland Papua
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2054:
2028:
2003:
1945:
1917:
1898:
1835:
1828:
1806:
1788:
1737:
1708:(1): 194â198.
1688:
1631:
1608:
1585:
1566:(2): 163â174.
1550:
1529:
1510:(2): 175â196.
1491:
1434:
1400:
1350:
1288:
1225:
1218:
1200:
1183:
1108:
1056:
996:
955:
896:
819:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
723:
717:
708:
702:
697:
691:
690:
689:
683:
682:
666:
663:
580:
577:
564:white European
541:
538:
501:
498:
371:
368:
275:-speaking and
231:that includes
197:
194:
137:
136:
122:
121:
117:
116:
104:Predominantly
101:
100:
96:
95:
65:
64:
60:
59:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3668:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3262:Sunda Islands
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Melanesia Cup
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:Organizations
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Central Papua
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
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2179:New Caledonia
2177:
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2528:Talang Mamak
2459:
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2236:
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2071:. Retrieved
2066:
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2041:the original
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2006:
1963:
1959:
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1936:. Retrieved
1930:
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1852:
1848:
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1588:
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1277:cite journal
1242:
1238:
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1121:
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1070:
1059:
1016:
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885:cite journal
834:
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806:. Retrieved
802:
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735:Micronesians
711:Alfur people
648:
632:Port Moresby
625:
594:
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530:
522:
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503:
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489:
481:
478:Y chromosome
475:
464:
445:
443:
436:
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421:
411:
400:
395:
391:
387:
373:
361:
334:claims that
332:Svante PÀÀbo
324:Homo erectus
323:
321:
317:
297:Micronesians
293:
277:Austronesian
261:
255:, including
226:
199:
190:Papuan Malay
162:Austronesian
158:Fiji Islands
141:
140:
106:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
3446:Tanimbarese
3160:Ekari (Mee)
3035:Gorontaloan
2671:Aneuk Jamee
2666:Minangkabau
2622:Bugis-Malay
2513:Orang Rimba
2508:Orang Kuala
2461:Indonesians
2303:Lau Islands
2209:South Papua
2169:Aru Islands
2037:"About PNG"
1427:22 December
1422:NYTimes.com
1414:Carl Zimmer
975:(1): 1â32.
765:Polynesians
705:Aeta people
619:and nearby
548:Girls from
414:from Greek
301:East Asians
202:Australasia
142:Melanesians
134:Euronesians
108:, minority
48:Biak people
36:Melanesians
3605:Categories
3585:Portuguese
3543:Klingalese
2985:Orang Laut
2823:Lun Bawang
2797:Kalimantan
2753:Kangeanese
2746:Tenggerese
2736:Banyumasan
2731:Cirebonese
2575:Toba Batak
2570:Simalungun
2560:Mandailing
2523:Petalangan
2478:Aboriginal
2278:New Guinea
2219:West Papua
1757:(1): e19.
1319:(3): e19.
785:References
747:Ni-Vanuatu
601:New Guinea
486:Melanesian
455:origin in
392:Australian
154:New Guinea
77:Indonesian
3580:Pakistani
3575:Mardijker
3526:Peranakan
3327:Manggarai
3310:Lamaholot
3170:Ketengban
3090:Sangirese
3070:Mongondow
3065:Minahasan
3060:Mandarese
3040:Kalumpang
2973:Pontianak
2944:Punan Bah
2860:Uma Baka'
2835:Apo Kayan
2814:Apo Duat
2785:Bantenese
2775:Sundanese
2688:Palembang
2266:Geography
2252:Mythology
2242:Languages
2115:Melanesia
2073:1 January
1820:Blackwell
1580:162374626
1524:219625326
1033:1759-6653
991:2770-5005
932:2073-4425
771:Sundaland
651:Australia
640:Indonesia
559:hair are
476:Paternal
453:Sundaland
412:Melanesia
396:Neptunian
388:MĂ©laniens
380:Polynesia
229:Melanesia
178:Hiri Motu
174:Tok Pisin
150:Melanesia
63:Languages
56:Indonesia
3560:Japanese
3533:Filipino
3501:Chindian
3496:Armenian
3419:Ambonese
3402:Manusela
3385:Moluccan
3337:Rotenese
3290:Bimanese
3285:Balinese
3280:Bali Aga
3050:Makassar
3030:Bonerate
3025:Butonese
3015:Buginese
3007:Sulawesi
2932:Bakumpai
2920:Ma'anyan
2915:Lawangan
2910:Ot Danum
2874:Kendayan
2758:Madurese
2726:Javanese
2698:Simeulue
2659:Sakuddei
2654:Mentawai
2535:Acehnese
2409:Category
2363:Politics
1998:22556244
1879:11069104
1799:Archived
1783:18208337
1732:18179899
1678:11069104
1626:Archived
1601:28 March
1486:22556244
1395:28854687
1345:18208337
1269:11069104
1156:16179483
1103:32483274
1051:35445261
950:36553640
869:16179483
808:23 April
665:See also
599:include
450:Holocene
401:In 1832
290:, 1870s.
99:Religion
3511:Benteng
3506:Chinese
3479:African
3456:Togutil
3429:Wai Apu
3414:Ambelau
3362:Sumbawa
3260:Lesser
3235:Waropen
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3180:Korowai
3150:Damalme
3135:Amungme
3105:Torajan
2949:Bukitan
2937:Meratus
2891:Mualang
2869:Bidayuh
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2703:Singkil
2683:Haloban
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2582:Enggano
2550:Angkola
2470:Sumatra
2230:Culture
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2047:15 June
2021:15 June
1989:3481182
1968:Bibcode
1960:Science
1857:Bibcode
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1723:2253960
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1543:7 March
1477:3481182
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1448:Science
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1126:Bibcode
1118:Science
1094:7449881
1042:9021735
941:9778601
877:2963726
839:Bibcode
830:Science
753:Oceania
741:Negrito
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609:Vanuatu
597:Oceania
587:Map of
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444:Soares
407:Oceania
340:Siberia
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222:Papuans
186:Bislama
166:Oceanic
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3565:Jewish
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3407:Nuaulu
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188:, and
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3205:Nduga
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