Austronesian peoples

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Metspalu, Ene; Nielsen, Kasper; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Muller, Craig; Dortch, Joe; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Lund, Ole; Wesolowska, Agata; Karmin, Monika; Weinert, Lucy A.; Wang, Bo; Li, Jun; Tai, Shuaishuai; Xiao, Fei; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; van Driem, George; Jha, Aashish R.; Ricaut, François-Xavier; de Knijff, Peter; Migliano, Andrea B; Gallego Romero, Irene; Kristiansen, Karsten; Lambert, David M.; Brunak, Søren; Forster, Peter; Brinkmann, Bernd; Nehlich, Olaf; Bunce, Michael; Richards, Michael; Gupta, Ramneek; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Krogh, Anders; Foley, Robert A.; Lahr, Marta M.; Balloux, Francois; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Villems, Richard; Nielsen, Rasmus; Wang, Jun; Willerslev, Eske (7 October 2011).

5658: 5118: 4136: 3198: 4903: 7371: 5694: 7260: 4455: 4717:), is considered to be the domain of deities and spirits. It is essentially a raised granary built into the structure of the house itself and functioning as a second floor. It is commonly used to store sacred objects (like effigies of granary idols or deceased ancestors), heirlooms, and other important objects. These areas are usually not part of the regular living space and may only be accessible to certain members of the family or after performing a specific ritual. Other parts of the house may also be associated with certain deities, and thus certain activities like receiving guests or conducting marriage ceremonies can only be performed in specific areas. 6281: 6397: 4835: 7194: 7105: 21526: 21496: 7311: 6507:-era Australo-Melanesian cave paintings by their motifs, color, and composition, though they can often be found in the same locality. The most recognizable motifs of APT (like boats) do not occur in cave paintings (or engravings) that definitely pre-date the Austronesian arrival—the sole exception being the stenciled hand motif. Some APT examples are also characteristically found in relatively inaccessible locations, including very high up in cliffsides overlooking the sea. No traces of APT have been found in Taiwan or the Philippines, though there is continuity in the motifs of spirals and concentric circles found in ancestral petroglyphs. 5738: 4847: 6970: 5151: 21511: 21481: 6246: 3690:, which have found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from aboriginal Taiwanese. Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis. Researchers have further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the previous studies failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated 564: 21466: 7341: 4268: 5612: 6456: 5676: 3809: 24292: 24158: 23317: 23250: 23119: 22502: 22104: 4962: 2056: 6316: 6297: 740: 7173: 5815: 4286: 5250: 5199: 690: 7491: 3398: 3301: 7831:

Melanesians, Polynesians, and two inhabitants from the Torres Strait Islands, all of which are Austronesian sources. As expected, hspMāori showed greatest genetic diversity in Taiwan, while all non-Taiwanese hspMāori populations belonged to a single lineage they called the "Pacific clade". They also calculated the isolation-with-migration model (IMa), which showed that the divergence of the Pacific clade of hspMāori was unidirectional from Taiwan to the Pacific. This is consistent with the Out-of-Taiwan model of Austronesian expansion.

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distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Marianas, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to the Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom.

4295: 5078: 333: 6534:(2015) proposes that APT developed during the initial rapid southward Austronesian expansion, and not before, possibly as a response to the communication challenges brought about by the new maritime mode of living. Along with AES, these material symbols and associated rituals and technologies may have been manifestations of "powerful ideologies" spread by Austronesian settlers that were central to the "Neolithization" and rapid assimilation of the various non-Austronesian indigenous populations of ISEA and Melanesia. 627: 4882: 354: 5718: 5020: 4639:. The raised design has multiple advantages, including mitigating damage during flooding and (in very tall examples) acting as defensive structures during conflicts. The house posts are also distinctively capped with larger-diameter discs at the top, to prevent vermin and pests from entering the structures by climbing them. Austronesian houses and other structures are usually built in wetlands and alongside bodies of water but can also be constructed in the highlands or even directly on shallow water. 4250: 4232: 3316:, first proposed in 1990. It argues for a north–south linguistic genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian. This is based on sound correspondences in basic vocabulary and morphological parallels. Sagart places special significance in shared vocabulary on cereal crops, citing them as evidence of shared linguistic origin. However, this has largely been rejected by other linguists. The sound correspondences between Old Chinese and Proto-Austronesian can also be explained as a result of the 6375: 866: 782: 6762: 5834: 845: 5000: 438: 207: 5874: 102: 5975: 6356: 1251: 165: 6337: 648: 2648: 6538: 4010: 7862:(East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BCE and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards, respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived in Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000 BCE to 7,000 BCE from coastal 5792: 6851: 5038: 291: 5058: 3418: 228: 5773: 1723: 123: 43: 7151: 669: 7292: 1597: 1577: 312: 81: 5633: 2683: 396: 144: 7215: 606: 522: 186: 719: 19423: 4982: 2788: 417: 249: 3712: 824: 501: 375: 459: 803: 761: 585: 543: 5935: 5190: 270: 895: 480: 5303:(2012), on the other hand, dismissed the similarities as being generic rather than specific to the region. This is from both analysis of the microscopic structure of the shards (indicating manufacturing techniques) and the impossibility of drift voyaging from Luzon, due to the prevailing wind and currents. Instead of a voyage directly from Luzon, they instead proposed an origin either from a direct single voyage from 4683:, the ridge itself is carved into a representation of a boat. Furthermore, elements of Austronesian structures (as well as society in general) are often referred to in terminologies used for boats and sailing. These include calling elements of structures "masts", "sails", or "rudders", or calling the village leaders "captains" or "steersmen". In the case of the Philippines, the villages themselves are referred to as 1383:. The other varieties Blumenbach identified were the "Caucasians" (white), "Mongolians" (yellow), "Ethiopians" (black), and "Americans" (red). Blumenbach's definition of the "Malay" race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians but also the people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in 5098: 4241: 2937: 5288:, securely dated to 1500 BCE–1300 BCE from multiple archaeological sites. It predates the earliest Lapita culture pottery assemblages (c. 1350 –1300 BCE) and bears closest resemblance to a subset of the more diverse Nagsabaran pottery of the northern Philippines. It is currently disputed whether this is indicative of a direct ancient voyage from the northern Philippines to the Marianas. Hung 4777:). But these are limited to the recent centuries. They can also be reconstructed linguistically from shared terms for architectural elements, like ridge poles, thatch, rafters, house posts, hearths, notched log ladders, storage racks, public buildings, and so on. Linguistic evidence also makes it clear that stilt houses were already present among Austronesian groups since at least the 6753: 4259: 6576:

stencils, faces, turtles and fish, concentric circles, and characteristic four-pointed stars. Petroglyphs are rare and mainly consist of human forms with triangular bodies without heads or arms. This is believed to be connected to the funerary rite of removing the heads from the bodies of deceased relatives. A notable megalithic tradition in western Micronesia are the

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groups. The surviving Austronesian populations in Taiwan should rather be considered as the result of various Neolithic migration waves from the mainland and back-migration from the Philippines. These incoming migrants almost certainly spoke languages related to Austronesian or pre-Austronesian, although their phonology and grammar would have been quite diverse.

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Sockell, Alexandra; Homburger, Julian R.; Wojcik, Genevieve L.; Barnes, Kathleen C.; Herrera, Luisa; Berríos, Soledad; Acuña, Mónica; Llop, Elena; Eng, Celeste; Huntsman, Scott; Burchard, Esteban G.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Cifuentes, Lucía; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Moraga, Mauricio; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés (July 2020).

7866:. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan and that modern Austronesian-speaking people mostly have ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines. 9701:: "I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language, the phrase 'Austronesian-speaking people' should be used." 1539:. Codrington coined and used the term "Ocean" language family rather than "Malayo-Polynesian" in 1891, in opposition to the exclusion of Melanesian and Micronesian languages. This was adopted by Ray, who defined the "Oceanic" language family as encompassing the languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. 6222: 3637:. Estimates for when this occurred vary, from the 5th to 7th centuries CE. It is likely that the Austronesians that settled Madagascar followed a coastal route through South Asia and East Africa, rather than directly across the Indian Ocean. Genetic evidence suggests that some individuals of Austronesian descent reached Africa and the 1593:

cultural shared ancestry between all Austronesian-speaking groups. This is especially true for authors who reject the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis and instead offer scenarios where the Austronesian languages spread among preexisting static populations through borrowing or convergence, with little or no population movements.

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Under that view, there was an east–west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier. Depending on the author, other hypotheses have also included other language families like

1565:, "island") to refer to the language family. Schmidt had the same motivations as Codrington: he proposed the term as a replacement to "Malayo-Polynesian", because he also opposed the implied exclusion of the languages of Melanesia and Micronesia in the latter name. It became the accepted name for the language family, with 6491:

motifs include hand stencils, "sun-ray" designs, boats, and active human figures with headdresses or weapons and other paraphernalia. They also feature geometric motifs similar to those of the Austronesian Engraving Style. Some paintings are also associated with traces of human burials and funerary rites, including

5330:(2012) pointed out in response that no pottery assemblages older than 2,000 years old have been found in Morotai, which also has a Papuan-speaking population. They also mentioned that present-day data on wind and currents is not a reliable way of ascertaining migration routes, and that the voyages settling 10891:

Posth, Cosimo; Nägele, Kathrin; Colleran, Heidi; Valentin, Frédérique; Bedford, Stuart; Kami, Kaitip W.; Shing, Richard; Buckley, Hallie; Kinaston, Rebecca; Walworth, Mary; Clark, Geoffrey R.; Reepmeyer, Christian; Flexner, James; Maric, Tamara; Moser, Johannes; Gresky, Julia; Kiko, Lawrence; Robson,

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The Megalithic Culture is mostly limited to western Island Southeast Asia, with the greatest concentration being western Indonesia. While most sites are not dated, the age ranges of dating sites are between the 2nd to 16th century CE. They are divided into two phases: The first is an older megalithic

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at around 1500 BCE, a distance of more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi), is likely the world's first and longest ocean crossing of that time. These maritime technologies enabled them to colonize the Indo-Pacific in prehistoric times. Austronesian groups continue to be the primary users of outrigger

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or through knowledge of European writing acquired elsewhere. They cite various reasons, including the lack of attestation of rongorongo prior to the 1860s, the clearly more recent provenance of some of the tablets, the lack of antecedents, and the lack of additional archaeological evidence since its

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In western Micronesia (Palau, Yap, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands), rock art primarily consists of paintings on high cave ceilings and sea-facing cliffs. It is very similar to APT in terms of its motifs as well as its placement in relatively inaccessible locations. Common motifs include hand

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Building structures on pilings is believed to be derived from the design of raised granaries and storehouses, which are highly important status symbols among the ancestrally rice-cultivating Austronesians. The rice granary shrine was also the archetypal religious building among Austronesian cultures

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The native culture of Austronesia varies from region to region. The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic feature of their life. Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they migrated by boat to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in

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that gave rise to present-day Austronesian languages. Instead, multiple migrations of various pre-Austronesian peoples and languages from the Chinese mainland that were related but distinct came together to form what we now know as Austronesian in Taiwan. Hence, Blench considers the single-migration

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of Sulawesi (c. 8,000–1,500 BP), it is even more accurate to say that the densely populated indigenous hunter-gatherer groups absorbed the incoming Austronesian farmers, rather than the other way around. Mahdi (2016) further asserts that Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau-mata ("person") is derived from a

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Rasmussen, Morten; Guo, Xiaosen; Wang, Yong; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Rasmussen, Simon; Albrechtsen, Anders; Skotte, Line; Lindgreen, Stinus; Metspalu, Mait; Jombart, Thibaut; Kivisild, Toomas; Zhai, Weiwei; Eriksson, Anders; Manica, Andrea; Orlando, Ludovic; De La Vega, Francisco M.; Tridico, Silvana;

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On the Hawaiian islands, the abundant petroglyphs are remarkably all similar in execution. Their common subjects include stick-like human figures, dogs, boats, sails, paddles, footprints, and ceremonial headdresses. Depictions of marine life, however, are rare, unlike in the rest of Polynesia. They

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and was found to be around 3,000 BP, corresponding to the initial migration wave of the Austronesians. These early sites are largely characterized by face motifs and hand stencils. Later sites, from 1,500 BP onwards, however, begin to show regional divergence in their art styles. APT can be readily

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cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. It spread to the Austronesian islands initially through trade as prestige goods. However, mainland Asian gongs were never used in ensembles; the innovation of using gong sets is uniquely Austronesian. Gong ensembles are found in western Malayo-Polynesian groups,

4628:" among the different linguistic subgroups of Austronesians include *rumaq ("house"); *balay ("public building", "community house", or "guest house"); *lepaw ("hut", "field hut", or "granary"); *kamaliR ("bachelor's house", or "men's house"); and *banua ("inhabited land", or "community territory"). 4438:

The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail, which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward side. In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side, which

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Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the double-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype outrigger, giving way

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due to contact with the nearby tonal languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Hainan. Although the populations of the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and neighboring islands are Austronesian-speaking, they have significantly high admixture from Mainland Southeast Asian populations. These areas were

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Regardless, certain disagreements still exist among researchers with regards to chronology, origin, dispersal, adaptations to the island environments, interactions with preexisting populations in areas they settled, and cultural developments over time. The mainstream accepted hypothesis is the "Out

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Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large, upper jaw somewhat prominent with parts of the face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and

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and Island Melanesia, although a few examples can be found in the rest of Island Southeast Asia. Their occurrence has a high correlation to Austronesian-speaking areas, further evidenced by the appearance of bronze artifacts in the paintings. They are mostly found near the coastlines. Their common

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connects the lower Yangtze Neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austroasiatic cultures, assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the Yunnan/Burma border area, instead of the Yangtze River basin, as is currently accepted.

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These Neolithic pre-Austronesians from the coast of southeastern China are believed to have migrated to Taiwan between approximately 10,000 and 6000 BCE. Other research has suggested that, according to radiocarbon dates, Austronesians may have migrated from mainland China to Taiwan as late as 4000

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of East Timor, which have an age range of 6,300 to 26,000 BP. Conversely, others are more recent and can be dated indirectly by their subjects. The depictions of pottery, ships, and metal objects, for example, put certain rock art sites at a range of 2,000 to 4,000 BP. Some hunter-gatherer groups

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Hudjashov, Georgi; Endicott, Phillip; Post, Helen; Nagle, Nano; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Lawson, Daniel J.; Reidla, Maere; Karmin, Monika; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lauri; Villems, Richard; Cox, Murray P.; Mitchell, R. John; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L.; Metspalu, Mait; Herrera, Rene J. (December

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adopted the Arabic script in the 14th century. Abjads, however, have an even greater inherent problem with encoding Austronesian languages than abugidas, because Austronesian languages have more varied and salient vowels that the Arabic script usually cannot encode. As a result, the Austronesian

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groups after the Austronesian expansion (estimated to have started at around 500 BCE) also resulted in gradual population turnover. These secondary migrations were incremental and happened gradually enough that the culture and language of these groups remained Austronesian, even though in modern

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Ioannidis, Alexander G.; Blanco-Portillo, Javier; Sandoval, Karla; Hagelberg, Erika; Miquel-Poblete, Juan Francisco; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Esteban; Quinto-Cortés, Consuelo D.; Auckland, Kathryn; Parks, Tom; Robson, Kathryn; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Avila-Arcos, María C.;

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substratum in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea. hspMāori, on the other hand, is a subpopulation of hpEastAsia, previously isolated from Polynesians (Māori, Tongans, Samoans) in New Zealand, and three individuals from the Philippines and Japan. The study found hspMāori from Native Taiwanese,

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is unique in that it is the only Polynesian island where there are more paintings than engravings. New Zealand rock paintings are done in red and black pigments and can sometimes be found at inaccessible heights. They typically depict human figures (particularly a front-facing human figure with

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These populations are genetically distinct from later Austronesians, but through fairly extensive population admixture, most modern Austronesians have varying levels of ancestry from these groups. The same is true for some populations historically considered "non-Austronesians", due to physical

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Oral tradition holds that the ruling classes were the only ones who could read the tablets, and the ability to decipher the tablets was lost along with them. Numerous attempts have been made to read the tablets, starting from a few years after their discovery. But to this day, none have proven

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cultural influence to the islands. Rice cultivation is also believed to have been introduced to Japan from a para-Austronesian group from coastal eastern China. Waterson (2009) has also argued that the architectural tradition of stilt houses is originally Austronesian and that similar building

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In relation to Sino-Austronesian models and the Longshan interaction sphere, Roger Blench (2014) suggests that the single migration model for the spread of the Neolithic into Taiwan is problematic, pointing out the genetic and linguistic inconsistencies between different Taiwanese Austronesian

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The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer to people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family. Some authors, however, object to the use of the term to refer to people, as they question whether there really is any biological or

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and fibres that would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails.

7781:. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians, with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry among Austronesians. Austronesian-speaking regions also have high-to-moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the 6560:. While their art traditions show a clear continuation of the APT and AES traditions, they also feature innovations unique to each island group, like the increasing use of black charcoal, rectilinear motifs, and being more commonly found inside sacred caves rather than on open cliffsides. 4443:, which, like crab claw sails, had distinctive booms spanning the upper and lower edges. Fixed masts also developed later in both Southeast Asia (usually as bipod or tripod masts) and Oceania. Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant 6140:(2011) has suggested that the reappearance of these motifs might be evidence of a preserved tradition of Southeast Asian jade motifs (perhaps carved in perishable wood, bone, or shell by Polynesians prior to the reacquisition of a jade source), or they might even be the result of later 7471:(including the royal family and the religious caste) and the majority of the island's population were kidnapped or killed in the slave raids. Most of those taken died after only one or two years in captivity from harsh working conditions and European diseases. Succeeding epidemics of 6419: 14161:

Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (26 April 2021). "Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population".

11579: 7415:. They consist of around 120 glyphs, ranging from representations of plants to animals, celestial objects, and geometric shapes. They were inscribed into wooden tablets about 12 to 20 in (30 to 51 cm) long using shark teeth and obsidian flakes. The wood allegedly came from 6735:

flexed arms), birds, lizards, dogs, fish, and what has been identified as "birdmen". Engravings in open spaces like cliffsides are generally of spirals and curvilinear shapes, while engravings in enclosed caves and shelters depict faces and boats. The same motifs can also be seen in

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The high degree of assimilation among Austronesian, Negrito, and Papuan groups indicates that the Austronesian expansion was largely peaceful. Rather than violent displacement, the settlers and the indigenous groups absorbed each other. It is believed that in some cases, like in the

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led to his erroneous conclusion that Polynesia was settled from the Americas. Pottery manufacturing techniques are also diverse, even within a single community. Thus, analysis of manufacturing methods is less significant than comparison of decorative systems. Nevertheless, Hung

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The majority of Austronesian structures are not permanent. They are made from perishable materials like wood, bamboo, plant fibre, and leaves. Similar to traditional Austronesian boats, they do not use nails but are traditionally constructed solely by joints, weaving, ties, and

6519:. The common motif of this tradition is curvilinear geometric engravings like spirals, concentric circles, and face-like forms. These resemble the geometric motifs in APT, though they are considered to be two separate artistic traditions. AES is particularly dominant in the 17973:

Moodley, Yoshan; Linz, Bodo; Yamaoka, Yoshio; Windsor, Helen M.; Breurec, Sebastien; Wu, Jeng-Yih; Maady, Ayas; Bernhöft, Steffie; Thiberge, Jean-Michel; Phuanukoonnon, Suparat; Jobb, Gangolf; Siba, Peter; Graham, David Y.; Marshall, Barry J; Achtman, Mark (January 2009).

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of Vietnam. Prasetyo (2006) suggests that the megalithic traditions are not originally Austronesian but rather innovations acquired through trade with India and China, but this has little to no evidence in the intervening regions in Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

1677:. But there are multiple rival models that create a sort of "pseudo-competition" among their supporters due to narrow focus on data from limited geographic areas or disciplines. The most notable of which is the "Out of Sundaland" (or "Out of Island Southeast Asia") model. 10038:

Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017).

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that accompanied human migrations into Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, called hpSahul and hspMāori. The study sampled Native Australians, Native Taiwanese, highlanders in New Guinea, and Melanesians and Polynesians in New Caledonia, which were then compared with other

7774:. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia; one coastal and the other inland, with little gene flow between them. 3550:

by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE. For a few centuries, the Polynesian islands were connected by bidirectional long-distance sailing, with the exception of Rapa Nui, which had limited further contact due to its isolated geographical location. Island groups like the

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Bellwood, Peter; Chambers, Geoffrey; Ross, Malcolm; Hung, Hsiao-chun (2011). "Are 'Cultures' Inherited? Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Origins and Migrations of Austronesian-Speaking Peoples Prior to 1000 BC". In Roberts, Benjamin W.; Linden, Marc Vander (eds.).

4758:. Elements of the structures are repaired and replaced regularly or as they get damaged. Because of this, archaeological records of prehistoric Austronesian structures are usually limited to traces of house posts, with no way of determining the original building plans. 7460:. He brought the tablets to the world's attention and instructed the Rapa Nui mission to gather more information about them. But by then, most of the tablets were allegedly already destroyed, presumed to have been used as fuel by the natives on the deforested island. 6678:, petroglyphs are more numerous. They show the archetypal Polynesian motifs of turtles, faces, cup-like depressions (cupules), stick-like human figures, boats, fish, curvilinear shapes, and concentric circles. Like in western Polynesia, they are typically carved into 1500:(1836–1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the 16452: 5359:

within only two centuries before abruptly disappearing completely by around 400 BCE. The reasons for this are still unknown. Pottery was absent in subsequent migrations to the rest of Remote Oceania, being replaced instead with carved wooden or bamboo containers,

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Meanwhile, the British, Germans, French, Americans, and Japanese began establishing spheres of influence within the Pacific islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese later invaded most of Southeast Asia and some parts of the Pacific during

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Despite these objections, the general consensus is that the archeological, cultural, genetic, and especially linguistic evidence all separately indicate varying degrees of shared ancestry among Austronesian-speaking peoples that justifies their treatment as a

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Thomson, Vicki A.; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Austin, Jeremy J.; Hunt, Terry L.; Burney, David A.; Denham, Tim; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Gongora, Jaime; Girdland Flink, Linus; Linderholm, Anna; Dobney, Keith; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan (April 2014).

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every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names. In Southeast Asia, head-hunting was restricted to the highlands as a result of warfare. Mummification is only found among the highland Austronesian

7712:, especially between travelers and ethnic groups that do not speak the same language. The sand drawings consist of around 300 different designs and seem to be shared across language groups. In the 1990s, elements of the drawings were adapted into a modern 7922:

in the hypothetical pre-Austronesian homelands in mainland China, as well as other plants and animals believed to have been first domesticated from within Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Some of these plants are sometimes also known as

6609:), in contrast, is dominated by rock engravings with motifs tying it to the rock art traditions of Island Melanesia. They include curvilinear shapes like spirals and concentric circles, tree-like shapes, and the distinctive "enveloped cross" motif. The 4146:

Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from outrigger canoes, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures, like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988), now believe it to be the opposite.

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Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (21 January 2014).

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The dentate-stamped pottery of the Lapita culture (c. 1350–1300 BCE) retained elements also found in the Nagsabaran pottery in the Philippines, including stamped circles as well as the cross-in-circle motif. They carried pottery technology as far as

7310: 18999:

Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole; Castillo, Cristina Cobo; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin G. (2015). "The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers". In Tripati, Sila (ed.).

17129: 1523:, due to the perceived physical differences between the inhabitants of these regions from Malayo-Polynesian speakers. However, there was growing evidence of their linguistic relationship to Malayo-Polynesian languages, notably from studies on the 6481:

The Austronesian Painting Traditions are the most common types of rock art in Island Southeast Asia. They consist of scenes and pictograms typically found in rock shelters and caves near coastal areas. They are characteristically rendered in red

1645:

times, they are genetically more Papuan. In the vast majority of cases, the language and material culture of Austronesian-speaking groups descend directly through generational continuity, especially in islands that were previously uninhabited.

18297:

Kitalong, Ann Hillmann; Ballick, MichaelJ.; Rehuher, Faustina; Besebes, Meked; Hanser, Sholeh; Soaladaob, Kiblas; Ngirchobong, Gemma; Wasisang, Flora; Law, Wayne; Lee, Roberta; Tadeo, Van Ray; Kitalong, Clarence; Kitalong, Christopher (2011).

6018:

of Vietnam, mostly with raw jade material sourced from eastern Taiwan. These typically depicted two-headed animals or were ring-shaped with side projections. They were indicative of a very active ancient maritime trading region, known as the

7693:

in the early 20th century. Approximately 20% of the script's letterforms were borrowed from Latin letters; the remaining characters seem to have been derived from indigenous iconography. Despite this heavy Latin influence, the script was a

4520:, estimated to have occurred around 1000 to 600 BCE and onwards. This may have possibly included limited colonization by people who have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, 9885: 7842:

added the category "Filipino & Austronesian" after customers with no known Filipino ancestors were getting false positives for 5% or more "Filipino" ancestry in their ancestry composition report (the proportion was as high as 75% in

7602:-like angles, as a result of the difference in writing mediums, with the former being ideal for writing on soft leaves and the latter on bamboo panels. The use of the scripts ranged from mundane records to encoding esoteric knowledge on 6632:

In Polynesia, rock art is dominated by petroglyphs, rather than paintings, and they show less variation than the rock art of Near Oceania and ISEA. In the western Polynesian islands nearest to Island Melanesia, rock art is rare (like in

18838:

Greig, K.; Gosling, A.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; McDonald, K.; Addison, D. J.; Allen, M. S.; David, B.; Gibbs, M.; Higham, C. F. W.; Liu, F.; McNiven, I. J.; O'Connor, S.; Tsang, C. H.; Walter, R.; Matisoo-Smith, E. (14 June 2018).

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On Tonga and Samoa, the existing rock art sites consist mostly of engravings with motifs including curvilinear shapes, human figures, "jellyfish", turtles, birds, and footprints. These are typically carved in natural rock formations or

13987:

Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".

5237:

Outside of Taiwan, assemblages of red-slipped pottery, plainware, and incised and stamped pottery associated with Austronesian migrations are first documented from around 2000 to 1800 BCE in the northern Philippines, from sites in the

19109: 6874:, facial tattoos were dominant. They indicated maturity and skill in weaving and farming for women and skill in hunting and battle for men. As in most of Austronesia, tattooing traditions in Taiwan have largely disappeared due to the 6073:, due to the lack of deposits. However, there is putative evidence that Polynesians may have remained familiar with jade and may acquired it through prehistoric trade contacts with New Caledonia, Island Melanesia, and/or New Zealand. 1648:

Serious research into the Austronesian languages and its speakers has been ongoing since the 19th century. Modern scholarship on Austronesian dispersion models is generally credited to two influential papers in the late 20th century:

9769:

5150: 5966:

carving. Jade was spread to Taiwan by around 3,000 BCE, then further into the Philippines at 2,000 BCE and Vietnam at 1,800–1,500 BCE. All of them began to produce various tools and ornaments in indigenous jade workshops, including

6280: 3921:

Western Europeans in search of spices and gold later colonized most of the Austronesian-speaking countries of the Asia-Pacific region, beginning in the 16th century, with the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the Philippines,

2010:

Some authors also propose further settlements and contacts in the past in areas that are not inhabited by Austronesian speakers today. These range from likely hypotheses to very controversial claims with minimal evidence. In 2009,

6510:

AES, which consists of petroglyphs carved into rock surfaces, is far less common than APT. The majority of these sites are in coastal New Guinea and Island Melanesia. AES sites, which can be tentatively traced back to the similar

2776:", though the terminology is problematic, as they are genetically diverse, and most groups within Austronesia have significant Austronesian admixture and culture. The unmixed descendants of these groups today include the interior 19351: 5391:

in the southeast. However, these didn't comprise a single tradition but can be grouped into at least fourteen different traditions scattered across the islands. In most cases, the earliest burial jars used were large indigenous

13711: 12981:

Blench, Roger (2008). "Stratification in the peopling of China: How far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).

10892:

Kathryn J.; Auckland, Kathryn; Oppenheimer, Stephen J.; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Zech, Jana; Petchey, Fiona; Roberts, Patrick; Jeong, Choongwon; Gray, Russell D.; Krause, Johannes; Powell, Adam (April 2018).

3170: 16493: 6586:. These are capped stone pillars that are believed to have served as supports for raised buildings. They are associated with the Latte period (900 to 1700 CE), when a new wave of migrants from Southeast Asia reintroduced 7400:, Austronesians did not have an indigenous writing system but rather adopted or developed writing systems after contact with various non-Austronesian cultures. There existed various forms of symbolic communication using 1746:

Languages of the Austronesian family are today spoken by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include

5586: 4658:

used for village meetings or ceremonies. The overall effect of this is reminiscent of a boat, underlining the strong maritime connections of Austronesian cultures. The boat motif is common throughout, particularly in

2675:, long before the development of Austronesian cultures. These populations are typified by having dark skin, curly hair, and short statures, leading Europeans to believe, in the 19th century, that they were related to 1624:

unit". This has led to the use of the term "Austronesian" in academic literature to refer not only to the Austronesian languages but also the Austronesian-speaking peoples, their societies, and the geographic area of

20531: 9283: 2991:. They are believed to have descended from ancestral populations in coastal mainland southern China, which are generally referred to as the "pre‑Austronesians". Through these pre-Austronesians, Austronesians 6571:

in 3,500 BP; a Lapita culture back-migration from Island Melanesia into central and eastern Micronesia around 2,200 BP; and finally, a back-migration from western Polynesia into eastern Micronesia around 1,000 BP.

1394: 6023:, that imported and exported raw jade and finished jade ornaments. They were produced during a period from 500 BCE to as late as 1000 CE, although later examples were replaced with metal, wood, bone, clay, green 2074: 7452:, who said they were found "in all the houses". However, he paid them little attention, and they remained unnoticed by the outside world. It wasn't until 1869 that one of the tablets came into the possession of 6613:

are the largest assemblage of rock engravings in the region, with motifs dominated by footprints, enveloped crosses, and outlined "sword-paddles". Central Micronesia also hosts the ruins of the stone cities of

3324:, around the 4th to 3rd millennia BCE. This corresponded with the widespread introduction of rice cultivation to Proto-Sinitic speakers and conversely, millet cultivation to Pre-Austronesians. An Austronesian 18062:

Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).

8114:

The absence of Denisovan admixture in western Southeast Asian populations seems to indicate that interbreeding between modern humans and Denisovans happened within Southeast Asia itself, possibly east of the

7370: 4193:

The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom consisted of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the

19278: 6473:

tradition associated with the Neolithic Austronesian rectangular axe culture (2,500 to 1,500 BCE), while the second is the 3rd- or 4th-century BCE megalithic tradition associated with the (non-Austronesian)

7445:. Although some rongorongo glyphs may have been derived from these petroglyphs, rongorongo does not appear in any of the abundant rock carvings in Rapa Nui and seems to be restricted to the wooden tablets. 7003:. However, it was absent in Polynesia. It also existed in non-Austronesian populations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Japan. The practice was primarily preventative, as it reduced the chances of developing 7340: 3459:

population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the

15873:

Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists: the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September 2004

6933:. Philippine tattoos were usually geometric patterns or stylized depictions of animals, plants, and human figures. Some of the few remaining traditional tattoos in the Philippines are among elders of the 4126:

technologies were the most important innovations of the Austronesian peoples. They were the first humans with vessels capable of crossing vast distances of water. The crossing from the Philippines to the

20682: 18284: 17880:

Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Ricaut, François-X; Cox, Murray P; Mormina, Maru; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Randriamarolaza, Louis P; Guitard, Evelyne; Tonasso, Laure; Ludes, Bertrand; Crubézy, Eric (May 2010).

13684:

Kakubayashi, Fumio. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan.'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15–31

20647: 17485: 5261:(c. 1000 BCE), showing dentate-stamped, circle-stamped, and cross-in-circle decorations. The latter two are shared elements of Neolithic red-slipped pottery from the Nagsabaran Site in the Philippines. 6296: 9594: 6563:

In Micronesia, the rock art traditions can be divided into three general regions: western, central, and eastern. The divisions reflect the various major migration waves from the Philippines into the

6512: 3954:. The latter half of the 20th century initiated independence of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, and many of the Pacific island nations, as well as the re-independence of the Philippines. 14563: 21314: 17117: 7994:

may also be evidence of prehistoric Austronesian contact with the Americas, though this remains disputed. The domesticated animals carried in Austronesian voyages include dogs, pigs, and chickens.

10468: 7235: 3530:

by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE, when there was another surge of island colonization. It reached the

5912: 5296:, which would make it the longest sea crossing undertaken by that time in human history. This has also been proposed by earlier authors like Blust (2000) and Reid (2002), based on linguistics. 1461:

populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like

1247:(1778), he posited that the ultimate origins of the Polynesians might have been the lowland regions of the Philippines and proposed that they arrived to the islands via long-distance voyaging. 11174:

Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2022). "Early Maritime Navigation and Cultures in Coastal Southern China, Taiwan, and Island Southeast Asia 6000–500 B.C.E.". In Jones, Ryan Tucker; Matsuda, Matt K. (eds.).

2565:. Austronesians also mixed with other preexisting populations as well as later migrant populations among the islands they settled, resulting in further genetic input. The most notable are the 14197:

Allibert, Claude (May 2008). "Austronesian Migration and the Establishment of the Malagasy Civilization: Contrasted Readings in Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics and Cultural Anthropology".

12203:

O'Connor, Sue; Kealy, Shimona; Reepmeyer, Christian; Samper Carro, Sofia C.; Shipton, Ceri (15 March 2022). "Terminal Pleistocene emergence of maritime interaction networks across Wallacea".

7077:. Many Austronesian religious beliefs have been incorporated into foreign religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, which Austronesian peoples were introduced to later. 17702: 13925:

Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).

