Megalith - Knowledge

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the help of many members of the family's clan. Building the sled itself can take several days, and typically males between the ages of 10–60 are assembled to pull the stone from the quarry to the tombsite. Smaller capstones may be moved by a few hundred members of a clan, but larger ones can involve upwards of 2,000 individuals over many days. Sometimes the stones are draped with woven cloths given as gifts by relatives of the owner. The sidewalls are smaller and usually require fewer participants. The entire process is accompanied by large feasts and ritual singers provided by the owner. Some contemporary practitioners now choose to use large machinery and trucks to move the stones.

2324: 3030: 1991: 7117: 1250: 57: 1947: 1785: 901: 2225: 2501:), but this has long been disproved by modern dating methods. Nor is it believed any longer that there was a pan-European megalithic culture, although regional cultures existed, even within such small areas as the British Isles. The archaeologist Euan Mackie wrote, "Likewise it cannot be doubted that important regional cultures existed in the Neolithic period and can be defined by different kinds of stone circles and local pottery styles (Ruggles & Barclay 2000: figure 1). No-one has ever been rash enough to claim a nationwide unity of all aspects of Neolithic archaeology!". 780: 2108:

found, while those in the east also old shows evidence of continued traditions of living megalithic practices until recently. A large fraction of these are assumed to be associated with burial or post burial rituals, including memorials for those whose remains may or may not be available. The case-example is that of Brahmagiri, which was excavated by Wheeler (1975) and helped establish the culture sequence in south Indian prehistory. However, there is another distinct class of megaliths that do not seem to be associated with burials.

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which is inserted log by log at alternating ends. Once the capstone is at the correct height beside the walls it is slid into place above the tomb. Alternately, some tombs are constructed by dragging the capstone up a fabricated ramp and then assembling the sidewalls below it, before removing the ramp structure to let the capstone rest upon the walls. Often, but not always, the finished structure is decorated by a professional stone carver with symbolic motifs. The carving alone can at times take over a month to complete.

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lines that are parallel with the direction of streams. Megalithic cemeteries contain burials that are linked together by low stone platforms made from large river cobbles. Broken red-burnished pottery and charred wood found on these platforms has led archaeologists to hypothesize that these platform were sometimes used for ceremonies and rituals. The capstones of many southern megaliths have 'cup-marks' carvings. A small number of capstones have human and dagger representations.

682: 2840: 1718:. In the Sidamo Province, the megalithic monoliths of the stelae-building cultural tradition were utilized as tombstones in cemeteries (e.g., Arussi, Konso, Sedene, Tiya, Tuto Felo), and have engraved anthropomorphic features (e.g., swords, masks), phallic form, and some of that served as markers of territory. Sidamo Province has the most megaliths in Ethiopia. In 2nd millennium BCE, Namoratunga (Monolith Circles) megaliths were constructed as burials the eastern 920:) with one or more large flat capstones forming a roof. Many portal tombs have been found to contain human remains, but it is debated if their primary function was use as burial sites. The megalithic structures in the northwest of France are believed to be the oldest in Europe based on radiocarbon dating. Though generally known as "dolmens", the term most accepted by archaeologists is "portal tomb". Local names for portal tombs exist in multiple locations, such as 3089: 2100: 3050: 1203: 2955: 1363: 2902: 2159: 3011: 2246: 2112: 308: 2973: 992: 1082: 2206:, has so far been excavated. At Göbekli Tepe itself, no traces of habitation have so far been found, nor any trace of agriculture or cultivated plants, though bones of wild animals and traces of wild edible plants, along with many grinding stones, have been unearthed. It is thus assumed that these structures (which have been characterized as the first known ceremonial architecture) were erected by 1406: 1910: 1246:). Dating to the Early Bronze Age (2200–1800 BC), the prehistoric Sicilian buildings were covered by a circular mound of earth. In the dolmen of Cava dei Servi, archaeologists found numerous human bone fragments and some splinters of Castelluccian ceramics (Early Bronze Age) which confirmed the burial purpose of the artefact. 1851:. The greatest concentration of megalithic burials is in Korea. Archaeologists estimate that there are 15,000 to 100,000 southern megaliths in the Korean Peninsula. Typical estimates hover around the 30,000 mark for the entire peninsula, which in itself constitutes some 40% of all dolmens worldwide (see 2811:

