68:
4369:
181:, and other islands of eastern Indonesia are classified as Austronesian but have large numbers of non-Austronesian words in their basic vocabulary and non-Austronesian grammatical features. It has been suggested that these may have originally been non-Austronesian languages that have borrowed nearly all of their vocabulary from neighboring Austronesian languages, but no connection with the Papuan languages of Timor has been found. In general, the
4882:
309:, consisting of the majority of Papuan languages and running mainly along the highlands of New Guinea. The various high-level families may represent distinct migrations into New Guinea, presumably from the west. Since perhaps only a quarter of Papuan languages have been studied in detail, linguists' understanding of the relationships between them will continue to be revised.
369:
and structural similarities, and accept only the lowest levels of his classification, most of which he inherited from prior taxonomies. Foley (1986) divides Papuan languages into over sixty small language families, plus a number of isolates. However, more recently Foley has accepted the broad outline
224:
The term 'Papuan languages' must not be taken in the same sense as 'Austronesian languages'. While all
Austronesian languages are genetically related in one family, in the sense that they all descend from a common ancestral language called Proto-Austronesian spoken some 6,000 years ago... do not all
4791:
have similarities with the
Australian languages, but believed this may be due to a substratum effect, but nevertheless believed that the Australian languages represent a linguistic group that existed in New Guinea before the arrival of the Papuan languages (which he believed arrived in at least two
709:
pronoun systems, which are resistant to borrowing, and in any case that the massive number of languages with similar pronouns in a family like Trans–New Guinea preclude borrowing as an explanation. Also, he shows that the two cases of alleged pronoun borrowing in New Guinea are simple coincidence,
6168:
Miedema, J. and
Welling, F.I. "Fieldnotes on languages and dialects in the Kebar district, Bird's Head, Irian Jaya". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S.
5519:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
4748:
stated that the lexical similarities between Great
Andamanese and the West Papuan and Timor–Alor families "are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity in a number of instances". However, he considered this not evidence of a connection between (Great) Andamanese and Trans–New
4372:
Language families of New Guinea, the North
Moluccas, and the Lesser Sunda Islands according to Timothy Usher. Languages of Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, the Torres Strait Islands, and Northern Australia were not included in the study, and they are portrayed here according to current
733:
Ross has proposed 23 Papuan language families and 9–13 isolates. However, because of his more stringent criteria, he was not able to find enough data to classify all Papuan languages, especially many isolates that have no close relatives to aid in their classification.
1323:, which do not appear to be related to each other or to other languages in the area. Namla, recently discovered, may prove to be related to Tofamna once more data comes in. Murkim and Lepki show some similarities to each other, though these may not be genetic.
121:
is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the
Austronesian languages, there arguably are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many
4786:
only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both. However, Dixon later abandoned his proto-Australian proposal, and Foley's ideas need to be re-evaluated in light of recent research. Wurm also suggested the
4760:. However, the Tasmanian peoples were isolated for perhaps 10,000 years, their disappearance wiped out their languages before much was recorded of them, and few linguists expect that they will ever be linked to another language family.
401:) being related to the Australian languages, a later migration bringing the West Papuan, Torricelli and the East Papuan languages and a third wave bringing the most recent pre-Austronesian migration, the Trans–New Guinea family.
381:
into account. For example, several of the main branches of his Trans–New Guinea phylum have no vocabulary in common with other Trans–New Guinea languages, and were classified as Trans–New Guinea because they are similar
2446:
4) by Müller, Velupillai, Wichmann et al. (2013) found lexical similarities among the following language groups. Note that some of these automatically generated groupings are due to chance resemblances.
2923:'s internal classification of Trans-New Guinea largely resembles a composite of Usher's and Ross' classifications, Palmer et al. do not address the more tentative families that Usher proposes, such as
705:
It has been suggested that the families that appear when comparing pronouns may be due to pronoun borrowing rather than to genealogical relatedness. However, Ross argues that Papuan languages have
290:
Although there has been relatively little study of these languages compared with the
Austronesian family, there have been three preliminary attempts at large-scale genealogical classification, by
2915:
Bill Palmer et al. (2018) propose 43 independent families and 37 language isolates in the
Papuasphere, comprising a total of 862 languages. A total of 80 independent groups are recognized. While
6066:". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors,
185:
are marked by a significant historical Papuan influence, lexically, grammatically, and phonologically, and this is responsible for much of the diversity of the
Austronesian language family.
394:. Similarly, several groups that do have substantial basic vocabulary in common with Trans–New Guinea languages are excluded from the phylum because they do not resemble it grammatically.
11444:
741:(or at least the Warembori language—he had insufficient data on Pauwi) are Austronesian languages that have been heavily transformed by contact with Papuan languages, much as the
692:. Nonetheless, Ross believes that he has been able to validate much of Wurm's classification, albeit with revisions to correct for Wurm's partially typological approach. (See
312:
Statistical analyses designed to pick up signals too faint to be detected by the comparative method, though of disputed validity, suggest five major Papuan stocks (roughly
332:
Papuan languages); long-range comparison has also suggested connections between selected languages, but again the methodology is not orthodox in historical linguistics.
672:
Malcolm Ross re-evaluated Wurm's proposal on purely lexical grounds. That is, he looked at shared vocabulary, and especially shared idiosyncrasies analogous to English
1368:'s (2012) classification. Some of the groups could turn out to be related to each other, but Wichmann (2013) lists them as separate groups pending further research.
5060:
710:
explainable as regular developments from the protolanguages of the families in question: as earlier forms of the languages are reconstructed, their pronouns become
7745:
225:
trace their origins back to a single ancestral language... when a language is termed 'Papuan', this claims nothing more than that a language is not Austronesian.
6187:". In Laycock, D., Seiler, W., Bruce, L., Chlenov, M., Shaw, R.D., Holzknecht, S., Scott, G., Nekitel, O., Wurm, S.A., Goldman, L. and Fingleton, J. editors,
5681:
760:
and therefore must remain tentative. Although pronouns are conservative elements in a language, they are short and utilise a reduced set of the language's
11333:
182:
5155:. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia. Vol. Special Issue 2012. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. pp. 313–386.
7738:
4659:
7637:
4778:. He believed that it was naïve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a
1126:
803:
6337:
11484:
11449:
397:
Wurm believed the Papuan languages arrived in several waves of migration with some of the earlier languages (perhaps including the
6305:
6290:
370:
if not the details of Wurm's classification, as he and Ross have substantiated a large portion of Wurm's Trans–New Guinea phylum.
11305:
7731:
4436:
4432:
1179:
746:
647:
11530:
8075:
7667:
6683:
753:
phylum were a potential 24th family, but subsequent work has shown them to be highly divergent Austronesian languages as well.
7682:
7652:
5794:
5760:
5660:
5635:
5610:
5545:
5070:
1361:
945:
5626:
Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
7622:
329:
5601:
Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
7907:
7771:
7677:
7657:
6639:
4775:
1456:
1330:
4721:. Very few linguists accept his grouping. It is distinct from the Trans–New Guinea phylum of the classifications below.
7607:
6688:
4468:
3569:
1409:
194:
112:
5090:
1360:(2013) accepts the following 109 groups as coherent Papuan families, based on computational analyses performed by the
11489:
11348:
10405:
7672:
7647:
6083:"Notes on the Languages of the Rigo Area of the Central District of Papua". In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D.C. editors,
5985:
5955:
5854:
5824:
5729:
5110:
4563:
865:
5695:
1255:(Ross placed it provisionally in East Bird's Head – Sentani to encourage research, but does not claim it is related)
764:. Both phenomena greatly increase the possibility of chance resemblances, especially when they are not confirmed by
6252:"Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors,
6100:"Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Pawley, A., Attenborough, R., Golson, J. and Hide, R. editors,
4400:
910:
351:, listed below with the approximate number of languages in each family in parentheses. This was the scheme used by
11525:
8892:
7662:
7517:
4771:
4718:
4474:
4274:
4190:
3471:
3038:
2285:
1281:
1097:
361:, and Wurm himself has stated that he does not expect it to hold up well to scrutiny. Other linguists, including
77:
756:
Note that while this classification may be more reliable than past attempts, it is based on a single parameter,
11499:
7754:
7036:
6677:
6330:
6280:
5902:
5577:
4895:
3793:
3050:
2931:
2161:
1135:
928:
693:
584:
564:
Foley summarized the state of the literature. Besides Trans–New Guinea and families possibly belonging in TNG (
503:
313:
303:
11459:
11439:
11411:
11368:
11221:
9865:
8707:
6792:
6719:
6701:
6578:
6518:
6513:
5089:
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J; Tryon, Darrell (eds.).
4585:
4549:
3881:
3821:
3623:
3080:
3074:
2935:
2357:
2274:
1963:
1714:
1636:
1541:
1144:
859:
637:
632:
473:
439:
258:(130,000 reported 1991) in the eastern (PNG) highlands. To the west of New Guinea, the largest languages are
135:
11378:
7916:
7485:
7480:
6693:
3851:
3733:
3643:
3134:
3128:
2769:
1968:
1471:
1460:
989:
983:
655:
651:
174:
126:. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the
11479:
11434:
11298:
11047:
9675:
8643:
8395:
7059:
6980:
6868:
6806:
6479:
6474:
4597:
4520:
4497:
4446:
3845:
3661:
3170:
3008:
2634:
1885:
1737:
1708:
1483:
1275:
1012:
934:
825:
726:, where pronouns indicate details of relationship and social status rather than simply being grammatical
547:
6315:
6107:
Franklin, K.J. "Other Language Groups in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas". In Franklin, K. editor,
4377:
The following families are identified by Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter in their NewGuineaWorld project:
565:
535:
and since Wurm's time another isolate and two languages belonging to a new family have been discovered,
234:
Most Papuan languages are spoken by hundreds to thousands of people; the most populous are found in the
11474:
11454:
10979:
10637:
10304:
8563:
8087:
7791:
7711:
7642:
7617:
7597:
7582:
7495:
6849:
6844:
6712:
6707:
6523:
6393:
6362:
4900:
4737:
4593:
4537:
4506:
4425:
3655:
3218:
3164:
3140:
3062:
3056:
2996:
2978:
2947:
2943:
2924:
2875:
2345:
1692:
1661:
1553:
1496:
1397:
1385:
995:
626:
458:
336:
5932:. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
5926:"Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1"
11520:
11065:
10946:
10923:
9275:
9222:
8248:
7954:
7632:
7612:
7490:
6646:
6538:
6323:
6219:
Thomson, N.P. "The Dialects of Magi". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors,
4805:
4589:
3769:
3691:
3599:
3587:
3044:
2898:
2840:
2817:
2630:
1648:
1592:
1573:
1159:
738:
528:
1371:
9 families have been broken up into separate groups in Wichmann's (2013) classification, which are:
339:
may be related to some western Papuan languages, but are not themselves covered by the term Papuan.