13875: 20966: 19081:

Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".

9495: 6999:-rich plant dyes. It was practiced throughout almost the entire range of Austronesia, including Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Island Melanesia, reaching as far east as 5894: 5117: 16254: 7855:, 18% in Hawaii, and 34% in Madagascar). The company's scientists surmised that this was due to the shared Austronesian genetic heritage being incorrectly identified as Filipino ancestry. 7259: 5347:

as a likely point of origin. Sources south of the Philippines remain unlikely without further archaeological findings due to their related pottery assemblages being younger than 1500 BCE.

2729:

by crossing an expanse of water at least 100 km (62 mi) wide, even during the low sea levels of the Pleistocene. Other evidence of early maritime transport are the appearance of

2717:, North Sulawesi, dated to 32,000–35,000 years ago, is possible evidence for the longest sea voyage by Paleolithic humans ever recorded. The island was previously uninhabited by humans or 20687: 20546: 7777:

An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in

18488:

Seelenfreund, Daniela; Clarke, Andrew C.; Oyanedel-Giaverini, Naria Factina; Piña-Muñoz, Ricardo; Lobos, Sergio; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Seelenfreund, A. (September 2010). "Paper mulberry (

17314: 10658: 8766: 8649: 7083: 6703:

On Rapa Nui, the engravings are distinctive but still show similarities to the techniques and motifs of the Marquesas. Their motifs commonly include disembodied parts of the human body (

1391:

and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. Rather, he believed that the Malay race was a combination of the "Ethiopian" and "Caucasian" varieties.

23097: 11515: 7123: 3266:

already populated (most probably by speakers of Austroasiatic languages) before they were reached by the Austronesian expansion, roughly 3,000 years ago. Currently, only the indigenous

8994: 4861: 1359:(1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world". In the third edition, published in 1795, he named Austronesians the " 6245: 4902: 1508:

and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and

20697: 20642: 6261: 2881:, the admixture is around 50% Austronesian and 50% Papuan. Similarly, in the Philippines, the groups traditionally considered to be "Negrito" vary between 30 and 50% Austronesian. 20657: 20637: 20392: 8535: 7546:, from Vietnam. There are numerous other Brahmic-derived writing systems among Southeast Asian Austronesians, usually specific to a certain ethnic group. Notable examples include 5753: 1669:, 1991). The topic is particularly interesting to scientists for the remarkably unique characteristics of the Austronesian speakers: their extent, diversity, and rapid dispersal. 14716:

Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques

6657:

site on Hawaii has the largest number of petroglyphs in a single site, at over 21,000 engravings. Polynesia also features megalithic sacred ceremonial centres generally known as

22798: 21309: 20576: 11145: 9388: 2916: 1770:

The geographic region that encompasses native Austronesian-speaking populations is sometimes referred to as "Austronesia". Other geographic names for various subregions include

19108:

Glover, Ian C.; Bellina, Bérénice (2011). "Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (eds.).

16299: 11798: 7510:

successful. Some authors have proposed that rongorongo may have been an attempt to imitate European script after the idea of writing was introduced during the "signing" of the

20961: 20677: 20632: 6315: 14985: 13820: 11081: 7463:

At the time of discovery of the tablets, Rapa Nui had undergone severe depopulation. This was largely due to the loss of the island's last trees and the Peruvian and Chilean

1636:, but this is believed to have happened only in a few instances, since the Austronesian expansion was too rapid for language shifts to have occurred fast enough. In parts of 20652: 16089:

Harlow GE, Summerhayes GR, Davies HL, Matisoo-Smith L (1 March 2012). "jade gouge from Emirau Island, Papua New Guinea (Early Lapita context, 3300 BP): a unique jadeitite".

13554: 5737: 11214:

Hung, Hsiao-chun; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Piper, Philip J.; Dizon, Eusebio; Bolunia, Mary Jane Louise A.; Oxenham, Marc; Chi, Zhang (2011).

9281: 8796: 7479:

further decimated the island's population to the point that there were not enough people to bury the dead. The last remnants of the Rapa Nui people were assimilated by the

7291: 1695:

Austronesians were the first humans with seafaring vessels that could cross large distances on the open ocean; this technology allowed them to colonize a large part of the

3245:

shared by the indigenous Taiwanese and Kra-Dai-speakers. However, archaeological evidence for this is still sparse. This is believed to be similar to what happened to the

10576:

Blust, Robert A. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.).

21319: 4881: 9747: 7104: 5364:, and baskets. However, the geometric designs and stylized figures used in the pottery are still present in other surviving art forms, such as tattooing, weaving, and 16143:

Sand, Christophe (2016). "Prestige Stone Items in Island Melanesia: assessment of the enigmatic biconical picks, drilled plaques and stone clubs from New Caledonia".

15842: 15416: 9558: 4702:

as a "ritual attractor". These are specific posts, beams, platforms, altars, and so on that embody the house as a whole, usually consecrated at the time of building.

21432: 15538:

Winter, Olaf; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Lindahl, Anders (September 2012). "Austronesian sailing to the northern Marianas, a comment on Hung et al. (2011)".

13330: 4846: 17560: 20541: 15159:"Śāstric and Austronesian Comparative Perspectives: Parallel Frameworks on Indic Architectural and Cultural Translations among Western Malayo-Polynesian Societies" 14551: 14487: 13106: 9001: 8965: 7708:, in which images are created by a single continuous line drawn in the sand. It is believed to have functioned as a means of symbolic communication in pre-contact 13746: 13643: 6654: 20692: 6938: 6723:

megaliths. A few paintings, mostly of birds and boats, have also been discovered, which are associated with the engravings, rather than being separate artforms.

5657: 4447:

leaves. These sails allowed them to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure to establish populations in

17042: 9204: 9057: 5693: 5458:

though they never penetrated much further east. There are roughly two gong ensemble traditions among Austronesians, which also produced gongs in ancient times.

4921: 4151:

to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or

20586: 16124:

Summerhayes G, Matisoo-Smith E, Mandui H, Allen J, Specht J, Hogg N, McPherson S (2010). "Tamuarawai (EQS): An Early Lapita Site on Emirau, New Ireland, PNG".

12439: 8874: 6610: 4941: 3447:

The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan" model) is a large-scale migration of Austronesians from Taiwan, occurring around 3000 to 1500 BCE.

11542:"An Integrated Perspective on the Austronesian Diaspora: The Switch from Cereal Agriculture to Maritime Foraging in the Colonisation of Island Southeast Asia" 4815:. They propose significant Neolithic contact between the people of southern Japan and Austronesians or pre-Austronesians that occurred prior to the spread of 2679:. However, despite these physical similarities, genetic studies have shown that they are more closely related to other Eurasian populations than to Africans. 22021: 20561: 20551: 18666: 14296: 8040:

There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with Africa, based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas,

4166:. However, there are small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in 1504:). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the Native Australians), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the 15958:

Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea".

11641: 9590: 5265:

This type of pottery dispersed south and southwest to the rest of Island Southeast Asia. The eastward and southward branches of the migrations converged in

20662: 2059:

Map showing the distribution of the Austronesian language family (light rose pink). It roughly corresponds to the distribution of all Austronesian peoples.

8831:

About 13.5% of Singapore Residents are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also

6825:

in his explorations of the Pacific in the 18th century. Cook introduced the word "tattoo" (archaic: "tattaow", "tattow") into the English vocabulary from

4182:

retained the double-hull and the single-outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western

3026:. The politicization of archaeology is also problematic, particularly erroneous reconstructions among some Chinese archaeologists of non-Sinitic sites as 23507: 23423: 3650: 3151:, respectively). These are still not widely accepted, as evidence of these relationships are still tenuous, and the methods used are highly contentious. 9499: 9083: 7427:. Of the surviving two dozen tablets, a few were made from trees introduced after European contact, as well as wood originating from European ships and 7411:("lines of inscriptions for chanting out"), is the only pre-contact indigenous Austronesian system of glyphs that appear to be true writing or at least 6958:) rather than through puncturing, as in usual practice. In addition to being pigmented, the skin was also left raised into ridges of swirling patterns. 12230:

O'Connor, Sue (2015). "Crossing the Wallace Line The Maritime Skills of the Earliest Colonists in the Wallacean Archipelago". In Kaifu, Yousuke (ed.).

8559: 7184: 3367: 18706: 17199: 17160: 11937: 11668:"Cranio-morphometric and aDNA corroboration of the Austronesian dispersal model in ancient Island Southeast Asia: Support from Gua Harimau, Indonesia" 1337:). The connections between Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the Orientalist 23301: 17376: 16982: 16408: 15176: 6707:

in particular), animals, plants, ceremonial objects, and boats. A prominent motif is also that of the "birdman" figure, which is associated with the

2861:(2017) also proposed the term "First Sundaland People" in place of "Negrito", as a more accurate name for the original population of Southeast Asia. 1243: 16572: 14889: 14808: 13787: 7193: 6396: 3582:. They also established early long-distance contacts with Africa, possibly as early as before 500 BCE, based on archaeological evidence like banana 16799: 16171: 15660: 13867: 13064: 12377: 5611: 15320:"Cultural Resource and Heritage Issues of Historic Champa States in Vietnam: Champa Origins, Reconfirmed Nomenclatures, and Preservation of Sites" 14472:

Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)

6172:. Within Southeast Asia, the sites associated with Austronesians can be divided into three general rock art traditions: the Megalithic Culture of 3194:. These peoples were assimilated linguistically and culturally by incoming Austronesian peoples in what is now modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. 2890:

composite protoform *Cau ma-qata, combining "Tau" and "Qata" and indicative of the mixing of the two ancestral population types in these regions.

20281: 18782: 8013:

by around 1500 to 600 BCE. These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia, including

6336: 3887:

by the 10th century. This was established as the dominant religion in the Malay archipelago by the 16th century. The Austronesian inhabitants of

3683:

in Southeast Asian populations, pre-dating the Austronesian expansion, as proof that Austronesians originated from within Island Southeast Asia.

3209:

Several authors have also proposed that Kra-Dai speakers may actually be an ancient daughter subgroup of Austronesians that migrated back to the

3127:

that are relevant to the identity of the pre-Austronesian populations. The most notable are the connections of Austronesians to the neighboring

1163: 23650: 23512: 22825: 22773: 21198: 10637: 9979: 8770: 8085: 7895: 7875: 5453:

ensembles are also a common musical heritage of Island Southeast Asia. The casting of gong instruments is believed to have originated from the

4750:, supported by a single tall post, also had ritual importance and was used to isolate high-born children during their training for leadership. 1134: 18040: 17094: 16441:"First record of painted rock art near Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia, and the origins and distribution of the Austronesian Painting Tradition" 11494: 3623: 2015:

compiled an expanded map of Austronesia that encompassed these claims based on a variety of evidence, such as historical accounts, loanwords,

21425: 10518: 9348: 6686:

are typically carved into boulders, lava rock formations, and cliffsides. Red paintings of dogs on cliffsides and caves can also be found on

6495:. The representations of boats themselves are believed to be connected to the widespread "ship of the dead" Austronesian funerary practices. 6486:

pigments for the earlier forms, later sometimes superseded by paintings done in black charcoal pigments. Their sites are mostly clustered in

6455: 5873: 5791: 1730:

island in the Tuamotus, French Polynesia; a typical island landscape in Austronesia. Coconuts are native to tropical Asia and were spread as

16531: 11284:

Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".

6556:, as they are beyond the inter-island visibility threshold. These island groups begin to show divergence from the APT and AES traditions of 4834: 4761:

Indirect evidence of traditional Austronesian architecture, however, can be gleaned from their contemporary representations in art, such as

4497: 4210:

or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "

19483: 10294:

Douglas, Bronwen (2008). "'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850". In Douglas, Bronwen; Ballard, Chris (eds.).

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Nevertheless, based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence, Austronesians are most strongly associated with the early farming

1113:

Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and traditional technologies as

14451: 12611: 10402: 7523:

or a true indigenous Austronesian writing system (and one of the few independent inventions of writing in human history) remains unknown.

7011:. It also had cultural significance and was seen as beautiful. A common sentiment was that blackened teeth separated humans from animals. 5447:

are indigenous Austronesian musical instruments invented and used by Southeast Asian-Austronesian and Oceanic-Austronesian ethnic groups.

4491: 23517: 21578: 20772: 19438: 18385:

Perrier, Xavier; Bakry, Frédéric; Carreel, Françoise; Jenny, Christophe; Horry, Jean-Pierre; Lebot, Vincent; Hippolyte, Isabelle (2009).

8057: 7801:, assimilating Papuan men from outside the community by marriage in Near Oceania, prior to the Polynesian expansion into Remote Oceania. 7542:

through early maritime trading. The oldest use of abugida scripts in Austronesian cultures are 4th-century stone inscriptions written in

7172: 5343:(2012) emphasized that they also did not discount other sources (yet undiscovered) from the southern Philippines. They also proposed the 3491:

migration was also unique in that it was the only Austronesian migration to the Pacific Islands to successfully retain rice cultivation.

19443: 5772: 1040:. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia. 24335: 24060: 24040: 19318: 18171:. The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History. Vol. 1. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 207–209. 16729: 14686: 12714: 9418: 9120: 8818: 8516: 8189:

Sometimes confusingly also as "early Austronesians" or "proto-Austronesians". The latter should not be confused with the reconstructed

6890: 21976: 17822: 17766: 14729:

Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". In Ludden, David (ed.).

11817: 11137: 9380: 8833: 7927:", especially in the context of Polynesian migrations. They provide another source of evidence for Austronesian population movements. 3938:); the Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago; the British colonization of Malaysia and Oceania; the French colonization of 24128: 23173: 21500: 20432: 11802: 7030:

The religious traditions of the Austronesian people focus mostly on ancestral spirits, nature spirits, and gods, making it a complex

5632: 3270:

still speak Austroasiatic languages. However, some of the languages in the region show signs of underlying Austroasiatic substrates.

2865:

differences—like Philippine Negritos, Orang Asli, and Austronesian-speaking Melanesians, all of whom have Austronesian admixture. In

15523:

Reid, L. (2002). "Morphosyntactic evidence for the position of Chamorro in the Austronesian language family". In Bauer, R.S. (ed.).

13817: 13533: 12785:

Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). "Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement".

6843:

raids. In head-hunting societies, tattoos were records of how many heads the warrior had taken in battle, and they were part of the

24340: 23306: 21418: 21349: 20397: 14967: 11060: 6645:). However, petroglyphs are abundant on the islands in the further reaches of the Polynesian triangle, particularly on Hawaii, the 3776: 18903:"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity" 13587: 5379:

and flourished in the first millennium CE. They are characteristic of a region bordered by the Philippines to the north, southern

3233:) was the result of linguistic restructuring due to contact with Hmong-Mien and Sinitic cultures. Aside from linguistic evidence, 2063: 23716: 23210: 21170: 20503: 20253: 16202: 14226:"Evidence of Austronesian Genetic Lineages in East Africa and South Arabia: Complex Dispersal from Madagascar and Southeast Asia" 9672: 8792: 8734: 7997:

Austronesians also introduced these crops and domesticated animals westward via trade links. Island Southeast Asians established

7858:

A study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive

7014:

Teeth blackening was often done in conjunction with other modifications to the teeth associated with beauty standards, including

6682:

sites or in rocks beside streams. The existing rock paintings also display the same motifs but are rendered in different styles.

6355: 4797:(2013) have also noted the striking similarities between Austronesian architecture and Japanese traditional raised architecture ( 3748: 19451: 15801: 6629:

of eastern Micronesia, rock art is rare-to-nonexistent, due to the absence of suitable rock surfaces for painting or engraving.

6062:. It was dated to around 3,300 BCE, but the origin of the jade material is unknown. Similar stone tools have also been found in 5833: 4186:). To deal with the problem of the boat's instability when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the 2651:

Map of Sunda and Sahul, showing the lowest sea level that occurred when island southeast Asia was first settled by modern humans

24330: 24050: 20210: 20151: 6839:

Tattoos had various functions among Austronesian societies. Among men, they were strongly linked to the widespread practice of

3336: 3011: 1453:

By the 19th century, however, a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race was favoured, as was

12635:"Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes" 9472: 9445: 8581: 8062:

A genomic analysis in 2020 showed Austronesian contact with South America around 1150–1200 CE, the earliest one being between

6800:) on the lips and chin (c. 1860–1879). These were symbols of status and rank as well as being considered marks of beauty. 5675: 3378:. Thus, Blench believes that there is in fact no "apical" ancestor of Austronesian in the sense that there was no true single 23577: 23296: 21388: 20920: 20804: 19361: 19328: 19307: 19288: 19267: 19246: 17696: 17629: 17523: 17370: 17193: 17073: 17013: 16976: 16937: 16896: 16857: 16830: 16793: 16760: 16487: 16402: 16373: 16248: 16073: 16014: 15880: 15836: 15654: 15410: 15366: 15302: 15234: 15170: 14979: 14883: 14854: 14802: 14746: 14680: 14529: 14358: 14330: 13850: 13781: 13548: 13361: 13214: 13105:. Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008. European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. 12991: 12965: 12940: 12845: 12477: 12371: 12239: 12187: 12147: 11864: 11767: 11509: 11075: 11026: 10996: 10875: 10834: 10823:"Stylochronology of Early Pottery in the Islands of Southeast Asia: A Reassessment of Archaeological Evidence of Austronesia" 10793: 10726: 10701: 10652: 10605: 10308: 10156: 9963: 9865: 9741: 9731: 8718: 8529: 7991: 7457: 5814: 3729: 3563:

were also formerly settled by Austronesians but later abandoned. There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the

1979:

Additionally, modern-era migration has brought Austronesian-speaking people to the United States, Canada, Australia, the UK,

16943: 16902: 16863: 16751:

Kirch, Patrick V. (1998). "Lapita and Its Aftermath: the Austronesian Settlement of Oceania". In Goodenough, Ward H. (ed.).

16689:

Rainbird P, Wilson M (2 January 2015). "Crossing the line: the enveloped cross in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia".

15824: 15372: 12153: 12039: 11032: 10840: 10799: 10611: 10162: 8675: 6836:("to tap"). However, tattoos existed prominently in various other Austronesian groups prior to contact with other cultures. 6374: 4961: 3755: 1841: 23998: 21046: 20895: 18287:

National Tropical Botanical Garden c/o Botany Department University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Retrieved March 2022.

15398: 9565: 8701: 7826:

populations approximately 31,000 to 37,000 years ago and have remained isolated for 23,000 to 32,000 years, confirming the

7054: 2955: 1314: 19380:"A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" 15399:"Enter the Ceramic Matrix: Identifying the Nature of the Early Austronesian Settlement in the Cagayan Valley, Philippines" 15036: 13039: 12530: 11018:

Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium

10827:

Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium

9234: 7754:

and people of the northern Philippines as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia, and non-Austronesian populations in

5077: 3383:

model into Taiwan by pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence.

24325: 24045: 23949: 23188: 21530: 17545: 15443:

Carson MT, Hung Hc, Summerhayes G, Bellwood P (January 2013). "The Pottery Trail From Southeast Asia to Remote Oceania".

15330: 15080: 12903: 12755: 11259: 7538:

from South India. Various forms of abugidas spread throughout Austronesian cultures in Southeast Asia as kingdoms became

6020: 4636: 4000: 3575: 3297:

were of Austronesian origin. Until today, local traditions and festivals show similarities to Malayo-Polynesian culture.

13097: 4276: 2925: 19776: 15573:

Hung, Hsiao-chun; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter (September 2012). "Earliest settlement in the Marianas—a response".

14483: 13647: 7822:

haplotypes from Europeans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and others. They found that hpSahul diverged from mainland Asian

6204:) as well as the interior highlands of New Guinea, indicating the borders of the extent of the Austronesian expansion. 3568: 3366:(with Longshan-type cultures found in southern Taiwan), the fishing-based Dapenkeng culture of coastal Fujian, and the 2691: 17338:""Ny vazana tsy aseho vahiny" – "Don't show your molars to strangers" – Expressions of teeth blackening in Madagascar" 17256:"To Strengthen the Teeth and Harden the Gums – Teeth blackening as medical practice in Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia" 15111:

Arbi E, Rao SP, Omar S (21 November 2013). "Austronesian Architectural Heritage and the Grand Shrines at Ise, Japan".

14104:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" 9772:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" 9620: 3762: 3118: 2500:, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, parts of Sri Lanka, southern Myanmar, and much of western and central Indonesia) 24345: 24055: 23445: 20437: 20296: 19144: 19119: 19065: 19038: 19011: 18914: 18841:"Complex history of dog (Canis familiaris) origins and translocations in the Pacific revealed by ancient mitogenomes" 18721: 18689: 18472: 18311: 18218: 18176: 18149: 14085: 13909: 13841:

Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.).

12033: 11183: 9196: 9050: 7511: 7483:

who were later brought to the island in an effort to repopulate it, further resulting in the loss of most of the Old

3795: 2634: 19057:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry

17883:"Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences provide new insights into the Polynesian motif and the peopling of Madagascar" 12400: 11666:

Matsumura H, Shinoda KI, Shimanjuntak T, Oktaviana AA, Noerwidi S, Octavianus Sofian H, et al. (22 June 2018).

9023: 8866: 5410:

jars acquired from the burgeoning maritime trade with China and Mainland Southeast Asia around the 14th century CE.

3409: 3006:

The identity of the Neolithic pre-Austronesian cultures in China is contentious. Tracing Austronesian prehistory in

2853:*Cau) for the later settlers from Taiwan and mainland China. Both are based on proto-forms for the word "person" in 24080: 23987: 22947: 21354: 21213: 20171: 19771: 19744: 19476: 18756: 18636: 18543:

González-Lorca, J.; Rivera-Hutinel, A.; Moncada, X.; Lobos, S.; Seelenfreund, D.; Seelenfreund, A. (2 April 2015).

15999: 8628: 7758:. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the 6821:

In modern times, tattoos are usually associated with Polynesian culture, due to the highly influential accounts of

3943: 2216: 1632:

Some Austronesian-speaking groups are not direct descendants of Austronesians and acquired their languages through

16323:"Rock Art: A Potential Source of Information about Past Maritime Technology in the South-East Asia-Pacific Region" 14281: 11602: 8995:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 6847:

into adulthood. The number and location of tattoos, therefore, were indicative of a warrior's status and prowess.

5019: 4135: 3197: 3123:

Based on linguistic evidence, there have been proposals linking Austronesians with other linguistic families into

24350: 23807: 23158: 21925: 21571: 21071: 20880: 19691: 18239:

Denham, Tim (October 2011). "Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia".

17030: 4613:

Austronesian architecture is diverse but often shares certain characteristics that indicate a common origin. The

3744: 1641: 21846: 9166: 7526:

In Southeast Asia, the first true writing systems of pre-modern Austronesian cultures were all derived from the

5717: 1375:. Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e., the 23797: 23204: 23183: 21525: 21495: 21485: 20609: 20566: 20447: 19833: 19492: 14520:

Mahdi W (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).

13620:ユハ・ヤンフネン「A Framework for the Study of Japanese Language Origins」「日本語系統論の現在」(pdf) 国際日本文化センター、京都、2003年、477–490頁. 13588:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond" 11106:

Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (1984–1985). "The Nusantao Hypothesis: The Origin and Spread of Austronesian Speakers".

9259: 7747: 3733: 569: 24098: 18492:) as a commensal model for human mobility in Oceania: Anthropological, botanical and genetic considerations". 12500:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator" 7539: 3320:, when pre-Austronesians from the Yangtze region came into regular contact with Proto-Sinitic speakers in the 24320: 24315: 24141: 24123: 23771: 22803: 21515: 21364: 20722: 20465: 20407: 20387: 20359: 20316: 18350:

L.) DNA studies support the hypothesis of an ancient Austronesian migration from Southeast Asia to America".

9087: 6216:

have also continued to produce rock art well into the present period, as evidenced by their modern subjects.

3285:, and influenced or created the Japanese hierarchical society. It is suggested that Japanese tribes like the 1364: 1338: 17: 19668: 10124:

Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia,

9145: 5097: 4698:

Austronesian buildings have spiritual significance, often containing what has been coined by anthropologist

3464:

and Borneo. From southwestern Borneo, Austronesians spread further west in a single migration event to both

24065: 23662: 23281: 23220: 23050: 22860: 21470: 21324: 21304: 21276: 21233: 20717: 20326: 19879: 18727: 18134: 17152: 15069:"Menghuni Lumbung: Beberapa Pertimbangan Mengenai Asal-Usul Konstruksi Rumah Panggung di Kepulauan Pasifik" 11888: 10555: 10543: 8487: 7751: 7737: 7150: 4439:

provided greater stability. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular

4223:

Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.

3680: 2959:

Suggested early migration route of early Austronesians into and out of Taiwan, based on ancient and modern

2834:, and Indigenous Australians display Denisovan admixture, while Malaysian and western Indonesian Negritos ( 2827: 2116: 1861: 1086:. During the initial part of the migrations, they encountered and assimilated (or were assimilated by) the 18933:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific" 8603: 7453: 4999: 4454: 3567:, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia, where they might have traded with the 1241:, also recognized the similarities of Polynesian languages to those of Island Southeast Asia. In his book 24118: 23495: 23398: 22937: 22696: 21400: 21243: 21163: 20672: 20496: 20427: 20382: 20246: 19843: 19818: 19469: 16557: 13509:

Tai-Kadai and Austronesian are Related at Multiple Levels and their Archaeological Interpretation (draft)

8190: 8090: 7885: 7043: 6038:, and other implements, some of which are made from jade-like stone, have also been recorded in areas of 6005: 5037: 3379: 3309: 3277:

and Ann Kumar, Austronesians may have also settled parts of southern Japan, especially on the islands of

3148: 2964: 2854: 2123: 1849:

Austronesian regions are almost exclusively islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans, with predominantly

1570: 1437: 1407: 1352: 1348: 1255: 1238: 1138: 19823: 17850:

Kirch, Patrick V. (21 October 2010). "Peopling of the Pacific: A Holistic Anthropological Perspective".

16163: 13704:"Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory" 10190:"Investigating the origins of eastern Polynesians using genome-wide data from the Leeward Society Isles" 7034:

religion. Mythologies vary by culture and geographical location but share common basic aspects, such as

6164:

sites. The sites specifically associated with the Austronesian expansion contain examples of indigenous

6050:. These were considered valuable currency and were primarily used to trade for goods. In 2012, a Lapita 1325:), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian", first coined by the German linguist 23974: 23237: 23080: 22952: 22842: 21600: 21564: 21546: 21392: 21344: 21299: 20945: 20422: 20402: 19979: 19686: 18193: 14642:

Hornell, James (1932). "Was the Double-Outrigger Known in Polynesia and Micronesia? A Critical Study".

12074:"Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture" 8653: 8560:"2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President" 7785:(including Madagascar), indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the 7283: 7214: 5057: 4948: 3828: 3392: 3374:. Based on geography and cultural vocabulary, Blench believes that the Yuanshan people may have spoken 2948: 2873:, for example, the admixture is around 20 to 30% Papuan and 70 to 80% Austronesian. The Melanesians in 2656: 2626: 2497: 1703:, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread in the world, spanning half the planet from 1543: 1372: 19704: 18902: 9349:"Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for American Samoa" 6552:

The easternmost islands of Island Melanesia (Vanuatu, Fiji, and New Caledonia) are considered part of

24207: 24136: 23711: 23567: 23500: 22726: 22669: 21396: 21339: 20885: 20814: 20732: 20556: 20178: 20107: 19520: 19135:

Beaujard, Philippe (2013). "Madagascar and Africa, Austronesian migration". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).

10295: 9886:"The timing of arrival of humans and their commensal animals on Western Indian Ocean oceanic islands" 9353: 9326: 7889: 7047: 6619: 6309:, with the concentric circles and swirling designs characteristic of the Austronesian Engraving Style 3237:

has also noted cultural similarities between the two groups, like facial tattooing, tooth removal or

3178:

While the Austric hypothesis remains contentious, there is genetic evidence that at least in western

1403: 23628: 19959: 19378:

Capelli C, Wilson JF, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Gratrix F, Oppenheimer S, et al. (February 2001).

18386: 17398:

Watts J, Sheehan O, Greenhill SJ, Gomes-Ng S, Atkinson QD, Bulbulia J, Gray RD (23 September 2015).

12860:

Jiao, Tianlong. 2013. "The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China." In Underhill, Anne P., et al.

6969: 5246:

of Northern Luzon. From there, pottery technology rapidly spread to the east, south, and southwest.

3895:

were unaffected by this cultural trade and retained their indigenous culture in the Pacific region.

24248: 23968: 23753: 23460: 22987: 22982: 22788: 22519: 22069: 21722: 21587: 21510: 21480: 20834: 20306: 20203: 20122: 20032: 18032: 17090: 11742: 11738: 8080: 7520: 7424: 6981: 3480: 3124: 2761:, ca.22,000 BP). However, the method of crossing remains unknown and could have ranged from simple 2086:

Austronesian peoples include the following groupings by name and geographic location (incomplete):

1218:, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia, although Dutch explorer 745: 23855: 16626:"New precise dates for the ancient and sacred coral pyramidal tombs of Leluh (Kosrae, Micronesia)" 12072:

Jinam TA, Phipps ME, Aghakhanian F, Majumder PP, Datar F, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2017).

10503: 9358: 6889:

One of the earliest descriptions of Austronesian tattoos by Europeans was during the 16th-century

3769: 2733:

tools with the same source on neighboring islands. These include the Philippine obsidian network (

1561: 1055:, by around 2200 BCE. They used sails some time before 2000 BCE. In conjunction with their use of 24197: 24070: 23726: 23674: 23377: 23168: 23075: 22962: 22597: 21948: 21465: 21223: 21126: 20526: 20166: 19919: 19027:

Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).

16516: 10559: 10451: 9685:

Approximately 60% of the population of total population of Rapa Nui (3,765) is of native descent.

9642: 9073:

Approximately 87.7% of the total population (275,918) are of unmixed or mixed Polynesian descent.

7767: 6704: 5991: 5934: 4621: 3824: 3722: 3687: 3672: 3375: 3218: 3179: 2960: 2846: 1984: 1921: 1831: 1795: 1532: 1528: 1342: 1321:. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of 1230: 985: 981: 24113: 22537: 19456: 13690: 13673: 13379:"Early mixed farming of millet and rice 7800 years ago in the Middle Yellow River region, China" 12304:

Cooper A, Stringer CB (October 2013). "Paleontology. Did the Denisovans cross Wallace's Line?".

9532: 8922: 7705: 6196:

and Island Melanesia. Despite proximity, these traditions can be distinguished readily from the

4981: 3339:

is also another explanation for the correspondences that do not require a genetic relationship.

2713:

necessitated crossing bodies of water. Remains of stone tools and marine shells in Liang Sarru,

24235: 24103: 23748: 23557: 23552: 23482: 23372: 23215: 23087: 22820: 22250: 22201: 22144: 22089: 21943: 21410: 21384: 21156: 20982: 20782: 20737: 20489: 20276: 20239: 19868: 19791: 19663: 18714:

Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley

18549:([L.] Vent.; Moraceae) into the Pacific: genetic, geographical and historical evidence" 17183: 15899:

Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P, Nguyen KD, Bellina B, Silapanth P, et al. (December 2007).

14443: 12875:

The Neolithic of Southeast China: Cultural Transformation and Regional Interaction on the Coast

12605: 12255:

Reich D, Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, et al. (October 2011).

10409: 7638:

that encode sounds, both vowels and consonants, native to Austronesian languages but absent in

7347: 7269: 6879: 4705:

The Austronesian house itself also often symbolizes various aspects of indigenous Austronesian

3174:

Proposed routes of Austroasiatic and Austronesian migrations into Indonesia (Simanjuntak, 2017)

3042: 3015: 2815: 2781: 2638: 1686: 1581: 1493: 1423: 1376: 1051:, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the 1044: 1009: 918: 17360: 16966: 16597:

Liston J, Rieth TM (2010). "Palau's Petroglyphs: Archaeology, Oral History, and Iconography".

16390: 15158: 10719:

Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes: Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast, Beautiful Boats

10434: 10020: 10003: 7906:

that enabled early Austronesians to thrive in their mostly island environments. These include

7046:

and powerful deities. There is also a great amount of shared mythology and a common belief in

4477:

of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and

4267: 1211:

by European authors. The first formal publication on these relationships was in 1708 by Dutch

24226: 24108: 23782: 23758: 23613: 23092: 22977: 22875: 22850: 22442: 22321: 22275: 22206: 22171: 21193: 21121: 20915: 20591: 20512: 20291: 20092: 19939: 19863: 19858: 19737: 19577: 18660: 18637:"Neolithic Human Movement to Island Southeast Asia: The Search for Archaeobotanical Evidence" 18456: 18299: 14871: 14792: 13845:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. 13769: 13058: 11848: 11449:

Embong, Abdul Mutalib; Jusoh, Juhari Sham; Hussein, Juliani; Mohammad, Razita (31 May 2016).

9300: 7201: 6201: 6181: 5427: 5371:

A common practice among Austronesians in a large area of Island Southeast Asia is the use of

4159: 3433: 3325: 3230: 3187: 2642: 2550: 1897: 1845:

Extent of contemporary Austronesia and possible further migrations and contact (Blench, 2009)

1787: 1775: 1690: 1489: 1204: 1037: 701: 22407: 21915: 19999: 19560: 19334: 19055: 18596:

Zerega, N. J. C.; Ragone, D. & Motley, T.J. (2004). "The complex origins of breadfruit (

17031:"Batek: Traditional Tattoos and Identities in Contemporary Kalinga, North Luzon Philippines" 16777: 16725: 15642: 14738: 14665: 12683: 12361: 12025:

Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas

10376: 9410: 9109: 8037:

were also present in Southeast Asia by 400–100 BCE, indicating the exchange was reciprocal.