Once on site, the stones were traditionally assembled and mortared with a mix of water buffalo dung and ash, but are now more commonly cemented together. Typically, the walls are assembled first, and then the capstone is incrementally elevated to the height of the walls by means of a wood scaffolding

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has been dated to be approximately 2,000 years old which indicates that megaliths are an old custom in Melanesia. However very few megaliths have been dated. The constructions have been used for different rituals. For example, tombs, sacrifices and rituals of fecundity. Dance sites exist next to some

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Quarrying the stones for a tomb can take almost a month and typically involves 20–40 laborours, sometimes subcontracted by a relative. It can be months or years before the stones are actually transported to the gravesite, which is done traditionally by hand, using a wooden sled and rollers with

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religion construct monolithic tombs by hand. Originally built with slave labor, the large tombs of nobles are now built by a class of dependents who are paid either in animals or cash (an amount equal to $ 0.65–0.90 per day). The tombs are planned long in advance, with families sometimes going into

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As with northern megaliths, southern examples contain few, if any, artifacts. However, a small number of megalithic burials contain fine red-burnished pottery, bronze daggers, polished groundstone daggers, and greenstone ornaments. Southern megalithic burials are often found in groups, spread out in

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On the younger level (II) rectangular structures with smaller megaliths have been excavated. In the surrounding area, several village sites incorporating elements similar to those of Göbekli Tepe have been identified. Four of these have Göbekli Tepe's characteristic T-shaped standing stones, though

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Megalithic tombs appear to have been used by communities for the long-term deposition of the remains of their dead, and some seem to have undergone alteration and enlargement. The organization and effort required to erect these large stones suggest that the societies concerned placed great emphasis

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as they are known in France, are very common throughout Europe, where some 50,000 examples have been noted. Some of these are thought to have an astronomical function as a marker or foresight. In some areas, long and complex "alignments" of such stones exist, the largest known example being located

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Much scholarship over history has suggested that Stone Age peoples moved the large stones on cylindrical wooden rollers. However, there is some disagreement with this theory, specifically as experiments have indicated that this method is impractical on uneven ground. In some contemporary megalith

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In the context of prehistoric anthropomorphic figures in India, (Rao 1988/1999, Upinder Singh 2008) note that it is unclear what these giant anthropomorph statues symbolize. They usually occur in association with megalithic monuments and are located in megalithic burial grounds, and may have been

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Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India. Megaliths are found in almost all parts of South Asia. There is also a broad time evolution with the megaliths in central India and the upper Indus valley where the oldest megaliths are

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Construction of large stone monuments in the rest of the classical world consisted of assembled sections of relatively small stones, including most construction in Egypt. Elsewhere in the world some megalithic construction persisted: Occasionally large stone sculptures, relief carvings, and open

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While "megalith" is often used to describe a single piece of stone, it also can be used to denote one or more rocks hewn in definite shapes for special purposes. It has been used to describe structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different periods. The most widely

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up to 7 meters high have been identified. At least 5 of these circles have so far (as of 2019) been excavated. Many of the standing stones are richly ornamented with carved reliefs of "ears, boars, snakes, foxes, wildcats, aurochs, gazelle, quadruped reptiles, birds, spiders, insects,

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Megaliths were used for a variety of purposes ranging from serving as boundary markers of territory, being reminder of past events, to being part of the society's religion. Common motifs including crooks and axes seem to be symbols of political power, much as the crook was a symbol of Egyptian

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basin in particular in the early phases. The practice of erecting megalithic burials spread quickly from the Liao River Basin and into the Korean Peninsula, where the structure of megaliths is geographically and chronologically distinct. The earliest megalithic burials are called "northern" or

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in the Eastern Caroline Islands. On these two islands there was extensive use of prismatic basalt columns to build upland building complexes such as those at Salapwuk on Pohnpei and Menka on Kosrae. These building sites, remote from the ocean, appear to have been abandoned early. Megalithic

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or to the Middle Mumun Period. Southern-style megaliths are typically smaller in scale than northern megaliths. The interment area of southern megaliths has an underground burial chamber made of earth or lined with thin stone slabs. A massive capstone is placed over the interment area and is