11358:
10329:
7992:
7687:
7363:
7097:
6778:
6666:
6300:
4788:
4525:
4408:
4007:
3983:
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3739:
3673:
3611:
3247:
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3116:
2045:
1513:
1403:
1190:
841:
485:
417:
398:
383:
321:
5651:
Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
718:
pronoun systems, where borrowings are common, are found in hierarchical cultures such as those of
10514:
8522:
8499:
8032:
7879:
7587:
7560:
7393:
6628:
6408:
5886:
4750:
4619:
4013:
3941:
3923:
3869:
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3593:
3505:
3230:
2639:
2241:
2149:
2115:
1947:
1804:
952:
390:
that are grammatically similar to Trans–New Guinea languages due to the influence of contact and
374:
299:
6310:
6295:
11328:
11291:
9963:
9456:
9333:
8198:
8163:
7841:
7692:
7383:
7212:
7196:
7105:
6822:
6817:
6438:
6403:
6286:
Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea
5126:
4706:
4647:
4492:
4481:
4420:
4229:
4043:
3995:
3989:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3715:
3635:
3605:
3386:
2894:
2791:
2764:
2699:
2521:
2143:
2054:
1847:
1810:
1621:
1152:
1051:
598:
451:
432:
387:
202:
92:
73:
11343:
10822:
10799:
10665:
10324:
7854:
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7602:
7592:
7577:
7309:
7227:
7042:
6785:
6748:
6548:
6489:
6080:
4863:
4801:
4779:
4690:
4670:
4654:
4577:
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4413:
4239:
4055:
3965:
3667:
3497:
3354:
3274:
3020:
2831:
2827:
2782:
2760:
2503:
2490:
2481:
2279:
1901:
1698:
1565:
1519:
831:
797:
750:
622:
588:
509:
445:
325:
317:
239:
2920:
1365:
11494:
11393:
11314:
10122:
9877:
8977:
8224:
7461:
7291:
7253:
7139:
7130:
7073:
7022:
4821:
4809:
4733:
4710:
4665:
4630:
4557:
4531:
4165:
3935:
3929:
3805:
3453:
3068:
3014:
2984:
2804:
2703:
2542:
2525:
2429:
2377:
2171:
1202:
1107:
1080:
898:
791:
784:
612:
606:
592:
497:
306:
235:
127:
8:
11469:
11388:
11118:
10539:
10433:
10428:
10392:
10066:
10050:
9932:
9471:
8856:
8763:
7627:
6613:
6443:
6126:
5522:
4757:
4714:
4442:
4205:
4001:
3977:
3893:
2756:
2712:
2677:
2578:
2226:
2165:
2026:
1240:
688:. The poor state of documentation of Papuan languages restricts this approach largely to
357:
prior to Ross's classification (below). It is based on very preliminary work, much of it
131:
6237:
Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists
5536:
Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
11383:
11373:
11363:
11353:
11144:
11103:
11080:
11037:
10908:
10835:
10734:
10683:
10678:
10316:
10232:
10096:
10091:
9710:
9305:
9102:
8487:
8294:
8263:
8234:
7302:
7297:
7092:
7077:
7054:
6970:
6829:
6767:
6598:
6593:
6543:
6424:
6374:
6239:. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975.
6158:. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970.
5872:
5783:
5013:
4986:
4843:
4837:
4813:
4581:
4571:
4510:
4462:
4450:
4404:
4019:
3911:
3857:
3839:
3787:
3775:
3745:
3709:
3537:
4.0 (2019), based partly on Usher, recognizes 70 independent families and 55 isolates.
3251:
3110:
3098:
2880:
2871:
2853:
2739:
2707:
2682:
2669:
2651:
2608:
2049:
1816:
1704:
1667:
1626:
1547:
884:
871:
847:
479:
210:
9744:
6291:
Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia
6102:
Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
5895:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
5847:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
5841:
5755:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 895–938.
5630:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894.
5605:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640.
5570:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
11464:
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9783:
9764:
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9700:
9695:
9542:
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9498:
9438:
9190:
9117:
9092:
9084:
8897:
8861:
8829:
8799:
8778:
8684:
8658:
8653:
8451:
8428:
8376:
8128:
8022:
7924:
7531:
7475:
7401:
7388:
7378:
7327:
7322:
7233:
7175:
7144:
6995:
6839:
6834:
6812:
6608:
6603:
6588:
6484:
6448:
6413:
6249:
6233:
6152:
6070:
No. 22. A-63:275-312. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985.
6015:
5991:
5981:
5961:
5951:
5908:
5898:
5860:
5850:
5830:
5820:
5800:
5790:
5756:
5725:
5656:
5655:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196.
5631:
5606:
5583:
5573:
5541:
5145:
5106:
5066:
5018:
4887:
4635:
4601:
4545:
4284:
4264:
4125:
4080:
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4037:
3905:
3899:
3875:
3827:
3811:
3781:
3763:
3751:
3481:
3411:
3367:
3224:
3200:
3176:
3158:
3152:
3092:
3086:
2939:
2867:
2799:
2747:
2725:
2695:
2690:
2673:
2560:
2547:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2351:
2318:
2196:
2190:
2155:
2013:
1978:
1958:
1895:
1880:
1842:
1724:
1720:
1617:
1580:
1526:
1489:
1429:
1415:
1391:
1381:
1173:
977:
819:
358:
6256:
No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971.
1357:
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8922:
8887:
8783:
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8345:
8335:
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8299:
8229:
8183:
8123:
8012:
7982:
7934:
7929:
7408:
7373:
7368:
7218:
7207:
7154:
6902:
6888:
6881:
6854:
6741:
6655:
6565:
6533:
6508:
6500:
6466:
6257:
6240:
6224:
6223:
No. 18. A-40:37-90. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975.
6210:
6192:
6191:
No. 24. A-70:45-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
6174:
6173:
No. 22. A-63:29-52. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985.
6159:
6142:
6112:
6097:
6088:
6071:
6049:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5812:
5751:(2018). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
5748:
5561:
5540:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20.
5096:
5008:
4998:
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3306:
3296:
3291:
3269:
3194:
3146:
3122:
3026:
2889:
2844:
2836:
2813:
2795:
2787:
2773:
2751:
2734:
2647:
2604:
2595:
2590:
2498:
2392:
2269:
2039:
1973:
1863:
1822:
1569:
1507:
1502:
1326:
1258:
1226:
1208:
1122:
1046:
1034:
1026:
1020:
892:
706:
642:
540:
424:
378:
362:
291:
279:
259:
217:
151:
147:
123:
41:
10354:
10171:
7503:
7119:
6207:
The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea
6139:
The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea
6109:
The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea
6048:
No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975.
4641:
3461:
3396:
2233:
1654:
1056:
960:
516:
193:
The "Papuan languages" are a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a
11182:
11177:
11167:
11093:
11070:
10989:
10959:
10936:
10898:
10883:
10860:
10845:
10830:
10779:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10721:
10688:
10650:
10613:
10588:
10579:
10544:
10529:
10509:
10496:
10476:
10443:
10438:
10400:
10382:
10372:
10344:
10272:
10227:
10196:
10117:
10024:
9978:
9912:
9907:
9842:
9827:
9806:
9661:
9625:
9563:
9408:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9353:
9348:
9338:
9318:
9313:
9280:
9247:
9204:
9164:
9154:
9064:
9048:
9035:
9020:
8938:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8866:
8773:
8768:
8742:
8674:
8648:
8628:
8586:
8540:
8512:
8464:
8459:
8441:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8381:
8371:
8320:
8208:
8203:
8188:
8149:
8144:
8007:
7972:
7944:
7939:
7869:
7811:
7465:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7315:
7186:
7164:
7159:
7081:
7063:
7029:
6930:
6909:
6895:
6755:
6583:
6573:
6528:
6454:
5889:(2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In
5003:
4925:
4859:
4682:
4612:
4514:
4487:
4309:
4269:
4259:
4219:
4214:
4180:
4175:
4160:
4155:
4135:
4105:
4025:
3947:
3727:
3697:
3649:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3326:
3311:
3301:
3279:
3188:
3182:
2990:
2885:
2863:
2858:
2778:
2686:
2599:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2397:
2363:
2218:
2204:
2107:
2062:
2006:
1992:
1953:
1905:
1875:
1829:
1685:
1642:
1631:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1587:
1560:
1375:
1320:
1312:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1214:
1196:
1140:
1131:
1042:
922:
904:
835:
466:
377:(see below), the main problem with Wurm's classification is that he did not take
267:
178:
159:
104:
56:
45:
6104:. PL-572:109-144. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005.
11234:
11229:
11172:
11088:
11027:
11017:
10997:
10964:
10954:
10913:
10903:
10893:
10888:
10855:
10840:
10789:
10759:
10729:
10673:
10655:
10645:
10622:
10593:
10567:
10534:
10481:
10377:
10339:
10334:
10277:
10252:
10237:
10222:
10176:
10166:
10151:
10132:
10081:
10040:
10014:
10004:
9902:
9897:
9832:
9791:
9749:
9739:
9729:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9599:
9573:
9547:
9521:
9516:
9493:
9488:
9451:
9446:
9424:
9403:
9368:
9343:
9328:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9270:
9217:
9212:
9185:
9159:
9133:
9112:
9074:
9043:
8999:
8994:
8871:
8824:
8819:
8809:
8758:
8679:
8638:
8612:
8591:
8366:
8340:
8315:
8268:
8107:
8102:
8048:
8027:
8017:
8002:
7977:
7967:
7897:
7887:
7859:
7816:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7783:
7702:
7538:
7281:
7259:
7238:
7149:
7112:
7087:
7067:
7047:
6958:
6944:
6937:
6923:
6873:
6858:
6799:
6433:
6388:
6209:. C-26:187-215. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973.
6141:. C-26:111-148. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973.
6121:
6111:. C-26:261-278. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973.
6087:. C-13:879-984. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970.