6096:(treasure). They include various tools and weapons like adzes, scrapers, fishing hooks, and 2806:

In modern literature, descendants of these groups, located in Island Southeast Asia west of

24202: 24075: 24015: 23868: 23802: 23633: 23477: 23286: 23045: 23040: 22942: 22902: 22706: 22602: 22585: 22139: 21208: 21111: 20925: 20905: 20890: 20787: 20667: 20442: 20341: 20262: 19174: 19111:

Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange

18944: 18560: 18501: 18076: 17987: 17939: 17815: 17760: 17411: 16637: 16098: 15695: 14763: 14390: 14115: 13457: 13390: 12794: 12313: 11903: 11825: 11679: 11335: 10953: 10201: 10052: 9783: 9411:"3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016" 8896: 8840: 8494: 7911: 6867: 6859: 6185: 6059: 6015: 5900: 5274: 5228: 4451:

and New Zealand is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.

4304: 4004: 3899: 3468:

and the coastal regions of southern Vietnam, becoming the ancestors of the speakers of the

2903: 2878: 2773: 2477: 2091: 1779: 1524: 1501: 1380: 1201: 1056: 23232: 17645:

Wieczorek, Rafal (31 August 2016). "Putative duplication glyph in the rongorongo script".

15278: 14377:

Lipson M, Loh PR, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Ko YC, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2014).

13534:"Ethnographic and archaeological correlates for a mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area" 12257:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania" 11887:

Lipson M, Loh PR, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Ko YC, Stoneking M, et al. (August 2014).

10329:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race" 9919:

Ku, Kun-Hui; Gibson, Thomas (3 July 2019). "Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesia".

7053:

Many of these beliefs have gradually been replaced. Examples of native religions include:

6653:. Rapa Nui has the densest concentration of engravings in Polynesia as a whole, while the 4742:. These were used to store implements, weapons, ships, and other valuables; while smaller 3671:. For various reasons, they have proposed that the homelands of Austronesians were within 3186:

overland migrations (pre-4,000 BP) by Austroasiatic-speaking peoples into what is now the

1767:). The family contains 1,257 languages, the second-largest number of any language family. 8: 24264: 24192: 24020: 24010: 23981: 23849: 23682: 23623: 23193: 23102: 23002: 22992: 22932: 22927: 22922: 22912: 22907: 22892: 22887: 22808: 22664: 22542: 22487: 22412: 21836: 21800: 21359: 21258: 21179: 20767: 20581: 20571: 20477: 20417: 20336: 19873: 19766: 17930:

Matisoo-Smith, E; Daugherty, C (June 2012). "Africa to Aotearoa: the longest migration".

17863: 16110: 14346: 14066:

Beaujard, Philippe (2019). "The Austronesian Expansion and the First Malagasy Cultures".

7907: 7827: 7813: 7771: 7646:, almost all of these writing systems have been replaced with alphabets adapted from the 7378: 6894: 6197: 4542: 3844: 3808: 3676: 3664: 3456: 3217:, shortly after the Austronesian expansion, later migrating further westwards to Hainan, 3078: 2823: 2570: 1752: 1700: 1478: 1458: 1219: 1208: 1126: 19178: 18948: 18564: 18505: 18080: 17991: 17943: 17415: 16641: 16102: 15699: 14839:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi 14394: 14225: 14119: 13461: 13394: 12798: 12466:"Origins of Southeast Asian Shipping and Maritime Communication across the Indian Ocean" 12317: 11907: 11683: 11339: 11324:"Independent origins of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the old world tropics" 10957: 10205: 10056: 9787: 9173:. Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Government of Kiribati. Archived from 7519:

list of symbols meant to guide incantations. Whether rongorongo is merely an example of

4285: 3354:

that had been migrating to Taiwan by 4000 BP. These immigrants included people from the

2545:

The broad consensus on Austronesian origins is the "two-layer model", where an original

2527: 23961: 23618: 23418: 23403: 23198: 23153: 23148: 22997: 22547: 22159: 21441: 21334: 21253: 20940: 20930: 20864: 20819: 20762: 20614: 20536: 20331: 20321: 20311: 20301: 19853: 19808: 19658: 19404: 19379: 19208: 19195: 19162: 18967: 18932: 18875: 18840: 18778: 18578: 18525: 18441: 18367: 18266: 18107: 18064: 18008: 17975: 17955: 17907: 17882: 17741: 17662: 17618: 17602: 17447: 17434: 17399: 16706: 16671: 16658: 16625: 16606: 16344: 16042: 15975: 15935: 15922: 15900: 15774: 15766: 15731: 15718: 15683: 15590: 15555: 15505: 15470: 15207: 15128: 15028: 14928: 14624: 14611: 14586: 14424: 14411: 14378: 14250: 14138: 14103: 13961: 13926: 13599: 13480: 13445: 13426: 13413: 13378: 13291: 13256: 13180: 13099:

The Prehistory of the Daic (Tai-Kadai) Speaking Peoples and the Austronesian Connection

12997: 12818: 12659: 12634: 12581: 12556: 12522: 12431: 12337: 12281: 12256: 12111: 12098: 12073: 11999: 11964: 11924: 11773: 11715: 11702: 11667: 11633: 11571: 11416: 11371: 11358: 11323: 11115: 10969: 10918: 10893: 10759: 10353: 10328: 10267: 10222: 10189: 10083: 10040: 9973: 9936: 9814: 9771: 9698: 8404: 8095: 7881: 7713: 7420: 6898: 6287: 6132:(bird leg ring) bear remarkably strong resemblances to the double-headed and ring-type 6008:(in the form of an incomplete circle) and double-headed earrings and pendants known as 5857: 5258: 5249: 5089: 5044: 4736:

are elaborately adorned with carvings and are often the tallest buildings in the Māori

4617: 4614: 4546: 4512:

is due to the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the

4463: 4187: 3915: 3832: 3599: 3427: 3321: 3226: 3106: 3050: 2850: 2849:*qata) to distinguish the indigenous populations of Southeast Asia, versus "Tau" (from 2687: 2664: 2383: 2202: 2055: 2016: 1973: 1901: 1536: 1322: 20900: 17185:

Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia

16194: 14911:

Pham C, Blue L, Palmer C (May 2010). "The Traditional Boats of Vietnam, an Overview".

10965: 10868:

Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission

9664: 8741: 7490: 6430: 1379:), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the 23881: 23542: 23490: 23472: 23413: 23035: 22972: 22967: 22897: 22793: 22753: 22748: 22731: 22701: 22367: 22311: 22305: 22154: 22131: 21953: 21883: 21841: 21380: 21248: 21238: 21228: 21218: 21066: 20752: 20412: 20364: 20286: 20220: 20198: 20186: 20102: 20072: 19786: 19726: 19409: 19357: 19324: 19303: 19284: 19263: 19242: 19212: 19200: 19140: 19115: 19061: 19034: 19028: 19007: 19001: 18972: 18910: 18880: 18717: 18685: 18617: 18468: 18307: 18300:"Plants, people and culture in the villages of Oikull and Ibobang, Republic of Palau" 18214: 18172: 18145: 18112: 18094: 18013: 17959: 17912: 17745: 17737: 17692: 17625: 17519: 17439: 17366: 17189: 17069: 17009: 16972: 16933: 16892: 16853: 16826: 16789: 16756: 16710: 16663: 16483: 16475: 16440: 16398: 16369: 16339: 16322: 16277: 16244: 16069: 16010: 15979: 15940: 15876: 15868: 15832: 15793: 15778: 15723: 15650: 15594: 15559: 15509: 15474: 15406: 15362: 15298: 15230: 15166: 15132: 15032: 14975: 14932: 14924: 14879: 14850: 14798: 14742: 14676: 14616: 14525: 14428: 14416: 14354: 14326: 14255: 14179: 14143: 14081: 14026:

Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".

14005: 13966: 13905: 13868:"'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia" 13846: 13777: 13703: 13686: 13669: 13544: 13485: 13418: 13357: 13310: 13295: 13260: 13210: 13202: 13172: 12987: 12961: 12936: 12841: 12810: 12706: 12664: 12586: 12473: 12472:. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 25–49. 12367: 12341: 12329: 12286: 12235: 12183: 12143: 12103: 12029: 12004: 11929: 11860: 11763: 11707: 11637: 11575: 11541: 11505: 11472: 11363: 11301: 11179: 11071: 11022: 11014: 10992: 10923: 10871: 10830: 10789: 10722: 10697: 10648: 10601: 10358: 10304: 10227: 10152: 10088: 10070: 9959: 9940: 9861: 9819: 9801: 9737: 9253: 9146:"2020 United States Census Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics" 8812: 8714: 8525: 8322: 8308: 8272: 8258: 8244: 8175: 8014: 7919: 7859: 7835: 7790: 7778: 7743: 7690: 7655: 7651: 7639: 7621:

started replacing the earlier abugidas at around the 13th century in Southeast Asia.

7484: 6985: 6826: 6487: 5778: 5198: 5156:

The B5 structure, a stone storehouse with distinctive boat-shaped roofs exemplifying

5049: 4852: 4675:, the roofs of houses are shaped like an upside-down boat; while among the people of 4660: 4592: 4553: 4517: 4504:

The acquisition of catamaran and outrigger technology by non-Austronesian peoples in

4163: 3880: 3823:

By the beginning of the first millennium CE, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in

3817: 3679:

by rising sea levels. Proponents of these hypotheses point to the ancient origins of

3638: 3469: 3448: 3300: 3210: 3164: 3090: 3000: 2899: 2839: 2523: 2418: 2403: 2340: 1953: 1945: 1791: 1760: 1756: 1658: 1654: 1566: 1496:

as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of

1466: 1384: 1223: 1193: 787: 19716: 18582: 18529: 18371: 18270: 17666: 16675: 16348: 16000:"Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction" 13430: 13149:

Li H, Huang Y, Mustavich LF, Zhang F, Tan JZ, Wang LE, et al. (November 2007).

13001: 12822: 12526: 12435: 12115: 11719: 11420: 11375: 10578:

Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics

10436:

The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

8329: 7074: 6921:) have mostly been lost as the natives of the islands converted to Christianity and 4599: 4206:

inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from

3370:

of northernmost Taiwan, which Blench suggests may have originated from the coast of

1278: 24187: 23922: 23638: 23382: 23291: 23012: 23007: 22815: 22758: 22741: 22711: 22642: 22417: 22196: 22074: 22001: 21821: 21697: 21329: 21281: 21203: 21116: 21016: 20935: 20859: 20844: 20037: 19838: 19781: 19758: 19721: 19399: 19391: 19190: 19182: 19090: 18962: 18952: 18870: 18860: 18852: 18648: 18609: 18568: 18517: 18509: 18437: 18408: 18398: 18359: 18256: 18248: 18204: 18102: 18084: 18003: 17995: 17947: 17902: 17894: 17859: 17797: 17733: 17654: 17598: 17451: 17429: 17419: 17277: 17267: 17234: 16698: 16653: 16645: 16334: 16289: 16106: 15967: 15930: 15912: 15758: 15735: 15713: 15703: 15582: 15547: 15497: 15460: 15452: 15273: 15263: 15120: 15020: 14920: 14842: 14734: 14628: 14606: 14598: 14406: 14398: 14245: 14237: 14206: 14171: 14133: 14123: 14073: 14043: 14035: 13997: 13956: 13946: 13938: 13644:"The Azumi Basin in Japan and Its Ancient People – Yahoo Voices – voices.yahoo.com" 13475: 13465: 13408: 13398: 13326: 13322: 13283: 13248: 13184: 13162: 13031: 12802: 12698: 12654: 12646: 12576: 12568: 12514: 12423: 12415: 12321: 12276: 12268: 12212: 12093: 12085: 11994: 11984: 11976: 11919: 11911: 11753: 11697: 11687: 11625: 11617: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11462: 11406: 11398: 11353: 11343: 11293: 11227: 10961: 10913: 10905: 10751: 10348: 10340: 10259: 10217: 10209: 10078: 10060: 10015: 9928: 9853: 9809: 9791: 9468: 9441: 8431: 8345: 8297: 8288: 7763: 7725: 7709: 7667: 7603: 7591: 7571: 7448:

The tablets were first described by an outsider in 1864 by the Catholic missionary

7442: 7416: 7331: 7035: 6992: 6714: 6474: 6406: 6402: 6193: 6157: 6039: 5952: 5861: 5700: 5623: 5537: 5435: 5431: 5419: 5285: 5266: 4804: 4766: 4672: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4535: 4363: 4098: 4068: 3939: 3556: 3515: 3473: 3359: 3317: 3238: 3105:

cultures that occupied the coastal regions between the Yangtze River delta and the

3098: 3062: 2481: 2379: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2236: 2160: 2019:, genetics, archeological sites, and material culture. They include areas like the 1913: 1783: 1764: 1637: 1212: 997: 632: 443: 212: 23874: 23743: 19944: 19796: 19653: 19452:

Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University

19030:

Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century

18809: 18573: 18544: 18387:"Combining Biological Approaches to Shed Light on the Evolution of Edible Bananas" 17658: 15749:

Burley, David V. (1998). "Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850–150 B.P.".

14872:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships" 13207:

Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics

12984:

Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics

12216: 11252:"Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history" 10991:. Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7. Oxford University Press. 10944:

Bellwood, Peter (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".

10439:. Vol. 15 (9th ed.). Henry G. Allen and Company. 1888. pp. 323–326. 9932: 8679: 8573: 7789:-derived Haplogroup C2a1 predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian 7449: 6515:

of Taiwan, are believed to be largely correlated to the prehistoric extent of the

5355:

in Polynesia. Pottery technology in Tonga, however, became reduced to undecorated

4987: 4828:-speaking groups) correspond to contacts with a prehistoric Austronesian network. 4631:

Austronesian structures commonly have raised floors. The structures are raised on

4327: 3813: 3422: 3397: 23603: 22957: 22917: 22855: 21958: 21893: 21747: 21086: 20997: 20854: 20839: 20161: 20127: 20097: 19964: 19731: 19555: 19515: 19257: 19235: 18513: 18166: 17951: 17482:"The continuity of Austronesian on Islamic and early colonial period in Maluku 1" 17424: 16925: 16886: 16847: 15971: 15708: 15684:"Early cessation of ceramic production for ancestral Polynesian society in Tonga" 15456: 15356: 15227:

Arkitekturang Filipino: A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines

13824: 13403: 13287: 12135: 12023: 11743:"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia" 11692: 11467: 11450: 11348: 11297: 11016: 10822: 10783: 10595: 10580:. Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94. 10146: 9287: 9272:

Approximately 90.4% of the total population (113,131) is native Pacific Islander.

8453: 8438: 8352: 8315: 8223: 8168: 8161: 8147: 8140: 7899: 7595: 7567: 7547: 7480: 7468: 7384: 7265: 7095: 7015: 6977: 6844: 6830: 6675: 6583: 6564: 6520: 6235:, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, usually found near megalithic stone vats known as 6208: 5759: 5476: 5423: 5344: 5239: 5069: 4953: 4585: 4528: 4417: 4386: 4294: 4140: 4128: 4123: 3996: 3976: 3931: 3860: 3668: 3660: 3611: 3560: 3511: 3488: 3436: 3222: 3058: 3035: 2907: 2886: 2795: 2726: 2676: 2598: 2515: 2489: 2485: 2463: 2444: 2344: 2326: 2280: 2180: 2079: 2024: 1980: 1917: 1815: 1771: 1735: 1608: 1445: 1414:" is shown enclosed in dotted lines. Like in most 19th-century sources, Islander 1330: 1290: 1286: 1263: 1227: 1151: 1068: 359: 23655: 21041: 19461: 16237:"Rock art as an indication of (Austronesian) migration in Island Southeast Asia" 13927:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA" 12610:. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. 12555:

Ko AM, Chen CY, Fu Q, Delfin F, Li M, Chiu HL, Stoneking M, Ko YC (March 2014).

11176:

The Cambridge History of the Pacific Ocean: Volume I – The Pacific Ocean to 1800

10344: 9521:

Approximately 92.2% of the total population (18,024) is of Austronesian descent.

9512:

Approximately 34.9% of the total population (53,883) are native Pacific Islander

6945: 6937:

peoples. Most of these were records of war exploits against the Japanese during

6791: 6077: 5918: 5729: 4729: 4671:, a woven representation of a boat is added to the ridge of the roof; among the 4407: 3003:). They continued to maintain regular contact with the mainland until 1500 BCE. 2877:

are roughly around 20% Austronesian and 80% Papuan, while in the natives of the

2857:

that referred to darker-skinned and lighter-skinned groups, respectively. Jinam

2440: 1909: 23909: 23843: 23598: 23357: 23225: 23030: 23025: 22736: 22689: 22607: 22552: 22280: 22186: 22149: 21996: 21858: 21692: 21101: 21021: 20849: 20824: 20809: 20777: 20132: 19969: 19924: 19828: 19648: 19230: 18856: 18069:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

15905:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

15008: 13450:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

13209:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Routledge. pp. 161–181. 13016: 12986:. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia. Routledge. pp. 105–132. 12572: 12499: 12272: 11777: 10213: 9226: 8265: 8251: 8237: 8230: 8010: 7947: 7915: 7755: 7659: 7647: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7531: 7527: 7494: 7362: 7250: 7008: 6902: 6674:

In the central-eastern Polynesian islands, which include the Marquesas and the

6553: 6516: 6212: 6070: 6047: 5763: 5577: 5439: 5388: 5376: 5335: 5334:

would have been deliberate, not uncontrolled drifting. Similar presumptions by

5331: 5270: 5254: 5243: 5175: 5129: 4973: 4912: 4799: 4778: 4721: 4521: 4509: 4392: 4346: 4340: 4219: 4081: 4014: 3988: 3918:

kingdom in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, with its first king named Lorenzo.

3911: 3892: 3852: 3503: 3484: 3355: 3313: 3254: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3054: 2988: 2870: 2668: 2602: 2562: 2519: 2511: 2459: 2414: 2391: 2262: 1937: 1819: 1751:(around 250–270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard, named 1748: 1674: 1666: 1633: 1612: 1462: 1215: 1197: 1189: 1159: 1072: 1064: 653: 20792: 19893: 19186: 18652: 18487: 18363: 17801: 16702: 16395:

Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago

15762: 15586: 15551: 15319: 15295:

Architecture in the Philippines: Filipino Building in a Cross-cultural Context

15268: 15251: 15068: 14846: 14077: 13252: 13167: 13150: 13035: 12888: 12836:

Kun HC (2006). "On the Origins of Taiwan Austronesians". In K. R. Howe (ed.).

12740: 12518: 11251: 11232: 11215: 10909: 10755: 5356: 4249: 1515:

In linguistics, the Malayo-Polynesian language family also initially excluded

1482: 24309: 24257: 23942: 23902: 23888: 23547: 23362: 23137: 22684: 22679: 22652: 22580: 22477: 22011: 21933: 21682: 21662: 21625: 21031: 20799: 20747: 20742: 19540: 19434: 19429: 19163:"Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement" 18403: 18285:"Islands, Plants, and Polynesians—An Introduction to Polynesian Ethnobotany." 18098: 17685:"The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar: A Historical Perspective" 17239: 17222: 16482:. BAR International Series 1818. Vol. 10. Archaeopress. pp. 65–74. 15825:"Traditions of Jars as Mortuary Containers in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago" 15124: 14210: 11965:"An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia" 11857:

Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures

11758: 11476: 10547: 10074: 9805: 9027: 8424: 8397: 8379: 8363: 8154: 7967: 7794: 7759: 7721: 7686: 7627: 7618: 7607: 7598:. They vary from having letters with rounded shapes to characters with sharp 7583: 7423:

trees, which is notable given that Rapa Nui was completely deforested at the

7412: 7226: 7141: 7062: 6774: 6761: 6700:

sacred sites, which can range from simple earth terraces to standing stones.

6524: 6099: 6063: 6055: 5979: 5956: 5879: 5520: 5461:

In western Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are collectively known as

5211: 5011: 4933: 4893: 4872: 4825: 4314: 4013:

Traditional Austronesian generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of

3879:

were established as the main religion in the region. Muslim traders from the

3695: 3675:(ISEA), particularly in the Sundaland landmass drowned during the end of the 3630: 3629:, either directly from Southeast Asia or from preexisting mixed Austronesian- 3598:. By the end of the first millennium BCE, Austronesians were already sailing 3351: 3286: 3274: 3128: 3046: 3038:, reject the southern Chinese mainland origin of pre-Austronesians entirely. 3019: 2606: 2586: 2566: 2469: 2422: 2395: 2387: 2228: 2206: 2198: 2134: 2112: 2104: 2020: 1925: 1708: 1704: 1621: 1318: 1302: 1095: 957: 877: 871: 548: 170: 23895: 22218: 18957: 18089: 17999: 17272: 17255: 15917: 15198:

Kendall, Stephen H. (1976). "The barangay as community in the Philippines".

14841:. Hawaiʻinuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawaiʻi Press. 14794:

A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawaiʻi

14128: 14067: 14001: 13470: 12806: 12684:"Ascertaining the role of Taiwan as a source for the Austronesian expansion" 12325: 11980: 10065: 9796: 6915:(Spanish for "the painted ones"). However, Philippine tattooing traditions ( 6777:

man from the Philippines (c. 1908) with tattoos on the chest and arms (

5974: 5161: 4713:. In the majority of cases, the loft of the house (usually placed above the 2928:(ca. 5,500–2,500 BP). The approximate coastlines during the early 1250: 24003: 23693: 23687: 23593: 23588: 23527: 23408: 22763: 22637: 22612: 22564: 22557: 22482: 22397: 22033: 21968: 21826: 21764: 21687: 21645: 21056: 20087: 20082: 19994: 19643: 19572: 19530: 19507: 19413: 19237:

Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania

19204: 19094: 18976: 18884: 18621: 18428:

Daniels, John; Daniels, Christian (April 1993). "Sugarcane in Prehistory".

18209: 18116: 18017: 17916: 17443: 17153:"Moko and Mokamokai – Chapter I – How Moko First Became Known to Europeans" 16667: 16649: 15944: 15727: 14620: 14602: 14420: 14259: 14183: 14147: 14009: 13970: 13489: 13422: 13203:"The integrity of the Austronesian language family: From Taiwan to Oceania" 13176: 12933:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

12814: 12710: 12590: 12333: 12290: 12107: 12008: 11933: 11711: 11367: 11305: 10927: 10362: 10231: 10092: 9823: 9616: 9246: 8390: 8207: 8116: 7924: 7809: 7643: 7631: 7559: 7551: 7476: 7464: 7437: 7326: 7019: 6973: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6855: 6840: 6731: 6727: 6709: 6642: 6594:, massive doughnut-shaped discs of rock that were used as currency on Yap. 6557: 6441: 5865: 5402: 5361: 5133: 5109: 5084: 5029: 4812: 4699: 4647: 4467: 4402: 3951: 3888: 3868: 3836: 3659:" hypothesis, favored by a minority of authors. Notable proponents include 3607: 3564: 3531: 3294: 3234: 3155: 2874: 2766: 2706: 2531: 2493: 2399: 2332: 2318: 2232: 2188: 2150: 2138: 2108: 2036: 2032: 2012: 1835: 1807: 1731: 1716: 1696: 1585: 1368: 1118: 1076: 938: 850: 23928: 19003:

Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities

18135:"The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia" 17898: 16624:

Richards ZT, Shen CC, Hobbs JP, Wu CC, Jiang X, Beardsley F (March 2015).

16558:"Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?" 14175: 13774:

Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses

12668: 12633:

Melton T, Clifford S, Martinson J, Batzer M, Stoneking M (December 1998).

12419: 11061:"Splitting up Proto-Malayopolynesian: New Models of Dispersal from Taiwan" 6537: 4231: 4009: 3451:

primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers settled in northern

24242: 23825: 23764: 23583: 23537: 23522: 23450: 23178: 22657: 22462: 22357: 22164: 21900: 21831: 21737: 21655: 21640: 21136: 21076: 21051: 20757: 20191: 20042: 19567: 19159: 18613: 15901:"Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia" 15501: 15024: 14379:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 14241: 14039: 13377:

Zhang J, Lu H, Gu W, Wu N, Zhou K, Hu Y, et al. (17 December 2012).

13235:

Sagart, Laurent; Hsu, Tze-Fu; Tsai, Yuan-Ching; Hsing, Yue-Ie C. (2017).

12089: 11889:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 11621: 11411: 11216:"The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas" 7998: 7543: 7114: 7004: 6925:, though they are still practiced in isolated groups in the highlands of 6850: 6782: 6736: 6598: 6587: 6578: 6504: 6492: 6327: 6322: 6232: 6004:

The most notable jade products of these regions were the vast amounts of

5393: 5372: 5219: 5104: 5006: 4816: 4668: 4663:. In some ethnic groups, the houses are built on platforms that resemble 4632: 4459: 4427: 4162:

tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when

4036: 3634: 3603: 3461: 3402: 3347: 3246: 3074: 3070: 3027: 2940: 2866: 2831: 2791: 2758: 2698: 2660: 2647: 2614: 2610: 2546: 2432: 2371: 2367: 2306: 2184: 2142: 2044: 2040: 1957: 1905: 1889: 1854: 1626: 1509: 1505: 1415: 1310: 1103: 1087: 296: 107: 47: 24280: 22337: 20022: 19597: 19353:

Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography

19054:

Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).

18542: 18521: 16610: 16294: 16046: 15926: 15770: 15211: 14968:"Comparative Perspectives on Austronesian Houses: An Introductory Essay" 14048: 13942: 13668:角林, 文雄「隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族」、「京都産業大学日本文化研究所紀要」第3号、京都産業大学、1998年3月、 12180:

First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia

11119: 11015:

Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad, eds. (2006).

10973: 10763: 9493: 8867:"Taiwan's President Apologizes to Aborigines for Centuries of Injustice" 6290:

of Sarawak, Malaysia; an example of the Austronesian Painting Traditions

4654:. The most notable of these are saddlebacked roofs, a design common for 4190:

technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible single-outriggers.

3455:, in the archipelago of the Philippines, intermingling with the earlier 3417: 1555: 23777: 23608: 23467: 23455: 23367: 23276: 22865: 22617: 22285: 22260: 22239: 22181: 22043: 22016: 21732: 21612: 20992: 19848: 19602: 18865: 18413: 17282: 16391:"Austronesian Prehistory from the Perspective of Comparative Megaliths" 14972:

Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living

14402: 13951: 13446:"Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted sequence alignment" 12840:(3rd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 92–93. 12702: 12427: 11989: 11915: 11629: 11402: 11066:. In Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Tito Surti; Simanjuntak, Truman (eds.). 10825:. In Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad (eds.). 10785:

Austronesian Soundscapes: Performing Arts in Oceania and Southeast Asia

10597:

Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan

10271: 8767:"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects" 8650:"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects" 8292: 8045: 8018: 8002: 7959: 7951: 7798: 7762:

in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic

7635: 7622: 7432: 7393: 7317: 7298: 7070: 6822: 6591: 6541: 6302: 6252: 6189: 6169: 6043: 6010: 5983: 5903: 5884: 5843: 5708: 5504: 5454: 5444: 5215: 5064: 4968: 4808: 4786: 4440: 4396: 4310: 4211: 4175: 4167: 4077: 3992: 3935: 3907: 3848: 3736: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3626: 3615: 3579: 3507: 3267: 3253:) to southern Vietnam around 2100–1900 BP and had languages similar to 3160: 3144: 3081:, and the domestication of dogs, pigs, and chickens. These include the 3057:. They display typical Austronesian technological hallmarks, including 2835: 2590: 2336: 2322: 2300: 2284: 2154: 2100: 2028: 1933: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1803: 1739: 1712: 1520: 1454: 1411: 1388: 1360: 1326: 1267: 1234: 1181: 1175: 1142: 1106:

to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the

1099: 1091: 1090:

populations that had migrated earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia and

1005: 993: 989: 233: 128: 42: 23532: 19587: 18595: 18261: 17589:

tablets from Easter Island: botanical identification and 14C dating".

15465: 14587:"Inheritance, ecology and the evolution of the canoes of east Oceania" 13706:. In Yadava YP, Bhattarai G, Lohani RR, Prasain B, Parajuli K (eds.). 12889:"The Neolithic of Southern China – Origin, Development, and Dispersal" 12202: 11566: 11502:

Discovering History Through Language: Papers in Honour of Malcolm Ross

10986: 10894:"Language continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania" 10643:. In Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin; Reinecke, Andreas; Bonatz, Dominik (eds.). 9857: 8707:"Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" 6950: 6796: 6622:(1,200–1,800 CE), on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae, respectively. 6192:, and Island Melanesia; and the Austronesian Engraving Style (AES) of 4643:

and was used to store carvings of ancestor spirits and local deities.

3241:, teeth blackening, snake (or dragon) cults, and the multiple-tongued 3018:(1683 CE). Today, the only Austronesian language in southern China is 2705:

accessible via land bridges. However, the spread of humans across the

2682: 1949: 1596: 1576: 23787: 23700: 22716: 22674: 22647: 22457: 22402: 22386: 22244: 22084: 22038: 21963: 21938: 21905: 21759: 21702: 21677: 21449: 21106: 20967:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

20829: 20067: 19813: 19633: 18065:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 17400:"Pulotu: Database of Austronesian Supernatural Beliefs and Practices" 13631:

Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilization

11665: 9174: 8518:

Proyeksi penduduk Indonesia/Indonesia Population Projection 2010–2035

8063: 8034: 8030: 8006: 7979: 7963: 7943: 7903: 7695: 7599: 7428: 7358: 7351: 7039: 6646: 6615: 6362: 6343: 6165: 6115: 5987: 5960: 5942: 5801: 5798: 5782: 5724: 5648: 5618: 5602: 5565: 5528: 5407: 5397: 5365: 4888: 4774: 4770: 4706: 4664: 4655: 4505: 4410: 4376: 4368: 4332: 4319: 4183: 4171: 4119: 4085: 4054: 4032: 4023: 3980: 3964: 3864: 3856: 3656: 3583: 3552: 3539: 3440: 3430: 3371: 3329: 3262: 3183: 3102: 2980: 2807: 2702: 2554: 2436: 2310: 2274: 2004: 1996: 1988: 1929: 1893: 1873: 1823: 1799: 1722: 1516: 1298: 1275: 1185: 1147: 1114: 1060: 1001: 695: 674: 317: 86: 21556: 17620:

The Rock Art of Easter Island: Symbols of Power, Prayers to the Gods

17481: 16968:

History's Great Untold Stories: Obscure Events of Lasting Importance

16363: 16236: 16088: 16061: 14524:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 13507: 13236: 12681: 12465: 12232:

Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia

10263: 8700: 3711: 2787: 23935: 22437: 22432: 22300: 22255: 22176: 22064: 22059: 22028: 21785: 21742: 21707: 21672: 21620: 21131: 21091: 20910: 19929: 19900: 19803: 19752: 19617: 19545: 19395: 18905:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). 18252: 17684: 17337: 17298: 16123: 15647:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art

14947: 13776:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 29. Routledge. pp. 67–102. 13734: 12682:

Mirabal S, Cadenas AM, Garcia-Bertrand R, Herrera RJ (April 2013).

12650: 12234:(First ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 11603:"Placing Movers: An Overview of the Asian-Pacific Migration System" 10638:"Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True" 8067: 7983: 7975: 7671: 7579: 7555: 7516: 7502: 7472: 7397: 7302: 6930: 6911: 6813:, which is one of the most well-known pan-Austronesian traditions. 6806: 6717:. The best-known rock art assemblage of Rapa Nui, however, are the 6650: 6446: 6271: 6177: 6161: 6153: 6141: 6107: 6028: 5595: 5557: 5533: 5304: 4928: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4513: 4448: 4444: 4350: 4152: 4107: 4094: 3984: 3876: 3872: 3655:

A competing hypothesis to the "Out of Taiwan" model is the "Out of

3619: 3595: 3587: 3547: 3405:

warrior from Taiwan wearing traditional clothing (pre-World War II)

3363: 3333: 3304:

Early waves of migration to Taiwan, proposed by Roger Blench (2014)

3242: 3191: 2976: 2929: 2921: 2742: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2503: 2473: 2375: 2362: 2348: 2296: 2288: 2246: 2220: 2164: 1992: 1965: 1881: 1850: 1827: 1727: 1306: 1294: 1130: 1107: 1025: 1017: 948: 943: 611: 527: 401: 191: 149: 22382: 19612: 19428:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

14323:

Archaeology and culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao

14160: 9051:"Frontières ethniques et redéfinition du cadre politique à Tahiti" 8193:(PAN), which the pre-Austronesians did not speak. (Bellwood, 1988) 7770:

peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the

4720:

While rice cultivation wasn't among the technologies carried into

4580: 3506:, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern 2814:", while descendants of these groups east of Halmahera (excluding 1075:), this enabled phases of rapid dispersal into the islands of the 24220: 23667: 23163: 23055: 22452: 22422: 22377: 22362: 22347: 22342: 22295: 22265: 21988: 21795: 21790: 21727: 21667: 21630: 21096: 21061: 21011: 21002: 20117: 20052: 19954: 19887: 19582: 18783:"When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction" 18061: 17181: 14100: 13986: 13818:

Suppose we are wrong about the Austronesian settlement of Taiwan?

13205:. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross MD, Peiros I, Lin M (eds.). 12136:"Pre-Austronesian Origins of Seafaring in Insular Southeast Asia" 11389:

Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".