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These megaliths are distinguished from other types by the presence of a burial shaft, sometimes up to 4 m in depth, which is lined with large cobbles. A large capstone is placed over the burial shaft without propping stones. Capstone-style megaliths are the most monumental type in the

1885:"table-style" because they feature an above-ground burial chamber formed by heavy stone slabs that form a rectangular cist. An oversized capstone is placed over the stone slab burial chamber, giving the appearance of a table-top. These megalithic burials date to the early part of the 2489:, North Africa, North America, and South America, the worship of these stones, or the use of these stones to symbolize a spirit or deity, is a possibility. In the early 20th century, some scholars believed that all megaliths belonged to one global "Megalithic culture" ( 1966:, and they are primarily distributed near or on the south coast of Korea. It seems that most of these burials date to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700–550 BC), and they may have been built into the early part of the Late Mumun. An example is found near modern 1678:) in Central African Republic and Cameroon, throughout various periods (e.g., Balimbé: 2000 BCE – 1000 BCE; Early Gbabiri: 950 BCE – 200 BCE; Late Gbabiri: 200 BCE – 500 CE; Bouboun: 500 CE – 1600 CE), for various purposes (e.g., ritual practices, territorial marking). 2518:, great emphasis is placed on the social status of moving heavy stones without the relief of rollers. In the majority of documented contemporary megalithic-building communities, the stones have been placed on timber sledges and dragged without rollers. 1970:

at Deokcheon-ni, where a small cemetery contained a capstone burial (No. 1) with a massive, rectangularly shaped, stone and earthen platform. Archaeologists were not able to recover the entire feature, but the low platform was at least 56×18 m in size.

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extreme debt to finance the construction. In 1971, one leading family sacrificed 350 buffalo over the course of a year in order to feed the 1,000 people necessary to drag the capstone 3 km from the quarry to the tombsite.

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region in France share many internal features, although the links between them are not yet fully understood. That they often have antechambers or forecourts is thought to imply a desire on the part of the builders to emphasize a special

1901:, prompting some archaeologists to interpret the burials as the graves of chiefs or preeminent individuals. However, whether a result of grave-robbery or intentional mortuary behaviour, most northern megaliths contain no grave goods. 84:

that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. There are over 35,000 structures or arrangements in Europe alone, located widely from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea.

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was inhabited from around 9500 BCE to at least 8000 BCE. Göbekli Tepe was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018, recognising its outstanding universal value as "one of the first manifestations of human-made monumental

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that were created for various purposes (e.g., burial, ritual performances). Between late 3rd millennium BCE and mid-2nd millennium CE, megaliths (e.g., monuments, cairn burials) were constructed in the regions (e.g., Eastern

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carved into the stones at some sites. Hearths and deposits of pottery and animal bone found by archaeologists around some tombs also implies that some form of burial feast or sacrificial rites took place there.

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building then shifted to constructing networks of artificial islands on the coast that supported a multitude of common, royal and religious structures. Dating of the structures is difficult but the complex at

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roof, accessed by a long, straight passageway, with the whole structure covered by a circular mound of earth. Sometimes it is also surrounded by an external stone kerb. Prominent examples include the sites of

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megaliths. In some places in Melanesia rituals are continued to be held at the sacred megalith sites. The fact that the beliefs are alive is a reason that most excavations have been stopped at the sites.

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including large patterned placement of stones over a wide area. The 'non-sepulchral' type is associated with astronomy and cosmology in South Asia and in other parts of the world (Menon and Vahia, 2010).

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has a number of old megaliths. Some of these ancient structures feature engravings, and the area is a World Heritage Site. Megaliths are also found within the Valley of Marvels in the East Hararghe area.

750:) of Quinta da Queimada Menhir in western Algarve indicates "a very early period of megalithic activity in the Algarve, older than in the rest of Europe and the famous Anatolian site of Göbekli Tepe" 2405:, who poured oil over a stone that he erected after his famous dream in which angels climbed to heaven (Genesis 28:10–22). Jacob is also described as putting up stones at other occasions, whereas 1065:, near Limerick in Ireland has been dated to the Beaker period, approximately contemporaneous with Stonehenge. The stone circles are assumed to be of later date than the tombs, straddling the 3556:

David Calado; Francisco Nocete; Maria Dolores Càmalich; Dimas Martín-Socas; José Miguel Nieto; António Delgado; Amelia Rodriguez; Moisés Bayona; Esther Alex; Nuno Inácio (January 2010).