6059:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4833:
4825:
4767:
4344:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4249:
4234:
4224:
4185:
4115:
4100:
4090:
3833:
3679:
3617:
3486:
3391:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3206:
3104:
2822:
2730:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2617:
2564:
2534:
2530:
2512:
2507:
2468:
2385:
2331:
2293:
2211:
2103:
2079:
2071:
2020:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1836:
1798:
1465:
1341:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1252:
1220:
1163:
1088:
1072:
916:
810:
742:
719:
409:
Papuan families proposed by Wurm (1975) (with approximate numbers of languages)
275:
255:
243:
11514:
11260:
11239:
11211:
11162:
11132:
11108:
11055:
11022:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10969:
10931:
10807:
10603:
10519:
10504:
10486:
10466:
10257:
10247:
10206:
10201:
10186:
10181:
10086:
9988:
9983:
9968:
9922:
9801:
9754:
9705:
9690:
9604:
9398:
9358:
9262:
9252:
9180:
9107:
9025:
9015:
8814:
8804:
8737:
8535:
8530:
8325:
8289:
8284:
8193:
8178:
7997:
7987:
7962:
7864:
7849:
7831:
7821:
7723:
7549:
7524:
7450:
7357:
7342:
7270:
7264:
7244:
7202:
7169:
6951:
6916:
6862:
6734:
6727:
6554:
6398:
6156:
The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships
5890:
5842:
5565:
5036:
4867:
4829:
4783:
4694:
4606:
4553:
4541:
4455:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4294:
4254:
4244:
4200:
4170:
4140:
4130:
4085:
4075:
3721:
3703:
3629:
3493:
3476:
3446:
3403:
3341:
3316:
3264:
3259:
3032:
3002:
2916:
2848:
2808:
2743:
2720:
2716:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2586:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2516:
2494:
2370:
2339:
2322:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2177:
2032:
1998:
1984:
1942:
1890:
1673:
1608:
1477:
1435:
1336:
1307:
and the PNG border, including Molof, Usku, and Tofamna listed above but also
1264:
1167:
1103:
877:
853:
617:
602:
491:
366:
251:
247:
167:
6281:
2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua
5965:
5912:
5864:
5834:
5804:
5587:
10865:
10349:
10262:
10019:
10009:
9958:
9942:
9927:
9917:
9759:
9609:
9568:
9461:
9393:
9323:
9138:
8633:
8607:
8507:
7892:
7510:
6988:
6383:
6285:
6124:
1968. Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea.
6019:
6003:
5995:
5973:
5921:
5753:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
5653:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
5628:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
5603:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
5538:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
5022:
4745:
4120:
3466:
3362:
2404:
2314:
2310:
2184:
1730:
1681:
1534:
968:
715:
391:
348:
295:
67:
10812:
6345:
6202:
6134:
6063:
6042:
Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea
5677:
5523:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
4817:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2306:
2302:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1092:
1064:
206:
198:
6214:
6184:
6146:
6116:
6092:
6075:
11283:
7346:
6261:
6228:
6196:
6178:
6041:
5946:
5101:
698:
353:
263:
118:
108:
96:
49:
6053:
5676:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019).
4987:"Explaining the Linguistic Diversity of Sahul Using Population Models"
4368:
5268:
5165:
3547:
3533:
938:
271:
163:
139:
100:
37:
6244:
6163:
5937:
72:
The historical distribution of the Papuan languages, in red. Tan is
6203:
A Tentative Classification of the Languages of the Mt Bosavi Region
2950:
families are uncertain, and hence are marked below as "tentative."
727:
347:
The most widely used classification of Papuan languages is that of
246:(100,000 reported 1985) in the western (Indonesian) highlands, and
6044:". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors,
765:
761:
689:
155:
5877:
Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists
1303:
There is a cluster of languages in West Papua between the upper
4985:
Reesink, Ger; Singer, Ruth; Dunn, Michael (November 17, 2009).
1329:(unclassified, with one lexical item possibly connecting it to
111:. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a
4782:
for most of their human history, having been separated by the
7006:
6274:
5845:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson, eds. (2005).
4741:
3374:
1075:(Gapun), located on what had been an offshore island 4000 BCE
723:
143:
16:
Non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea and adjacent islands
6275:
TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea
5564:(2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In
4622:(expands Pauwasi with several recently discovered languages)
7010:
5675:
3378:
2443:
730:
as they are in the more egalitarian New Guinea societies.)
8074:
5041:
Journal of Language Relationship·Вопросы языкового родства
302:. The largest family posited for the Papuan region is the
1249:(shares basic vocab, but not pronouns, with Lakes Plains)
5151:. In Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.).
365:, have suggested that many of Wurm's phyla are based on
5893:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
5568:; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).
5153:
History, contact and classification of Papuan languages
4753:
from an earlier migration to New Guinea from the west.
576:
Papuan families other than TNG accepted by Foley (2003)
238:, where a few exceed a hundred thousand. These include
5037:
Distant Language Relationship: The Current Perspective
6085:
Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell
5682:
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
3241:
Papuan isolates and unclassified languages (37 total)
1300:(has been linked to Eleman, but with little evidence)
524:
Two of Wurm's isolates have since been linked as the
5625:
4877:
4744:
are related to the Papuan or West Papuan languages.
4385:
Papuan families proposed by Usher & Suter (2024)
197:. The concept of Papuan (non-Austronesian) speaking
7770:
5572:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144.
4954:
282:(20,000 reported 2007) are spoken on Bougainville.
5782:
5722:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
2972:Papuan independent language families (43 families)
5897:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.
5743:
5741:
5701:
5650:
5594:
5520:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
4984:
1284:(isolate, has been classified as Kwomtari–Baibai)
11512:
5785:A linguistic bibliography of the New Guinea area
5554:
5088:
5062:Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages
6006:(1983). "Papuan linguistics: past and future".
5875:(1892). "The languages of British New Guinea".
5619:
2457:ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity
10303:
7753:
5738:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
4942:
11299:
9864:
8706:
7739:
6331:
5669:
4828:, with the exception of the language isolate
4756:Greenberg also suggested a connection to the
4700:
5789:. Canberra: Australian National University.
5600:
5529:
5137:
4693:have not been addressed, except to identify
285:
6301:Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera
5045:
4363:
1447:Papuan families proposed by Wichmann (2013)
183:Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
162:, is spoken within the national borders of
11306:
11292:
8562:
7746:
7732:
6338:
6324:
6306:Endangered Languages of the Pacific Region
5780:
5644:
5084:
5082:
4776:languages of the East New Guinea Highlands
4766:(1986) noted lexical similarities between
826:East Cenderawasih (Geelvink Bay) languages
5945:
5819:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5100:
5012:
5002:
2958:Papuan families proposed by Palmer (2018)
11313:
5143:
4367:
2455:Selected Papuan family groupings in the
95:spoken on the western Pacific island of
5079:
5058:
3524:
776:Papuan families proposed by Ross (2005)
150:to the west. The westernmost language,
11513:
8486:
8076:Central and South New Guinea languages
5535:
5513:
5146:"A classification of Papuan languages"
4971:
4969:
11287:
10709:
10565:
10302:
9863:
8963:
8705:
8561:
8485:
8073:
7769:
7727:
6319:
6064:A linguistic survey of the Upper Yuat
6008:Language and Linguistics in Melanesia
5811:
5773:
5747:
5719:
5707:
5560:
4960:
4724:
2442:An automated computational analysis (
1362:Automated Similarity Judgment Program
714:similar, not more. (Ross argues that
650:(2 branches not close to each other:
274:(80,000 reported 1990). To the east,
99:, as well as neighbouring islands in
8964:
6002:
5972:
5919:
5885:
3558:
2965:
1127:East Bird's Head – Sentani languages
1118:Former isolates classified by Ross:
978:Baining (East New Britain) languages
804:East Bird's Head – Sentani languages
6311:Timothy Usher's Newguineaworld site
5871:
4966:
4948:
747:Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages
158:, is extinct. One Papuan language,
13:
10710:
10566:
6352:
6028:
5817:The Papuan Languages of New Guinea
1352:
1186:Unclassified due to lack of data:
901:(40–50) (perhaps related to Sepik)
568:), he accepted the proposals for,
229:
14:
11542:
6268:
5849:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
4836:. All other Papuan languages are
4709:phylum containing the (Northern)
1134:(Kibiri), in the Kiwai family of
946:Yele – West New Britain languages
209:was first suggested and named by
76:and grey the historical range of
6254:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
6221:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
6189:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
6171:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
6068:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
6046:Papers in New Guinea Linguistics
5694:Usher, Timothy and Edgar Suter.
5035:Murray Gell-Mann et al. (2009) "
4880:
4770:'s 1980 reconstruction of proto-
4713:, all Papuan languages, and the
2910:
2428:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-16 (
2383:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-15 (
2376:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-14 (
1900:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-13 (
1809:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-12 (
1797:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-11 (
1736:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-10 (
66:
7772:West Trans–New Guinea languages
5978:The Papuan Languages of Oceania
5713:
5688:
5262:
5159:
4719:Australian Aboriginal languages
4685:remains unclassified. Extinct
1713:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-9 (
1672:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-8 (
1597:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-7 (
1552:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-6 (
1540:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-5 (
1533:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-4 (
1524:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-3 (
1512:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-2 (
1495:ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-1 (
1147:(on basic lexical resemblances)
559:
386:. However, there are also many
11334:Federated States of Micronesia
6296:Bill Foley on Papuan languages
5724:. Cambridge University Press.
5119:
5029:
4978:
4918:
4816:, as well as the languages of
4660:Torricelli Range – Sepik Coast
4431:Central New Guinea Highlands (
929:South-Central Papuan languages
913:(40) (first proposed by Foley)
895:(2) (perhaps related to Sepik)
787:(reduced to 466–493 languages)
667:
342:
1:
11531:Languages of Papua New Guinea
5115:– via press.anu.edu.au.
5059:Moseley, Christopher (2007).
4906:
4846:Papuan languages include the
4705:Joseph Greenberg proposed an
4697:as an Austronesian language.
4681:In addition, poorly attested
3286:North coast / hinterland (12)
1045:(Yuri) – since shown to be a
866:Left May – Kwomtari languages
702:(2009) largely follows Ross.
254:(150,000 reported 2011), and
7668:Central and South New Guinea
5004:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000241
3545:Papuan families proposed in
1660:ex-Dibiyaso-Doso-Turumsa-2 (
1578:ex-Dibiyaso-Doso-Turumsa-1 (
1151:Languages reassigned to the
1029:(Donohue links it to Kwerba)
990:South Bougainville languages
984:North Bougainville languages
911:Ramu – Lower Sepik languages
7:
6205:". In Franklin, K. editor,
6137:". In Franklin, K. editor,
6135:The Teberan Language Family
4873:
4824:. These languages all have
4795:
935:Eastern Trans-Fly languages
278:(27,000 reported 2003) and
10:
11547:
10305:Southeast Papuan languages
7755:Trans–New Guinea languages
7638:East Bird's Head – Sentani
6185:The Bosavi language family
4896:Trans–New Guinea languages
4738:Great Andamanese languages
4701:Greenberg's classification
1162:(Donohue argues this is a
996:Central Solomons languages
972:(Pele-Ata, Wasi) (isolate)
694:Trans–New Guinea languages
504:Trans–New Guinea languages
440:East Bird's Head languages
337:Great Andamanese languages
188:
11425:
11402:
11321:
11248:
11220:
11191:
11153:
11117:
11079:
11046:
10988:
10945:
10922:
10874:
10821:
10798:
10720:
10716:
10705:
10664:
10636:
10612:
10578:
10574:
10561:
10495:
10452:
10414:
10391:
10363:
10315:
10311:
10298:
10215:
10159:
10150:
10105:
10059:
10033:
9997:
9951:
9885:
9876:
9872:
9866:Finisterre–Huon languages
9859:
9815:
9782:
9719:
9683:
9674:
9654:
9618:
9587:
9556:
9530:
9507:
9481:
9470:
9437:
9417:
9304:
9261:
9240:
9231:
9203:
9173:
9147:
9126:
9083:
9057:
9034:
9008:
8987:
8976:
8972:
8959:
8931:
8880:
8849:
8842:
8792:
8751:
8725:
8718:
8714:
8708:Kainantu–Goroka languages
8701:
8667:
8621:
8600:
8574:
8570:
8557:
8521:
8498:
8494:
8481:
8450:
8427:
8394:
8359:
8308:
8277:
8256:
8247:
8217:
8171:
8162:
8137:
8116:
8095:
8086:
8082:
8069:
8041:
7953:
7915:
7906:
7878:
7840:
7782:
7778:
7765:
7761:
7701:
7678:East New Guinea Highlands
7570:
7548:
7460:
7341:
7280:
7185:
7129:
7005:
6968:
6765:
6684:Nuclear South Bird's Head
6665:
6626:
6564:
6498:
6464:
6422:
6372:
6361:
5920:Wurm, S.A. (Ed.) (1975).