10037: 9768: 9110:"The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" 8961: 8219: 8136: 8120: 7931: 7896:

domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal plants and animals

7839: 7786: 7717: 7701: 7535: 7245: 7206: 7179: 7163: 7066: 7031: 7000: 6906: 6602: 6499: 6387: 6347: 6306: 6207:

Dating rock art is difficult, but some of the sites subjected to

6083: 6051: 5921: 5805: 5683: 5667: 5549: 5512: 5484: 5463: 5380: 5308: 5281: 5179: 5124: 4821: 4762: 4710: 4625: 4486: 4381: 4179: 4111: 3691: 3479:

Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the

3465: 3282: 3202: 3140: 3136: 3132: 2819: 2811: 2777: 2738: 2734: 2718: 2630: 2594: 2574: 2507: 2452: 2448: 2314: 2270: 2146: 2067: 1961: 1941: 1811: 1604: 1470: 1052: 1033: 1021: 1013: 954: 724: 422: 254: 21440: 17516:

Rongorongo: The Easter Island Script: History, Traditions, Texts

13354:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

10742:

Horridge, Adrian (1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs".

10511:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

10250:

Ross M (1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'".

6694:. The megalithic traditions of Hawaii can be exemplified by the 6251:

Hand stencils in the "Tree of Life" cave painting in Gua Tewet,

5986:) sourced from Taiwan and the Philippines and transported via a 5526:

In eastern Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are known as

5189: 3483:

by 1500 BCE or even earlier, becoming the first humans to reach

2772:

These early settlers are generally historically referred to as "

2175:

kingdom, which covered central and southern Vietnam) as well as

24271: 23916: 23737: 22721: 22627: 22472: 22427: 22372: 22332: 22316: 22290: 22234: 22079: 22006: 21910: 21878: 21868: 21816: 21717: 21650: 21026: 20112: 20062: 19607: 19501:

List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania

18998: 18302:. In Liston, Jolie; Clark, Geoffrey; Alexander, Dwight (eds.). 16476:"Aesthetics and Function: A Composite Role in Borneo Rock Art?" 15527:. Pacific Linguistics 530. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 63–94. 15252:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese" 8026: 7987: 7971: 7935: 7863: 7682: 7675: 7663: 7321: 7241: 7090: 6996: 6934: 6810: 6606: 6267: 6173: 6091: 6035: 5744: 5157: 4714: 4680: 4557: 4482: 4474: 4422: 4207: 4045: 3903: 3840: 3591: 3543: 3535: 3290: 3278: 3258: 3250: 3023: 3007: 2984: 2944: 2911: 2750: 2672: 2578: 2558: 2426: 2292: 2250: 2224: 2212: 2192: 2172: 2168: 2130: 2096: 1969: 1865: 1419: 1048: 1029: 977: 829: 506: 380: 338: 51: 20962:

Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium

18306:. Terra Australis. Vol. 35. ANU E Press. pp. 63–84. 18304:

Pacific Island Heritage: Archaeology, Identity & Community

17879: 14876:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

12470:

Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World

12138:. In Acri, Andrea; Blench, Roger; Landmann, Alexandra (eds.). 12071: 11752:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 201–212. 4784:

In modern Indonesia, varying styles are collectively known as

4481:-caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank 4158:

This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in

3574:

In the Indian Ocean, Austronesians in Maritime Southeast Asia

2553:

were assimilated to varying degrees by incoming migrations of

22632: 22622: 22467: 22447: 22392: 22352: 22326: 22270: 21769: 21445: 21081: 21036: 20006: 19989: 19974: 19592: 19277:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006).

18296: 17397: 16438: 16397:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). pp. 163–174. 15442: 15009:"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress" 14282:"On the improbability of Austronesian origins in South China" 14072:. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–642. 13151:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River" 12632: 12401:"Culture History of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia" 9381:"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012" 8022: 7848: 7844: 7782: 7742:

Genetic studies have been conducted on Austronesian peoples.

7614: 7498: 7354: 7136: 7130: 7058: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6886:. Most of the remaining tattoos are only found among elders. 6726:

The rock art in New Zealand can be divided into two regions.

6696: 6687: 6659: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6568: 6527:, where engravings are far more abundant than painted sites. 6483: 6463: 6426: 6382: 5839: 5820: 5639: 5569: 5545: 5384: 5352: 5316: 5293: 4755: 4651: 4635:, usually with space underneath also utilized for storage or 4478: 4355: 4240: 4215: 4203: 4199: 3923: 3884: 3527: 3523: 3492: 3452: 3214: 2936: 2799: 2754: 2746: 2710: 2410: 2358: 2354: 2242: 2000: 1600: 1551: 933: 808: 766: 590: 464: 18600:, Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania". 16786:

Tattoo: Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West

14837:) in Hawaii". In Keawe LO, MacDowell M, Dewhurst CK (eds.). 14522:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

10647:. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 128–148. 9852:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University. 9227:"Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009" 6882:

of the island in the 17th century, as well as conversion to

6590:

to the islands. Another megalithic tradition is that of the

4896:, with the distinctive saddleback roofs reminiscent of boats 4738: 3346:

Blench considers the Austronesians in Taiwan to have been a

3257:. Their languages underwent several restructuring events to 1442:

The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

1266:

skull labelled "O-taheitae" represented what he called the "

22229: 21888: 21873: 21853: 21754: 21635: 20077: 20057: 20047: 20027: 19984: 19949: 19934: 19638: 19550: 19535: 19447:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 19377: 18929: 15869:"Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology" 15163:

Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia

13541:

Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia

12254: 12140:

Spirits and Ships: Cultural Transfers in Early Monsoon Asia

10890: 10542: 10453:

The Melanesians: Studies in their Anthropology and Folklore

8203: 8041: 7955: 7939: 7852: 7221: 7158: 6954:) were originally carved into the skin using bone chisels ( 6809:

among Austronesian peoples is common, especially elaborate

6719: 6691: 6435: 6024: 5968: 5963: 5824: 5644: 5468: 5450: 5312: 5137: 4303:

Typical Austronesian ship designs, left to right (also see

4195: 3927: 3606:

of China with the western Indian Ocean trade in India, the

3519: 3443:, another of the early sailing innovations of Austronesians 3066: 2822:". They can also be divided into two broad groups based on 2762: 2582: 2176: 1155: 1122: 900: 485: 275: 19280:

The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives

18907:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

18837: 18346:

Baudouin, Luc; Lebrun, Patricia (26 July 2008). "Coconut (

17976:"The Peopling of the Pacific from a Bacterial Perspective" 16726:"Return of the Headhunters: The Philippine Tattoo Revival" 16320: 15829:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

15537: 15403:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

14376: 13770:"Neolithic correlates of ancient Tibeto-Burman migrations" 11961: 11886: 11750:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

11448: 11283: 10186: 9956:

The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives

9733:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

8051: 7662:. However, several Formosan languages had been written in 3413:

Map showing the migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan

3225:. They propose that the distinctiveness of Kra-Dai (it is 3154:

In support of both the Austric and Austro-Tai hypothesis,

21863: 19710: 18467:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 43–72. 18455:

Paterson, Andrew H.; Moore, Paul H.; Tom L., Tew (2012).

17972: 17063: 15525:

Collected papers on Southeast Asian and Pacific Languages

13924: 13735:"The comparative method and ventures beyond Sino-Tibetan" 12363:

Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation

10297:

Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750–1940

9341: 9024:"La population légale au 17 août 2017: 275 918 habitants" 8604:"Demographic Statistics Malaysia - First Quarter of 2023" 7894:

The Austronesian migrations were accompanied by a set of

7334:. Rongorongo does not appear in any of these petroglyphs. 6870:, tattoos were present for both men and women. Among the 6752: 6545: 6366: 6080:

of New Zealand. These were produced from locally sourced

5320: 3610:, and Africa. An Austronesian group, originally from the 3496: 3249:, who were originally Austronesian settlers (likely from 18384: 16753:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

15957: 15898: 13274:

Normile D (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site".

13133:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

12607:

Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies

11213: 10980: 10864: 10041:"Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar" 9197:"La Nouvelle-Calédonie compte 271 407 habitants en 2019" 9002:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

8966:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6995:

was the custom of dyeing one's teeth black with various

5292:(2011) proposed a direct deliberate voyage from eastern 5284:

are circle- and punctate/dentate-stamped pottery in the

4695:, a type of sailboat used for trading and colonization. 4258: 4202:. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge, with 3827:

began trading with India and China. The adoption of the

18716:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 339–352. 17223:"The Ethnobotany of Teeth Blackening in Southeast Asia" 15682:

Burley DV, Connaughton SP, Clark G (23 February 2018).

11799:"Japanese Filipinos – Ethnic Groups of the Philippines" 10987:

Hill, Adrian V.S.; Serjeantson, Susan W., eds. (1989).

7467:

in the early 1860s. The literate ruling classes of the

6330:

of Guam. These served as supports for raised buildings.

6144:

contact between eastern Polynesia and the Philippines.

4855:

villages are typically built directly on shallow water.

3312:, on the other hand, is a relatively new hypothesis by 2082:

of Indonesia are the largest Austronesian ethnic group.

1492:

originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and

1137:

that were carried along with the migrations, including

17929: 17762:

Indigenous Use of Scripts as a Response to Colonialism

16926:"Reviving Tribal Tattoo Traditions of the Philippines" 16849:

Tattooing the World: Pacific Designs in Print and Skin

15681: 15643:"Rock Art of the Pacific: Context and Intertextuality" 15000: 14666:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs" 13091: 13089: 10033: 10031: 1663:

The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages

22120: 18757:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 18712:. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.). 18199:. In Bourke, Richard Michael; Harwood, Tracy (eds.). 17788:

Peterson, John A. (2009). "The Austronesian Moment".

16321:

Lape PV, O'Connor S, Burningham N (31 January 2007).

13527: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13148: 12784: 12398: 9533:"Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018" 6781:). These indicate that the man was a warrior who had 4820:

traditions in Japan and mainland Asia (notably among

3967:

and in some Indonesian groups in Celebes and Borneo.

3686:

However, these have been repudiated by studies using

2995:

with neighboring groups in Neolithic southern China.

1838:, is also popularly used for the Indonesian islands. 1222:

observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the

17150: 16434: 16432: 16430: 16428: 16426: 15993: 15991: 15989: 15396: 10820: 9201:

Institut de la statistique et des études économiques

8839:. Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from 4624:

forms of various terms for "house", "building", or "

4545:*padaw, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like 3328:

in formerly Austronesian territories that have been

3205:

and their relation with Austronesians (Blench, 2018)

3119:

Austronesian languages § Hypothesized relations

2979:(homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the 2569:-speaking peoples in western Island Southeast Asia ( 1012:. They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in 19080: 19047: 18761:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

18641:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

18454: 16623: 16365:

Indonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage

16355: 16239:. In Prasetyo B, Nastiti TS, Simanjuntak T (eds.). 15488:Blust, R. (2000). "Chamorro historical phonology". 13843:

Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis

13543:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 207–238. 13135:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127–128. 13086: 12142:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 325–440. 10860: 10858: 10104: 10102: 10028: 9671:. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. 9387:. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. 9319: 7797:, the direct ancestors of Polynesians, were likely 6231:("the entertainer stone"), one of the megaliths in 6184:; the Austronesian Painting Tradition (APT) of the 3651:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

1615:

are hallmarks of the Austronesian maritime culture.