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And Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. He rose early in the morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel.

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on Pohnpei was probably inhabited as early as c. 800, probably as artificial islands, with the more elaborate buildings and religious structures added to the site from 1000 to 1400 AD.

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D Turnbull (2002). "Performance and Narrative, Bodies and Movement in the Construction of Places and Objects, Spaces and Knowledges: The Case of the Maltese Megaliths".

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Lodolo, Emanuele; Ben-Avraham, Ben (September 2015). "A submerged monolith in the Sicilian Channel (central Mediterranean Sea): Evidence for Mesolithic human activity".

2131:, stone alignment, stone circles and anthropomorphic statue figures. These are broadly classified into two (potentially overlapping) classes (after Moorti, 1994, 2008): 1429:

in England. In Sardinia, in addition to dolmens, menhirs and circular graves there are also more than 8000 megalithic structures made by a Nuragic civilisation, called

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Several megalith sites and structures are also found across Indonesia. Menhirs, dolmens, stone tables, and ancestral stone statues were discovered in various sites in

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The types of megalithic structure can be divided into two categories, the "polylithic type" and the "monolithic type". Different megalithic structures include:

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quadrupeds, scorpions" and other animals; in addition, some of the stones are carved in low profile with stylized human features (arms, hands, loincloths, but

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Representations of a dagger (right) and two human figures, one of which is kneeling (left), carved into the capstone of Megalithic Burial No. 5, Orim-dong,

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Monuments celtiques, ou recherches sur le culte des Pierres, précédées d'une notice sur les Celtes et sur les Druides, et suivies d'Etymologie celtiques

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times. Although not always 'megalithic' in the true sense, they occur throughout the area and can reach 5 metres or more in some cases (such as at

3630:. Saint-Pons-de-Thomières: Direction régionale des affaires culturelles Languedoc-RoussillonGroupe Archéologique du Saint-Ponais. pp. 243–253 2542:: a free-standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid. Dolmens were used for burial and were covered by mounds. 9673: 9414: 9010: 7764: 5674: 3244: 5699: 4635: 1574:. Findings indicate that the region was occupied only seasonally, likely only in the summer when the local lake filled with water for grazing 7617: 4747:

Mackoe, Euan W, "The structure and skills of British Neolithic Society: a brief response to Clive Ruggles & Gordon Barclay. (Response)",

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as far back as to the mid-10th millennium BC (cal). On this level, 20 great stone circles (up to 20 meters in diameter) with

9629: 9138: 7106: 5390: 4181: 4832: 4278: 9461: 8912: 7832: 7367: 5704: 5060: 3104: 4258: 3855: 3345: 3069: 2300:; these are threatened with destruction. They date from the late Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age. Megaliths have also been found on 3281: 48: 9775: 4673: 3775: 2881: 7131: 7101: 4143: 3159: 2362:. They seem, however, to re-emerge in Yemen in small numbers, and thus could indicate a continuous tradition related to those of 1468: 7055: 4808:, p. 6: "French word alignement is used to describe standing stones arranged in rows to form long ‘processional' avenues". 4512:"The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey" 2990: 1144:, and elsewhere consist of a large flat stone supported by three, four, or more standing stones. They were covered by a stone 4993: 4974: 4210: 1602: 1538:

neolithic complex in Ireland, dating from c. 3500–3000 BC. It contains more than a third of the total number of examples of

1057:. These, too, display evidence of astronomical alignments, both solar and lunar. Stonehenge, for example, is famous for its 32: 7908: 1646: 4165: 5623: 5356: 4035:

Nelson, Sarah M. (1999). "Megalithic Monuments and the Introduction of Rice into Korea". In C. Gosden; J. Hather (eds.).