5781:Carrington, Lois (1996).
5127:"DELP - Papuan Languages"
4437:Simbu – Western Highlands
4433:Enga – Southern Highlands
1180:Reef Islands – Santa Cruz
739:Lower Mamberamo languages
737:Ross also found that the
529:Lower Mamberamo languages
474:Kwomtari–Baibai languages
286:History of classification
65:
57:Linguistic classification
55:
31:
26:
21:
11485:Northern Mariana Islands
6708:Nuclear East Bird's Head
6347:Papuan language families
6040:Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "
5720:Dixon, R. M. W. (2002).
5144:Wichmann, Søren (2013).
4911:
4364:Usher & Suter (2024)
3570:Nuclear Trans-New Guinea
1410:Nuclear Trans-New Guinea
11450:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7683:Yele – West New Britain
7673:Central West New Guinea
4930:www.languagesgulper.com
2411:ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-5 (
2402:ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-4 (
2202:ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-3 (
2114:ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-2 (
2069:ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-1 (
548:Bayono–Awbono languages
61:not genetically related
11526:Languages of Indonesia
8564:Chimbu–Wahgi languages
7712:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
7623:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
4901:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
4401:Arai and Samaia Rivers
4374:
2350:ex-Pauwasi-2 (Eastern
1488:ex-Pauwasi-1 (Western
1457:West Timor-Alor-Pantar
452:Geelvink Bay languages
388:Austronesian languages
379:contact-induced change
266:(100,000 in 2010) and
242:(180,000 in 1993) and
227:
93:Austronesian languages
11428:and other territories
11315:Languages of Oceania
7663:West Papuan Highlands
7658:West Trans–New Guinea
7469:families and isolates
7350:families and isolates
7015:families and isolates
6974:families and isolates
6807:East Cenderawasih Bay
6771:families and isolates
6670:families and isolates
6667:Bird's Head Peninsula
6632:families and isolates
6034:Comparative wordlists
5879:. II (1892): 754–770.
4691:East Papuan languages
4475:Keram and Ramu Rivers
4428:(= East Geelvink Bay)
4371:
3498:Louisiade Archipelago
3248:Bird's Head Peninsula
3039:East Cenderawasih Bay
2930:The coherence of the
2239:ex-Morehead-Wasur-2 (
1679:ex-Morehead-Wasur-1 (
1364:(ASJP) combined with
925:(2) (perhaps in Ramu)
832:Lakes Plain languages
798:West Papuan languages
510:West Papuan languages
446:East Papuan languages
222:
173:Several languages of
7608:Binanderean–Goilalan
7462:Bismarck Archipelago
6689:Inanwatan–Duriankere
6277:(by Simon Greenhill)
6151:McElhanon, K.A. and
4789:Sepik–Ramu languages
4734:Andamanese languages
4711:Andamanese languages
4538:Northwest New Guinea
4469:Kaki Ae – Kerema Bay
3454:Bismarck Archipelago
2925:Northwest New Guinea
1191:Amto–Musan languages
1081:Bismarck Archipelago
899:Torricelli languages
842:Tor–Kwerba languages
792:Extended West Papuan
498:Torricelli languages
486:Sepik–Ramu languages
418:Amto–Musan languages
399:Sepik–Ramu languages
236:New Guinea highlands
195:genetic relationship
138:to the east, and in
128:Bismarck Archipelago
113:genetic relationship
9684:Tomul (Josephstaal)
7653:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
7648:Left May – Kwomtari
6579:Greater Binanderean
6215:10.15144/PL-C26.187
6147:10.15144/PL-C26.111
6127:Oceanic Linguistics
6117:10.15144/PL-C26.261
6093:10.15144/PL-C13.879
6076:10.15144/PL-A63.275
5873:Ray, Sidney Herbert
4792:different groups).
4758:Tasmanian languages
4740:) off the coast of
4715:Tasmanian languages
4580:(tentative. unites
4564:Oro – Wharton Range
4558:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
4540:(tentative. unites
3624:Greater Binanderean
1243:(apparently Kwerba)
1153:Austronesian family
1007:Sorted by location
868:(13) (problematic)
250:(230,000 in 2000),
216:In accordance with
132:Bougainville Island
8488:Kutubuan languages
7571:Proposed groupings
7486:South Bougainville
7481:North Bougainville
6971:Western New Guinea
6768:Western New Guinea
6262:10.15144/PL-A28.47
6229:10.15144/PL-A40.37
6197:10.15144/PL-A70.45
6179:10.15144/PL-A63.29
6122:Laycock, Donald C.
5980:. Tübingen: Narr.
5774:General references
5102:10.22459/A.09.2006
4812:languages are all
4732:proposed that the
4725:External relations
4375:
3852:North Bougainville
3734:South Bougainville
3644:Nuclear Torricelli
3252:Bomberai Peninsula
3135:South Bougainville
3129:North Bougainville
2770:North Bougainville
1969:North Bougainville
1472:South Bougainville
1366:Harald Hammarström
1331:languages of Timor
848:Nimboran languages
762:phonemic inventory
656:South Bougainville
652:North Bougainville
629:(probably related)
480:Left May languages
211:Sidney Herbert Ray
11508:
11507:
11500:Wallis and Futuna
11445:Clipperton Island
11403:Associated states
11281:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11269:
11268:
10701:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10294:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10286:
10285:
10146:
10145:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9778:
9777:
9676:Southern Adelbert
9670:
9669:
9433:
9432:
9199:
9198:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8838:
8837:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8390:
8389:
8243:
8242:
8158:
8157:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8056:
7908:Timor–Alor–Pantar
7792:Grand Valley Dani
7721:
7720:
7337:
7336:
7060:Leonhard Schultze
6678:South Bird's Head
6640:Timor-Alor-Pantar
6622:
6621:
6356:
6133:Macdonald, G.E. "
6054:10.15144/PL-A40.1
5813:Foley, William A.
5796:978-0-85883-449-1
5762:978-3-11-028642-7
5749:Foley, William A.
5662:978-3-11-028642-7
5637:978-3-11-028642-7
5612:978-3-11-028642-7
5562:Foley, William A.
5547:978-3-11-028642-7
5092:The Austronesians
5072:978-0-7007-1197-0
4888:New Guinea portal
4749:Guinea, but of a
4736:(or at least the
4678:
4677:
4521:Middle Yuat River
4498:Lower Sepik River
4447:Eastern Trans-Fly
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
3846:Eastern Trans-Fly
3794:South Bird's Head
3662:Timor-Alor-Pantar
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3051:South Bird's Head
3009:Timor-Alor-Pantar
2932:South Bird's Head
2907:
2906:
2635:Timor-Alor-Pantar
2439:
2438:
2162:South Bird's Head
1738:Southern Adelbert
1709:Eastern Trans-Fly
1349:
1348:
1271:Unaccounted for:
1174:Kazukuru language
1143:(Elseng), in the
1125:(Taurap), in the
1003:Language isolates
820:Mairasi languages
664:
663:
556:
555:
201:as distinct from
166:, in the eastern
124:language isolates
85:
84:
11538:
11521:Papuan languages
11490:Pitcairn Islands
11460:French Polynesia
11440:Christmas Island
11369:Papua New Guinea
11349:Marshall Islands
11322:Sovereign states
11308:
11301:
11294:
11285:
11284:
10718:
10717:
10707:
10706:
10576:
10575:
10563:
10562:
10313:
10312:
10300:
10299:
10157:
10156:
9883:
9882:
9874:
9873:
9861:
9860:
9681:
9680:
9479:
9478:
9238:
9237:
8985:
8984:
8981:(Adelbert Range)
8974:
8973:
8966:Madang languages
8961:
8960:
8847:
8846:
8723:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8703:
8702:
8572:
8571:
8559:
8558:
8496:
8495:
8483:
8482:
8254:
8253:
8169:
8168:
8093:
8092:
8084:
8083:
8071:
8070:
7913:
7912:
7780:
7779:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7725:
7724:
7598:Southeast Papuan
7583:Northwest Papuan
7491:Central Solomons
7127:
7126:
7037:Lower Sepik-Ramu
6720:West Bird's Head
6702:East Bird's Head
6566:Papuan Peninsula
6501:Papua New Guinea
6467:Papua New Guinea
6370:
6369:
6363:Trans-New Guinea
6350:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6023:
6004:Wurm, Stephen A.
5999:
5974:Wurm, Stephen A.
5969:
5949:
5922:Wurm, Stephen A.
5916:
5880:
5868:
5838:
5808:
5788:
5767:
5766:
5745:
5736:
5735:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5533:
5527:
5517:
5511:
5266:
5260:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5104:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5056:
5043:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5006:
4997:(11): e1000241.