19234: 18777: 17923: 17875: 17873: 17617: 17539: 17537: 17535: 16932:. University of Washington Press. pp. 56–61. 16278:"Rock Art Research in Southeast Asia: A Synthesis" 15997: 15866: 15572: 14797:. University of California Press. pp. 25–26. 13516: 13234: 13230: 13228: 13226: 12780: 12778: 12776: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11488: 11486: 11010: 11008: 10403:"Five Principal Varieties of Mankind, One Species" 7808:(2009) identified two distinct populations of the 6286:Boats and human figures in a cave painting in the 5222:of Palawan, Philippines (c. 890–710 BCE) 2690:, with the indication of the later development of 1410:'s five human races. The region inhabited by the " 19491: 18665:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 18481: 17689:The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar 17303:to make them firm" – Teeth blackening in Oceania" 17182:Lach, Donald F. & Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). 17003: 16750: 16723: 16423: 15986: 14833:Gallaher T (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala ( 13710:. Linguistic Society of Nepal. pp. 285–338. 13581: 13579: 13577: 13575: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12173: 12171: 12028:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. 11321: 11021:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107. 10829:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107. 10289: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10281: 4746:were used to store provisions. A special type of 3350:of immigrants from various parts of the coast of 1952:. Austronesians are also found in the regions of 1351:added Austronesians as the fifth category to his 1244:Observations Made during a Voyage round the World 24307: 19316: 19276: 19060:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. 18750: 18748: 18327:Theroux, Paul (December 2002). "The Hawaiians". 18128: 18126: 17724:Zagala, Stephen (2004). "Vanuatu Sand Drawing". 17358: 17118:"The Uhi-Maori, or Native Tattooing Instruments" 16117: 15152: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15142: 14828: 14826: 14659: 14657: 14339: 14069:The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History 14061: 14059: 13351: 13308: 13302: 13237:"Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets" 12493: 12491: 12489: 10989:The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail 10939: 10937: 10855: 10575: 10144: 10110:Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. 10099: 9954:Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). 9729: 9000:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8676:"2015 Census shows population growth moderating" 8202:The boat is symmetrical front and back, and the 7407:Rongorongo, said to have originally been called 6014:, primarily produced in the Philippines and the 5743:Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana 4385:with a forward-mounted crab claw sail, from the 4218:with pastes made from various plants as well as 2992: 1651:The Colonisation of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail 19457:Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages 19114:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 17–46. 18937:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18536: 17870: 17691:. Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. 17678: 17676: 17532: 17509: 17507: 17505: 17503: 17247: 17214: 17028: 16964: 16820: 15636: 15634: 15632: 15630: 15628: 15626: 15624: 14675:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. 14435: 14108:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 13223: 12773: 11726: 11483: 11005: 10045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9776:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9290:. Tonga 2016 Census Results (11 November 2016). 9084:"Population & Demography Indicator Summary" 6901:. The Spanish encountered the heavily tattooed 6730:features more engravings than paintings, while 2967:grouping, a minority view among linguists. (Ko 2617:traders and migrants in more recent centuries. 2050: 1542:In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist 1079:, culminating in the settlement of New Zealand 19053: 18994: 18992: 18990: 18988: 18986: 18427: 18345: 18234: 18232: 18230: 18031:Esselmann, Samantha Ancona (16 January 2020). 17638: 17546:"Rongorongo and the Rock Art of Easter Island" 17329: 17290: 16755:. American Philosophical Society. p. 70. 16688: 16439:O'Connor S, Louys J, Kealy S, Mahirta (2015). 16393:. In Simanjuntak T, Pojoh I, Hisyam M (eds.). 16361: 16059: 15827:. In Piper PJ, Matsumara H, Bulbeck D (eds.). 15622: 15620: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15606: 15604: 15438: 15436: 15434: 15401:. In Piper PJ, Matsumara H, Bulbeck D (eds.). 14910: 14441: 13836: 13834: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13761: 13585: 13572: 13501: 13499: 12554: 12348: 12303: 12168: 12129: 12127: 12125: 11748:. In Piper PJ, Matsumura H, Bulbeck D (eds.). 11322:Gunn BF, Baudouin L, Olsen KM (22 June 2011). 10788:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 16–21. 10427: 10377:"Pseudo-theory on origins of the 'Malay race'" 10278: 10112:Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press 9693: 9691: 9494:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8596: 8086:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 7876:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 6031:, or shell materials, rather than green jade. 5540:of the southern Philippines. They include the 5231:of central Vietnam (1000 BCE-200 CE) 4139:Succession of forms in the development of the 3502:Another important migration branch was by the 3499:were settled by separate voyages by 1000 BCE. 3476:branches of the Austronesian language family. 3112: 2557:Austronesian-speaking peoples from Taiwan and 2027:, the Australian coast, Sri Lanka and coastal 1857:climates with considerable seasonal rainfall. 21572: 21426: 21164: 20497: 20247: 19477: 19107: 18745: 18705:Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (2007). 18698: 18448: 18339: 18290: 18123: 17845: 17843: 17362:Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health 17188:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1499. 16617: 16549: 16382: 16327:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 16028: 16026: 15649:. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–252. 15640: 15445:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 15392: 15390: 15243: 15139: 14949:Cham Maritime Technology: Basket-Hulled Boats 14913:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 14823: 14786: 14784: 14731:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 14654: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14056: 13982: 13980: 13071: 12732: 12557:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan" 12486: 12196: 12133: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12057: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11659: 11600: 11492: 11279: 11277: 11058: 11054: 11052: 11050: 10934: 10635: 10631: 10629: 10120: 10118: 9947: 7515:discovery. Others argue that it was merely a 6346:, a stone city built on artificial islets in 6200:rock art traditions of Australia (except the 6152:There are approximately six to seven hundred 6076:Jade-carving traditions reappeared among the 4495:) to large oceangoing trading ships like the 3190:when the sea levels were lower, in the early 2983:early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be 2845:Mahdi (2017) also uses the term "Qata" (from 2070:man carrying two containers over his shoulder 19349: 19259:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago 19020: 18909:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 18831: 18704: 18421: 18378: 18320: 18194:"History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea" 17673: 17500: 17221:Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (16 November 2009). 17088: 16888:Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World 16878: 16823:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago 16769: 16467: 16053: 15894: 15892: 15871:. In Bacus EA, Glover IC, Pigott VC (eds.). 15862: 15860: 15831:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 15816: 15405:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. 15191: 15156: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15054: 15006: 14863: 14635: 14279: 14273: 13196: 13194: 13063:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 13024:Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 13008: 12675: 12392: 12229: 12182:(First ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. 11250:Zotomayor, Alexie Villegas (12 March 2013). 11245: 11243: 11105: 10814: 10735: 10710: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10571: 10569: 10182: 10180: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9879: 9877: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9708: 9703:Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages 9564:. Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from 9551: 9086:. Samoa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from 8923:"Ethnic Minorities, Census of Cambodia 2019" 8210:and vice versa when sailing against the wind 7869: 4331:, a modern replica of a Polynesian voyaging 2561:, in southern China, from around 4,000 1047:, known as the Austronesian expansion, from 19101: 18983: 18227: 18185: 18158: 17932:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 17790:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 17717: 17578: 17467:Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World 17365:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 448–450. 17066:The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History 16917: 16891:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–274. 16596: 16508: 16473: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16220: 16082: 16033:White, Taylor (1892). "Notes and queries". 16007:Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage 15960:Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology 15742: 15675: 15601: 15431: 15348: 15311: 15110: 14961: 14959: 14709: 14707: 14345: 14021: 14019: 13895: 13893: 13831: 13802: 13726: 13708:Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics 13496: 13376: 12974: 12926: 12924: 12626: 12297: 12122: 11737: 11533: 11388: 11317: 11315: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11138:"Austronesians were first to sail the seas" 11099: 9688: 9524: 9042: 8980: 8834:"Key Indicators of the Resident Population" 8678:. Government of Timor-Leste. Archived from 8058:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories 6127: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6081: 4541:, all meaning "ship", are all derived from 3934:, and some parts of Indonesia (present-day 2810:, are usually collectively referred to as " 2496:(geographically includes Malaysia, Brunei, 1498:Researches into the Physical History of Man 24114:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 24061:International Congress of Maritime Museums 24041:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 23333: 22783: 21579: 21565: 21433: 21419: 21171: 21157: 20504: 20490: 20254: 20240: 19484: 19470: 19137:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration 18801: 18673: 18142:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History 18140:. In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.). 18024: 17840: 17543: 17352: 16839: 16778:"'Cureous Figures': European Voyagers and 16186: 16023: 15481: 15387: 15161:. In Acri A, Blench R, Landmann A (eds.). 14781: 14584: 14538: 14502: 14372: 14370: 13977: 13370: 13130: 12949: 12880: 12457: 12054: 11955: 11873: 11274: 11131: 11129: 11047: 10626: 10589: 10587: 10449: 10443: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10115: 9978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9559:"National Report on Population ad Housing" 9466: 9439: 9076: 8713:. Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). 8609:. Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2023 7992:cultivation of sweet potatoes in Polynesia 3594:and remains of Neolithic chicken bones in 3514:and other parts of coastal New Guinea and 1680: 24174: 24129:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 20511: 19403: 19317:Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (2009). 19194: 19033:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. 18966: 18956: 18896: 18894: 18874: 18864: 18572: 18412: 18402: 18260: 18208: 18106: 18088: 18030: 18007: 17906: 17644: 17433: 17423: 17335: 17296: 17281: 17271: 17254:Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (23 March 2011). 17253: 17238: 17220: 16930:Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing 16814: 16784:. In Thomas N, Cole A, Douglas B (eds.). 16657: 16517:"An overview of latte period archaeology" 16338: 16314: 16293: 16155: 16136: 15934: 15916: 15889: 15857: 15717: 15707: 15566: 15516: 15464: 15397:Heath H, Summerhayes GR, Hung Hc (2017). 15297:. University of San Carlos. p. 151. 15277: 15267: 15218: 15095: 15051: 14610: 14481: 14444:"'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved" 14410: 14249: 14137: 14127: 14047: 13960: 13950: 13767: 13701: 13695: 13539:. In Acri A, Blench R, Landman A (eds.). 13479: 13469: 13412: 13402: 13191: 13166: 12955: 12886: 12691:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 12658: 12580: 12280: 12097: 12015: 11998: 11988: 11923: 11801:. ethnicgroupsphilippines. Archived from 11757: 11701: 11691: 11565: 11466: 11455:Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 11427: 11410: 11382: 11357: 11347: 11249: 11240: 11231: 10917: 10676: 10566: 10552:Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2) 10504:"The Comparison of the Oceanic Languages" 10352: 10322: 10320: 10221: 10177: 10082: 10064: 10021:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440 10019: 10004:"The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal" 9986: 9874: 9830: 9813: 9795: 9403: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 7431:. Rapa Nui also has a rich assemblage of 6054:gouge used for wood carving was found on 5396:jars, followed by indigenous or imported 4724:, raised storehouses still survived. The 3831:statecraft model allowed the creation of 3796:Learn how and when to remove this message 3518:by 1200 BCE. They reached the islands of 3010:and Taiwan has been difficult due to the 2171:, Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the 1640:, migrations and paternal admixture from 21547:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions 20261: 19433: 19255: 19229: 19134: 19074: 18923: 18807: 18628: 18201:Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea 18132: 17966: 17787: 17609: 17464: 16958: 16555: 16388: 16269: 16241:Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective 16217: 16199:Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 15785: 15286: 15249: 14956: 14832: 14704: 14663: 14442:Rochmyaningsih, Dyna (28 October 2014). 14314: 14196: 14094: 14065: 14016: 13918: 13904:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 54–57. 13890: 13859: 13267: 13080:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration 13077: 12921: 12738: 12597: 12497: 12399:Bulbeck D, Pasqua M, De Lello A (2000). 12359: 12177: 11594: 11312: 11192: 11160: 11068:Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective 10943: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10741: 10716: 10469:"The common origin of Oceanic languages" 9953: 9918: 9736:. Australian National University Press. 8903:. Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018 7930:Notable examples of these crops include 7489: 7301:, an undeciphered system of glyphs from 6968: 6849: 6536: 6365:, large stone discs used as currency in 6270:megaliths memorializing the deceased in 6211:pre-date Austronesian arrival, like the 5973: 5959:delta was one of the ancient centres of 5280:The oldest known pottery assemblages in 5269:, resulting in what is now known as the 5248: 4453: 4134: 4008: 3871:. Between the 5th and the 15th century, 3807: 3416: 3408: 3396: 3386: 3299: 3196: 3169: 2954: 2935: 2915: 2786: 2681: 2646: 2073: 2062: 2054: 1840: 1721: 1595: 1575: 1546:coined the term "Austronesian" (German: 1393: 1249: 1192:, particularly the similarities between 24099:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 21178: 19297: 19026: 18707:"Proto who utilized turmeric, and how?" 18589: 18391:Ethnobotany Research & Applications 18326: 18055: 17758: 17682: 17585:Orliac, Catherine (October 2005). "The 17513: 17342:Ethnobotany Research & Applications 17159:. Chapman and Hall Limited. p. 5. 16884: 16775: 16009:. Artpostasia Pte Ltd. pp. 30–41. 15822: 15791: 15361:. Parkstone International. p. 28. 15292: 15229:. University of the Philippines Press. 15197: 14869: 14713: 14641: 14578: 14367: 14351:Eden in the east: the drowned continent 14325:. University of the Philippines Press. 14320: 14223: 14190: 14154: 14025: 13899: 13345: 13273: 13014: 12930: 12741:"A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins" 12548: 11539: 11135: 11126: 10593: 10584: 10293: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10131: 9593:. world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012. 9385:Census of Population& Housing, 2011 9016: 8052:Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas 8048:in Africa in the first millennium BCE. 6156:sites discovered in Southeast Asia and 6126:(double-headed animal pendant) and the 5315:; or two voyages, with way stations in 5257:red-slipped earthenware shard from the 2701:made some of the modern-day islands of 1830:. In Indonesia, the nationalistic term 1573:being retained as names for subgroups. 14: 24308: 24051:European Association of Archaeologists 19262:(3rd, revised ed.). ANU E Press. 19006:. Delhi: Kaveri Books. pp. 1–23. 18891: 18767:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 18754: 18238: 18191: 18164: 17765:(BA). Robert D. Clark Honors College. 17723: 17705:from the original on 24 September 2020 17584: 17488:from the original on 24 September 2020 17317:from the original on 24 September 2020 17022: 17006:A Tribute to the Philippine Cordillera 16923: 16744: 16717: 16514: 16496:from the original on 24 September 2020 16455:from the original on 24 September 2020 16302:from the original on 24 September 2020 16257:from the original on 24 September 2020 15998:Bellwood P, Hung HC, Iizuka Y (2011). 15867:Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P (2006). 15748: 15354: 15317: 14878:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. 14671:. In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.). 13840: 13749:from the original on 24 September 2020 13714:from the original on 24 September 2020 13531: 13505: 13333:from the original on 24 September 2020 13311:"The evolving story of rice evolution" 13144: 13142: 13095: 12980: 12561:The American Journal of Human Genetics 11815: 11582:from the original on 24 September 2020 11495:"Remapping the Austronesian expansion" 11451:"Tracing the Malays in the Malay Land" 10369: 10326: 10317: 9912: 9609: 9583: 8947: 8889: 8817:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6964: 6891:Spanish expeditions to the Philippines 6088:(greenstone) and were used to produce 4430:set on a V-shaped arrangement of spars 3012:southward expansion of the Han dynasty 2476:language and ethnic groups, including 1426:in the 17th century, is also excluded. 1285:(1778–1787) to the establishment of a 1169: 24173: 23332: 23307:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 23265: 23135: 23134: 22517: 22119: 21598: 21586: 21560: 21414: 21152: 20485: 20235: 19639:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei) 19465: 18900: 18682:Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices 18679: 18043:from the original on 16 February 2020 17849: 17828:from the original on 25 February 2012 17687:. In Adelaar A, Himmelman NP (eds.). 17260:Ethnobotany Research and Applications 17227:Ethnobotany Research and Applications 17175: 17122:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 17109: 17091:"The Kalinga Batok (Tattoo) Festival" 17082: 17057: 17045:from the original on 4 September 2012 16997: 16845: 16599:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 16480:Aesthetics and Rock Art III Symposium 16195:"Story: Pounamu – jade or greenstone" 16192: 16035:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 16032: 15951: 15487: 15336:from the original on 29 November 2015 15327:Asia Research Institute Working Paper 14790: 14739:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97 14722: 14644:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 14556:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 14549: 14519: 14490:from the original on 28 November 2018 14454:from the original on 25 December 2018 14353:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 13732: 13443: 13309:Vaughan DA, Lu BR, Tomooka N (2008). 13045:from the original on 27 February 2019 12463: 11436:History of the Austronesian Languages 11433: 10884: 10781: 10770: 10691: 10664:from the original on 30 December 2019 10473:The Journal of the Polynesian Society 10001: 9883: 9847: 9635: 9617:"Population of communities in Tuvalu" 9591:"Population of communities in Tuvalu" 9421:from the original on 29 February 2020 9327:"Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands" 9237:from the original on 29 February 2020 9207:from the original on 13 November 2014 8864: 8799:from the original on 27 November 2007 8694: 8584:from the original on 25 December 2018 7914:believed to have originated from the 7793:also exist). This indicates that the 7404:, but these did not encode language. 5164:, southern Vietnam. (c. 10th century) 4803:). Particularly the buildings of the 3393:Austronesian languages § History 3031: 1860:Inhabitants of these regions include 54:performing a traditional tribal dance 21379:For other topics including Oceanian 19772:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands 18545:"Ancient and modern introduction of 18352:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 17864:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104936 17202:from the original on 5 November 2018 17115: 17064:Van Dinter; Maarten Hesselt (2005). 16928:. In Krutak L, Deter-Wolf A (eds.). 16205:from the original on 23 January 2019 16161: 16142: 15794:"Lapita Pottery (ca. 1500–500 B.C.)" 15522: 15224: 15113:Journal of Asian and African Studies 15066: 14761: 14728: 14566:from the original on 18 January 2020 14475: 14302:from the original on 9 November 2019 13560:from the original on 27 January 2019 13200: 12909:from the original on 25 January 2019 12838:Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors 12536:from the original on 24 January 2019 12021: 11943:from the original on 21 January 2019 11846: 11262:from the original on 21 October 2022 11173: 10721:. International Marine/McGraw-Hill. 10483:from the original on 30 January 2019 10249: 10238: 9730:Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006). 9675:from the original on 24 October 2019 9498:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 9475:from the original on 16 October 2019 9448:from the original on 16 October 2019 9048:Most recent ethnic census, in 1988. 8702:General Statistics Office of Vietnam 8127:, 2011; Cooper & Stringer, 2013) 7634:have been modified with a system of 7613:In regions that converted to Islam, 7055:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 6498:The earliest APT site dated is from 3970: 3816:, the last sovereign monarch of the 3734:adding citations to reliable sources 3705: 3701: 3644: 3167:into the larger Austric hypothesis. 2721:and can only be reached from either 2667:, presumably starting before 70,000 73:Regions with significant populations 24046:Archaeological Institute of America 18818:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary 18634: 18144:. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 21–40. 17624:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. 17615: 17479: 16275: 16234: 14965: 14585:Beheim BA, Bell AV (October 2011). 13865: 13139: 12835: 12603: 12498:Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). 11647:from the original on 14 August 2017 11136:Meacham, Steve (11 December 2008). 10501: 10495: 10466: 10460: 10145:Crowley T, Lynch J, Ross M (2013). 9619:. Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012. 9245:39.1% if the population are native 9171:Kiribati National Statistics Office 8021:, domesticated bananas, sugarcane, 7766:, linking them to Austronesian and 7249:(wooden statue of the deceased) in 6021:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere 4915:, with colourfully decorated gables 4001:Austronesian maritime trade network 3906:, East Nusa Tenggara, was the only 1673:of Taiwan" model first proposed by 1355:of humans in the second edition of 1226:a century earlier, in 1603. German 1180:The linguistic connections between 24: 20718:Austral Islands (French Polynesia) 19384:American Journal of Human Genetics 19283:. Australian National University. 18781:; Knapp, Michael (13 April 2018). 18684:. University of California Press. 18442:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x 17887:European Journal of Human Genetics 17603:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x 17163:from the original on 22 March 2009 17132:from the original on 21 April 2012 16578:from the original on 12 April 2019 16537:from the original on 12 April 2019 15804:from the original on 26 April 2019 15083:from the original on 27 April 2019 15039:from the original on 27 April 2019 14988:from the original on 27 April 2019 14764:"Working Watercraft of Madagascar" 14484:"Lima Abad Semana Santa Larantuka" 13878:from the original on 13 April 2019 13646:. 31 December 2013. Archived from 13586:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). 13112:from the original on 29 April 2019 12862:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology 12720:from the original on 23 March 2019 12639:American Journal of Human Genetics 12614:from the original on 23 March 2019 12445:from the original on 27 April 2019 12261:American Journal of Human Genetics 11521:from the original on 20 April 2020 10696:. Texas A&M University Press. 10694:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins 9900:from the original on 21 April 2017 9623:from the original on 24 March 2016 9597:from the original on 23 March 2016 9539:from the original on 14 April 2019 9391:from the original on 10 March 2018 9063:from the original on 26 March 2009 8562:. Philippine Statistics Authority. 8541:from the original on 30 April 2020 7731: 7534:Brahmic scripts, all of which are 6641:) or absent entirely (like in the 5906:double-headed pendant from Vietnam 5413: 4769:stone temples (like in reliefs at 3944:American governance of the Pacific 3569:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2963:data. This hypothesis assumes the 2893: 1699:region. Prior to the 16th-century 1357:De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa 1281:later devoted a large part of his 1260:De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa 976:, are a large group of peoples in 27:Speakers of Austronesian languages 25: 24362: 24336:Indigenous peoples of East Africa 24056:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 23446:Coastal defence and fortification 22821:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 22121:Navigation, and ports and harbors 19371: 18808:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 18647:(Melaka Papers Vol. 2): 151–158. 17566:from the original on 11 July 2019 17379:from the original on 26 July 2020 17359:Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MP (2003). 17097:from the original on 6 April 2018 17068:. Centraal Boekhuis. p. 64. 16985:from the original on 26 July 2020 16946:from the original on 26 July 2020 16905:from the original on 26 July 2020 16866:from the original on 26 July 2020 16802:from the original on 26 July 2020 16782:/Tattoo in Polynesia (1595–1800)" 16411:from the original on 26 July 2020 16174:from the original on 26 July 2020 15845:from the original on 6 April 2018 15663:from the original on 26 July 2020 15645:. In David B, McNiven IJ (eds.). 15419:from the original on 6 April 2018 15375:from the original on 26 July 2020 15179:from the original on 26 July 2020 15165:. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. 14892:from the original on 26 July 2020 14811:from the original on 26 July 2020 14692:from the original on 26 July 2020 14482:Oktora S, Ama KK (3 April 2010). 13790:from the original on 26 July 2020 13772:. In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.). 13356:. Psychology Press. p. 565. 12380:from the original on 26 July 2020 12156:from the original on 26 July 2020 12042:from the original on 26 July 2020 11816:Agnote, Dario (11 October 2017). 11148:from the original on 26 July 2020 11087:from the original on 26 July 2018 11035:from the original on 15 July 2020 10966:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 10843:from the original on 15 July 2020 10802:from the original on 26 July 2020 10614:from the original on 26 July 2020 10524:from the original on 3 April 2020 10450:Codrington, Robert Henry (1891). 10165:from the original on 26 July 2020 10002:Blust, Robert (14 January 2019). 9750:from the original on 2 April 2020 9643:"Australia-Oceania: Cook Islands" 9530: 9469:"Moken, Salon in Myanmar (Burma)" 9126:from the original on 24 July 2017 8962:"World Population Prospects 2022" 8935:from the original on 3 March 2024 8629:"2020 Census Demographic Profile" 7512:1770 Spanish Treaty of Annexation 6034:Polished and ground stone adzes, 5762:, traditional theatre dance from 5467:, being centred on the island of 4840:Aboriginal Taiwanese architecture 3016:Qing dynasty annexation of Taiwan 3014:(2nd century BCE) and the recent 2635:History of Indigenous Australians 2458:Southern Luzon lowlanders (e.g., 24290: 24156: 24081:Society for American Archaeology 23315: 23248: 23117: 22500: 22102: 21524: 21509: 21494: 21479: 21464: 20172:World Invitational Hula Festival 19421: 19153: 19128: 18771: 18463:. In Paterson, Andrew H. (ed.). 18277: 18192:Bourke, Richard Michael (2009). 18033:"What is Austronesian ancestry?" 17808: 17781: 17752: 17738:10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00455.x 17473: 17458: 17391: 17144: 16732:from the original on 6 June 2018 16682: 16590: 16340:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00135.x 16243:. Gadjah Mada University Press. 16111:10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2175 15531: 14939: 14925:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00266.x 14904: 14755: 14591:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 14466: 14217: 13678: 13662: 13636: 13623: 13614: 13437: 13124: 12867: 12854: 12829: 12248: 12223: 11818:"A glimmer of hope for castoffs" 11540:Bulbeck, David (December 2008). 11438:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. 11070:. Gadjah Mada University Press. 10327:Bhopal, Raj (22 December 2007). 10303:. ANU E Press. pp. 99–156. 9697:According to the anthropologist 8877:from the original on 5 June 2020 8413: 8372: 8338: 8281: 8213: 8196: 8183: 8130: 8108: 7369: 7339: 7324:, Rapa Nui, associated with the 7309: 7290: 7268:small familial house shrines to 7258: 7234: 7213: 7192: 7171: 7149: 7122: 7103: 7082: 6895:first voyage of circumnavigation 6794:woman with traditional tattoos ( 6760: 6751: 6597:Rock art in central Micronesia ( 6454: 6418: 6395: 6373: 6354: 6335: 6314: 6295: 6279: 6260: 6244: 6221: 6160:, as well as over eight hundred 6104:, as well as ornaments like the 5933: 5911: 5893: 5872: 5832: 5813: 5790: 5771: 5752: 5736: 5716: 5692: 5674: 5656: 5631: 5610: 5585: 5197: 5188: 5149: 5116: 5096: 5076: 5056: 5036: 5018: 4998: 4980: 4960: 4940: 4920: 4901: 4880: 4860: 4845: 4833: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4214:" technique. They were commonly 3710: 2993:may also share a common ancestry 2741:, ca.33,000-28,000 BP), and the 2510:and neighbouring islands (e.g., 893: 864: 843: 822: 801: 780: 759: 738: 717: 688: 667: 646: 625: 604: 583: 562: 541: 520: 499: 478: 457: 436: 415: 394: 373: 352: 331: 310: 289: 268: 247: 226: 205: 184: 163: 142: 121: 100: 79: 41: 24341:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia 23513:Phoenician discovery of America 19692:Australian Aboriginal astronomy 18203:. ANU E Press. pp. 10–26. 17769:from the original on 1 May 2019 16164:"Stone Implements of the Maori" 16066:When the Universe Was an Island 16062:"The Origin of the Polynesians" 16005:. In Benitez-Johannof P (ed.). 15875:. NUS Press. pp. 203–215. 14945: 14321:Solheim, Wilhelm G. II (2006). 13990:Molecular Biology and Evolution 12761:from the original on 1 May 2019 11840: 11809: 11791: 11442: 11256:Marianas Variety News and Views 10536: 10395: 9762: 9657: 9515: 9496:"American FactFinder – Results" 9487: 9460: 9433: 9415:Australian Bureau of Statistics 9373: 9293: 9275: 9266: 9219: 9189: 9159: 9138: 9102: 8915: 8865:Ramzy, Austin (1 August 2016). 8858: 8825: 8785: 8759: 8727: 8524:, Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013, 7392:With the possible exception of 7361:written in a derivative of the 7270:honor the households' ancestors 5971:, bracelets, beads, and rings. 5951:The ancestral pre-Austronesian 5851: 5471:in Indonesia. They include the 4608: 3721:needs additional citations for 1207:, were recognized early in the 1135:domesticated plants and animals 23205:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 21199:Federated States of Micronesia 21082:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi) 20773:Federated States of Micronesia 20532:Federated States of Micronesia 20282:Federated States of Micronesia 19777:Federated States of Micronesia 19139:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18461:Species and Their Improvement" 16145:Journal of Pacific Archaeology 16126:Journal of Pacific Archaeology 16091:European Journal of Mineralogy 15798:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 15355:Hubert, Jean-François (2012). 15279:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7 14791:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). 14280:Meacham, William (1984–1985). 13739:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 13327:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 13131:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 12935:. Cambridge University Press. 11558:10.1080/03122417.2008.11681877 11178:. Cambridge University Press. 10898:Nature Ecology & Evolution 10870:. Springer. pp. 321–354. 10744:The Journal of Pacific History 10126:The Journal of Pacific History 8668: 8642: 8621: 8566: 8552: 8509: 8480: 4466:maritime trade network in the 4062:: Oceanic sprit (Philippines) 2697:The lowered sea levels of the 2620: 1045:prehistoric seaborne migration 570:Federated States of Micronesia 13: 1: 24331:Indigenous peoples of Oceania 24124:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 22799:Phoenician maritime expansion 19493:Culture of indigenous Oceania 18655:(inactive 18 September 2024). 18574:10.1080/0028825X.2015.1010546 18553:New Zealand Journal of Botany 18494:New Zealand Journal of Botany 17852:Annual Review of Anthropology 17659:10.1080/01611194.2016.1196052 17336:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2012). 17151:Major-General Robley (1896). 17008:. Asiatype, Inc. p. 64. 16852:. Columbia University Press. 16478:. In Heyd T, Clegg J (eds.). 16362:Steimer-Herbet, Tara (2018). 16193:Keane, Basil (12 June 2006). 16060:Edwards E, Edwards A (2013). 12217:10.1080/00438243.2023.2172072 10821:Wibisono, Sonny Chr. (2006). 9933:10.1080/00664677.2019.1626216 9307:. Central Intelligence Agency 8473: 8029:. South Asian crops like the 7401: 6120:. Certain ornaments like the 5995: 5882:gold double-headed pendants ( 5227:: Capped burial jar from the 3883:were thought to have brought 3030:. Some authors, favoring the 2769:by the terminal Pleistocene. 2540: 2179:, in northern Sumatra (e.g., 2017:introduced plants and animals 1367:", after correspondence with 1080: 974:Austronesian-speaking peoples 905: 884: 855: 834: 813: 792: 771: 750: 729: 708: 679: 658: 637: 616: 595: 574: 553: 532: 511: 490: 469: 448: 427: 406: 385: 364: 343: 322: 301: 280: 259: 238: 217: 196: 175: 154: 133: 112: 91: 65: 24066:Nautical Archaeology Society 20921:Oceanian legendary creatures 19699: 18787:www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz 18514:10.1080/0028825X.2010.520323 18168:Volume I: Prehistory to 1450 17952:10.1080/03036758.2012.673495 17816:"臺灣原住民族的Y 染色體多樣性與華南史前文化的關連性" 17425:10.1371/journal.pone.0136783 17299:""We blacken our teeth with 16825:. ANU E Press. p. 151. 15972:10.1080/15564894.2013.781085 15709:10.1371/journal.pone.0193166 15641:Wilson M, Ballard C (2018). 15457:10.1080/15564894.2012.726941 15256:Language Dynamics and Change 14974:. ANU Press. pp. 1–29. 14230:Genome Biology and Evolution 13404:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 13288:10.1126/science.275.5298.309 13241:Language Dynamics and Change 12078:Genome Biology and Evolution 11849:"The Intermarried issei and 11693:10.1371/journal.pone.0198689 11601:Goss J, Lindquist B (2000). 11468:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.011 11349:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143 11298:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 10502:Fox, Charles Elliot (1906). 10108:Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. 10008:Annual Review of Linguistics 9357:. census.gov. Archived from 9167:"Kiribati Stats at a Glance" 8497:. 21 January 2021. p. 9 8488:"Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" 7750:, is frequently detected in 7738:Genetic studies on Filipinos 7435:largely associated with the 7387:alongside the Latin alphabet 6878:of native peoples after the 6816: 5132:, with decorative wing-like 4689:, from an alternate form of 4395:with two canted rectangular 3376:Northeast Formosan languages 3310:Sino-Austronesian hypothesis 3053:from around 13,500 to 8,200 2117:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 2051:List of Austronesian peoples 2023:of the Americas, Japan, the 1862:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1469:(who first coined the term " 7: 24119:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 23496:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 23302:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 23159:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 22518: 21599: 21401:Category:Culture of Oceania 19241:. Oxford University Press. 18465:Genomics of the Saccharinae 18283:W. Arthur Whistler (1991). 17518:. Oxford University Press. 17514:Fischer, Steven R. (1997). 17029:Salvador-Amores AI (2002). 15751:Journal of World Prehistory 15293:Klassen, Winand W. (1986). 15007:Blust R, Trussel S (2013). 14718:(PhD). Flinders University. 13900:Freeman, Donald B. (2013). 13592:eJournal of Indian Medicine 12864:, 599–611. Wiley-Blackwell. 12178:Bellwood, Peter S. (2017). 11855:. In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.). 11500:. In Evans, Bethwyn (ed.). 11391:Journal of World Prehistory 10345:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80 8191:Proto-Austronesian language 8091:Malayo-Polynesian languages 8073: 7966:(including the practice of 7886:History of rice cultivation 7685:and surrounding islands, a 7316:An example of the abundant 7025: 6742: 6449:, North Island, New Zealand 6147: 6069:Jade was absent in most of 5808:, North Sulawesi, Indonesia 5706:from Hawaii performing the 5375:, which emerged during the 4732:is an example. The largest 4646:Another common feature are 3380:Proto-Austronesian language 3318:Longshan interaction sphere 3113:Relations with other groups 2975:The broad consensus on the 2855:Malayo-Polynesian languages 1571:Malayo-Polynesian languages 1438:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1424:annexed by the Qing dynasty 1408:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1402:map (1889), printed by the 1349:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1256:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1057:other maritime technologies 972:, sometimes referred to as 10: 24367: 24326:Indigenous peoples of Asia 23975:Phoenician Ship Expedition 23266: 22816:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 22809:Circumnavigation of Africa 21003:Chatham Islander (Moriori 20727: 19901:Weriyeng navigation school 19298:Diamond, Jared M. (1998). 18857:10.1038/s41598-018-27363-8 18602:American Journal of Botany 17544:McLaughlin, Shawn (2004). 17297:Zumbroich, Thomas (2016). 17004:Masferré, Eduardo (1999). 16724:Krutak, Lars (2005–2006). 16556:Peterson, John A. (2012). 16276:Tan, Noel Hidalgo (2014). 16201:. New Zealand Government. 15792:Wagelie, Jennifer (2002). 13931:Royal Society Open Science 13017:"Defining the Hundred Yue" 12956:Major JS, Cook CA (2016). 12573:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003 12273:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 11286:Journal of Human Evolution 10456:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10214:10.1038/s41598-018-20026-8 9850:The Austronesian languages 9442:"Malay in Myanmar (Burma)" 9258:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 8580:. World Bank Group. 2017. 8055: 7879: 7873: 7735: 7722:Turaga indigenous movement 7704:has a unique tradition of 7402:pictograms and petroglyphs 7284:Decipherment of rongorongo 7281: 7277: 7140:ancestor spirits from the 5855: 5417: 5307:(southern Philippines) or 5173: 5169: 4807:, which contrast with the 3974: 3957: 3648: 3401:Colorized photograph of a 3390: 3116: 2949:Zhejiang Provincial Museum 2932:are shown in lighter blue. 2897: 2692:mitochondrial haplogroups. 