3164: 1694:, the earliest construction of megaliths occurred. From this region and its megalith-building tradition (e.g., dolmens, 3484: 1765: 6308: 5694: 5628: 5274: 5260: 4344: 582:

and the north), Malta (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean), Belgium (north-east), and Germany (central and south-west).

281:. Burials are megalithic forms very similar to dolmens in structure. These type of burials were completely underground. 2135:(containing remains of the dead), or memorial stones where mortal remains along with funerary objects are placed; and 9039: 7945: 7048: 7029: 6160: 4119: 3911:"Megaliths in Tropical Africa: Social Dynamics and Mortuary Practices in Ancient Senegambia (Ca. 1350 BCE – 1500 CE)" 747: 7527: 2901: 2085:

houses ancient megalith relics such as ancestral stone statues, mostly located in the Bada, Besoa and Napu valleys.

1522:. In the Netherlands, megalithic structures can be found in the northeast of the country, mostly in the province of 1433:: buildings similar to towers (sometimes with really complex structures) made using only rocks. They are often near 402:

period, the age of agriculture along the western shores of Europe during the sixth millennium BC pottery culture of

9246: 9133: 7597: 5383: 4763:"Roll Me a Great Stone: A Brief Historiography of Megalithic Construction and the Genesis of the Roller Hypothesis" 2839: 1214:

Dolmens are also in Apulia and in Sicily. In this latter region, they are small structures located in Mura Pregne (

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erected twelve pillars symbolizing the tribes of Israel. The tradition of venerating standing stones continued in

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with different structures. The earliest megalithic tombs in Sardinia are the circular graves of the so-called

9770: 9271: 8801: 8061: 7863: 6903: 3144: 8129: 6293: 3378: 1990: 1711: 859: 9266: 8806: 8279: 3179: 2002: 1159:. There are more than 100 dolmen dating to the Neolithic (3500–2700 BC) and the most famous is called 593: 7955: 5658: 3088: 2323: 52:

Megalithic Batu Brak in Batu Brak District, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia (c. 2100 BC)

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1200 BC: Last vestiges of the megalithic tradition in the Mediterranean and elsewhere following the

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J McKim Malville, F Wendorf, AA Mazar, R Schild, "Megaliths and Neolithic astronomy in southern Egypt".

2045:. These megalith cultures remained preserved, isolated and undisturbed well into the late 19th century. 770:

2100 BC:The highest plateau Lampung, West Lampung Regency, Batu Brak Liwa, Indonesia Megalith Site.

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Lectures on the origin and growth of the conception of God as illustrated by anthropology and history

4468: 3204: 1737: 1638: 1487:, into antiquarian terminology. He mistakenly interpreted megaliths as Gallic tombs. In Britain, the 1223: 627: 5335: 4279:"Living Megalithic practices amongst the Madia gonds of Bhamragad, District Gadchiroli, Maharashtra" 3555: 3414: 195:

Single megaliths placed horizontally, often over burial chambers, without the use of support stones.

56: 9529: 8621: 8166: 7868: 7517: 6125: 6090: 5855: 5755: 5507: 4402: 3154: 3036: 2078: 1980: 1658: 1633:, in the Malian Lakes Region, there are megaliths of an anthropomorphic nature (e.g., face, navel, 1374: 1277: 1249: 8693: 8688: 6007: 3698:"Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling support maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe" 3564:. BAR International Series. Vol. 2122. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. pp. 7–15. 3396: 2346:

The most concentrated occurrence of dolmens in particular is in a large area on both sides of the

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History and archaeology of India's contacts with other countries, from earliest times to 300 B.C.

3245:"Europe's Megalithic Monuments Originated in France and Spread by Sea Routes, New Study Suggests" 2698: 2578: 2413:

times. Related phenomena, such as cupholes, rock-cut tombs and circles, also occur in West Asia.

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At a number of sites in southeastern Turkey, ceremonial complexes with large T-shaped megalithic

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3000 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (earliest construction phase of the prehistoric altar of

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Rhee, Song-nai; Choi, Mong-lyong (1992). "Emergence of Complex Society in Prehistoric Korea".