4982:
4976:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4922:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4764:William A. Foley
4730:Joseph Greenberg
4666:Trans–New Guinea
4534:(= Kaure–Kosare)
4507:Upper Yuat River
4426:Cenderawasih Bay
4381:
4380:
3882:East Bird's Head
3822:West Bird's Head
3656:Lower Sepik-Ramu
3559:
3541:
3540:
3406:/ hinterland (8)
3141:Central Solomons
3081:East Bird's Head
3075:West Bird's Head
3063:Leonard Schultze
2997:Lower Sepik-Ramu
2979:Trans New Guinea
2966:
2954:
2953:
2948:Central Solomons
2936:East Bird's Head
2876:Leonard Schultze
2451:
2450:
2358:East Bird's Head
2275:West Bird's Head
1443:
1442:
1398:Lower Sepik-Ramu
1145:Border languages
1136:Trans–New Guinea
1123:Burmeso language
1100:, on New Britain
1047:Pauwasi language
1035:Sandaun Province
1027:Isirawa language
1021:Abinomn language
956:(Yele) (isolate)
893:Senagi languages
860:Border languages
785:Trans–New Guinea
772:
771:
638:West Bird's Head
633:East Bird's Head
627:Cenderawasih Bay
585:Lower Sepik-Ramu
572:
571:
541:Abinomn language
425:Burmeso language
405:
404:
363:William A. Foley
314:Trans–New Guinea
304:Trans–New Guinea
292:Joseph Greenberg
218:William A. Foley
148:Alor archipelago
89:Papuan languages
70:
42:Papua New Guinea
19:
18:
11546:
11545:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11535:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11504:
11427:
11421:
11404:
11398:
11379:Solomon Islands
11317:
11312:
11282:
11265:
11244:
11222:Turama–Kikorian
11216:
11187:
11149:
11113:
11075:
11042:
10984:
10947:East Strickland
10941:
10918:
10870:
10817:
10794:
10712:
10693:
10660:
10632:
10608:
10570:
10549:
10491:
10448:
10410:
10387:
10359:
10330:Mountain Koiari
10307:
10282:
10211:
10142:
10101:
10055:
10029:
9993:
9947:
9868:
9847:
9811:
9774:
9715:
9666:
9650:
9614:
9583:
9552:
9526:
9503:
9474:
9466:
9429:
9413:
9300:
9257:
9227:
9195:
9169:
9143:
9122:
9079:
9053:
9030:
9004:
8980:
8968:
8943:
8927:
8876:
8834:
8788:
8747:
8710:
8689:
8663:
8617:
8596:
8566:
8545:
8517:
8490:
8469:
8446:
8423:
8386:
8355:
8304:
8273:
8239:
8213:
8154:
8133:
8112:
8078:
8053:
8037:
7949:
7902:
7874:
7836:
7774:
7757:
7752:
7722:
7717:
7697:
7566:
7552:
7544:
7468:
7466:Solomon Islands
7456:
7349:
7333:
7276:
7181:
7125:
7014:
7001:
6973:
6964:
6770:
6761:
6669:
6661:
6647:North Halmahera
6631:
6618:
6560:
6539:East Strickland
6519:Kainantu-Goroka
6514:Finisterre-Huon
6494:
6460:
6418:
6365:
6357:
6355:classification)
6349:
6344:
6271:
6266:
6250:Voorhoeve, C.L.
6245:10.15144/PL-B31
6234:Voorhoeve, C.L.
6164:10.15144/PL-B16
6153:Voorhoeve, C.L.
6130:, 7 (1): 36–66.
6058:Davies, J. and
6031:
6029:Further reading
6026:
5988:
5958:
5938:10.15144/PL-C38
5905:
5857:
5827:
5797:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5763:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5599:
5595:
5580:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5534:
5530:
5518:
5514:
5267:
5263:
5164:
5160:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5057:
5046:
5034:
5030:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4967:
4963:, pp. 2–3.
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4806:Lower Mamberamo
4798:
4780:single landmass
4727:
4703:
4679:
4590:East Strickland
4439:= Chimbu–Wahgi)
4386:
4366:
4361:
4356:
3770:East Strickland
3692:North Halmahera
3600:Kainantu-Goroka
3588:Finisterre-Huon
3552:
3530:
3522:
3517:
3045:North Halmahera
2959:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:Finisterre-Huon
2841:East Strickland
2818:Turama-Kikorian
2631:North Halmahera
2460:
2440:
2435:
2195:ex-Sentanic-2 (
2060:ex-Sentanic-1 (
1715:Kainantu-Goroka
1649:North Halmahera
1574:East Strickland
1542:Finisterre-Huon
1448:
1355:
1353:Wichmann (2013)
1350:
1170:may not belong)
1166:Papuan family;
1160:Lower Mamberamo
1141:Morwap language
1132:Porome language
1043:Karkar language
923:Piawi languages
905:Sepik languages
836:Mamberamo River
777:
670:
665:
577:
562:
557:
467:Porome language
410:
345:
288:
232:
230:Speaker numbers
191:
136:Solomon Islands
105:Solomon Islands
81:
46:Solomon Islands
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11544:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11480:Norfolk Island
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11435:American Samoa
11431:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11408:
11406:
11405:of New Zealand
11400:
11399:
11397:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11318:
11311:
11310:
11303:
11296:
11288:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11226:
11224:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11197:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11159:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11142:
11136:
11130:
11123:
11121:
11115:
11114:
11112:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11085:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11052:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10994:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10951:
10949:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10934:
10928:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10880:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10827:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10726:
10724:
10714:
10713:
10711:Other families
10703:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10670:
10668:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10642:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10631:
10630:
10625:
10619:
10617:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10585:
10583:
10572:
10571:
10568:Anim languages
10559:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10501:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10458:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10420:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10403:
10397:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10369:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10321:
10319:
10309:
10308:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10284:
10283:
10281:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10163:
10161:
10154:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9953:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9889:
9887:
9880:
9870:
9869:
9857:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9788:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9726:
9724:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9687:
9685:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9664:
9658:
9656:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9513:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9485:
9483:
9476:
9475:(South Madang)
9468:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9244:
9242:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9209:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9046:
9040:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8982:
8970:
8969:
8957:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8935:
8933:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8853:
8851:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8752:Kamono–Yagaria
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8720:
8712:
8711:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8568:
8567:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8504:
8502:
8492:
8491:
8479:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8456:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8260:
8258:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8189:Kombai–Wanggom
8186:
8181:
8175:
8173:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8097:
8090:
8080:
8079:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8033:Western Pantar
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7959:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7919:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7776:
7775:
7759:
7758:
7751:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7728:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7707:
7705:
7703:Proto-language
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7556:
7554:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7470:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7364:Pahoturi River
7361:
7353:
7351:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7325:
7320:
7312:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7287:
7285:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7192:
7190:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7134:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7071:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7033:
7026:
7018:
7016:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6774:
6772:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6694:Konda–Yahadian
6691:
6686:
6673:
6671:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Enga-Kewa-Huli
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6367:
6359:
6358:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6269:External links
6267:
6265:
6264:
6247:
6231:
6217:
6199:
6181:
6166:
6149:
6131:
6119:
6105:
6095:
6078:
6056:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6000:
5986:
5970:
5956:
5917:
5903:
5883:
5881:
5869:
5855:
5843:Pawley, Andrew
5839:
5825:
5809:
5795:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5737:
5730:
5712:
5700:
5696:NewGuineaWorld
5687:
5668:
5661:
5643:
5636:
5618:
5611:
5593:
5578:
5553:
5546:
5528:
5512:
5261:
5158:
5136:
5118:
5111:
5078:
5071:
5044:
5028:
4977:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4875:
4872:
4834:VSO word order
4826:SVO word order
4797:
4794:
4768:R. M. W. Dixon
4726:
4723:
4717:, but not the
4702:
4699:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:(= Torricelli)
4657:
4652:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4575:
4561:
4535:
4529:
4526:Morehead River
4523:
4518:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4443:East Trans-Fly
4440:
4429:
4423:
4418:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4008:Mombum-Koneraw
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3984:Konda-Yahadian
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3888:Kamula-Elevala
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3740:Greater Kwerba
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3674:Morehead-Wasur
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3612:Enga-Kewa-Huli
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3117:Pahoturi River
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2878:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2834:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2754:
2737:
2728:
2723:
2710:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
2637:
2628:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2576:
2567:
2554:
2545:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2488:
2479:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2409:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:ex-Kwalean-2 (
2214:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2146:
2141:
2112:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1990:ex-Kwalean-1 (
1988:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1898:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1624:
1618:Greater Kwerba
1615:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1404:Morehead-Wasur
1401:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1358:Søren Wichmann
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1305:Taritatu River
1301:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:(Panaras), on
1101:
1095:
1089:Sulka language
1077:
1076:
1073:Taiap language
1061:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
974:
973:
965:
957:
942:
932:
926:
920:
917:Yuat languages
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
889:
888:
881:
875:
863:
857:
854:Skou languages
851:
845:
839:
829:
823:
817:
816:
815:
807:
801:
788:
779:
778:
775:
770:
768:similarities.
743:Takia language
720:Southeast Asia
669:
666:
662:
661:
660:
659:
645:
640:
635:
630:
620:
615:
610:
596:
579:
578:
575:
570:
561:
558:
554:
553:
552:
551:
545:
533:
532:
522:
521:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
463:
455:
449:
443:
437:
429:
421:
412:
411:
408:
403:
367:areal features
344:
341:
287:
284:
231:
228:
190:
187:
83:
82:
71:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11543:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11518:
11516:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11475:New Caledonia
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11455:Easter Island
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11424:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11401:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11309:
11304:
11302:
11297:
11295:
11290:
11289:
11286:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11247:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11190:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11146:
11143:
11140:
11137:
11134:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11116:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11048:Gogodala–Suki
11045:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10987:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10944:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10820:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10797:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10708:
10704:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:(Lake Murray)
10615:
10611:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10560:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10394:
10390:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10362:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10301:
10297:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10149:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9996:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9858:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9781:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9617:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9436:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9007:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8958:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8523:West Kutubuan
8520:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8500:East Kutubuan
8497:
8493:
8489:
8484:
8480:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8396:Bayono–Awbono
8393:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7880:West Bomberai
7877:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7588:South Pauwasi
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7550:Rossel Island
7547:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7394:Yelmek-Maklew
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7345:and southern
7344:
7343:Gulf of Papua
7340:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:Bayono-Awbono
6979:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:Tofanma-Namla
6867:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6480:Turama-Kikori
6478:
6476:
6475:Gogodala-Suki
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6409:West Bomberai
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5987:3-87808-357-2
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:9780858831322
5953:
5948:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5891:Andrew Pawley
5888:
5887:Ross, Malcolm
5884:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5856:0-85883-562-2
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5826:0-521-28621-2
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5778:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5733:
5731:0-521-47378-0
5727:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5683:
5680:. 4.0. Jena:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5566:Andrew Pawley
5563:
5557:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5524:
5516:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5131:sydney.edu.au
5128:
5122:
5114:
5112:9780731521326
5108:
5103:
5098:
5095:. ANU Press.
5094:
5093:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5068:
5065:. Routledge.