2655:Island Southeast Asia was 2627:Peopling of Southeast Asia 2624: 1684: 1559:, "south wind"; and Greek 1404:Fowler & Wells Company 1373:first voyage of James Cook 1173: 24288: 24180: 24169: 24154: 24089: 24031: 23834: 23818: 23566: 23501:Samothrace temple complex 23436: 23391: 23350: 23343: 23339: 23328: 23313: 23272: 23261: 23246: 23144: 23130: 23115: 23068: 23021: 22874: 22841: 22834: 22772: 22573: 22530: 22526: 22513: 22498: 22217: 22130: 22126: 22115: 22100: 22052: 21987: 21924: 21809: 21778: 21611: 21607: 21594: 21543: 21456: 21377: 21290: 21267: 21186: 21145: 20975: 20954: 20873: 20710: 20623: 20600: 20519: 20476: 20460: 20373: 20350: 20269: 20228: 20219: 20141: 20015: 19912: 19745:traditions and ceremonies 19677: 19626: 19525: 19506: 19499: 19187:10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2 18901:Piper, Philip J. (2017). 18653:10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11710 18364:10.1007/s10722-008-9362-6 17802:10.29910/TJIS.200912.0002 16703:10.1017/S0003598X00091018 15587:10.1017/s0003598x00048006 15552:10.1017/S0003598X00047992 15269:10.1163/22105832-00702005 14847:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648 14673:Canoes of the Grand Ocean 14550:Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). 14486:(in Indonesian). Kompas. 14078:10.1017/9781108341004.020 13733:Vovin, Alexander (1997). 13352:Harris, David R. (1996). 13253:10.1163/22105832-00702002 13168:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 13038:(inactive 25 July 2024). 13036:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 13015:Meacham, William (1996). 12887:Zhang C, Hung HC (2008). 12519:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 12360:Waterson, Roxana (2009). 12022:Jett, Stephen C. (2017). 11859:. Routledge. p. 97. 11853:nisei in the Philippines" 11233:10.1017/S0003598X00068393 11142:The Sydney Morning Herald 10910:10.1038/s41559-018-0498-2 10756:10.1080/00223348608572530 9848:Blust, Robert A. (2013). 9354:2010 United States Census 8419:Cognates include Cebuano 7890:Genomics of domestication 7870:Evidence from agriculture 7642:. With the advent of the 7454:Florentin-Étienne Jaussen 7113:ancestor carvings of the 6948:of New Zealand, tattoos ( 6503:distinguished from older 6461:A 1782 illustration of a 5994:, starting from at least 5842:, traditional dance from 5781:, traditional dance from 5666:, wooden slit drums from 4875:, with capped house posts 4811:typical of the Neolithic 4485:. They ranged from small 3182:, there had been earlier 3073:, advanced boatbuilding, 2922:language family homelands 2549:indigenous population in 1948:and Shibushi speakers of 1094:. They reached as far as 929: 924: 917: 912: 891: 862: 841: 820: 799: 778: 757: 736: 715: 686: 665: 644: 623: 602: 581: 560: 539: 518: 497: 476: 455: 434: 413: 392: 371: 350: 329: 308: 287: 266: 245: 224: 203: 182: 161: 140: 119: 98: 77: 72: 64: 59: 40: 24346:Ethnic groups in Oceania 22789:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 21350:Northern Mariana Islands 20805:Northern Mariana Islands 20683:Northern Mariana Islands 20433:Northern Mariana Islands 20204:Festival of Pacific Arts 19256:Bellwood, Peter (2007). 19223: 18404:10.17348/era.7.0.199-216 18133:Bellwood, Peter (2004). 17240:10.17348/era.7.0.381-398 17157:Moko; or Maori Tattooing 17093:. The Vanishing Tattoo. 16965:Cummins, Joseph (2006). 16821:Bellwood, Peter (2007). 16728:. The Vanishing Tattoo. 16515:Carson, Mike T. (2012). 16168:Dominion Museum Bulletin 15318:Phương, Trần Kỳ (2006). 15125:10.1177/0021909613510245 14714:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). 14211:10.1177/0392192108090734 14164:Human Molecular Genetics 13598:: 87–140. Archived from 13444:Jäger G (October 2015). 12960:. Taylor & Francis. 12958:Ancient China: A History 12739:Bellwood, Peter (1988). 11759:10.22459/TA45.03.2017.11 11610:The Contemporary Pacific 10692:Doran, Edwin B. (1981). 10594:Baldick, Julian (2013). 9645:. CIA The World Factbook 9329:. CIA The World Factbook 9286:27 February 2018 at the 8735:"Fiji Today 2005 / 2006" 8206:alternately becomes the 8102: 8081:Ancient maritime history 7834:On 16 January 2020, the 7626:adaptations such as the 7521:trans-cultural diffusion 7425:time of European contact 7409:kohau motu mo rongorongo 5406:), and finally imported 3481:Northern Mariana Islands 3426:, a modern replica of a 3125:linguistic macrofamilies 2926:rice into Southeast Asia 2665:coastal migration routes 2657:settled by modern humans 2115:, collectively known as 1896:. Also included are the 1864:, most ethnic groups in 1133:motifs. They also share 746:Northern Mariana Islands 24071:RPM Nautical Foundation 23808:Surviving ancient ships 23727:Marsala Punic shipwreck 21315:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 20648:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 20398:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 20167:Merrie Monarch Festival 19444:Encyclopædia Britannica 18958:10.1073/pnas.1320412111 18635:Paz, Victor J. (1999). 18547:Broussonetia papyrifera 18490:Broussonetia papyrifera 18090:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 18000:10.1126/science.1166083 17273:10.17348/era.9.0.97-113 16971:. Pier 9. p. 133. 16885:DeMello, Margo (2014). 16846:Ellis, Juniper (2008). 15918:10.1073/pnas.0707304104 15763:10.1023/A:1022322303769 15157:bin Tajudeen I (2017). 14874:. In Campbell G (ed.). 14129:10.1073/pnas.1321860111 13823:9 December 2018 at the 13471:10.1073/pnas.1500331112 12807:10.1126/science.1166858 12468:. In Campbell G (ed.). 12326:10.1126/science.1244869 11981:10.1126/science.1211177 11504:. Pacific Linguistics. 10717:Dierking, Gary (2007). 10560:Oxford University Press 10467:Ray, Sidney H. (1896). 10066:10.1073/pnas.1704906114 9884:Cheke, Anthony (2010). 9797:10.1073/pnas.1321860111 7205:from the Ruato tomb of 6405:petroglyph depicting a 5955:(3400–2250 BCE) of the 5924:double-headed pendant ( 4622:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 3825:Maritime Southeast Asia 3688:whole genome sequencing 3576:established trade links 3219:Mainland Southeast Asia 2847:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 2802:, Philippines (c. 1899) 2688:coastal migration model 1985:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1922:Torres Strait Islanders 1796:Maritime Southeast Asia 1681:Geographic distribution 1533:Robert Henry Codrington 1529:Georg von der Gabelentz 1488:The British naturalist 1343:Johann Reinhold Forster 1231:Johann Reinhold Forster 1043:They originated from a 986:Mainland Southeast Asia 982:Maritime Southeast Asia 24351:Prehistoric migrations 24104:Giza Solar boat museum 23558:Underwater exploration 23553:Underwater archaeology 23518:Pre-Columbian theories 23373:John Sinclair Morrison 23334:Research and education 22784:Austronesian Expansion 21127:Torres Strait Islander 20513:Literature of Oceania 19869:Micronesian Navigation 19300:Guns, Germs, and Steel 19095:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61 18789:. Science Media Centre 18755:Blench, Roger (2004). 18680:Dalby, Andrew (2002). 18430:Archaeology in Oceania 18210:10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009 18165:Reilly, Kevin (2012). 17591:Archaeology in Oceania 16650:10.1126/sciadv.1400060 16474:Jean-Michel C (2008). 14603:10.1098/rspb.2011.0060 13506:Blench, Roger (2018). 13096:Blench, Roger (2009). 12931:Liu L, Chen X (2012). 12873:Jiao, Tianlong. 2007. 12604:Fox, James J. (2004). 12134:Mahdi, Waruno (2017). 11546:Australian Archaeology 11493:Blench, Roger (2009). 11059:Blench, Roger (2016). 10782:Abels, Birgit (2011). 10636:Blench, Roger (2012). 10128:, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001 9026:. ISPF. Archived from 8119:, and not in mainland 7689:was developed for the 7674:has experimented with 7506: 7348:Talang Tuo inscription 7057:(including beliefs in 7042:, and the belief in a 6989: 6909:, whom they named the 6863: 6549: 6128: 6122: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6082: 6001: 5992:maritime trade network 5888:) from the Philippines 5383:in the southwest, and 5273:, centered around the 5262: 4765:on the walls of later 4470: 4143: 4141:Austronesian boat 4115: 3820: 3745:"Austronesian peoples" 3444: 3414: 3406: 3305: 3206: 3175: 2972: 2952: 2933: 2818:) are referred to as " 2816:Indigenous Australians 2803: 2782:Indigenous Australians 2694: 2686:Representation of the 2652: 2639:Indigenous Australians 2083: 2071: 2060: 1924:of Australia; the non- 1846: 1743: 1687:Micronesian navigation 1616: 1589: 1582:Austronesian languages 1494:Indigenous Australians 1451: 1427: 1377:Austronesian languages 1371:, who was part of the 1271: 1162:, chickens, pigs, and 1010:Austronesian languages 919:Austronesian languages 24175:Legend and literature 24133:Viking ship museums: 24109:Grand Egyptian Museum 23869:Austronesian replicas 23844:Heyerdahl expeditions 23754:Caligula's Giant Ship 23614:Dover Bronze Age Boat 22276:Berenice Troglodytica 21293:and other territories 21097:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i) 20983:Indigenous Australian 20881:Australian Aboriginal 20626:and other territories 20376:and other territories 20263:Languages of Oceania 19864:Polynesian Navigation 19844:Torres Strait Islands 19350:James J. Fox (2006). 19323:. ArtPostAsia Books. 17899:10.1038/ejhg.2009.222 17616:Lee, Georgia (1992). 17469:. London: I.B.Tauris. 17089:Krutak, Lars (2009). 16162:Best, Elsdon (1912). 15225:Lico, Gerard (2008). 15073:Antropologi Indonesia 14383:Nature Communications 14002:10.1093/molbev/msp120 13815:Blench, Roger. 2014. 12420:10.1353/asi.2000.0004 11896:Nature Communications 10148:The Oceanic Languages 9921:Anthropological Forum 9004:, Population Division 8968:, Population Division 7746:, marked by the M119 7493: 7383:(1593) featuring the 7094:funerary pole of the 6972: 6893:, beginning with the 6862:, with facial tattoos 6853: 6618:(1,180–1,200 CE) and 6582:stone pillars of the 6540: 6202:Torres Strait Islands 6182:Greater Sunda Islands 5977: 5747:, Sulawesi, Indonesia 5495:of southern Sumatra, 5428:Philippine folk music 5418:Further information: 5252: 4911:meeting house of the 4457: 4413:propelled by paddling 4372:with a crab claw sail 4359:with a crab claw sail 4160:Island Southeast Asia 4138: 4012: 3811: 3673:Island Southeast Asia 3600:maritime trade routes 3439:, is an example of a 3420: 3412: 3400: 3391:Further information: 3387:Migration from Taiwan 3303: 3200: 3188:Greater Sunda Islands 3180:Island Southeast Asia 3173: 2958: 2943:statue of a tattooed 2939: 2919: 2790: 2685: 2650: 2643:Australian Aborigines 2551:Island Southeast Asia 2077: 2066: 2058: 1844: 1788:Island Southeast Asia 1776:Greater Sunda Islands 1725: 1691:Polynesian navigation 1599: 1579: 1490:James Cowles Prichard 1429: 1397: 1335:malayisch-polynesisch 1253: 1141:, bananas, coconuts, 1038:Torres Strait Islands 702:Torres Strait Islands 24321:Austronesian culture 24316:Austronesian peoples 24076:Sea Research Society 23478:Maritime archaeology 23287:Ameinias the Phocian 23282:Mediterranean piracy 21180:Religion in Oceania 21112:Taiwanese aborigines 20466:Languages of Oceania 18614:10.3732/ajb.91.5.760 18241:Current Anthropology 17726:Museum International 15502:10.1353/ol.2000.0002 15025:10.1353/ol.2013.0016 14224:Brucato, N. (2019). 14040:10.1353/ol.2012.0003 13768:van Driem G (1998). 13702:van Driem G (2005). 13633:. Oxford: Routledge. 11622:10.1353/cp.2000.0053 10415:on 10 September 2006 9571:on 24 September 2015 9119:. US Census Bureau. 8495:Statistics Indonesia 7772:mouth of the Yangtze 7441:("birdman") cult of 7185:Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau 7117:of western Indonesia 7007:, similar to modern 6880:Chinese colonization 6868:Indigenous Taiwanese 6611:Pohnpaid petroglyphs 6186:Lesser Sunda Islands 6060:Bismarck Archipelago 6046:associated with the 5605:from the Philippines 5491:of central Sumatra, 5311:(Maluku Islands) to 5275:Bismarck Archipelago 4305:Austronesian vessels 4078:Rectangular boom lug 4005:Austronesian vessels 3900:Kingdom of Larantuka 3730:improve this article 3201:Proposed genesis of 3069:carving, tattooing, 2951:(c. 3rd century BCE) 2904:Neolithic Revolution 2879:Lesser Sunda Islands 2840:Andamanese islanders 2774:Australo-Melanesians 2043:, South Africa, and 2005:West Asian countries 1780:Lesser Sunda Islands 1580:Distribution of the 1525:Melanesian languages 1502:Australo-Melanesians 1254:Skulls representing 1233:, who traveled with 970:Austronesian peoples 115:109.3 million (2020) 23169:Maritime Jade Route 22322:Kaveri Poompattinam 21385:indigenous currency 19664:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony 19179:2020Natur.583..572I 18949:2014PNAS..111.4826T 18779:Matisoo-Smith, Lisa 18733:on 25 November 2021 18565:2015NZJB...53...75G 18506:2010NZJB...48..231S 18329:National Geographic 18081:2021PNAS..11826132L 18075:(13): e2026132118. 17992:2009Sci...323..527M 17944:2012JRSNZ..42...87M 17759:Osborne HS (2017). 17465:Baldwick J (2013). 17416:2015PLoSO..1036783W 16642:2015SciA....1E0060R 16389:Prasetyo B (2006). 16295:10.3390/arts3010073 16103:2012EJMin..24..391H 15700:2018PLoSO..1393166B 15490:Oceanic Linguistics 15250:Robbeets M (2017). 15067:Sato, Koji (1991). 15013:Oceanic Linguistics 14970:. In Fox JJ (ed.). 14870:Manguin PY (2016). 14664:Horridge A (2008). 14650:(2 (162)): 131–143. 14395:2014NatCo...5.4689L 14176:10.1093/hmg/ddab018 14120:2014PNAS..111..936P 14028:Oceanic Linguistics 13943:10.1098/rsos.160787 13650:on 31 December 2013 13629:Kumar, Ann (2009). 13462:2015PNAS..11212752J 13395:2012PLoSO...752146Z 13078:Bellwood P (2014). 12799:2009Sci...323..479G 12318:2013Sci...342..321C 11908:2014NatCo...5.4689L 11847:Ohno, Shun (2006). 11684:2018PLoSO..1398689M 11340:2011PLoSO...621143G 10958:1991SciAm.265a..88B 10946:Scientific American 10339:(7633): 1308–1309. 10252:Oceanic Linguistics 10206:2018NatSR...8.1823H 10057:2017PNAS..114E6498P 10051:(32): E6498–E6506. 9788:2014PNAS..111..936P 9502:on 12 February 2020 8574:"Population, total" 7828:Australo-Melanesian 7814:Helicobacter pylori 6965:Dental modification 6655:Puʻuloa petroglyphs 6548:islands, Micronesia 6513:Wanshan petroglyphs 6213:Lene Hara paintings 6198:Australo-Melanesian 5532:and are centred in 4543:Proto-Hesperonesian 3833:Indianized kingdoms 3677:Last Glacial Period 3665:Stephen Oppenheimer 3457:Australo-Melanesian 3213:from Taiwan and/or 3079:wetland agriculture 2828:Philippine Negritos 2824:Denisovan admixture 2571:peninsular Malaysia 2155:Lun Bawang/Lundayeh 1479:Julien-Joseph Virey 1459:Australo-Melanesian 1387:, Blumenbach was a 1341:and the naturalist 1258:'s "five races" in 1220:Cornelis de Houtman 1170:History of research 1127:wetland agriculture 157:21.3 million (2023) 37: 36:Austronesian people 23717:Bajo de la Campana 23419:Peter Throckmorton 23404:Jean-Yves Empereur 23378:William L. Rodgers 23199:Maritime Silk Road 21442:Indigenous peoples 19980:Polynesian sailing 19337:on 16 October 2011 19231:Bellwood, Peter S. 18845:Scientific Reports 18598:Artocarpus altilis 18457:"The Gene Pool of 17683:Adelaar A (2005). 17035:Humanities Diliman 16788:. Reaktion Books. 16776:Douglas B (2005). 16068:. Hangaroa Press. 15823:Bulbeck D (2017). 14835:Pandanus tectorius 14403:10.1038/ncomms5689 14242:10.1093/gbe/evz028 12896:Asian Perspectives 12748:Asian Perspectives 12703:10.1002/ajpa.22226 12408:Asian Perspectives 12090:10.1093/gbe/evx118 11916:10.1038/ncomms5689 11805:on 2 January 2013. 11403:10.1007/BF00997802 11108:Asian Perspectives 10194:Scientific Reports 9699:Wilhelm Solheim II 9665:"Rapa Nui IW 2019" 9471:. Joshua Project. 9444:. Joshua Project. 9417:. 31 August 2018. 9305:The World Factbook 9030:on 9 February 2018 8901:The World Factbook 8871:The New York Times 8773:on 7 February 2013 8682:on 7 February 2016 8656:on 7 February 2013 8096:Maritime Silk Road 8003:Dravidian-speaking 7920:Majiabang cultures 7882:Maritime Silk Road 7714:constructed script 7507: 7379:Doctrina Cristiana 6990: 6899:Ferdinand Magellan 6864: 6550: 6390:, French Polynesia 6288:Niah National Park 6002: 5928:) from New Zealand 5858:Maritime Jade Road 5651:people of Malaysia 5263: 5259:Santa Cruz Islands 5090:Minangkabau people 4618:Proto-Austronesian 4471: 4144: 4116: 4108:Trapezial boom lug 3821: 3445: 3415: 3407: 3322:Shandong Peninsula 3306: 3207: 3176: 3032:"Out of Sundaland" 2973: 2953: 2934: 2924:and the spread of 2851:Proto-Austronesian 2804: 2745:obsidian network ( 2695: 2653: 2413:lowlanders (e.g., 2084: 2072: 2061: 1974:Mergui Archipelago 1847: 1744: 1661:, eds., 1989) and 1617: 1590: 1537:Sidney Herbert Ray 1428: 1381:Malay ethnic group 1283:Idea dell'universo 1272: 262:1.2 million (2019) 241:1.2 million (2015) 94:270 million (2020) 35: 24303: 24302: 24299: 24298: 24165: 24164: 24152: 24151: 23772:Madrague de Giens 23491:Temple of Isthmia 23487:Maritime temples 23473:Marine navigation 23432: 23431: 23424:Shelley Wachsmann 23414:J. Richard Steffy 23324: 23323: 23257: 23256: 23126: 23125: 23113: 23112: 23064: 23063: 22794:Ocean exploration 22509: 22508: 22496: 22495: 22155:Rutter (nautical) 22111: 22110: 22098: 22097: 21954:Mortise and tenon 21588:Ancient seafaring 21554: 21553: 21538: 21537: 21408: 21407: 21373: 21372: 21365:Wallis and Futuna 21310:Clipperton Island 21268:Associated states 20865:Wallis and Futuna 20706: 20705: 20698:Wallis and Futuna 20643:Clipperton Island 20601:Associated states 20472: 20471: 20456: 20455: 20448:Wallis and Futuna 20393:Clipperton Island 20351:Associated states 20199:Pacific Community 20187:Pasifika Festival 19920:Aboriginal dugout 19859:Wallis and Futuna 19363:978-1-920942-87-8 19330:978-971-94292-0-3 19309:978-84-8306-667-6 19290:978-1-920942-85-4 19269:978-1-921313-12-7 19248:978-0-19-520103-1 19173:(7817): 572–577. 18943:(13): 4826–4831. 18247:(S4): S379–S395. 17986:(5913): 527–530. 17698:978-0-7007-1286-1 17631:978-0-917956-74-4 17525:978-0-19-823710-5 17372:978-0-471-62882-8 17195:978-0-226-46768-9 17075:978-90-6832-192-0 17015:978-971-91712-0-1 16978:978-1-74045-808-5 16939:978-0-295-74284-7 16924:Krutak L (2017). 16898:978-1-61069-076-8 16859:978-0-231-51310-4 16832:978-1-921313-12-7 16795:978-1-86189-823-4 16762:978-0-87169-865-0 16489:978-1-4073-0304-8 16445:Rock Art Research 16404:978-979-26-2436-6 16375:978-1-78491-844-6 16250:978-602-386-202-3 16075:978-956-353-131-2 16016:978-971-94292-0-3 15882:978-9971-69-351-0 15838:978-1-76046-095-2 15656:978-0-19-084495-0 15412:978-1-76046-095-2 15368:978-1-78042-964-9 15358:The Art of Champa 15304:978-971-10-0049-3 15236:978-971-542-579-7 15172:978-981-4762-76-2 14981:978-1-920942-84-7 14885:978-3-319-33822-4 14856:978-0-8248-4093-8 14804:978-0-520-95383-3 14748:978-0-19-027772-7 14682:978-1-4073-0289-8 14597:(1721): 3089–95. 14531:978-0-415-10054-0 14360:978-0-297-81816-8 14332:978-971-542-508-7 14289:Asian Perspective 13852:978-1-902937-20-5 13783:978-0-415-11761-6 13550:978-981-4762-75-5 13532:Blench R (2017). 13363:978-1-85728-538-3 13282:(5298): 309–310. 13216:978-1-134-14962-9 12993:978-1-134-14962-9 12967:978-1-317-50366-8 12942:978-0-521-64310-8 12847:978-0-8248-3213-1 12479:978-3-319-33822-4 12373:978-90-04-25385-8 12241:978-1-62349-277-9 12205:World Archaeology 12189:978-1-119-25155-2 12149:978-981-4762-75-5 11866:978-1-135-98723-7 11769:978-1-76046-095-2 11511:978-0-85883-605-1 11077:978-602-386-202-3 11028:978-979-26-2436-6 10998:978-0-19-857695-2 10877:978-1-4419-6970-5 10836:978-979-26-2436-6 10795:978-90-8964-085-7 10728:978-0-07-159456-1 10703:978-0-89096-107-0 10654:978-9971-69-642-9 10607:978-0-85773-357-3 10383:. 19 January 2014 10310:978-1-921536-00-7 10158:978-1-136-74984-1 9965:978-0-7315-2132-6 9958:. Canberra, ACT. 9867:978-1-922185-07-5 9743:978-1-920942-85-4 9177:on 8 January 2017 8720:978-604-75-1532-5 8531:978-979-064-606-3 8493:(in Indonesian). 8378:Cognates include 8344:Cognates include 8287:Cognates include 8015:betel nut chewing 7836:personal genomics 7791:Haplogroup O-M122 7779:mitochondrial DNA 7691:Woleaian language 7617:derived from the 7501:on the island of 7485:Rapa Nui language 7381:Española Y Tagala 6986:Dutch East Indies 6739:on living trees. 6625:In the low-lying 6488:Eastern Indonesia 6326:pillars from the 6134:lingling‑o 5779:Gending Sriwijaya 5622:jaw harps of the 5105:Rumah limas Kedah 5050:Toba Batak people 4661:Eastern Indonesia 4518:Laccadive Islands 4420:single-outrigger 4379:single-outrigger 4366:single-outrigger 4053:: Oceanic sprit ( 4044:: Oceanic sprit ( 3971:Ships and sailing 3942:; and later, the 3881:Arabian Peninsula 3818:Kingdom of Hawaii 3806: 3805: 3798: 3780: 3702:Historical period 3645:Alternative views 3639:Arabian Peninsula 3633:populations from 3449:Population growth 3211:Pearl River Delta 3165:Japanese-Ryukyuan 3149:Sino-Austronesian 3051:domesticated rice 3001:Dapenkeng culture 2987:, as well as the 2965:Sino-Austronesian 2900:Dapenkeng culture 2124:Malayo-Polynesian 1954:Southern Thailand 1792:Malay Archipelago 1742:by Austronesians. 1467:Conrad Malte-Brun 1385:scientific racism 1239:his second voyage 1224:Malay Archipelago 1102:to the west, and 966: 965: 881: 788:Wallis and Futuna 705: 136:24 million (2016) 16:(Redirected from 24358: 24294: 24293: 24188:Ark of bulrushes 24171: 24170: 24160: 24159: 23798:Oldest surviving 23508:Nusantao network 23383:Chester G. Starr 23348: 23347: 23341: 23340: 23330: 23329: 23319: 23318: 23292:Cilician pirates 23263: 23262: 23252: 23251: 23189:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 23184:Iron Age Britain 23132: 23131: 23121: 23120: 22839: 22838: 22528: 22527: 22515: 22514: 22504: 22503: 22418:Ptolemais Theron 22128: 22127: 22117: 22116: 22106: 22105: 21698:Single-outrigger 21609: 21608: 21596: 21595: 21581: 21574: 21567: 21558: 21557: 21528: 21513: 21498: 21483: 21468: 21459: 21458: 21435: 21428: 21421: 21412: 21411: 21355:Pitcairn Islands 21325:French Polynesia 21305:Christmas Island 21234:Papua New Guinea 21214:Marshall Islands 21187:Sovereign states 21173: 21166: 21159: 21150: 21149: 21067:Norfolk Islander 21012:Fijian (iTaukei) 20815:Papua New Guinea 20688:Pitcairn Islands 20658:French Polynesia 20638:Christmas Island 20567:Papua New Guinea 20547:Marshall Islands 20520:Sovereign states 20506: 20499: 20492: 20483: 20482: 20438:Pitcairn Islands 20408:French Polynesia 20388:Christmas Island 20317:Papua New Guinea 20297:Marshall Islands 20270:Sovereign states 20256: 20249: 20242: 20233: 20232: 20226: 20225: 20211:Papua New Guinea 19874:Marshall Islands 19824:Pitcairn Islands 19819:Papua New Guinea 19759:Lomilomi massage 19705:Caroline Islands 19578:Papua New Guinea 19486: 19479: 19472: 19463: 19462: 19448: 19427: 19425: 19424: 19417: 19407: 19367: 19346: 19344: 19342: 19333:. Archived from 19320:Paths of Origins 19313: 19294: 19273: 19252: 19240: 19217: 19216: 19198: 19157: 19151: 19150: 19132: 19126: 19125: 19105: 19099: 19098: 19078: 19072: 19071: 19051: 19045: 19044: 19024: 19018: 19017: 18996: 18981: 18980: 18970: 18960: 18927: 18921: 18920: 18898: 18889: 18888: 18878: 18868: 18835: 18829: 18828: 18826: 18824: 18805: 18799: 18798: 18796: 18794: 18775: 18769: 18768: 18752: 18743: 18742: 18740: 18738: 18732: 18726:. Archived from 18711: 18702: 18696: 18695: 18677: 18671: 18670: 18664: 18656: 18632: 18626: 18625: 18593: 18587: 18586: 18576: 18540: 18534: 18533: 18500:(3–4): 231–247. 18485: 18479: 18478: 18452: 18446: 18445: 18425: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18406: 18382: 18376: 18375: 18343: 18337: 18336: 18324: 18318: 18317: 18294: 18288: 18281: 18275: 18274: 18264: 18236: 18225: 18224: 18212: 18198: 18189: 18183: 18182: 18162: 18156: 18155: 18139: 18130: 18121: 18120: 18110: 18092: 18059: 18053: 18052: 18050: 18048: 18028: 18022: 18021: 18011: 17970: 17964: 17963: 17927: 17921: 17920: 17910: 17877: 17868: 17867: 17847: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17827: 17820: 17812: 17806: 17805: 17796:(2/3): 136–158. 17785: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17756: 17750: 17749: 17721: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17710: 17680: 17671: 17670: 17642: 17636: 17635: 17623: 17613: 17607: 17606: 17582: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17571: 17565: 17553:Rapa Nui Journal 17550: 17541: 17530: 17529: 17511: 17498: 17497: 17495: 17493: 17477: 17471: 17470: 17462: 17456: 17455: 17437: 17427: 17395: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17384: 17356: 17350: 17349: 17333: 17327: 17326: 17324: 17322: 17294: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17275: 17251: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17218: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17207: 17179: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17168: 17148: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17137: 17113: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17102: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17061: 17055: 17054: 17052: 17050: 17026: 17020: 17019: 17001: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16990: 16962: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16951: 16921: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16910: 16882: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16871: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16818: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16807: 16773: 16767: 16766: 16748: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16737: 16721: 16715: 16714: 16697:(293): 635–636. 16686: 16680: 16679: 16661: 16630:Science Advances 16621: 16615: 16614: 16594: 16588: 16587: 16585: 16583: 16577: 16562: 16553: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16542: 16536: 16521: 16512: 16506: 16505: 16503: 16501: 16471: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16460: 16436: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16416: 16386: 16380: 16379: 16368:. Archaeopress. 16359: 16353: 16352: 16342: 16318: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16297: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16232: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16210: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16179: 16159: 16153: 16152: 16140: 16134: 16133: 16121: 16115: 16114: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16057: 16051: 16050: 16030: 16021: 16020: 16004: 15995: 15984: 15983: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15938: 15920: 15911:(50): 19745–50. 15896: 15887: 15886: 15864: 15855: 15854: 15852: 15850: 15820: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15809: 15789: 15783: 15782: 15746: 15740: 15739: 15721: 15711: 15679: 15673: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15638: 15599: 15598: 15581:(333): 910–914. 15570: 15564: 15563: 15546:(333): 898–910. 15535: 15529: 15528: 15520: 15514: 15513: 15485: 15479: 15478: 15468: 15440: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15424: 15394: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15380: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15341: 15335: 15324: 15315: 15309: 15308: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15271: 15247: 15241: 15240: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15184: 15154: 15137: 15136: 15108: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15064: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15044: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14963: 14954: 14953: 14952:. pp. 1–12. 14943: 14937: 14936: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14830: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14816: 14788: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14774: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14711: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14691: 14670: 14661: 14652: 14651: 14639: 14633: 14632: 14614: 14582: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14552:"Outrigger Ages" 14547: 14536: 14535: 14517: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14479: 14473: 14470: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14439: 14433: 14432: 14414: 14374: 14365: 14364: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14301: 14286: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14253: 14221: 14215: 14214: 14194: 14188: 14187: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14141: 14131: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14063: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14023: 14014: 14013: 13996:(9): 2109–2124. 13984: 13975: 13974: 13964: 13954: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13897: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13883: 13863: 13857: 13856: 13838: 13829: 13813: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13765: 13759: 13758: 13756: 13754: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13699: 13693: 13682: 13676: 13666: 13660: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13640: 13634: 13627: 13621: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13602:on 23 March 2019 13583: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13559: 13538: 13529: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13494: 13493: 13483: 13473: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13416: 13406: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13232: 13221: 13220: 13201:Ross MD (2008). 13198: 13189: 13188: 13170: 13146: 13137: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13111: 13104: 13093: 13084: 13083: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13062: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13044: 13021: 13012: 13006: 13005: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12928: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12908: 12893: 12884: 12878: 12877:. Cambria Press. 12871: 12865: 12858: 12852: 12851: 12833: 12827: 12826: 12793:(5913): 479–83. 12782: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12760: 12745: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12719: 12688: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12662: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12584: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12535: 12504: 12495: 12484: 12483: 12464:Mahdi W (2016). 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12444: 12405: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12357: 12346: 12345: 12301: 12295: 12294: 12284: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12175: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12131: 12120: 12119: 12101: 12084:(8): 2013–2022. 12069: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12002: 11992: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11942: 11927: 11893: 11884: 11871: 11870: 11844: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11824:. Archived from 11813: 11807: 11806: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11761: 11747: 11735: 11724: 11723: 11705: 11695: 11663: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11646: 11607: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11569: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11520: 11499: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11470: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11434:Blust R (2016). 11431: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11361: 11351: 11319: 11310: 11309: 11281: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11247: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11226:(329): 909–926. 11211: 11190: 11189: 11171: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11133: 11124: 11123: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11086: 11065: 11056: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10941: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10862: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10779: 10768: 10767: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10689: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10645:Crossing Borders 10642: 10633: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10591: 10582: 10581: 10573: 10564: 10563: 10562:. p. 22000. 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10508: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10414: 10408:. Archived from 10407: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10356: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10302: 10291: 10276: 10275: 10247: 10236: 10235: 10225: 10184: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10142: 10129: 10122: 10113: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10086: 10068: 10035: 10026: 10025: 10023: 9999: 9984: 9983: 9977: 9969: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9881: 9872: 9871: 9845: 9828: 9827: 9817: 9799: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9727: 9706: 9695: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9570: 9563: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9467:Joshua Project. 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9440:Joshua Project. 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9297: 9291: 9279: 9273: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9242: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9114: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9062: 9055: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8999: 8991: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8958: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8838: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8816: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8769:. Archived from 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8740:. Archived from 8739: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8712: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8652:. Archived from 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8608: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8540: 8523: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8492: 8484: 8468: 8417: 8411: 8376: 8370: 8342: 8336: 8285: 8279: 8217: 8211: 8200: 8194: 8187: 8181: 8134: 8128: 8112: 8044:, chickens, and 7898:transported via 7860:Basal-East Asian 7764:Liangzhu culture 7752:Native Taiwanese 7726:Pentecost Island 7710:Island Melanesia 7604:magico-religious 7458:Bishop of Tahiti 7373: 7350:, a 7th-century 7343: 7313: 7294: 7262: 7238: 7217: 7196: 7175: 7153: 7126: 7107: 7086: 7036:ancestor worship 6993:Teeth blackening 6982:Mentawai Islands 6845:initiation rites 6764: 6755: 6588:rice cultivation 6475:Dong Son culture 6467:temple in Hawaii 6458: 6422: 6399: 6377: 6358: 6339: 6318: 6299: 6283: 6264: 6248: 6225: 6194:Papua New Guinea 6158:Island Melanesia 6131: 6125: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6040:Island Melanesia 6016:Sa Huỳnh culture 6000: 5997: 5978:Distribution of 5953:Liangzhu culture 5937: 5915: 5897: 5876: 5862:Sa Huynh culture 5836: 5817: 5804:war dancer from 5794: 5775: 5756: 5740: 5720: 5696: 5678: 5660: 5635: 5624:Sundanese people 5614: 5598:, flutes, and a 5589: 5576:of the southern 5538:Sulu archipelago 5436:Melanesian music 5432:Polynesian music 5420:Indonesian music 5286:Marianas Islands 5267:Island Melanesia 5229:Sa Huỳnh culture 5201: 5192: 5160:architecture in 5153: 5120: 5100: 5080: 5060: 5040: 5022: 5002: 4984: 4964: 4944: 4924: 4905: 4884: 4864: 4849: 4837: 4805:Ise Grand Shrine 4673:Manggarai people 4650:with ornamented 4637:domestic animals 4347:double-outrigger 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4099:Gulf of Thailand 4069:Marshall Islands 4022:: Double sprit ( 3940:French Polynesia 3801: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3738: 3714: 3706: 3557:Kermadec Islands 3516:Island Melanesia 3368:Yuanshan culture 3360:Longshan culture 3063:teeth blackening 2794:fishermen in an 2445:Native Hawaiians 2380:Sulu Archipelago 2215:(Cordillerans): 1987:, South Africa, 1940:speakers of the 1784:Island Melanesia 1638:Island Melanesia 1609:Outrigger canoes 1449: 1444:, translated by 1085: 1082: 1069:lashed-lug boats 998:Island Melanesia 907: 899: 897: 896: 886: 875: 870: 868: 867: 857: 849: 847: 846: 836: 828: 826: 825: 815: 807: 805: 804: 794: 786: 784: 783: 773: 765: 763: 762: 752: 744: 742: 741: 731: 723: 721: 720: 710: 699: 694: 692: 691: 681: 673: 671: 670: 660: 652: 650: 649: 639: 633:Marshall Islands 631: 629: 628: 618: 610: 608: 607: 597: 589: 587: 586: 576: 568: 566: 565: 555: 547: 545: 544: 534: 526: 524: 523: 513: 505: 503: 502: 492: 484: 482: 481: 471: 463: 461: 460: 450: 444:French Polynesia 442: 440: 439: 429: 421: 419: 418: 408: 400: 398: 397: 387: 379: 377: 376: 366: 358: 356: 355: 345: 337: 335: 334: 324: 316: 314: 313: 303: 295: 293: 292: 282: 274: 272: 271: 261: 253: 251: 250: 240: 232: 230: 229: 219: 213:Papua New Guinea 211: 209: 208: 198: 190: 188: 187: 177: 169: 167: 166: 156: 148: 146: 145: 135: 127: 125: 124: 114: 106: 104: 103: 93: 85: 83: 82: 67: 60:Total population 45: 38: 34: 21: 24366: 24365: 24361: 24360: 24359: 24357: 24356: 24355: 24306: 24305: 24304: 24295: 24291: 24286: 24176: 24161: 24157: 24148: 24091: 24085: 24033: 24032:Institutes and 24027: 23982:Viking replicas 23923:Balangay Voyage 23836: 23830: 23814: 23569: 23562: 23438: 23428: 23387: 23335: 23320: 23316: 23311: 23268: 23253: 23249: 23244: 23140: 23122: 23118: 23109: 23060: 23017: 22870: 22830: 22775: 22768: 22569: 22522: 22505: 22501: 22492: 22368:Mueang Phra Rot 22222: 22213: 22122: 22107: 22103: 22094: 22048: 22022:Triangular sail 21983: 21920: 21894:Sail components 21805: 21774: 21748:Tessarakonteres 21603: 21590: 21585: 21555: 21550: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21519: 21514: 21504: 21499: 21489: 21484: 21474: 21469: 21452: 21439: 21409: 21404: 21369: 21292: 21286: 21269: 21263: 21244:Solomon Islands 21182: 21177: 21141: 20971: 20950: 20869: 20835:Solomon Islands 20702: 20625: 20619: 20602: 20596: 20577:Solomon Islands 20515: 20510: 20468: 20452: 20375: 20369: 20352: 20346: 20327:Solomon Islands 20265: 20260: 20215: 20162:Aloha Festivals 20137: 20011: 19970:Paopao (Tuvalu) 19960:Māori migration 19908: 19880:Stick charts of 19834:Solomon Islands 19717:Chatham Islands 19679: 19673: 19622: 19502: 19495: 19490: 19437:, ed. (1911). " 19422: 19420: 19374: 19364: 19356:. ANU E Press. 19340: 19338: 19331: 19310: 19291: 19270: 19249: 19226: 19221: 19220: 19158: 19154: 19147: 19133: 19129: 19122: 19106: 19102: 19079: 19075: 19068: 19052: 19048: 19041: 19025: 19021: 19014: 18997: 18984: 18928: 18924: 18917: 18899: 18892: 18836: 18832: 18822: 18820: 18813: 18806: 18802: 18792: 18790: 18776: 18772: 18753: 18746: 18736: 18734: 18730: 18724: 18709: 18703: 18699: 18692: 18678: 18674: 18658: 18657: 18633: 18629: 18594: 18590: 18541: 18537: 18486: 18482: 18475: 18453: 18449: 18426: 18422: 18383: 18379: 18344: 18340: 18325: 18321: 18314: 18295: 18291: 18282: 18278: 18237: 18228: 18221: 18196: 18190: 18186: 18179: 18163: 18159: 18152: 18137: 18131: 18124: 18060: 18056: 18046: 18044: 18029: 18025: 17971: 17967: 17928: 17924: 17878: 17871: 17848: 17841: 17831: 17829: 17825: 17818: 17814: 17813: 17809: 17786: 17782: 17772: 17770: 17757: 17753: 17722: 17718: 17708: 17706: 17699: 17681: 17674: 17643: 17639: 17632: 17614: 17610: 17583: 17579: 17569: 17567: 17563: 17548: 17542: 17533: 17526: 17512: 17501: 17491: 17489: 17478: 17474: 17463: 17459: 17410:(9): e0136783. 17396: 17392: 17382: 17380: 17373: 17357: 17353: 17334: 17330: 17320: 17318: 17295: 17291: 17252: 17248: 17219: 17215: 17205: 17203: 17196: 17180: 17176: 17166: 17164: 17149: 17145: 17135: 17133: 17116:Best E (1904). 17114: 17110: 17100: 17098: 17087: 17083: 17076: 17062: 17058: 17048: 17046: 17027: 17023: 17016: 17002: 16998: 16988: 16986: 16979: 16963: 16959: 16949: 16947: 16940: 16922: 16918: 16908: 16906: 16899: 16883: 16879: 16869: 16867: 16860: 16844: 16840: 16833: 16819: 16815: 16805: 16803: 16796: 16774: 16770: 16763: 16749: 16745: 16735: 16733: 16722: 16718: 16687: 16683: 16636:(2): e1400060. 16622: 16618: 16595: 16591: 16581: 16579: 16575: 16571:(1/2): 183–08. 16560: 16554: 16550: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16519: 16513: 16509: 16499: 16497: 16490: 16472: 16468: 16458: 16456: 16437: 16424: 16414: 16412: 16405: 16387: 16383: 16376: 16360: 16356: 16319: 16315: 16305: 16303: 16274: 16270: 16260: 16258: 16251: 16235:Tan NH (2016). 16233: 16218: 16208: 16206: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16175: 16160: 16156: 16141: 16137: 16122: 16118: 16087: 16083: 16076: 16058: 16054: 16031: 16024: 16017: 16002: 15996: 15987: 15956: 15952: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15865: 15858: 15848: 15846: 15839: 15821: 15817: 15807: 15805: 15790: 15786: 15747: 15743: 15694:(2): e0193166. 15680: 15676: 15666: 15664: 15657: 15639: 15602: 15571: 15567: 15536: 15532: 15521: 15517: 15486: 15482: 15441: 15432: 15422: 15420: 15413: 15395: 15388: 15378: 15376: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15339: 15337: 15333: 15322: 15316: 15312: 15305: 15291: 15287: 15248: 15244: 15237: 15223: 15219: 15196: 15192: 15182: 15180: 15173: 15155: 15140: 15109: 15096: 15086: 15084: 15065: 15052: 15042: 15040: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14989: 14982: 14966:Fox JJ (1993). 14964: 14957: 14944: 14940: 14909: 14905: 14895: 14893: 14886: 14868: 14864: 14857: 14831: 14824: 14814: 14812: 14805: 14789: 14782: 14772: 14770: 14762:Polachek, Tom. 14760: 14756: 14749: 14727: 14723: 14712: 14705: 14695: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14668: 14662: 14655: 14640: 14636: 14583: 14579: 14569: 14567: 14548: 14539: 14532: 14518: 14503: 14493: 14491: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14467: 14457: 14455: 14440: 14436: 14375: 14368: 14361: 14344: 14340: 14333: 14319: 14315: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14284: 14278: 14274: 14264: 14262: 14222: 14218: 14195: 14191: 14170:(R1): R72–R78. 