2721:: Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone (lintel) placed on top, e.g. Stonehenge. 9780: 9473: 9409: 9283: 8976: 8902: 8676: 8671: 8609: 8548: 8485: 8433: 8426: 7972: 7671: 7400: 7329: 7024: 6873: 6772: 6525: 6465: 6385: 6329: 6278: 6150: 5936: 5820: 5800: 5790: 4290: 2171: 1710:-building tradition, which commemorated Axumite royalty and elites, that persisted until the 1675: 1101:(megaliths) laid on edge and covered with earth or other, smaller stones. They are a type of 8858: 7827: 5648: 5080: 3298: 697: 9739: 9690: 9685: 9668: 9663: 9641: 9431: 9145: 8998: 8890: 8794: 8587: 8272: 8071: 8014: 7873: 7837: 7694: 7507: 6848: 6757: 6555: 6288: 6155: 5795: 5745: 5577: 4556: 3859: 3709: 3530: 3357: 2494: 2094: 2061: 1926: 1886: 1799:

Megalithic burials are found in Northeast and Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the

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with burial chambers organized in cemeteries), the subsequent traditions in other areas of

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In parts of Britain and Ireland a relatively common type of megalithic construction is the

845: 509: 8242: 7462: 4492:. The Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Blog entry 18 4449:. The Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Blog entry 16 4427:. The Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Blog entry 26 3654:(in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Međunarodni centar za mir, Institut za istoriju. p. 27 2224: 753:

c. 2400 BC: The Bell-beaker culture was dominant in Britain, and hundreds of smaller

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are believed to be the oldest in Europe. Perhaps the most famous megalithic structure is

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alignment. Examples of stone circles are also found in the rest of Europe. The circle at

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I.G.N. Anom; Sri Sugiyanti; Hadniwati Hasibuan (1996). Maulana Ibrahim; Samidi (eds.).

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Excavations of Large-scale Megalithic Burials at Yulha-ri, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsang Nam-do

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and megaliths has haunted the public imagination ever since. In Belgium, there are the

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Megalithic structures in Micronesia reach their most developed form on the islands of

2350:, with greater predominance on the eastern side. They occur first and foremost on the 1776:-speakers for funerary practices (e.g., ceremony of turning the dead) in present-day. 1515: 1373:

In association with the megalithic constructions across Europe, there are often large

9722: 9712: 9702: 9651: 9308: 9226: 8520: 8505: 8490: 8470: 8361: 8340: 8151: 7994: 7884: 6652: 6530: 6505: 6430: 6273: 6165: 6095: 6080: 5840: 5760: 5730: 5567: 5502: 5482: 5270: 5256: 5242: 5228: 5214: 5151: 4989: 4970: 4719: 4584: 4340: 4115: 4009: 3971: 3947: 3910: 3745: 3727: 3499: 3017: 2972: 2490: 2340: 1890: 1773: 1622: 1601:) that dates between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE. Likely part of Copper Age and Bronze Age 1188: 963:. It normally consists of a square, circular, or cruciform chamber with a slabbed or 799: 717: 429: 356:

probably weighing around 15,000 kg found submerged 40 m under water in the

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megalith site also in West Java displays monoliths, stone terraces, and sarcophagi.

1558:

at the southwest corner of the western Egyptian desert was once a large lake in the

208:

Multiple megaliths placed in relation to each other with intention. Often placed in

145: 9717: 9624: 9367: 9150: 8950: 8870: 8826: 8626: 8448: 8299: 8259: 7858: 7754: 7666: 7547: 7532: 7376: 6838: 6828: 6707: 6665: 6626: 6545: 6540: 6460: 6211: 6170: 6110: 5830: 5603: 5522: 5487: 5139: 5092: 5072: 5049: 5021: 4946: 4774: 4574: 4564: 4523: 4425:"Introducing: Enclosure H – Welcoming a new member to the Göbekli Tepe-family" 3997: 3922: 3735: 3717: 3538: 2633: 2560: 2217:

megaliths, although it is doubtful that any of the European megalithic traditions (

2203: 2186: 2082: 1963: 1931: 1922: 1800: 1590: 1495: 1434: 1312: 1227: 1176: 357: 339: 89: 9209: 9165: 7656: 6893: 5911: 2013:

megalith cultures both past and present. Living megalith cultures can be found on