5064:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4784:Torres Strait
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:Pauwasi River
4618:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4598:Gogodala–Suki
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:Kibiri-Porome
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Maybrat-Karon
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:Isolates (55)
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4014:Namla-Tofanma
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:Bayono-Awbono
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:West Bomberai
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:Turama-Kikori
3868:
3865:
3864:Suki-Gogodala
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:Asmat-Awyu-Ok
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:Families (70)
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:Rossel Island
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:Gulf of Papua
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:Yelmek-Maklew
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:Bayono-Awbono
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:Palmer (2018)
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:West Bomberai
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Turama-Kikori
1962:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:Suki-Gogodala
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:West Bomberai
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:Namla-Tofanma
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:Bayono-Awbono
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Momuna family
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Kuot language
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:Yalë language
1055:
1053:
1052:Busa language
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
971:
970:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
886:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
793:
789:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
774:
773:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
657:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
594:
590:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
574:
573:
569:
567:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
536:
530:
527:
526:
525:
519:
518:
517:Yalë language
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:Sko languages
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:Yuri language
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
433:Busa language
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
407:
406:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:grammatically
380:
376:
373:According to
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
340:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
186:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
168:Torres Strait
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
79:
75:
69:
64:
60:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
11426:Dependencies
11412:Cook Islands
10638:Marind–Yaqai
10325:Grass Koiari
8218:Becking–Dawi
8164:Greater Awyu
8088:Asmat–Kamoro
7842:Paniai Lakes
7827:Western Dani
7710:
7693:Indo-Pacific
7643:Kwomtari–Fas
7618:Asmat–Mombum
7559:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7496:Butam-Taulil
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7384:Doso-Turumsa
7356:
7314:
7290:
7269:
7252:
7243:
7226:
7217:
7213:Yellow River
7197:Middle Sepik
7195:
7172:(West Wapei)
7118:
7111:
7104:
7035:
7028:
7021:
6994:
6987:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6850:Lepki-Murkim
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6713:Hatam–Mansim
6700:
6676:
6654:
6645:
6638:
6553:
6524:Chimbu-Wahgi
6453:
6439:Greater Awyu
6404:Paniai Lakes
6394:Asmat-Kamoro
6346:
6253:
6236:
6220:
6206:
6201:Shaw, R.D. "
6188:
6183:Shaw, R.D. "
6170:
6155:
6138:
6125:
6108:
6101:
6084:
6081:Dutton, T.E.
6067:
6045:
6011:
6007:
5977:
5929:
5894:
5876:
5846:
5816:
5784:
5752:
5721:
5715:
5703:
5690:
5671:
5652:
5646:
5627:
5621:
5602:
5596:
5569:
5556:
5537:
5531:
5521:
5515:
5264:
5161:
5152:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5091:
5061:
5040:
5031:
4994:
4991:PLOS Biology
4990:
4980:
4956:
4944:
4933:. Retrieved
4929:
4920:
4842:
4838:right-headed
4832:, which has
4799:
4762:
4755:
4746:Stephen Wurm
4728:
4707:Indo-Pacific
4704:
4680:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4611:
4605:
4594:Doso–Turumsa
4493:Lakes Plains
4480:
4454:
4421:Bulaka River
4412:
4393:
4376:
4349:
4044:Taulil-Butam
3996:Lepki-Murkim
3990:Kwomtari-Nai
3972:Hatam-Mansim
3960:Doso-Turumsa
3954:Bulaka River
3716:Geelvink Bay
3636:Paniai Lakes
3606:Chimbu-Wahgi
3575:
3546:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3510:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3219:Doso-Turumsa
3165:Butam-Taulil
2971:
2970:
2969:
2929:
2914:
2895:Chimbu-Wahgi
2792:Asmat-Kamoro
2765:Bulaka River
2522:Lepki-Murkim
2456:
2441:
2412:
2403:
2384:
2369:
2362:
2346:Lepki–Murkim
2338:
2330:
2329:ex-Biksi-2 (
2301:
2292:
2291:ex-Biksi-1 (
2284:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2203:
2183:
2176:
2154:
2148:
2144:Geelvink Bay
2119:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2061:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1952:
1941:
1909:
1889:
1868:
1852:
1848:Bulaka River
1835:
1828:
1821:
1811:Wissel Lakes
1741:
1729:
1697:
1693:Hatam-Mansim
1680:
1662:Doso-Turumsa
1653:
1641:
1630:
1579:
1559:
1554:Chimbu–Wahgi
1525:
1497:Asmat–Kamoro
1476:
1464:
1423:
1419:
1386:Doso-Turumsa
1370:
1356:
1270:
1211:(unattested)
1185:
1150:
1117:
1098:Kol language
1079:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1033:
1032:
1023:(Baso, Foia)
1010:
1009:
1006:
967:
959:
951:
948:(tentative)
809:
794:(tentative)
757:
755:
736:
732:
711:
707:closed-class
704:
697:
685:
681:
677:
673:
671:
648:Bougainville
599:Middle Sepik
563:
560:Foley (2003)
539:
534:
523:
515:
465:
457:
431:
423:
396:
392:bilingualism
372:
352:
349:Stephen Wurm
346:
334:
311:
300:Malcolm Ross
296:Stephen Wurm
289:
240:Western Dani
233:
223:
215:
203:Austronesian
192:
172:
117:
91:are the non-
88:
86:
74:Austronesian
34:distribution
27:(geographic)
11359:New Zealand
11203:(Kimaghama)
11135:(Tamagario)
10924:Duna–Pogaya
10823:Binanderean
10666:Inland Gulf
10582:(Lower Fly)
8988:Dimir-Malas
8249:Ok–Oksapmin
8225:Komyandaret
7955:Alor–Pantar
7633:Dani–Kwerba
7613:Arai–Samaia
7603:Papuan Gulf
7593:East Papuan
7578:West Papuan
7310:Middle Ramu
7228:Upper Sepik
7043:Lower Sepik
6786:Lakes Plain
6756:Tanah Merah
6549:Duna-Bogaya
6427:, Indonesia
6384:Ok-Oksapmin
6377:, Indonesia
6353:Palmer 2018
6098:Foley, W.A.
5947:1885/145150
5678:"Glottolog"
4870:languages.
4864:Lakes Plain
4822:New Ireland
4818:New Britain
4814:left-headed
4808:, and most
4802:West Papuan
4671:West Papuan
4655:Sepik River
4578:Papuan Gulf
4568:Binanderean
4465:(= Mairasi)
4166:Kaure-Narau
4056:Yawa-Saweru
3966:East Kutubu
3668:Lakes Plain
3280:Tanah Merah
3021:Lakes Plain
2921:Hammarström
2832:Ok-Oksapmin
2828:Inland Gulf
2783:Duna-Bogaya
2526:Karkar-Yuri
2491:Lakes Plain
2482:Lower Sepik
2459:(version 4)
2280:Lakes Plain
1948:East Kutubu
1902:Binanderean
1870:Kaure-Narau
1593:Duna-Bogaya
1520:Inland Gulf
1418:(2 groups:
1412:(16 groups)
1203:Komyandaret
1108:New Ireland
1093:New Britain
1065:Sepik River
937:(4; one in
834:(19; upper
751:East Papuan
680:vs. German
668:Ross (2005)
623:Lakes Plain
589:Lower Sepik
359:typological
343:Wurm (1975)
207:Melanesians
199:Melanesians
11515:Categories
10540:Umanakaina
10429:Aneme Wake
10051:Tuma-Irumu
9933:Numanggang
9878:Finisterre
8978:Croisilles
8857:Binumarien
8764:Inoke-Yate
8172:Awyu–Dumut
7917:East Timor
7688:Sepik–Ramu
7347:New Guinea
7292:Lower Ramu
7254:Sepik Hill
7140:Marienberg
7131:Torricelli
7098:Amto-Musan
7074:Upper Yuat
7023:Torricelli
6779:Tor-Kwerba
6465:Southwest
6423:Southeast
6060:Comrie, B.
5904:0858835622
5708:Foley 1986
5579:0858835622
4961:Foley 1986
4935:2017-10-15
4907:References
4810:Torricelli
4772:Australian
4751:substratum
4631:Senu River
4532:Nawa River
4471:(= Eleman)
4409:Amto–Musan
4373:consensus.
4310:Tanahmerah
4206:Lavukaleve
3936:Baibai-Fas
3930:Amto-Musan
3806:Nimboranic
3528:4.0 (2019)
3355:West Papua
3213:Amto-Musan
3069:Upper Yuat
3015:Tor-Kwerba
2985:Torricelli
2805:Dubu-Towei
2713:Lavukaleve
2704:Amto-Musan
2543:Marienberg
2430:Croisilles
2378:Croisilles
2300:ex-Sko-2 (
2227:Lavukaleve
2172:Torricelli
2085:ex-Sko-1 (
2046:Amto-Musan
2007:Tanahmerah
1514:Awyu–Dumut
1461:East Timor
1438:(2 groups)
1432:(2 groups)
1406:(2 groups)
1400:(5 groups)
1394:(2 groups)
1388:(2 groups)
1378:(2 groups)
1241:Samarokena
1164:relexified
1059:(Nagatman)
749:of Wurm's
716:open-class
699:Ethnologue
613:Torricelli
607:Sepik Hill
605:and maybe
593:Lower Ramu
354:Ethnologue
264:East Timor
205:-speaking
119:New Guinea
109:East Timor
97:New Guinea
80:languages.
78:Australian
50:East Timor
32:Geographic
11329:Australia
11145:Tamagario
11119:Kayagaric
11104:Kunimaipa
11038:Samberigi
10909:Onobasulu
10836:Binandere
10735:Angaataha
10684:Hoia Hoia
10679:Foia Foia
10393:Manubaran
10233:Kinalakna
10097:Muratayak
10092:Gwahatike
9952:Gusap–Mot
9816:(unclear)
9711:Wadaginam
9472:Rai Coast
9103:Ukuriguma
9009:Kaukombar
8779:Ke’yagana
8295:Ninggerum
8264:Burumakok
8235:Tsaukambo
7628:Trans-Fly
7561:Yélî Dnye
7284:subgroups
7189:subgroups
7133:subgroups
6766:Northern
6629:Nusantara
6614:Manubaran
6444:Kayagaric
6366:subgroups
6169:editors,
5269:ISO 639-3
5166:ISO 639-3
4975:Wurm 1975
4002:Manubaran
3978:Inanwatan
3894:Kayagaric
3576:Subgroups
3548:Glottolog
3534:Glottolog
3526:Glottolog
3506:Yélî Dnye
3381:basin (3)
2757:Kayagaric
2678:Manubaran
2579:Binandere
2340:Yeli Dnye
2166:Inanwatan
2164:family /
2116:Nor–Pondo
2027:Manubaran
1911:Binandere
1791:Wadaginam
1775:Utarmbung
1267:(isolate)
1261:(isolate)
1237:(Somahai)
1223:(isolate)
1217:(isolate)
1205:(isolate)
1199:(isolate)
964:(isolate)
953:Yélî Dnye
939:Australia
758:pronouns,
745:has. The
728:pro-forms
544:(isolate)
520:(isolate)
470:(isolate)
462:(isolate)
436:(isolate)
428:(isolate)
272:Halmahera
213:in 1892.