14159: 14155: 14099: 14095: 14088: 14064: 14057: 14024: 14017: 13985: 13978: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13898: 13891: 13881: 13879: 13864: 13860: 13853: 13839: 13832: 13825:Wayback Machine 13814: 13803: 13793: 13791: 13784: 13766: 13762: 13752: 13750: 13731: 13727: 13717: 13715: 13700: 13696: 13683: 13679: 13667: 13663: 13653: 13651: 13642: 13641: 13637: 13628: 13624: 13619: 13615: 13605: 13603: 13584: 13573: 13563: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13536: 13530: 13517: 13504: 13497: 13456:(41): 12752–7. 13442: 13438: 13375: 13371: 13364: 13350: 13346: 13336: 13334: 13307: 13303: 13272: 13268: 13233: 13224: 13217: 13199: 13192: 13147: 13140: 13129: 13125: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13102: 13094: 13087: 13076: 13072: 13056: 13055: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13019: 13013: 13009: 12994: 12979: 12975: 12968: 12954: 12950: 12943: 12929: 12922: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12891: 12885: 12881: 12872: 12868: 12859: 12855: 12848: 12834: 12830: 12783: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12743: 12737: 12733: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12686: 12680: 12676: 12631: 12627: 12617: 12615: 12602: 12598: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12513:(3–4): 93–103. 12502: 12496: 12487: 12480: 12462: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12414:(1/2): 71–108. 12403: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12374: 12366:. KITLV Press. 12358: 12349: 12312:(6156): 321–3. 12302: 12298: 12253: 12249: 12242: 12228: 12224: 12201: 12197: 12190: 12176: 12169: 12159: 12157: 12150: 12132: 12123: 12070: 12055: 12045: 12043: 12036: 12020: 12016: 11975:(6052): 94–98. 11960: 11956: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11891: 11885: 11874: 11867: 11845: 11841: 11831: 11829: 11822:The Japan Times 11814: 11810: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11782: 11780: 11778:j.ctt1pwtd26.18 11770: 11745: 11736: 11727: 11678:(6): e0198689. 11664: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11585: 11583: 11538: 11534: 11524: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11447: 11443: 11432: 11428: 11387: 11383: 11320: 11313: 11282: 11275: 11265: 11263: 11248: 11241: 11212: 11193: 11186: 11172: 11161: 11151: 11149: 11134: 11127: 11104: 11100: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11029: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10985: 10981: 10942: 10935: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10863: 10856: 10846: 10844: 10837: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10796: 10780: 10771: 10740: 10736: 10729: 10715: 10711: 10704: 10690: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10640: 10634: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10608: 10592: 10585: 10574: 10567: 10550:, eds. (1989). 10541: 10537: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10465: 10461: 10448: 10444: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10300: 10292: 10279: 10264:10.2307/3623036 10248: 10239: 10185: 10178: 10168: 10166: 10159: 10143: 10132: 10123: 10116: 10107: 10100: 10036: 10029: 10000: 9987: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9952: 9948: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9896:(2010): 38–69. 9882: 9875: 9868: 9846: 9831: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9744: 9728: 9709: 9696: 9689: 9678: 9676: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9561: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9542: 9540: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9516: 9505: 9503: 9492: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9465: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9409: 9408: 9404: 9394: 9392: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9361:on 23 July 2012 9347: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9288:Wayback Machine 9280: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9251: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9208: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9090:on 3 April 2019 9082: 9081: 9077: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8960: 8959: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8906: 8904: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8800: 8793:"Archived copy" 8791: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8774: 8765: 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8747:on 3 April 2007 8744: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8710: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8418: 8414: 8377: 8373: 8343: 8339: 8286: 8282: 8218: 8214: 8201: 8197: 8188: 8184: 8135: 8131: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8076: 8060: 8054: 8001:links with the 7900:outrigger ships 7892: 7878: 7872: 7740: 7734: 7732:Genetic studies 7469:Rapa Nui people 7388: 7385:Baybayin script 7374: 7365: 7344: 7335: 7314: 7305: 7295: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7263: 7254: 7239: 7230: 7218: 7209: 7197: 7188: 7176: 7167: 7154: 7145: 7127: 7118: 7108: 7099: 7096:Sakalava people 7087: 7028: 7016:dental evulsion 7009:dental sealants 6967: 6961: 6907:Visayas Islands 6819: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6786: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6676:Society Islands 6584:Chamorro people 6565:Mariana Islands 6521:Solomon Islands 6468: 6459: 6450: 6423: 6414: 6400: 6391: 6386:sacred site in 6378: 6369: 6359: 6350: 6340: 6331: 6319: 6310: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6265: 6256: 6249: 6240: 6226: 6150: 5999: 2000 BCE 5998: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5877: 5868: 5854: 5847: 5837: 5828: 5818: 5809: 5795: 5786: 5776: 5767: 5760:Ramayana Ballet 5757: 5748: 5741: 5732: 5721: 5712: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5636: 5627: 5615: 5606: 5590: 5477:Malay Peninsula 5442: 5424:Malaysian music 5416: 5414:Music and dance 5345:Eastern Visayas 5240:Batanes Islands 5235: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5223: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5182: 5172: 5165: 5154: 5145: 5121: 5112: 5101: 5092: 5081: 5072: 5070:Acehnese people 5061: 5052: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4965: 4956: 4954:Balinese people 4945: 4936: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4897: 4885: 4876: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4838: 4611: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4387:Solomon Islands 4341:crab claw sails 4317:carrying their 4300: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4129:Mariana Islands 4102: 4095:Square boom lug 4089: 4072: 4067:: Crane sprit ( 4063: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4027: 4018: 4015:crab claw sails 4007: 3997:Lashed-lug boat 3977:Outrigger canoe 3973: 3960: 3932:Mariana Islands 3802: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3715: 3704: 3669:Wilhelm Solheim 3661:William Meacham 3653: 3647: 3612:Makassar Strait 3561:Norfolk Islands 3512:Solomon Islands 3395: 3389: 3223:Northeast India 3121: 3115: 3036:William Meacham 2914: 2908:Neolithic China 2896: 2894:Neolithic China 2887:Toalean culture 2796:outrigger canoe 2727:Sangihe Islands 2715:Salibabu Island 2677:African Pygmies 2645: 2623: 2543: 2327:Solomon Islands 2080:Javanese people 2053: 2025:Yaeyama Islands 1981:mainland Europe 1816:Pacific Islands 1772:Malay Peninsula 1736:Pacific Islands 1715:in the western 1707:in the eastern 1693: 1683: 1613:crab claw sails 1607:, Philippines. 1603:sailboats from 1544:Wilhelm Schmidt 1450: 1446:Thomas Bendyshe 1436: 1400:New Physiognomy 1339:William Marsden 1315:Pacific Islands 1291:Malay Peninsula 1287:language family 1178: 1172: 1083: 1065:outrigger boats 1053:Batanes Islands 962: 894: 892: 874: 865: 863: 844: 842: 823: 821: 802: 800: 781: 779: 760: 758: 739: 737: 718: 716: 698: 689: 687: 668: 666: 647: 645: 626: 624: 605: 603: 584: 582: 563: 561: 542: 540: 521: 519: 500: 498: 479: 477: 458: 456: 437: 435: 416: 414: 395: 393: 374: 372: 360:Solomon Islands 353: 351: 332: 330: 311: 309: 290: 288: 269: 267: 248: 246: 227: 225: 206: 204: 185: 183: 164: 162: 143: 141: 122: 120: 101: 99: 80: 78: 55: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24364: 24354: 24353: 24348: 24343: 24338: 24333: 24328: 24323: 24318: 24301: 24300: 24297: 24296: 24289: 24287: 24285: 24284: 24277: 24276: 24275: 24268: 24261: 24254: 24246: 24239: 24232: 24224: 24214: 24213: 24212: 24211: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24190: 24181: 24178: 24177: 24167: 24166: 24163: 24162: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24149: 24147: 24146: 24145: 24144: 24139: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24116: 24111: 24106: 24101: 24095: 24093: 24087: 24086: 24084: 24083: 24078: 24073: 24068: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24043: 24037: 24035: 24029: 24028: 24026: 24025: 24024: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24001: 23993: 23992: 23991: 23979: 23978: 23977: 23972: 23965: 23957:Mediterranean 23955: 23954: 23953: 23946: 23939: 23932: 23925: 23920: 23913: 23910:Alingano Maisu 23906: 23899: 23892: 23885: 23878: 23866: 23865: 23864: 23853: 23840: 23838: 23832: 23831: 23829: 23828: 23822: 23820: 23816: 23815: 23813: 23812: 23811: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23792: 23791: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23768: 23761: 23759:De Meern ships 23756: 23751: 23746: 23741: 23731: 23730: 23729: 23721: 23720: 23719: 23714: 23706: 23705: 23704: 23697: 23690: 23685: 23677: 23672: 23671: 23670: 23660: 23659: 23658: 23653: 23643: 23642: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23629:Cape Gelidonya 23626: 23621: 23616: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23574: 23572: 23564: 23563: 23561: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23510: 23505: 23504: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23485: 23480: 23475: 23470: 23465: 23464: 23463: 23453: 23448: 23442: 23440: 23434: 23433: 23430: 23429: 23427: 23426: 23421: 23416: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23395: 23393: 23392:Archaeologists 23389: 23388: 23386: 23385: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23358:David Blackman 23354: 23352: 23345: 23337: 23336: 23326: 23325: 23322: 23321: 23314: 23312: 23310: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23297:Jewish pirates 23294: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23273: 23270: 23269: 23259: 23258: 23255: 23254: 23247: 23245: 23243: 23242: 23241: 23240: 23230: 23229: 23228: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23145: 23142: 23141: 23128: 23127: 23124: 23123: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23108: 23107: 23106: 23105: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23084: 23083: 23072: 23070: 23066: 23065: 23062: 23061: 23059: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23016: 23015: 23010: 23005: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22985: 22983:Lake Trasimene 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22884:Mediterranean: 22880: 22878: 22872: 22871: 22869: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22847: 22845: 22836: 22832: 22831: 22829: 22828: 22823: 22818: 22813: 22812: 22811: 22806: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22780: 22778: 22770: 22769: 22767: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22745: 22744: 22739: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22714: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22694: 22693: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22661: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22590: 22589: 22588: 22577: 22575: 22571: 22570: 22568: 22567: 22562: 22561: 22560: 22555: 22545: 22540: 22534: 22532: 22524: 22523: 22511: 22510: 22507: 22506: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22493: 22491: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22226: 22224: 22215: 22214: 22212: 22211: 22210: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22191: 22190: 22189: 22187:Maritime pilot 22184: 22174: 22169: 22168: 22167: 22157: 22152: 22150:Portolan chart 22147: 22142: 22136: 22134: 22124: 22123: 22113: 22112: 22109: 22108: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22095: 22093: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22056: 22054: 22050: 22049: 22047: 22046: 22041: 22036: 22031: 22026: 22025: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 21999: 21993: 21991: 21985: 21984: 21982: 21981: 21980: 21979: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21936: 21930: 21928: 21922: 21921: 21919: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21897: 21896: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21850: 21849: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21813: 21811: 21807: 21806: 21804: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21782: 21780: 21776: 21775: 21773: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21751: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21723:Oared warships 21720: 21712: 21711: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21659: 21658: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21617: 21615: 21605: 21604: 21592: 21591: 21584: 21583: 21576: 21569: 21561: 21552: 21551: 21544: 21541: 21540: 21536: 21535: 21522: 21520: 21507: 21505: 21492: 21490: 21477: 21475: 21462: 21457: 21454: 21453: 21438: 21437: 21430: 21423: 21415: 21406: 21405: 21378: 21375: 21374: 21371: 21370: 21368: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21345:Norfolk Island 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21300:American Samoa 21296: 21294: 21288: 21287: 21285: 21284: 21279: 21273: 21271: 21270:of New Zealand 21265: 21264: 21262: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21190: 21188: 21184: 21183: 21176: 21175: 21168: 21161: 21153: 21147: 21143: 21142: 21140: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21006: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20979: 20977: 20973: 20972: 20970: 20969: 20964: 20958: 20956: 20952: 20951: 20949: 20948: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20877: 20875: 20871: 20870: 20868: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20796: 20795: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20714: 20712: 20708: 20707: 20704: 20703: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20678:Norfolk Island 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20633:American Samoa 20629: 20627: 20621: 20620: 20618: 20617: 20612: 20606: 20604: 20603:of New Zealand 20598: 20597: 20595: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20523: 20521: 20517: 20516: 20509: 20508: 20501: 20494: 20486: 20480: 20474: 20473: 20470: 20469: 20464: 20462: 20458: 20457: 20454: 20453: 20451: 20450: 20445: 20440: 20435: 20430: 20428:Norfolk Island 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20383:American Samoa 20379: 20377: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20356: 20354: 20353:of New Zealand 20348: 20347: 20345: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20273: 20271: 20267: 20266: 20259: 20258: 20251: 20244: 20236: 20230: 20223: 20217: 20216: 20214: 20213: 20208: 20207: 20206: 20196: 20195: 20194: 20189: 20181: 20176: 20175: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20156: 20155: 20154: 20152:Garma Festival 20145: 20143: 20139: 20138: 20136: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20019: 20017: 20013: 20012: 20010: 20009: 20004: 20003: 20002: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19925:Alingano Maisu 19922: 19916: 19914: 19910: 19909: 19907: 19906: 19905: 19904: 19897: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19809:Norfolk Island 19806: 19801: 19800: 19799: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19763: 19762: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19741: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19702: 19697: 19696: 19695: 19683: 19681: 19675: 19674: 19672: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19630: 19628: 19624: 19623: 19621: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19564: 19563: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19536:kapa (Hawaiʻi) 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19512: 19510: 19504: 19503: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19489: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19466: 19460: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19435:Chisholm, Hugh 19418: 19396:10.1086/318205 19373: 19372:External links 19370: 19369: 19368: 19362: 19347: 19329: 19314: 19308: 19295: 19289: 19274: 19268: 19253: 19247: 19225: 19222: 19219: 19218: 19152: 19145: 19127: 19120: 19100: 19073: 19066: 19046: 19039: 19019: 19012: 18982: 18922: 18915: 18890: 18830: 18811: 18800: 18770: 18744: 18722: 18697: 18690: 18672: 18627: 18608:(5): 760–766. 18588: 18535: 18480: 18473: 18447: 18420: 18377: 18358:(2): 257–262. 18348:Cocos nucifera 18338: 18319: 18312: 18289: 18276: 18253:10.1086/658682 18226: 18219: 18184: 18177: 18157: 18150: 18122: 18054: 18023: 17965: 17922: 17893:(5): 575–581. 17869: 17858:(1): 131–148. 17839: 17807: 17780: 17751: 17732:(1–2): 32–35. 17716: 17697: 17672: 17637: 17630: 17608: 17597:(3): 115–119. 17577: 17531: 17524: 17499: 17472: 17457: 17390: 17371: 17351: 17328: 17313:(2): 539–555. 17307:Anthropologica 17289: 17246: 17213: 17194: 17174: 17143: 17128:(3): 166–172. 17108: 17081: 17074: 17056: 17041:(1): 105–142. 17021: 17014: 16996: 16977: 16957: 16938: 16916: 16897: 16877: 16858: 16838: 16831: 16813: 16794: 16768: 16761: 16743: 16716: 16681: 16616: 16605:(4): 401–414. 16589: 16548: 16507: 16488: 16466: 16451:(2): 193–201. 16422: 16403: 16381: 16374: 16354: 16333:(2): 238–253. 16313: 16268: 16249: 16216: 16185: 16154: 16135: 16116: 16097:(2): 391–399. 16081: 16074: 16052: 16041:(4): 273–276. 16022: 16015: 15985: 15966:(3): 384–404. 15950: 15888: 15881: 15856: 15837: 15815: 15784: 15757:(3): 337–392. 15741: 15674: 15655: 15600: 15565: 15530: 15515: 15480: 15430: 15411: 15386: 15367: 15347: 15310: 15303: 15285: 15262:(2): 210–251. 15242: 15235: 15217: 15206:(242): 15–19. 15190: 15171: 15138: 15094: 15050: 15019:(2): 493–523. 14999: 14980: 14955: 14946:Sox, David G. 14938: 14919:(2): 258–277. 14903: 14884: 14862: 14855: 14822: 14803: 14780: 14754: 14747: 14721: 14703: 14681: 14653: 14634: 14577: 14562:(2): 130–140. 14537: 14530: 14501: 14474: 14465: 14434: 14366: 14359: 14338: 14331: 14313: 14272: 14236:(3): 748–758. 14216: 14189: 14153: 14114:(3): 936–941. 14093: 14086: 14055: 14034:(1): 123–159. 14015: 13976: 13917: 13910: 13889: 13866:Gibbons, Ann. 13858: 13851: 13830: 13801: 13782: 13760: 13745:(2): 308–336. 13725: 13694: 13677: 13661: 13635: 13622: 13613: 13571: 13549: 13515: 13495: 13436: 13389:(12): e52146. 13369: 13362: 13344: 13321:(4): 394–408. 13301: 13266: 13247:(2): 187–209. 13222: 13215: 13190: 13161:(3–4): 383–8. 13155:Human Genetics 13138: 13123: 13085: 13082:. p. 213. 13070: 13007: 12992: 12973: 12966: 12948: 12941: 12920: 12879: 12866: 12853: 12846: 12828: 12772: 12754:(1): 107–117. 12731: 12674: 12651:10.1086/302131 12645:(6): 1807–23. 12625: 12596: 12567:(3): 426–436. 12547: 12485: 12478: 12456: 12391: 12372: 12347: 12296: 12247: 12240: 12222: 12211:(2): 244–263. 12195: 12188: 12167: 12148: 12121: 12053: 12034: 12014: 11954: 11872: 11865: 11839: 11828:on 7 June 2011 11808: 11790: 11768: 11725: 11658: 11616:(2): 385–414. 11593: 11532: 11510: 11482: 11441: 11426: 11397:(4): 417–466. 11381: 11311: 11292:(1–2): 25–63. 11273: 11239: 11191: 11184: 11159: 11125: 11098: 11076: 11046: 11027: 11004: 10997: 10979: 10933: 10904:(4): 731–740. 10883: 10876: 10854: 10835: 10813: 10794: 10769: 10734: 10727: 10709: 10702: 10675: 10653: 10625: 10606: 10600:. I.B.Tauris. 10583: 10565: 10548:Weiner, Edmund 10535: 10494: 10459: 10442: 10426: 10394: 10368: 10316: 10309: 10277: 10258:(1): 143–145. 10237: 10176: 10157: 10130: 10114: 10098: 10027: 10014:(1): 417–434. 9985: 9964: 9946: 9927:(3): 205–215. 9911: 9873: 9866: 9829: 9782:(3): 936–941. 9761: 9742: 9707: 9705:(January 2006) 9687: 9656: 9634: 9608: 9582: 9550: 9523: 9514: 9486: 9459: 9432: 9402: 9372: 9340: 9318: 9292: 9274: 9265: 9218: 9188: 9158: 9137: 9101: 9075: 9041: 9015: 8979: 8946: 8914: 8888: 8857: 8846:on 4 July 2007 8824: 8784: 8758: 8726: 8719: 8693: 8667: 8641: 8620: 8595: 8565: 8551: 8530: 8508: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8412: 8371: 8337: 8280: 8212: 8195: 8182: 8129: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8053: 8050: 8011:Southern India 7948:paper mulberry 7874:Main article: 7871: 7868: 7756:southern China 7744:Haplogroup O1a 7733: 7730: 7660:Malay alphabet 7495:Lontara script 7390: 7389: 7375: 7368: 7366: 7363:Pallava script 7345: 7338: 7336: 7315: 7308: 7306: 7296: 7289: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7257: 7255: 7251:South Sulawesi 7240: 7233: 7231: 7219: 7212: 7210: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7177: 7170: 7168: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7088: 7081: 7075:Māori religion 7027: 7024: 6966: 6963: 6903:Visayan people 6818: 6815: 6785:during battle. 6769: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6554:Remote Oceania 6517:Lapita culture 6470: 6469: 6460: 6453: 6451: 6424: 6417: 6415: 6401: 6394: 6392: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6341: 6334: 6332: 6320: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6294: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6266: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6241: 6227: 6220: 6149: 6146: 6071:Remote Oceania 6048:Lapita culture 5949: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5917: 5910: 5908: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5878: 5871: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5831: 5829: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5796: 5789: 5787: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5691: 5689: 5681:An Indonesian 5680: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5643:, traditional 5637: 5630: 5628: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5591: 5584: 5578:Maluku Islands 5440:Malagasy music 5415: 5412: 5389:Maluku Islands 5377:Late Neolithic 5336:Thor Heyerdahl 5332:Remote Oceania 5271:Lapita culture 5244:Cagayan Valley 5214:, a secondary 5206: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5176:Lapita culture 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5130:Maranao people 5122: 5115: 5113: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5062: 5055: 5053: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5004: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4974:Tagalog people 4966: 4959: 4957: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4913:Palauan people 4907: 4900: 4898: 4892:houses of the 4886: 4879: 4877: 4871:houses of the 4866: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4832: 4800:shinmei-zukuri 4779:Late Neolithic 4767:Hindu-Buddhist 4722:Remote Oceania 4610: 4607: 4510:southern India 4460:proto-historic 4432: 4431: 4414: 4399: 4393:Borobudur ship 4389: 4373: 4360: 4343: 4324: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4132:canoes today. 4124:outrigger ship 4082:Maluku Islands 3989:Crab claw sail 3972: 3969: 3959: 3956: 3912:Roman Catholic 3893:Remote Oceania 3804: 3803: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3646: 3643: 3614:region around 3504:Lapita culture 3485:Remote Oceania 3388: 3385: 3356:foxtail millet 3314:Laurent Sagart 3203:Daic languages 3114: 3111: 2989:Penghu Islands 2895: 2892: 2871:Remote Oceania 2622: 2619: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2501: 2467: 2456: 2430: 2407: 2365: 2352: 2330: 2304: 2278: 2240: 2210: 2201:group: (e.g., 2196: 2158: 2133:groups (e.g., 2120: 2052: 2049: 1926:Papuan peoples 1820:Remote Oceania 1682: 1679: 1675:Peter Bellwood 1634:language shift 1463:Georges Cuvier 1434: 1418:are excluded. 1297:, Madagascar, 1279:Lorenzo Hervás 1216:Adriaan Reland 1190:Southeast Asia 1171: 1168: 1160:paper mulberry 1129:, and various 1084: 1250 CE 1073:crab claw sail 964: 963: 961: 960: 958:folk religions 951: 946: 941: 936: 930: 927: 926: 922: 921: 915: 914: 910: 909: 903: 889: 888: 882: 860: 859: 853: 839: 838: 832: 818: 817: 811: 797: 796: 790: 776: 775: 769: 755: 754: 748: 734: 733: 727: 713: 712: 706: 684: 683: 677: 663: 662: 656: 654:American Samoa 642: 641: 635: 621: 620: 614: 600: 599: 598:100,000 (2016) 593: 579: 578: 572: 558: 557: 556:106,000 (2019) 551: 537: 536: 535:119,940 (2020) 530: 516: 515: 514:157,445 (2020) 509: 495: 494: 493:150,000 (2010) 488: 474: 473: 472:195,000 (2016) 467: 453: 452: 451:230,000 (2017) 446: 432: 431: 425: 411: 410: 409:302,000 (2019) 404: 390: 389: 388:450,000 (2006) 383: 369: 368: 367:478,000 (2005) 362: 348: 347: 346:600,303 (2024) 341: 327: 326: 320: 306: 305: 304:855,000 (2006) 299: 285: 284: 283:936,375 (2023) 278: 264: 263: 257: 243: 242: 236: 222: 221: 215: 201: 200: 194: 180: 179: 173: 159: 158: 152: 138: 137: 131: 117: 116: 110: 96: 95: 89: 75: 74: 70: 69: 62: 61: 57: 56: 46: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24363: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24337: 24334: 24332: 24329: 24327: 24324: 24322: 24319: 24317: 24314: 24313: 24311: 24283: 24282: 24278: 24274: 24273: 24269: 24267: 24266: 24262: 24260: 24259: 24258:Metamorphoses 24255: 24253: 24251: 24250:The Histories 24247: 24245: 24244: 24240: 24238: 24237: 24233: 24231: 24229: 24228:The Histories 24225: 24223: 24222: 24218: 24217: 24215: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24195: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24185: 24183: 24182: 24179: 24172: 24168: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24134: 24132: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24115: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24096: 24094: 24088: 24082: 24079: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24038: 24036: 24030: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24006: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23996: 23994: 23990: 23989: 23985: 23984: 23983: 23980: 23976: 23973: 23971: 23970: 23966: 23964: 23963: 23959: 23958: 23956: 23952: 23951: 23947: 23945: 23944: 23943:Marumaru Atua 23940: 23938: 23937: 23933: 23931: 23930: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23918: 23914: 23912: 23911: 23907: 23905: 23904: 23903:Samudra Raksa 23900: 23898: 23897: 23893: 23891: 23890: 23889:Te Au o Tonga 23886: 23884: 23883: 23879: 23877: 23876: 23872: 23871: 23870: 23867: 23863: 23862: 23858: 23854: 23852: 23851: 23847: 23846: 23845: 23842: 23841: 23839: 23833: 23827: 23824: 23823: 23821: 23817: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23795: 23793: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23773: 23769: 23767: 23766: 23762: 23760: 23757: 23755: 23752: 23750: 23749:Blackfriars I 23747: 23745: 23744:Arles Rhône 3 23742: 23740: 23739: 23735: 23734: 23732: 23728: 23725: 23724: 23722: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23709: 23707: 23703: 23702: 23698: 23696: 23695: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23680: 23678: 23676: 23673: 23669: 23666: 23665: 23664: 23661: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23648: 23647: 23644: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23575: 23573: 23571: 23565: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23548:Thalassocracy 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23533:Shell middens 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23494: 23492: 23489: 23488: 23486: 23484: 23483:Naval warfare 23481: 23479: 23476: 23474: 23471: 23469: 23466: 23462: 23459: 23458: 23457: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23447: 23444: 23443: 23441: 23435: 23425: 23422: 23420: 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23396: 23394: 23390: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23363:Lionel Casson 23361: 23359: 23356: 23355: 23353: 23349: 23346: 23342: 23338: 23331: 23327: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23274: 23271: 23264: 23260: 23239: 23236: 23235: 23234: 23231: 23227: 23224: 23223: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23206: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23194:Incense trade 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23146: 23143: 23139: 23133: 23129: 23104: 23101: 23100: 23099: 23098:South America 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23071: 23067: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23046:Sailing ships 23044: 23042: 23041:Oared vessels 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23023: 23020: 23014: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22963:Cape Hermaeum 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22885: 22882: 22881: 22879: 22877: 22873: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22848: 22846: 22844: 22840: 22837: 22833: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22801: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22781: 22779: 22777: 22774:Migration and 22771: 22765: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22734: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22677: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22595: 22594: 22591: 22587: 22584: 22583: 22582: 22581:Ancient Egypt 22579: 22578: 22576: 22574:Civilizations 22572: 22566: 22563: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22550: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22535: 22533: 22529: 22525: 22521: 22516: 22512: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22388: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22249: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22227: 22225: 22220: 22216: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22194: 22192: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22166: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22137: 22135: 22133: 22129: 22125: 22118: 22114: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22057: 22055: 22051: 22045: 22042: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22004: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21994: 21992: 21990: 21986: 21978: 21975: 21974: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21949:Clinker built 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21934:Boat building 21932: 21931: 21929: 21927: 21923: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21848: 21845: 21844: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21812: 21808: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21783: 21781: 21777: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21715: 21713: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21695: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21683:Navis lusoria 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21657: 21654: 21653: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21616: 21614: 21610: 21606: 21602: 21597: 21593: 21589: 21582: 21577: 21575: 21570: 21568: 21563: 21562: 21559: 21549: 21548: 21542: 21533: 21532: 21531:South America 21527: 21521: 21518: 21517: 21512: 21506: 21503: 21502: 21501:North America 21497: 21491: 21488: 21487: 21482: 21476: 21473: 21472: 21467: 21461: 21460: 21455: 21451: 21447: 21443: 21436: 21431: 21429: 21424: 21422: 21417: 21416: 21413: 21402: 21398: 21394: 21390: 21386: 21382: 21376: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21340:New Caledonia 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21320:Easter Island 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21297: 21295: 21289: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21272: 21266: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21191: 21189: 21185: 21181: 21174: 21169: 21167: 21162: 21160: 21155: 21154: 21151: 21148: 21144: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20980: 20978: 20974: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20953: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20878: 20876: 20872: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20783:New Caledonia 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20738:Easter Island 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20715: 20713: 20709: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20673:New Caledonia 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20653:Easter Island 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20630: 20628: 20622: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20607: 20605: 20599: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20524: 20522: 20518: 20514: 20507: 20502: 20500: 20495: 20493: 20488: 20487: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20475: 20467: 20463: 20459: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20423:New Caledonia 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20403:Easter Island 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20372: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20355: 20349: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20268: 20264: 20257: 20252: 20250: 20245: 20243: 20238: 20237: 20234: 20231: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20218: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20202: 20201: 20200: 20197: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20184: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20159: 20157: 20153: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20146: 20144: 20140: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20020: 20018: 20014: 20008: 20005: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19940:Dugout (boat) 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19917: 19915: 19911: 19903: 19902: 19898: 19896: 19895: 19891: 19890: 19889: 19886: 19882: 19881: 19877: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19787:New Caledonia 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19761: 19760: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19746: 19742: 19740: 19739: 19735: 19734: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19727:Easter Island 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19712: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19693: 19690: 19689: 19688: 19685: 19684: 19682: 19678:Geo-specific, 19676: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19631: 19629: 19627:Broad culture 19625: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19562: 19559: 19558: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19513: 19511: 19509: 19505: 19498: 19494: 19487: 19482: 19480: 19475: 19473: 19468: 19467: 19464: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19436: 19431: 19430:public domain 19419: 19415: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19397: 19393: 19390:(2): 432–43. 19389: 19385: 19381: 19376: 19375: 19365: 19359: 19355: 19354: 19348: 19336: 19332: 19326: 19322: 19321: 19315: 19311: 19305: 19301: 19296: 19292: 19286: 19282: 19281: 19275: 19271: 19265: 19261: 19260: 19254: 19250: 19244: 19239: 19238: 19232: 19228: 19227: 19214: 19210: 19206: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19188: 19184: 19180: 19176: 19172: 19168: 19164: 19156: 19148: 19146:9781444351071 19142: 19138: 19131: 19123: 19121:9789814311175 19117: 19113: 19112: 19104: 19096: 19092: 19088: 19084: 19077: 19069: 19067:9780521419994 19063: 19059: 19058: 19050: 19042: 19040:9781588395245 19036: 19032: 19031: 19023: 19015: 19013:9788192624433 19009: 19005: 19004: 18995: 18993: 18991: 18989: 18987: 18978: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18950: 18946: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18926: 18918: 18916:9781760460945 18912: 18908: 18904: 18897: 18895: 18886: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18834: 18819: 18815: 18804: 18788: 18784: 18780: 18774: 18766: 18762: 18758: 18751: 18749: 18729: 18725: 18723:9789027292940 18719: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18693: 18691:9780520236745 18687: 18683: 18676: 18668: 18662: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18638: 18631: 18623: 18619: 18615: 18611: 18607: 18603: 18599: 18592: 18584: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18558: 18554: 18550: 18548: 18539: 18531: 18527: 18523: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18507: 18503: 18499: 18495: 18491: 18484: 18476: 18474:9781441959478 18470: 18466: 18462: 18460: 18451: 18443: 18439: 18435: 18431: 18424: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18381: 18373: 18369: 18365: 18361: 18357: 18353: 18349: 18342: 18334: 18330: 18323: 18315: 18313:9781921862489 18309: 18305: 18301: 18293: 18286: 18280: 18272: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18242: 18235: 18233: 18231: 18222: 18220:9781921536618 18216: 18211: 18206: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18180: 18178:9781442213869 18174: 18170: 18169: 18161: 18153: 18151:9780415297776 18147: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18127: 18118: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18100: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18082: 18078: 18074: 18070: 18066: 18058: 18042: 18038: 18034: 18027: 18019: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18001: 17997: 17993: 17989: 17985: 17981: 17977: 17969: 17961: 17957: 17953: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17937: 17933: 17926: 17918: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17900: 17896: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17876: 17874: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17846: 17844: 17824: 17817: 17811: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17784: 17768: 17764: 17763: 17755: 17747: 17743: 17739: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17720: 17704: 17700: 17694: 17690: 17686: 17679: 17677: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17652: 17648: 17641: 17633: 17627: 17622: 17621: 17612: 17604: 17600: 17596: 17592: 17588: 17581: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17527: 17521: 17517: 17510: 17508: 17506: 17504: 17487: 17483: 17476: 17468: 17461: 17453: 17449: 17445: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17394: 17378: 17374: 17368: 17364: 17363: 17355: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17332: 17316: 17312: 17308: 17304: 17302: 17293: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17257: 17250: 17241: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17217: 17201: 17197: 17191: 17187: 17186: 17178: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17147: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17119: 17112: 17096: 17092: 17085: 17077: 17071: 17067: 17060: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17025: 17017: 17011: 17007: 17000: 16984: 16980: 16974: 16970: 16969: 16961: 16945: 16941: 16935: 16931: 16927: 16920: 16904: 16900: 16894: 16890: 16889: 16881: 16865: 16861: 16855: 16851: 16850: 16842: 16834: 16828: 16824: 16817: 16801: 16797: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16781: 16772: 16764: 16758: 16754: 16747: 16731: 16727: 16720: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16685: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16620: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16593: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16533: 16530:(1/2): 1–79. 16529: 16525: 16518: 16511: 16495: 16491: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16470: 16454: 16450: 16446: 16442: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16429: 16427: 16410: 16406: 16400: 16396: 16392: 16385: 16377: 16371: 16367: 16366: 16358: 16350: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16317: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16272: 16256: 16252: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16231: 16229: 16227: 16225: 16223: 16221: 16204: 16200: 16196: 16189: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16158: 16150: 16146: 16139: 16131: 16127: 16120: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16085: 16077: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16056: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16029: 16027: 16018: 16012: 16008: 16001: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15954: 15946: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15895: 15893: 15884: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15863: 15861: 15844: 15840: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15819: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15788: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15678: 15662: 15658: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15637: 15635: 15633: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15569: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15534: 15526: 15519: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15484: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15393: 15391: 15374: 15370: 15364: 15360: 15359: 15351: 15332: 15328: 15321: 15314: 15306: 15300: 15296: 15289: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15246: 15238: 15232: 15228: 15221: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15194: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15143: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15003: 14987: 14983: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14962: 14960: 14951: 14950: 14942: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14907: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14866: 14858: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14836: 14829: 14827: 14810: 14806: 14800: 14796: 14795: 14787: 14785: 14769: 14765: 14758: 14750: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14725: 14717: 14710: 14708: 14688: 14684: 14678: 14674: 14667: 14660: 14658: 14649: 14645: 14638: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14581: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14546: 14544: 14542: 14533: 14527: 14523: 14516: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14506: 14489: 14485: 14478: 14469: 14453: 14449: 14448:Jakarta Globe 14445: 14438: 14430: 14426: 14422: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14373: 14371: 14362: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14347:Oppenheimer S 14342: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14317: 14298: 14294: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14261: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14220: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14193: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14097: 14089: 14087:9781108341004 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14070: 14062: 14060: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14022: 14020: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13983: 13981: 13972: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13937:(3): 160787. 