164:Australia
140:Halmahera
101:Indonesia
38:Indonesia
11344:Kiribati
11249:isolates
11207:Riantana
11141:(Kaygir)
11129:(Kaugat)
11127:Atohwaim
11081:Goilalan
11061:Gogodala
10851:Orokaiva
10765:Safeyoka
10628:Zimakani
10472:Binahari
10317:Koiarian
10138:Yout Wam
10113:Bonkiman
9893:Finongan
9765:Paynamar
9723:(Wanang)
9701:Moresada
9696:Anamgura
9543:Sinsauru
9499:Yangulam
9306:Hanseman
9191:Wanambre
9118:Yarawata
9093:Bilakura
8898:Awiyaana
8862:Kambaira
8843:Kainantu
8830:Yaweyuha
8800:Benabena
8685:Tembagla
8659:Sinasina
8654:Salt-Yui
8377:Oksapmin
8309:Mountain
8129:Kamberau
8023:Nedebang
7930:Makalero
7925:Fataluku
7532:Makolkol
7402:Dibiyaso
7330:(Tanggu)
7303:Misegian
7298:Ottilien
7093:Left May
7078:Arafundi
7055:Kwomtari
6996:Uhunduni
6969:Central
6830:Nimboran
6627:Eastern
6599:Goilalan
6594:Koiarian
6499:Central
6373:Central
6014:: 5–25.
5976:(1982).
5966:37096514
5913:67292782
5865:67292782
5835:13004531
5815:(1986).
5805:41223774
5588:67292782
5023:19918360
4949:Ray 1892
4926:"Papuan"
4874:See also
4796:Typology
4774:and the
4689:and the
4642:Nagatman
4636:Kwomtari
4633:(unites
4586:Kikorian
4582:Kutubuan
4572:Goilalan
4566:(unites
4511:Arafundi
4509:(unites
4477:(= Ramu)
4463:Etna Bay
4451:Pahoturi
4445:(unites
4405:Left May
4403:(unites
4285:Savosavo
4265:Pele-Ata
4126:Dibiyaso
4081:Ambakich
4020:Pahoturi
3912:Mairasic
3858:Sentanic
3840:Arafundi
3788:Left May
3776:Goilalan
3746:Koiarian
3710:Tor-Orya
3482:Makolkol
3412:Dibiyaso
3368:Uhunduni
3353:Central
3111:Left May
3099:Nimboran
3057:Kwomtari
2944:Kwomtari
2881:Koiarian
2872:Goilalan
2854:Kutubuan
2740:Gogodala
2708:Left May
2683:Kwomtari
2670:Kainantu
2652:Morehead
2609:Nimboran
2561:Savosavo
2319:Sumararo
2170:Nuclear
2156:Yahadian
2050:Left May
2014:Savosavo
1817:Koiarian
1783:Paynamar
1771:Moresada
1759:Anamgura
1705:Pahoturi
1668:Kwomtari
1627:Nimboran
1622:Tor-Orya
1581:Dibiyaso
1548:Goilalan
1527:Oksapmin
1508:Marindic
1430:Sentanic
1382:Dibiyaso
885:Kwomtari
872:Left May
690:pronouns
220:(1986):
146:and the
134:and the
11495:Tokelau
11394:Vanuatu
11256:Moraori
11201:Kimaama
11193:Kolopom
11155:Kiwaian
11139:Kayagar
11099:Biangai
11033:Lembena
11003:Bisorio
10975:Odoodee
10800:Awin–Pa
10785:Yagwoia
10775:Susuami
10770:Simbari
10755:Kawacha
10599:Makayam
10525:Ginuman
10462:Bauwaki
10454:Mailuan
10424:Moikodi
10416:Yareban
10365:Kwalean
10335:Koitabu
10268:Selepet
10243:Kumokio
10216:Western
10192:Migabac
10160:Eastern
10128:Nankina
10077:Degenan
10072:Bulgebi
10067:Asaro'o
10046:Wantoat
10034:Wantoat
9974:Nekgini
9838:Wasembo
9823:Amaimon
9797:Ganglau
9784:Yaganon
9770:Sileibi
9735:Atemble
9721:Sogeram
9619:Kabenau
9595:Duduela
9579:Urigina
9538:Kesawai
9509:Brahman
9439:Mindjim
9374:Rapting
9364:Nobonob
9148:Tiboran
9098:Parawen
9085:Numugen
9070:Mauwake
8923:Usarufa
8888:Agarabi
8850:Tairora
8784:Yagaria
8733:Alekano
8582:Kandawo
8452:Somahai
8437:Koneraw
8429:Komolom
8419:Kovojab
8351:Urapmin
8346:Telefol
8336:Suganga
8331:Setaman
8300:Yonggom
8278:Lowland
8269:Kopkaka
8257:Western
8230:Korowai
8184:Mandobo
8124:Buruwai
8117:Sabakor
8013:Wersing
7935:Makasae
7553:isolate
7476:Baining
7409:Kaki Ae
7389:Komolom
7379:Teberan
7328:Ataitan
7323:Tamolan
7234:Wogamus
7219:Yerakai
7176:Monumbo
7145:Arapesh
6903:Kapauri
6889:Burmeso
6882:Abinomn
6840:Mairasi
6835:Sentani
6813:Pauwasi
6742:Maybrat
6656:Tambora
6609:Kwalean
6604:Yareban
6589:Mailuan
6490:Awin-Pa
6485:Kiwaian
6449:Kolopom
6414:Somahai
6020:9188672
5996:8592292
5924:(ed.).
5271:codes:
5168:codes:
5014:2770058
4687:Tambora
4602:Teberan
4546:Sentani
4528:(= Yam)
4395:Abinomn
4340:Yerakai
4305:Tambora
4196:Kosadle
4151:Kaki Ae
4146:Guriaso
4111:Burmeso
4096:Asabano
4071:Abinomn
4050:Teberan
4038:Somahai
3906:Kwalean
3900:Kolopom
3876:Walioic
3828:Yareban
3812:Pauwasi
3782:Kiwaian
3764:Baining
3752:Mailuan
3417:Kaki Ae
3307:Kapauri
3297:Burmeso
3292:Abinomn
3270:Maibrat
3225:Komolom
3201:Tofanma
3177:Teberan
3159:Mairasi
3153:Sentani
3093:Pauwasi
3087:Baining
2940:Pauwasi
2890:Kaki Ae
2868:Awin-Pa
2845:Kapauku
2814:Tofanma
2800:Kolopom
2748:Kiwaian
2735:Makayam
2726:Gorokan
2696:Sentani
2691:Kwalean
2674:Yareban
2548:Mairasi
2486:Monumbo
2477:Mailuan
2473:Kwalean
2352:Pauwasi
2270:Maybrat
2199:proper)
2197:Sentani
2191:Monumbo
2125:Chambri
2121:Angoram
2040:Burmeso
1979:Mairasi
1959:Teberan
1896:Kiwaian
1881:Kayagar
1864:Maramba
1843:Kolopom
1830:Moraori
1823:Kaki Ae
1787:Sileibi
1747:Atemble
1725:Mailuan
1721:Yareban
1632:Kapauri
1566:Awin–Pa
1490:Pauwasi
1424:Eastern
1420:Western
1416:Pauwasi
1392:Kwalean
1327:Tambora
1259:Tofamna
1209:Maramba
766:lexical
601:(incl.
280:Naasioi
260:Makasae
189:Concept
156:Sumbawa
152:Tambora
11470:Hawaii
11389:Tuvalu
11183:Waboda
11178:Morigi
11168:Kerewo
11094:Tauade
11071:Waruna
10960:Gobasi
10937:Pogaya
10899:Kaluli
10884:Aimele
10876:Bosavi
10861:Yekora
10846:Korafe
10831:Baruga
10780:Tainae
10750:Kamasa
10745:Hamtai
10740:Ankave
10689:Mubami
10651:Marind
10589:Baramu
10545:Turaka
10530:Kanasi
10510:Mapena
10477:Morawa
10444:Yareba
10439:Nawaru
10434:Bariji
10401:Doromu
10383:Mulaha
10373:Humene
10345:Namiae
10273:Sialum
10228:Borong
10197:Momare
10118:Domung
10025:Weliki
9979:Ngaing
9913:Nakama
9908:Munkip
9843:Yamben
9828:Bargam
9807:Yabong
9745:Magɨyi
9662:Pulabu
9626:Arawum
9564:Danaru
9531:Evapia
9409:Yoidik
9389:Silopi
9384:Saruga
9379:Samosa
9354:Murupi
9349:Mosimo
9339:Matepi
9319:Baimak
9314:Bagupi
9281:Gumalu
9248:Girawa
9233:Mabuso
9165:Pamosu
9155:Kowaki
9127:Omosan
9065:Bepour
9049:Waskia
9021:Maiani
8939:Kenati
8918:Oweina
8913:Ontenu
8908:Kosena
8903:Gadsup
8867:Tairoa
8793:Others
8774:Kanite
8769:Kamono
8743:Tokano
8726:Gahuku
8719:Goroka
8675:Kaguel
8649:Nomane
8629:Chuave
8622:Chimbu
8587:Maring
8541:Namumi
8513:Fiwaga
8465:Momuna
8460:Momina
8442:Mombum
8414:Densar
8409:Awbono
8404:Bayono
8382:Tangko
8372:Ngalum
8360:Others
8321:Faiwol
8209:Wambon
8204:Shiaxa
8150:Sempan
8145:Kamoro
8138:Others
8042:Others
8008:Sawila
7983:Kamang
7973:Blagar
7945:Rusenu
7940:Oirata
7870:Wolani
7812:Silimo
7444:Purari
7437:Porome
7430:Pawaia
7423:Karami
7416:Kamula
7374:Oriomo
7369:Eleman
7208:Nukuma
7155:Maimai
7013:basin
6931:Massep
6910:Kembra
6896:Elseng
6855:Senagi
6793:Border
6544:Kutubu
6534:Bosavi
6509:Madang
6455:Marori
6018:
5994:
5984:
5964:
5954:
5911:
5901:
5863:
5853:
5833:
5823:
5803:
5793:
5759:
5728:
5659:
5634:
5609:
5586:
5576:
5544:
5109:
5069:
5021:
5011:
4866:, and
4860:Kembra
4683:Karami
4645:, and
4626:Senagi
4613:Pawaia
4600:, and
4556:, and
4550:Border
4503:Madang
4453:, and
4411:, and
4350:
4270:Purari