13936: 13932: 13928: 13921: 13913: 13911:9781136604157 13907: 13903: 13896: 13894: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13862: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13837: 13835: 13827: 13826: 13822: 13819: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13764: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13729: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13698: 13692: 13688: 13681: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13649: 13645: 13639: 13632: 13626: 13617: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13582: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13542: 13535: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13511: 13510: 13502: 13500: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13440: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13373: 13365: 13359: 13355: 13348: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13315:Plant Science 13312: 13305: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13270: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13218: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13197: 13195: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13145: 13143: 13134: 13127: 13108: 13101: 13100: 13092: 13090: 13081: 13074: 13066: 13060: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13030:(2): 93–100. 13029: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12989: 12985: 12977: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12952: 12944: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12925: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12870: 12863: 12857: 12849: 12843: 12839: 12832: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12697:(4): 551–64. 12696: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12670: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12629: 12613: 12609: 12608: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12551: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12481: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12460: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12365: 12364: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12300: 12292: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12267:(4): 516–28. 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12243: 12237: 12233: 12226: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12199: 12191: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12172: 12155: 12151: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12068: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12041: 12037: 12035:9780817319397 12031: 12027: 12026: 12018: 12010: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11958: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11890: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11868: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11852: 11843: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11740: 11739:Simanjuntak T 11734: 11732: 11730: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11517: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11487: 11478: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11413: 11412:2027.42/45256 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11334:(6): e21143. 11333: 11329: 11325: 11318: 11316: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11278: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11246: 11244: 11234: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11187: 11185:9781108334068 11181: 11177: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11132: 11130: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11011: 11009: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10938: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10861: 10859: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10730: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10699: 10695: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10630: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10590: 10588: 10579: 10572: 10570: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10544:Simpson, John 10539: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10454: 10446: 10438: 10437: 10430: 10411: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10321: 10312: 10306: 10299: 10298: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10183: 10181: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10151:. Routledge. 10150: 10149: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10127: 10121: 10119: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10094: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10032: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9981: 9975: 9967: 9961: 9957: 9950: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9644: 9638: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9567: 9560: 9554: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9518: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9344: 9328: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9269: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9147: 9141: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9003: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8820: 8814: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8743: 8736: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8630: 8624: 8605: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8496: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8341: 8334: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8107: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7968:betel chewing 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7950:(tapa tree), 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7795:Lapita people 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7760:Yangtze River 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7632:Pegon scripts 7629: 7624: 7620: 7619:Arabic script 7616: 7611: 7609: 7608:folk medicine 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7450:Eugène Eyraud 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413:proto-writing 7410: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7227:Ahu Tongariki 7224: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7147: 7144:, Philippines 7143: 7142:Ifugao people 7139: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7101: 7098:of Madagascar 7097: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7063:Sunda Wiwitan 7060: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6740: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6525:New Caledonia 6522: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6466: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342:The ruins of 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6209:direct dating 6205: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6085: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6064:New Caledonia 6061: 6057: 6056:Emirau Island 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5993: 5990:Austronesian 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:nephrite jade 5976: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5957:Yangtze River 5954: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5823:dancers from 5822: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5664:Atingting kon 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5521:Nusa Tenggara 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362:bottle gourds 5358: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212:Manunggul Jar 5209: 5200: 5191: 5181: 5177: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5012:Fijian people 5009: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4934:Merina people 4931: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4894:Toraja people 4891: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4873:Ifugao people 4870: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826:Austroasiatic 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648:pitched roofs 4644: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615:reconstructed 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4458:Austronesian 4456: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4315:Orchid Island 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3814:Liliʻuokalani 3810: 3800: 3797: 3789: 3786:February 2024 3778: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3747: – 3746: 3742: 3741:Find sources: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3719:This section 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3698:populations. 3697: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622:, eventually 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3510:and into the 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431:double-hulled 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358:-cultivating 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3337:Han expansion 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:Hayato people 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275:Juha Janhunen 3273:According to 3271: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:Austroasiatic 3126: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:tooth removal 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047:Yangtze River 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2767:dugout canoes 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597:; as well as 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Bantu peoples 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Austroasiatic 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Central Luzon 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Kadazan-Dusun 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:Pacific coast 2018: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:Pacific Ocean 1706: 1705:Easter Island 1702: 1698: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:austronesisch 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Easter Island 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Sunda Islands 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:to the east, 1097: 1096:Easter Island 1093: 1089: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 959: 956: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 923: 920: 916: 911: 904: 902: 890: 883: 879: 873: 872:Easter Island 861: 854: 852: 840: 837:11,200 (2012) 833: 831: 819: 816:11,200 (2011) 812: 810: 798: 795:11,600 (2018) 791: 789: 777: 774:16,500 (2011) 770: 768: 756: 749: 747: 735: 732:31,600 (2019) 728: 726: 714: 711:38,700 (2016) 707: 703: 697: 685: 682:40,189 (2012) 678: 676: 664: 661:55,000 (2010) 657: 655: 643: 640:72,000 (2015) 636: 634: 622: 619:93,000 (2017) 615: 613: 601: 594: 592: 580: 573: 571: 559: 552: 550: 549:New Caledonia 538: 531: 529: 517: 510: 508: 496: 489: 487: 475: 468: 466: 454: 447: 445: 433: 426: 424: 412: 405: 403: 391: 384: 382: 370: 363: 361: 349: 342: 340: 328: 321: 319: 307: 300: 298: 286: 279: 277: 265: 258: 256: 244: 237: 235: 223: 216: 214: 202: 195: 193: 181: 174: 172: 171:United States 160: 153: 151: 139: 132: 130: 118: 111: 109: 97: 90: 88: 76: 71: 63: 58: 53: 49: 44: 39: 30: 19: 18:Austronesians 24279: 24270: 24263: 24256: 24249: 24241: 24236:On the Ocean 24234: 24227: 24219: 24216:Literature: 24004: 23986: 23967: 23960: 23950:Aotearoa One 23948: 23941: 23934: 23927: 23915: 23908: 23901: 23894: 23887: 23880: 23873: 23860: 23856: 23848: 23835:Experimental 23803:Museum ships 23770: 23763: 23736: 23708:Phoenician: 23699: 23694:Leontophoros 23692: 23656:Butuan boats 23651:Pontian boat 23645: 23589:Dufuna canoe 23528:Shipbuilding 23439:and theories 23409:Boris Rankov 23203: 23136:Economy and 23036:Incendiaries 22883: 22670:Indus Valley 22638:Tarumanagara 22592: 22565:Ubaid period 22483:Wadi al-Jarf 22398:Ostia Antica 22002:Fore-and-aft 21969:Shipbuilding 21944:Carvel built 21926:Construction 21884:Steering oar 21765:Sailing ship 21688:Obelisk ship 21646:Dugout canoe 21545: 21523: 21508: 21493: 21478: 21463: 21291:Dependencies 21277:Cook Islands 20988:Austronesian 20987: 20733:Cook Islands 20624:Dependencies 20610:Cook Islands 20374:Dependencies 20360:Cook Islands 20183:New Zealand 20038:fire dancing 19899: 19892: 19878: 19757: 19743: 19736: 19722:Cook Islands 19708: 19669:Wood carving 19644:Kava culture 19531:Cook Islands 19442: 19387: 19383: 19352: 19339:. Retrieved 19335:the original 19319: 19299: 19279: 19258: 19236: 19170: 19166: 19155: 19136: 19130: 19110: 19103: 19089:(1): 71–85. 19086: 19082: 19076: 19056: 19049: 19029: 19022: 19002: 18940: 18936: 18925: 18906: 18848: 18844: 18833: 18821:. Retrieved 18817: 18803: 18791:. Retrieved 18786: 18773: 18764: 18760: 18735:. Retrieved 18728:the original 18713: 18700: 18681: 18675: 18661:cite journal 18644: 18640: 18630: 18605: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18559:(2): 75–89. 18556: 18552: 18546: 18538: 18522:10533/143279 18497: 18493: 18489: 18483: 18464: 18458: 18450: 18433: 18429: 18423: 18394: 18390: 18380: 18355: 18351: 18347: 18341: 18332: 18328: 18322: 18303: 18292: 18279: 18244: 18240: 18200: 18187: 18167: 18160: 18141: 18072: 18068: 18057: 18045:. Retrieved 18036: 18026: 17983: 17979: 17968: 17938:(2): 87–92. 17935: 17931: 17925: 17890: 17886: 17855: 17851: 17830:. Retrieved 17810: 17793: 17789: 17783: 17771:. Retrieved 17761: 17754: 17729: 17725: 17719: 17707:. 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Retrieved 8482: 8464: 8463:, and Māori 8460: 8456: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8391:Old Javanese 8386: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8340: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8291: 8283: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8215: 8198: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8132: 8124: 8117:Wallace Line 8110: 8061: 8039: 8017:, coconuts, 7996: 7929: 7925:canoe plants 7893: 7857: 7833: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7810:gut bacteria 7805: 7803: 7776: 7741: 7706:sand drawing 7700: 7680: 7650:, as in the 7644:Colonial Era 7640:Semitic ones 7612: 7606:rituals and 7525: 7508: 7477:tuberculosis 7462: 7447: 7438:tangata manu 7436: 7408: 7406: 7391: 7377: 7327:tangata manu 7325: 7297:Tablet B of 7272:in Indonesia 7244: 7220: 7200: 7178: 7157: 7135: 7134:carvings of 7129: 7110: 7089: 7052: 7044:spirit world 7029: 7013: 6991: 6974:Teeth filing 6960: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6939:World War II 6916: 6910: 6888: 6884:Christianity 6876:Sinicization 6865: 6841:head-hunting 6838: 6833: 6820: 6805: 6795: 6787: 6778: 6770: 6737:dendroglyphs 6732:South Island 6728:North Island 6725: 6718: 6710:tangata manu 6708: 6702: 6695: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6668: 6665: 6658: 6643:Cook Islands 6631: 6624: 6596: 6577: 6574: 6562: 6558:Near Oceania 6551: 6531: 6529: 6509: 6497: 6493:ship burials 6480: 6471: 6462: 6440: 6434: 6410: 6381: 6328:Latte period 6321: 6236: 6229:Watu Molindo 6228: 6206: 6151: 6137: 6133: 6078:Māori people 6075: 6068: 6042:and eastern 6033: 6009: 6003: 5950: 5946:jade pendant 5941: 5925: 5883: 5866:Kalanay Cave 5852:Jade carving 5730:Māori people 5723: 5707: 5702:kanaka maoli 5701: 5682: 5663: 5638: 5617: 5599: 5592: 5573: 5561: 5556:of northern 5553: 5541: 5527: 5525: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483:of northern 5480: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5401: 5370: 5349: 5340: 5327: 5325: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5279: 5264: 5236: 5224: 5207: 5141: 5123: 5110:Malay people 5103: 5085:Rumah gadang 5083: 5063: 5043: 5030:Sumba people 5026:Uma mbatangu 5025: 5005: 4990: 4967: 4947: 4927: 4908: 4887: 4868: 4813:Yayoi period 4798: 4794: 4792: 4785: 4783: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4730:Māori people 4725: 4719: 4704: 4700:James J. Fox 4697: 4690: 4684: 4679:and eastern 4667:. Among the 4645: 4641: 4630: 4612: 4609:Architecture 4602: 4595: 4588: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4549: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4473:The ancient 4472: 4468:Indian Ocean 4437: 4421: 4401: 4380: 4367: 4354: 4336: 4326: 4318: 4192: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4117: 4103: 4090: 4073: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4033:Common sprit 4028: 4019: 3961: 3952:World War II 3948: 3920: 3897: 3889:Near Oceania 3837:Tarumanagara 3822: 3792: 3783: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3740: 3728:Please help 3723:verification 3720: 3685: 3654: 3608:Roman Empire 3602:linking the 3573: 3565:sweet potato 3532:Cook Islands 3501: 3478: 3446: 3421: 3345: 3341: 3307: 3272: 3235:Roger Blench 3231:monosyllabic 3208: 3177: 3156:Robert Blust 3153: 3139:peoples (as 3122: 3071:stilt houses 3040: 3034:model, like 3022:, spoken in 3005: 2997: 2974: 2968: 2883: 2875:Near Oceania 2863: 2858: 2844: 2805: 2771: 2707:Wallace line 2696: 2654: 2544: 2333:Micronesians 2122: 2090: 2085: 2037:Indian Ocean 2033:Persian Gulf 2013:Roger Blench 2009: 1978: 1976:of Myanmar. 1932:and coastal 1859: 1848: 1836:Old Javanese 1808:Near Oceania 1769: 1745: 1732:canoe plants 1726:Coconuts on 1717:Indian Ocean 1701:colonial era 1697:Indo-Pacific 1694: 1671: 1662: 1650: 1647: 1631: 1622:phylogenetic 1618: 1591: 1560: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1514: 1497: 1487: 1474: 1452: 1441: 1430: 1422:, which was 1406:, depicting 1399: 1369:Joseph Banks 1356: 1347: 1334: 1317:eastward to 1289:linking the 1282: 1274:The Spanish 1273: 1262:(1795). The 1259: 1242: 1209:colonial era 1179: 1146: 1119:stilt houses 1112: 1077:Indo-Pacific 1042: 973: 969: 967: 939:Christianity 887:2,290 (2002) 858:9,300 (2010) 851:Cook Islands 32:Ethnic group 29: 24243:Argonautica 24230:(Herodotus) 24193:Flood myths 24090:Museums and 24034:conferences 23999:Vital Alsar 23837:archaeology 23646:Austronesia 23639:Hjortspring 23634:Rochelongue 23584:Pesse canoe 23538:Ship burial 23523:Sea Peoples 23456:Lighthouses 23451:Grave goods 23399:George Bass 23179:Spice trade 22776:exploration 22598:Philippines 22593:Austronesia 22586:Old Kingdom 22463:Trincomalee 22413:Prosphorion 22358:Myos Hormos 22202:Micronesian 22193:By region: 22165:Lighthouses 21973:By region: 21738:Quinquereme 21663:Kunlun ship 21656:Penteconter 21641:Dragon boat 21224:New Zealand 21057:Micronesian 21047:Marshallese 20916:Micronesian 20788:New Zealand 20728:Austronesia 20557:New Zealand 20461:by category 20307:New Zealand 20192:Te Matatini 20043:firewalking 19792:New Zealand 19738:Lau Islands 19700:Austronesia 19568:nguzu nguzu 19556:New Zealand 19526:Austronesia 19302:. Vintage. 18866:1885/265530 18851:(1): 9130. 18414:10125/12515 18397:: 199–216. 18047:16 February 18039:. 23andMe. 18037:23andMeBlog 17647:Cryptologia 17480:Handoko W. 17283:10125/21020 16565:Micronesica 16524:Micronesica 16151:(1): 30–40. 16132:(1): 62–75. 15119:(1): 7–24. 14458:24 December 14389:(1): 4689. 14306:25 December 14205:(2): 7–16. 13952:2440/104470 13902:The Pacific 12428:10125/17135 11990:10072/43493 11902:(1): 4689. 11630:10125/13544 11461:: 235–240. 10517:: 464–475. 10387:30 November 10200:(1): 1823. 9425:27 December 9151:31 December 9034:16 February 8634:5 September 8459:, Hawaiian 8005:regions in 7999:spice trade 7505:, Indonesia 7465:slave raids 7433:petroglyphs 7318:petroglyphs 7253:, Indonesia 7183:carving at 7166:, Marquesas 7115:Nias people 7038:, animism, 7005:tooth decay 6980:man in the 6858:women from 6783:taken heads 6505:Pleistocene 6425:Carving of 6303:Petroglyphs 6274:, Indonesia 6255:, Indonesia 6233:Bada Valley 6170:petroglyphs 6136:. Bellwood 5982:artifacts ( 5846:, Indonesia 5827:, Indonesia 5785:, Indonesia 5766:, Indonesia 5626:, Indonesia 5542:kulintangan 5519:of western 5503:of western 5394:earthenware 5373:burial jars 5220:Tabon Caves 4993:storehouses 4867:The raised 4817:Han Chinese 4669:Nage people 4441:tanja sails 4428:square sail 4397:tanja sails 4391:A Javanese 4345:A Filipino 4337:wa'a kaulua 4037:Philippines 3635:East Africa 3604:Han dynasty 3546:by 900 CE; 3542:by 700 CE; 3462:Celebes Sea 3348:melting pot 3247:Cham people 3075:aquaculture 3049:basin that 2947:man in the 2867:Polynesians 2832:Melanesians 2830:, Papuans, 2699:Pleistocene 2661:Paleolithic 2621:Paleolithic 2615:Han Chinese 2547:Paleolithic 2433:Polynesians 2384:Maguindanao 2307:Melanesians 2217:Cordilleras 2203:Kapampangan 2045:West Africa 2041:East Africa 1910:New Zealand 1906:Polynesians 1890:Philippines 1855:subtropical 1659:Serjeantson 1627:Austronesia 1510:craniometry 1506:Melanesians 1483:René Lesson 1416:Melanesians 1363:", or the " 1353:"varieties" 1311:Philippines 1276:philologist 1213:Orientalist 1104:New Zealand 1088:Paleolithic 1008:that speak 984:, parts of 953:Indigenous 297:New Zealand 220:1.3 million 199:1.9 million 178:4.7 million 108:Philippines 68:400 million 48:Amis people 24310:Categories 24252:(Polybius) 23896:Hawaiʻiloa 23778:Nemi ships 23663:Black Sea‎ 23609:Khufu ship 23570:and relics 23468:Marine art 23461:Alexandria 23368:Fik Meijer 23351:Historians 23238:Indo-Roman 23051:Greek navy 22953:Salamis II 22943:Hellespont 22903:Artemisium 22893:Nile Delta 22856:Achaemenid 22749:Achaemenid 22618:Langkasuka 22613:Micronesia 22531:Prehistory 22458:Sounagoura 22286:Chittagong 22261:Barbarikon 22240:Alexandria 22182:Pilot boat 22132:Navigation 21964:Sewn-plank 21959:Lashed-lug 21837:Figurehead 21810:Components 21779:Propulsion 21733:Quadrireme 21714:Polyremes 21693:Outriggers 21077:Polynesian 21052:Melanesian 20993:Sama-Bajau 20926:Polynesian 20906:Melanesian 20891:Mangarevan 20768:Micronesia 20478:Literature 20148:Australia 19894:navigation 19341:14 October 18737:18 January 18436:(1): 1–7. 18335:(6): 2–41. 18262:1885/75070 17587:Rongorongo 17348:: 523–540. 17136:9 December 17101:9 December 17049:9 December 16736:9 December 16288:: 73–104. 15496:: 83–122. 15466:1885/72437 15340:4 November 14773:10 January 14768:WoodenBoat 14696:22 October 14295:: 89–106. 11947:21 January 11783:4 November 11651:21 January 11567:1885/36371 11266:22 January 10556:Dictionary 9904:21 January 9858:1885/10191 9679:17 January 9649:17 January 9506:17 January 9479:15 October 9452:15 October 9333:17 January 9301:"Suriname" 9241:17 January 9211:17 January 9181:17 January 9117:census.gov 8881:17 January 8501:21 January 8474:References 8385:, Tagalog 8056:See also: 8046:purple yam 8019:sandalwood 7952:breadfruit 7904:catamarans 7880:See also: 7799:matrilocal 7736:See also: 7636:diacritics 7623:Madagascar 7540:Indianized 7394:rongorongo 7376:Page from 7357:featuring 7299:rongorongo 7282:See also: 7229:, Rapa Nui 7071:Kaharingan 6944:Among the 6866:Among the 6823:James Cook 6790:: A young 6773:: A young 6592:rai stones 6542:Rai stones 6253:Kalimantan 6190:New Guinea 6188:, coastal 6180:, and the 6166:pictograms 6162:megalithic 6129:kākā pōria 6044:New Guinea 6011:lingling-o 6006:penannular 5984:lingling-o 5922:greenstone 5904:white jade 5885:lingling-o 5856:See also: 5844:Kalimantan 5509:engkromong 5505:Kalimantan 5493:chalempung 5489:caklempung 5455:Bronze Age 5445:Slit drums 5368:patterns. 5253:Cast of a 5216:burial jar 5174:See also: 4969:Bahay kubo 4949:Balé meten 4853:Sama-Bajau 4809:pit-houses 4787:rumah adat 4665:catamarans 4656:longhouses 4411:war canoes 4377:Melanesian 4364:Carolinian 4311:Tao people 4212:lashed-lug 4178:, and the 4176:Madagascar 4168:Micronesia 3993:Tanja sail 3975:See also: 3936:East Timor 3916:indigenous 3849:Langkasuka 3835:, such as 3756:newspapers 3649:See also: 3627:Madagascar 3616:Kalimantan 3584:phytoliths 3580:South Asia 3559:, and the 3538:, and the 3508:New Guinea 3428:Polynesian 3352:East China 3332:after the 3326:substratum 3293:, and the 3161:Hmong-Mien 3145:Austro-Tai 3117:See also: 2898:See also: 2836:Orang Asli 2663:following 2625:See also: 2591:Madagascar 2541:Prehistory 2524:Hiligaynon 2419:Pangasinan 2404:Sama-Bajau 2372:Bangsamoro 2341:Carolinian 2337:Micronesia 2323:Ni-Vanuatu 2301:Bezanozano 2285:Madagascar 2029:South Asia 1972:; and the 1944:, and the 1934:New Guinea 1886:Micronesia 1878:Madagascar 1870:East Timor 1804:Micronesia 1753:Indonesian 1740:Madagascar 1713:Madagascar 1685:See also: 1521:Micronesia 1455:polygenism 1412:Malay race 1389:monogenist 1365:brown race 1361:Malay race 1327:Franz Bopp 1313:, and the 1268:Malay race 1235:James Cook 1228:naturalist 1202:Polynesian 1182:Madagascar 1176:Malay race 1174:See also: 1143:breadfruit 1100:Madagascar 1092:New Guinea 1071:, and the 1061:catamarans 1036:, and the 1006:Madagascar 994:New Guinea 992:, coastal 990:Micronesia 234:East Timor 129:Madagascar 24265:Geography 24203:Gilgamesh 24092:memorials 24016:Viracocha 23929:Faʻafaite 23882:Sarimanok 23788:Yassi Ada 23701:Syracusia 23624:Canaanite 23599:Moor Sand 23069:By region 23031:Grappling 23003:Naulochus 22993:Myonessus 22948:Echinades 22933:Arginusae 22928:Cynossema 22913:Naupactus 22908:Eurymedon 22742:Classical 22717:Phoenicia 22712:Mycenaean 22675:Tamilakam 22658:Polynesia 22648:Srivijaya 22443:Satingpra 22403:Palembang 22387:Cattigara 22329:(Kadaram) 22312:Jambukola 22306:Guangzhou 22247:(Podouke) 22245:Arikamedu 22207:Polynesia 22140:Celestial 22053:Armaments 22039:Spritsail 21997:Crab claw 21939:Careening 21906:Sternpost 21760:Reed boat 21703:Catamaran 21678:Multihull 21450:continent 21194:Australia 21117:Tokelauan 20946:Vanuatuan 20874:Mythology 20830:Slit drum 20820:Polynesia 20763:Melanesia 20723:Australia 20527:Australia 20277:Australia 20221:Languages 20142:Festivals 20068:kapa haka 19965:Outrigger 19687:Australia 19659:Polynesia 19634:areca nut 19521:Australia 19213:220420232 18459:Saccharum 18099:0027-8424 17960:128987362 17746:162720504 16711:161654405 16691:Antiquity 15980:129020595 15779:160340278 15595:160158223 15575:Antiquity 15560:161735451 15540:Antiquity 15510:170236058 15475:128641903 15133:145591097 15079:: 31–47. 15033:146739541 14933:110546116 14494:19 August 14429:196651459 13691:1341-7207 13674:1341-7207 13296:140691699 13261:165587524 12342:206551893 11638:162451179 11576:141892739 11477:1877-0428 11220:Antiquity 10075:0027-8424 9974:cite book 9941:197705560 9806:0027-8424 9365:1 October 9130:11 August 8545:15 August 8448:, Fijian 8405:Papitalai 8064:Fatu Hiva 8035:horsegram 8031:mung bean 8007:Sri Lanka 7980:candlenut 7964:areca nut 7944:sugarcane 7851:, 68% in 7847:, 71% in 7824:H. pylori 7820:H. pylori 7768:Tai-Kadai 7696:syllabary 7600:cuneiform 7592:Sundanese 7499:Buginesse 7481:Tahitians 7429:driftwood 7359:Old Malay 7352:Srivijaya 7111:Adu zatua 7040:shamanism 7032:animistic 6988:, c. 1938 6817:Tattooing 6811:tattooing 6647:Marquesas 6616:Nan Madol 6544:from the 6530:O'Connor 6363:rai stone 6344:Nan Madol 6116:hei matau 5988:Neolithic 5961:Neolithic 5943:hei matau 5802:Kabasaran 5799:Minahasan 5783:Palembang 5725:Kapa haka 5649:Orang Ulu 5619:Karinding 5603:slit drum 5596:jaw harps 5574:totobuang 5566:Halmahera 5562:kulintang 5554:kolintang 5529:kulintang 5499:of Java, 5481:talempung 5473:celempung 5408:porcelain 5398:stoneware 5366:barkcloth 5357:plainware 5218:from the 4889:Tongkonan 4775:Prambanan 4771:Borobudur 4707:cosmology 4547:Sundanese 4506:Sri Lanka 4406:, narrow 4333:catamaran 4320:Ipanitika 4220:tapa bark 4184:Melanesia 4172:Polynesia 4153:trimarans 4120:catamaran 4118:Seagoing 4086:Indonesia 4055:Marquesas 4024:Sri Lanka 3981:Catamaran 3965:Filipinos 3908:Christian 3865:Majapahit 3857:Srivijaya 3657:Sundaland 3553:Pitcairns 3540:Marquesas 3441:catamaran 3372:Guangdong 3330:Sinicized 3263:phonology 3243:jaw harps 3184:Neolithic 3163:and even 3107:Min River 3103:Dapenkeng 3091:Majiabang 3083:Kuahuqiao 2981:Neolithic 2920:Possible 2808:Halmahera 2709:and into 2703:Sundaland 2555:Neolithic 2528:Masbateño 2482:Sundanese 2437:Polynesia 2409:Northern 2311:Melanesia 2237:Kankanaey 2039:islands, 1997:Hong Kong 1989:Sri Lanka 1960:areas in 1930:Melanesia 1902:Singapore 1894:Polynesia 1874:Indonesia 1832:Nusantara 1824:Polynesia 1800:Melanesia 1517:Melanesia 1475:Océanique 1329:in 1841 ( 1323:Maldivian 1299:Indonesia 1186:Polynesia 1148:Dioscorea 1125:carving, 1115:tattooing 1059:(notably 1002:Polynesia 955:animistic 913:Languages 696:Australia 675:Sri Lanka 318:Singapore 87:Indonesia 24281:Tākitimu 24184:Legend: 24142:Roskilde 24021:Tangaroa 23962:Olympias 23936:Gaualofa 23875:Hōkūleʻa 23850:Kon-Tiki 23683:Ashkelon 23619:Uluburun 23578:Earliest 23344:Scholars 23226:shipping 23026:Boarding 22938:Mytilene 22923:Syracuse 22888:Alashiya 22851:Egyptian 22835:Military 22826:Timeline 22804:Sardinia 22727:Carthage 22643:Kalingga 22603:Sa Huỳnh 22538:Timeline 22488:Zanzibar 22438:Sarapion 22433:Rhacotis 22363:Martaban 22308:(Canton) 22301:Godavaya 22296:Giao Chỉ 22266:Barygaza 22256:Avalites 22177:Piloting 22065:Catapult 22060:Ballista 22034:Mast-aft 21847:Planking 21786:Paddling 21743:Hexareme 21708:Trimaran 21673:Longship 21621:Balangay 21393:folklore 21209:Kiribati 21146:Religion 21132:Visayans 21107:Tahitian 21087:Rapa Nui 21017:Hawaiian 20998:Chamorro 20955:Research 20941:Tuvaluan 20931:Rapa Nui 20911:Menehune 20753:Kiribati 20542:Kiribati 20292:Kiribati 20158:Hawaiʻi 20133:'upa'upa 20073:Kiribati 20023:ʻAparima 19945:Hōkūleʻa 19767:Kiribati 19618:tivaevae 19598:taʻovala 19546:magimagi 19414:11170891 19233:(1979). 19205:32641827 19083:SciEnggJ 18977:24639505 18885:29904060 18823:20 March 18793:30 March 18622:21653430 18583:54664583 18530:83993320 18372:19529408 18271:36818517 18117:33753512 18041:Archived 18018:19164753 17917:20029456 17823:Archived 17767:Archived 17709:28 April 17703:Archived 17667:22718446 17570:28 April 17561:Archived 17492:18 April 17486:Archived 17444:26398231 17404:PLOS ONE 17377:Archived 17315:Archived 17206:5 August 17200:Archived 17161:Archived 17130:Archived 17095:Archived 17043:Archived 16989:5 August 16983:Archived 16944:Archived 16903:Archived 16864:Archived 16800:Archived 16730:Archived 16676:14289693 16668:26601144 16611:23044947 16582:30 April 16573:Archived 16541:30 April 16532:Archived 16500:30 April 16494:Archived 16459:28 April 16453:Archived 16409:Archived 16349:28293144 16306:28 April 16300:Archived 16261:28 April 16255:Archived 16209:29 April 16203:Archived 16178:29 April 16172:Archived 16047:20701262 15945:18048347 15927:25450787 15849:26 April 15843:Archived 15808:26 April 15802:Archived 15771:25801130 15728:29474448 15688:PLOS ONE 15661:Archived 15423:26 April 15417:Archived 15373:Archived 15331:Archived 15212:43618621 15200:Ekistics 15177:Archived 15087:27 April 15081:Archived 15043:27 April 15037:Archived 14992:27 April 14986:Archived 14890:Archived 14809:Archived 14687:Archived 14621:21345865 14570:28 April 14564:Archived 14488:Archived 14452:Archived 14421:25137359 14349:(1998). 14297:Archived 14260:30715341 14199:Diogenes 14184:33481023 14148:24395773 14010:19535740 13971:28405364 13882:23 March 13876:Archived 13821:Archived 13788:Archived 13753:23 March 13747:Archived 13718:25 April 13712:Archived 13606:23 March 13555:Archived 13490:26403857 13431:18231757 13423:23284907 13383:PLOS ONE 13337:28 April 13331:Archived 13177:17657509 13116:23 March 13107:Archived 13040:Archived 13002:43110674 12913:23 March 12904:Archived 12823:29838345 12815:19164742 12756:Archived 12724:23 March 12715:Archived 12711:23440864 12618:23 March 12612:Archived 12591:24607387 12540:23 March 12531:Archived 12527:44675525 12449:27 April 12440:Archived 12436:59334219 12378:Archived 12334:24136958 12291:21944045 12154:Archived 12116:34661604 12108:28854687 12040:Archived 12009:21940856 11938:Archived 11934:25137359 11832:9 August 11741:(2017). 11720:49377747 11712:29933384 11672:PLOS ONE 11642:Archived 11580:Archived 11525:23 March 11516:Archived 11421:21753825 11376:14226647 11368:21731660 11328:PLOS ONE 11306:15288523 11260:Archived 11152:28 April 11146:Archived 11120:42928107 11091:23 March 11082:Archived 11033:Archived 10974:24936983 10928:29487365 10841:Archived 10800:Archived 10764:25168892 10668:23 March 10659:Archived 10612:Archived 10528:23 March 10519:Archived 10487:23 March 10481:Archived 10363:18156242 10232:29379068 10163:Archived 10093:28716916 9898:Archived 9890:Phelsuma 9824:24395773 9754:23 March 9748:Archived 9673:Archived 9627:20 March 9621:Archived 9601:20 March 9595:Archived 9537:Archived 9473:Archived 9446:Archived 9419:Archived 9395:25 April 9389:Archived 9311:29 April 9284:Archived 9254:cite web 9235:Archived 9231:insee.fr 9205:Archived 9203:. ISEE. 9121:Archived 9058:Archived 8930:Archived 8907:10 April 8897:"Brunei" 8875:Archived 8850:25 April 8813:cite web 8803:23 March 8797:Archived 8751:23 March 8704:(2019). 8588:29 April 8582:Archived 8536:archived 8444:, Sawai 8358:, Malay 8323:Hawaiian 8309:Balinese 8303:, Malay 8273:Chuukese 8259:Rotinese 8245:Acehnese 8222:include 8220:Cognates 8176:Hawaiian 8139:include 8137:Cognates 8074:See also 8068:Colombia 7988:citruses 7976:turmeric 7932:coconuts 7838:company 7804:Moodley 7672:Sulawesi 7656:Filipino 7652:Hawaiian 7630:and the 7596:Tagbanwa 7580:Old Kawi 7568:Javanese 7564:Hanunó'o 7556:Baybayin 7548:Balinese 7536:abugidas 7517:mnemonic 7503:Sulawesi 7497:used by 7473:smallpox 7443:Makemake 7417:toromiro 7398:Rapa Nui 7332:Makemake 7330:cult of 7303:Rapa Nui 7266:Balinese 7187:, Hawaii 7026:Religion 6978:Mentawai 6931:Mindanao 6912:Pintados 6827:Tahitian 6807:Body art 6743:Body art 6715:Makemake 6713:cult of 6651:Rapa Nui 6447:Taranaki 6403:Hawaiian 6272:Sulawesi 6178:Sulawesi 6154:rock art 6148:Rock art 6142:Iron Age 6123:pekapeka 6108:hei-tiki 6029:nephrite 6027:, black 5926:pekapeka 5901:Sa Huỳnh 5704:(native) 5687:ensemble 5558:Sulawesi 5536:and the 5534:Mindanao 5517:trompong 5403:martaban 5387:and the 5305:Mindanao 5242:and the 5142:panolong 4929:Besakana 4692:balangay 4686:barangay 4677:Tanimbar 4593:Hawaiian 4554:Javanese 4516:and the 4514:Maldives 4498:ghe mành 4487:coracles 4464:historic 4449:Rapa Nui 4445:pandanus 4418:Malagasy 4351:trimaran 4328:Hōkūleʻa 4188:shunting 3985:Trimaran 3877:Buddhism 3873:Hinduism 3620:Sulawesi 3596:Zanzibar 3588:Cameroon 3548:Rapa Nui 3489:Chamorro 3434:voyaging 3423:Hōkūleʻa 3364:Shandong 3334:Iron Age 3239:ablation 3192:Holocene 3099:Liangzhu 3043:cultures 2977:Urheimat 2971:., 2014) 2930:Holocene 2842:do not. 2812:Negritos 2743:Wallacea 2731:obsidian 2723:Mindanao 2719:hominins 2599:Japanese 2593:and the 2516:Boholano 2504:Visayans 2490:Balinese 2486:Javanese 2474:Sulawesi 2464:Bicolano 2382:, e.g., 2376:Mindanao 2363:Thailand 2349:Palauans 2345:Chamorro 2297:Sihanaka 2289:Betsileo 2281:Malagasy 2247:Mindanao 2221:Balangao 2181:Acehnese 2165:Cambodia 2092:Formosan 1993:Suriname 1966:Cambodia 1946:Malagasy 1938:Shibushi 1882:Malaysia 1851:tropical 1828:Wallacea 1761:Filipino 1757:Javanese 1728:Rangiroa 1667:Bellwood 1435:— 1307:Moluccas 1295:Maldives 1264:Tahitian 1205:numerals 1194:Malagasy 1131:rock art 1108:Americas 1026:Thailand 1018:Cambodia 949:Buddhism 944:Hinduism 925:Religion 878:Rapa Nui 612:Suriname 528:Kiribati 430:272,000 402:Cambodia 192:Thailand 150:Malaysia 24221:Odyssey 24198:Genesis 23995:Others 23794:Lists: 23783:Marausa 23733:Roman: 23723:Punic: 23688:Kyrenia 23679:Greek: 23675:Marsala 23668:Sinop D 23543:Tacking 23277:History 23164:Meluhha 23154:Fishing 23149:Whaling 23056:Ramming 22978:Aegates 22973:Drepana 22968:Ecnomus 22898:Salamis 22886: 22876:Battles 22754:Nabatea 22737:Archaic 22707:Nuragic 22697:Somalia 22548:Oceania 22543:Britain 22520:History 22453:Socotra 22423:Qandala 22408:Piraeus 22378:Muziris 22348:Madurai 22343:Manthai 22281:Canopus 22251:Arsinoe 22223:harbors 22172:History 22160:Coastal 22090:Sambuca 22075:Dolphin 21989:Rigging 21801:Poling 21791:Sailing 21728:Trireme 21668:Liburna 21631:Coracle 21601:Vessels 21516:Oceania 21486:Eurasia 21444:of the 21397:cuisine 21360:Tokelau 21259:Vanuatu 21102:Tagalog 21092:Rotuman 21062:Negrito 21032:Ivatans 21022:Ilocano 21007:Rekohu) 20860:Vanuatu 20845:Tokelau 20693:Tokelau 20592:Vanuatu 20443:Tokelau 20342:Vanuatu 20229:by area 20118:tautoga 20053:hivinau 19955:Karakoa 19854:Vanuatu 19680:general 19588:tā moko 19583:reimiro 19573:Oceania 19432:: 19405:1235276 19196:8939867 19175:Bibcode 18968:3977275 18945:Bibcode 18876:6002536 18561:Bibcode 18502:Bibcode 18108:8020671 18077:Bibcode 18009:2827536 17988:Bibcode 17980:Science 17940:Bibcode 17908:2987306 17832:18 July 17452:6469209 17435:4580586 17412:Bibcode 17266:: 097. 17233:: 381. 16659:4643814 16638:Bibcode 16099:Bibcode 15936:2148369 15736:3956094 15719:5825035 15696:Bibcode 14629:6179955 14612:3158936 14412:4143916 14391:Bibcode 14251:6423374 14139:3903192 14116:Bibcode 13962:5383821 13872:Science 13481:4611657 13458:Bibcode 13414:3524165 13391:Bibcode 13276:Science 13185:2533393 12795:Bibcode 12787:Science 12669:9837834 12660:1377653 12582:3951936 12314:Bibcode 12306:Science 12282:3188841 12099:5597900 12000:3991479 11969:Science 11925:4143916 11904:Bibcode 11851:mestizo 11703:6014653 11680:Bibcode 11359:3120816 11336:Bibcode 10954:Bibcode 10919:5868730 10354:2151154 10272:3623036 10223:5789021 10202:Bibcode 10188:2018). 10084:5559028 10053:Bibcode 9815:3903192 9784:Bibcode 9543:7 April 9531:INSEE. 9094:25 June 9008:17 July 8972:17 July 8939:3 March 8777:22 July 8686:24 July 8660:22 July 8432:Banggai 8394:kamalir 8387:kamálig 8383:kamalig 8346:Kavalan 8298:Cebuano 8289:Tagalog 8172:tangata 8151:tomotau 8144:taumata 8123:(Reich 8121:Eurasia 7936:bananas 7912:animals 7840:23andMe 7720:by the 7718:Avoiuli 7716:called 7702:Vanuatu 7668:Cia-Cia 7588:Rencong 7576:Lontara 7572:Kulitan 7532:Pallava 7528:Grantha 7278:Writing 7246:tau tau 7207:Rotorua 7164:Hiva Oa 7067:Kejawen 7001:Malaita 6905:in the 6779:chaklag 6671:sites. 6603:Pohnpei 6500:Vanuatu 6445:, from 6433:deity ( 6407:poi dog 6388:Raiatea 6348:Pohnpei 6307:Vanuatu 6237:kalamba 6084:pounamu 6058:in the 6052:jadeite 5806:Tomohon 5728:of the 5684:gamelan 5668:Vanuatu 5647:of the 5550:Palawan 5513:Sarawak 5501:kromong 5485:Sumatra 5475:of the 5464:gamelan 5381:Sumatra 5309:Morotai 5299:Winter 5282:Oceania 5180:Tapayan 5170:Pottery 5128:of the 5125:Torogan 5108:of the 5088:of the 5068:of the 5048:of the 5028:of the 5010:of the 4972:of the 4952:of the 4932:of the 4822:Kra-Dai 4763:friezes 4728:of the 4711:animism 4626:granary 4577:Cebuano 4570:Maranao 4563:Kadazan 4536:Kannada 4492:o thúng 4483:strakes 4426:with a 4382:tepukei 4339:) with 4216:caulked 4180:Comoros 4164:tacking 4112:Vietnam 3958:Culture 3861:Mataram 3770:scholar 3692:Negrito 3624:settled 3470:Malayic 3466:Sumatra 3283:Shikoku 3268:Aslians 3141:Austric 3137:Sinitic 3133:Kra-Dai 3109:delta. 3045:of the 2820:Papuans 2778:Papuans 2739:Palawan 2735:Mindoro 2725:or the 2659:in the 2631:Negrito 2603:Persian 2595:Comoros 2585:); the 2575:Sumatra 2520:Cebuano 2512:Aklanon 2508:Visayas 2498:Pattani 2460:Tagalog 2453:Tongans 2449:Samoans 2439:(e.g., 2415:Ilocano 2392:Maranao 2339:(e.g., 2315:Fijians 2313:(e.g., 2287:(e.g., 2271:Tasaday 2263:Kalagan 2259:Mansaka 2255:Mandaya 2249:(e.g., 2219:(e.g., 2163:group: 2147:Bidayuh 2099:(e.g., 2035:, some 1962:Vietnam 1950:Réunion 1942:Comoros 1834:, from 1812:Oceania 1765:Tagalog 1734:to the 1605:Boracay 1588:, 1999) 1567:Oceanic 1550:, from 1471:Oceania 1448:, 1865. 1309:), the 1034:Comoros 1022:Myanmar 1014:Vietnam 725:Myanmar 577:102,000 423:Vanuatu 325:576,300 255:Vietnam 24272:Aeneid 23988:Viking 23969:Regina 23738:Alkedo 23594:Abydos 23568:Wrecks 23437:Topics 23267:Piracy 23221:Greece 23081:Odisha 23013:Actium 23008:Mycale 22843:Navies 22732:Greece 22722:Olmecs 22690:Pandya 22665:Minoan 22628:Champa 22608:Lapita 22553:Remote 22473:Tyndis 22428:Quilon 22373:Muscat 22338:Lothal 22333:Korkai 22317:Jeddah 22291:Essina 22235:Adulis 22145:Charts 22080:Harpax 22070:Corvus 22044:Square 22012:Settee 22007:Lateen 21916:Tiller 21911:Strake 21879:Rudder 21869:Paddle 21817:Anchor 21796:Towing 21718:Bireme 21651:Galley 21626:Bangka 21471:Africa 21399:, see 21381:cinema 21335:Hawaii 21254:Tuvalu 21122:Tongan 21072:Papuan 21027:Igorot 20976:People 20936:Samoan 20886:Fijian 20855:Tuvalu 20840:Tahiti 20668:Hawaii 20587:Tuvalu 20418:Hawaii 20337:Tuvalu 20128:Tuvalu 20113:tāmūrē 20108:Tahiti 20098:Rotuma 20088:pa'o'a 20083:'ote'a 20063:kailao 19930:Bangka 19913:Canoes 19849:Tuvalu 19649:Lapita 19608:tattoo 19439:Mundās 19426: 19412: 19402: 19360: 19327: 19306: 19287: 19266: 19245: 19211: 19203: 19193: 19167:Nature 19143: 19118: 19064: 19037: 19010: 18975: 18965: 18913: 18883: 18873: 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