4260:Pawaia
4220:Massep
4215:Marori
4181:Kibiri
4176:Kembra
4161:Karami
4156:Kapori
4136:Elseng
4106:Bogaya
4032:Senagi
3918:Ulmapo
3800:Eleman
3758:Bosavi
3686:Border
3582:Madang
3572:(314)
3511:
3442:Purari
3437:Porome
3432:Pawaia
3427:Karami
3422:Kamula
3327:Massep
3312:Kembra
3302:Elseng
3195:Senagi
3147:Oriomo
3123:Eleman
3027:Border
2946:, and
2919:&
2917:Pawley
2886:Purari
2864:Kamula
2837:Bosavi
2796:Mombum
2788:Marind
2774:Eleman
2752:Madang
2687:Pawaia
2648:Oriomo
2605:Kwerba
2600:Elseng
2596:Border
2591:Senagi
2583:Waskia
2499:Marind
2422:Aruamu
2393:Senagi
2364:Kosare
2307:Barupu
2219:Mulaha
2205:Banaro
2108:Leitre
2100:Wutung
2096:Vanimo
2088:I'saka
2063:Sowari
1993:Humene
1974:Eleman
1954:Pawaia
1931:Waskia
1923:Korafe
1915:Baruga
1643:Elseng
1637:Border
1570:Bosavi
1561:Kamula
1503:Mombum
1321:Kembra
1319:, and
1313:Murkim
1298:Purari
1293:Kapori
1288:Kosare
1247:Saponi
1235:Momuna
1231:Momina
1215:Massep
1197:Kenati
1182:(2007)
1176:(2007)
1011:north
643:Marind
328:, and
307:phylum
298:, and
268:Galela
175:Flores
160:Meriam
107:, and
22:Papuan
11384:Tonga
11374:Samoa
11364:Palau
11354:Nauru
11235:Omati
11230:Ikobi
11173:Kiwai
11089:Fuyug
11028:Kyaka
11018:Ipili
10998:Angal
10990:Engan
10965:Konai
10955:Fembe
10914:Sonia
10904:Kasua
10894:Edolo
10889:Beami
10856:Suena
10841:Ewage
10790:Yipma
10760:Menya
10730:Akoye
10722:Angan
10674:Ipiko
10656:Yaqay
10646:Bipim
10623:Boazi
10614:Boazi
10594:Bitur
10580:Tirio
10535:Onjob
10515:Maiwa
10497:Dagan
10482:Mailu
10406:Maria
10340:Barai
10278:Timbe
10253:Nabak
10238:Komba
10223:Burum
10177:Kovai
10167:Dedua
10133:Yopno
10106:Yupna
10082:Forak
10060:Warup
10041:Awara
10015:Nukna
10005:Sakam
9998:Uruwa
9903:Mamaa
9898:Gusan
9833:Gants
9792:Dumun
9750:Musak
9740:Faita
9730:Apali
9655:other
9646:Siroi
9641:Lemio
9636:Kolom
9631:Dumpu
9600:Kwato
9574:Sumau
9548:Sausi
9522:Tauya
9517:Biyom
9494:Rerau
9489:Jilim
9482:Awung
9452:Bongu
9447:Anjam
9425:Munit
9418:other
9404:Wamas
9369:Rempi
9344:Mawan
9329:Garus
9296:Sihan
9291:Panim
9286:Isebe
9271:Amele
9241:Kokan
9218:Kobon
9213:Kalam
9205:Kalam
9186:Musar
9174:other
9160:Mawak
9134:Kobol
9113:Yaben
9075:Moere
9058:Kumil
9044:Korak
9036:Kowan
9000:Malas
8995:Dimir
8932:Other
8881:Gauwa
8872:Waffa
8825:Siane
8820:Isabi
8810:Gende
8759:Abaga
8680:Melpa
8668:Hagen
8644:Kuman
8639:Golin
8613:Wahgi
8601:Wahgi
8592:Narak
8367:Nakai
8341:Tifal
8316:Bimin
8108:Citak
8103:Asmat
8096:Asmat
8049:Bunak
8028:Teiwa
8018:Kaera
8003:Retta
7978:Kafoa
7968:Adang
7898:Karas
7888:Baham
7860:Ekari
7817:Walak
7807:Nggem
7802:Nduga
7797:Hupla
7539:Sulka
7316:Grass
7187:Sepik
7165:Palei
7160:Wapei
7113:Tayap
7082:Piawi
7064:Walio
7030:Sepik
7007:Sepik
6959:Yetfa
6945:Molof
6938:Mawes
6924:Kimki
6874:Yapen
6859:Angor
6845:Kaure
6584:Dagan
6574:Angan
6425:Papua
6375:Papua
5149:(PDF)
4912:Notes
4856:Kaure
4852:Lepki
4844:Tonal
4742:Burma
4515:Piawi
4488:Kiwai
4345:Yetfa
4300:Taiap
4290:Sulka
4280:Sause
4250:Odiai
4235:Molof
4225:Mawes
4186:Kimki
4116:Damal
4101:Bilua
4091:Ap Ma
4026:Piawi
3948:Bogia
3728:Dagan
3698:Angan
3650:Sepik
3584:(106)
3500:) (1)
3487:Sulka
3392:Taiap
3375:Sepik
3347:Yetfa
3337:Molof
3332:Mawes
3322:Kimki
3207:Yapen
3189:Lepki
3183:Kaure
3053:(10)
2991:Sepik
2981:(431)
2859:Angan
2779:Engan
2731:Kaure
2665:Hatam
2661:Sougb
2657:Meyah
2618:Tayap
2574:Sepik
2570:Angan
2565:Bilua
2535:Kaure
2513:Biksi
2508:Kimki
2418:Kaian
2398:Piawi
2386:Kobon
2332:Yetfa
2294:Kimki
2242:Kunja
2150:Konda
2137:Yimas
2133:Kopar
2104:Dusur
2080:Taiap
2072:Ap Ma
2021:Bilua
1927:Suena
1919:Kowan
1906:Kowan
1876:Tirio
1854:Molof
1837:Mawes
1767:Musak
1755:Faita
1751:Apali
1686:Nambu
1613:Walio
1605:Sepik
1599:Engan
1588:Angan
1466:Bunaq
1376:Biksi
1342:Kimki
1317:Lepki
1309:Namla
1278:(TNG)
1253:Tause
1221:Molof
1114:Other
1091:, on
1013:Irian
814:(1–2)
724:Japan
506:(598)
488:(104)
330:South
322:North
276:Terei
256:Melpa
244:Ekari
179:Sumba
144:Timor
11465:Guam
11417:Niue
11339:Fiji
11261:Wiru
11240:Rumu
11212:Ndom
11163:Bami
11133:Yogo
11109:Weri
11056:Suki
11023:Kewa
11013:Huli
11008:Enga
10980:Samo
10970:Kubo
10932:Duna
10808:Awin
10604:Were
10520:Dima
10505:Daga
10487:Laua
10467:Domu
10378:Uare
10355:Ömie
10258:Nomu
10248:Mese
10207:Tobo
10202:Sene
10187:Mape
10182:Kube
10172:Kâte
10152:Huon
10087:Guya
9989:Ufim
9984:Rawa
9969:Neko
9964:Madi
9938:Sauk
9923:Nimi
9886:Erap
9802:Saep
9755:Nend
9706:Osum
9691:Anam
9605:Ogea
9588:Nuru
9557:Peka
9457:Male
9399:Wagi
9359:Nake
9334:Kare
9253:Kein
9181:Brem
9108:Usan
9026:Maia
9016:Mala
8815:Gimi
8805:Fore
8738:Dano
8575:Jimi
8536:Some
8531:Fasu
8326:Mian
8290:Muyu
8285:Iwur
8199:Sawi
8194:Pisa
8179:Aghu
7998:Kula
7988:Klon
7963:Abui
7865:Moni
7850:Auye
7832:Yali
7822:Wano
7784:Dani
7525:Kuot
7504:Anêm
7464:and
7451:Tabo
7282:Ramu
7271:Amal
7260:Tama
7245:Abau
7239:Iwam
7150:Urim
7120:Yadë
7106:Busa
7088:Yuat
7068:Papi
7048:Ramu
7011:Ramu
6952:Usku
6917:Keuw
6863:Dera
6823:West
6818:East
6735:Mpur
6728:Abun
6555:Wiru
6434:Anim
6389:Dani
6016:OCLC
5992:OCLC
5982:ISBN
5962:OCLC
5952:ISBN
5930:C-38
5909:OCLC
5899:ISBN
5861:OCLC
5851:ISBN
5831:OCLC
5821:ISBN
5801:OCLC
5791:ISBN
5757:ISBN
5726:ISBN
5657:ISBN
5632:ISBN
5607:ISBN
5584:OCLC
5574:ISBN
5542:ISBN
5107:ISBN
5067:ISBN
5019:PMID
4868:Keuw
4830:Kuot
4820:and
4800:The
4695:Yele
4648:Busa
4607:Wiru
4570:and
4513:and
4456:Waia
4435:and
4335:Yele
4330:Yale
4325:Wiru
4320:Usku
4315:Touo
4295:Tabo
4255:Papi
4245:Mpur
4201:Kuot
4171:Kehu
4141:Fasu
4131:Duna
4086:Anem
4076:Abun
3834:Yuat
3724:(10)
3718:(10)
3712:(13)
3706:(13)
3700:(13)
3694:(15)
3688:(15)
3682:(17)
3680:Anim
3676:(19)
3670:(20)
3664:(23)
3658:(30)
3652:(36)
3646:(55)
3626:(13)
3620:(13)
3618:Dani
3614:(14)
3608:(17)
3602:(28)
3596:(49)
3590:(61)
3477:Kuot
3462:Anêm
3447:Tabo
3397:Yadë
3387:Busa
3379:Ramu
3342:Usku
3317:Keuw
3265:Mpur
3260:Abun
3143:(4)
3105:Yuat
3095:(5)
3083:(5)
3059:(6)
3047:(10)
3041:(10)
3035:(13)
3029:(14)
3023:(20)
3017:(23)
3011:(26)
3005:(27)
2999:(35)
2993:(45)
2987:(50)
2849:Doso
2823:Awyu
2809:Wiru
2744:Tabo
2721:Urim
2717:Anem
2700:Busa
2644:Dani
2626:Yale
2622:Abau
2587:Tiwi
2557:Touo
2552:Mpur
2539:Usku
2531:Skou
2517:Yele
2495:Wipi
2469:Yuat
2444:ASJP
2414:Kire
2371:Usku
2323:Womo
2315:Ramo
2303:Rawo
2264:Abun
2257:Mpur
2250:Papi
2234:Anem
2212:Yawa
2178:Urim
2092:Skou
2055:Busa
2033:Kuot
1999:Uare
1985:Touo
1943:Fasu
1891:Waia
1860:Yuat
1799:Dani
1779:Anam
1743:Nend
1655:Yalë
1478:Wiru
1422:and
1337:Doso
1265:Usku
1168:Yoke
961:Anêm
931:(22)
907:(51)
862:(15)
844:(17)
828:(10)
811:Yawa
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