956:. It is assumed that most portal tombs were originally covered by earthen mounds. 855: 779: 319: 9598: 9568: 9330: 9258: 9236: 9194: 9089: 9059: 8924: 8919: 8570: 8453: 8024: 7719: 7592: 7552: 7408: 7319: 7086: 6974: 6949: 6752: 6742: 6631: 6570: 6400: 6303: 6283: 6085: 6044: 5986: 5981: 5461: 5414: 5330: 4858: 4569: 4214: 3672: 3649: 3542: 3312: 3126: 2945: 2658: 2583: 2257: 2207: 1484: 1460: 1196: 1164: 1106: 1050: 925: 528: 487: 475: 371: 232: 7633: 7210: 5684: 3450: 3043:, the largest known single stone erected by Neolithic man, which later fell down 2339:, a site that is now under the sea. It is a very early example, dating from the 2182: 335: 294: 9707: 9634: 9456: 9421: 9352: 9241: 9113: 8821: 8406: 8396: 8217: 8198: 7542: 7537: 7492: 7457: 7447: 7279: 7132:

Stone circles, lines and tombs near the Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian

7004: 6833: 6685: 6585: 6580: 6298: 6180: 6105: 5961: 5941: 5931: 5881: 5143: 5046:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4684: 3188: 3174: 2960: 2773: 2618: 2612: 2385:

The standing stone has a very ancient tradition in West Asia, dating back from

2190: 2042: 1951: 1789: 1769: 1667: 1634: 1626: 1594: 1539: 1499: 1324: 1006:. These are axially arranged chambers placed under elongated mounds. The Irish 872:

in Denmark, whose body is today one of the best-preserved examples of its kind.

713: 613: 545: 246: 180: 172: 81: 37: 7602: 7392: 4868:

Sumba's Marapu religion is possibly the most expensive to follow in the world.

4528: 4511: 4469:"7,000 years older than Stonehenge: The site that stunned archaeologists" 2393:

in Jordan). This phenomenon can also be traced through many passages from the

1909: 1128:

There is a huge variety of megalithic tombs. The free-standing single chamber

263:

is a stone table, consisting of a wide stone supported by several other stones

9764: 9593: 9578: 9524: 9502: 9399: 9387: 9303: 9172: 9054: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8703: 8614: 8543: 8284: 8227: 8205: 8114: 8046: 8041: 8019: 7799: 7794: 7779: 7774: 7749: 7651: 7641: 7607: 7562: 7557: 7512: 7467: 7452: 7442: 6858: 6853: 6818: 6792: 6747: 6675: 6410: 6227: 5886: 5805: 5492: 4901: 3731: 3480: 3184: 2845: 2670: 2588: 2555: 2394: 2351: 2026: 2018: 1702:

likely developed. In the late 1st millennium BCE, the urban civilization of

1662: 1531: 1464: 1448: 1440: 1378: 1231: 1180: 1133: 1120: 1090: 1003: 969: 960: 883: 754: 721: 603: 549: 242: 217: 97: 8134: 6500: 5037:

A Fleming, "Phenomenology and the Megaliths of Wales: a Dreaming Too Far?".

4696: 4128: 3722: 1930:

supported by smaller propping stones. Most of the megalithic burials on the

1707: 1113:

period, by Neolithic farming communities. They differ from the contemporary

315: 9512: 9468: 9449: 9404: 9204: 9128: 8885: 8880: 8836: 8463: 8345: 8309: 8289: 8141: 8119: 8031: 7822: 7784: 7769: 7714: 7582: 7381: 7299: 7247: 7215: 7040: 7009: 6843: 6697: 6680: 6670: 6515: 6470: 6440: 6380: 6054: 5825: 5770: 5419: 4588: 4473: 4405:. The Tepe Telegrams: News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff 3749: 2927: 2712: 2545: 2301: 2293: 2260:

have been found in large areas in other parts of West Asia starting at the

2236: 2228: 2213:

Göbekli Tepe's oldest structures are about 7,000 years older than the

1719: 1418: 1386: 1292: 1102: 1038: 815: 729: 685: 681: 657: 533: 495: 158: 117: 9561: 5091:, Vol. 1, No. 2, A Symposium on Periods (Winter, 1970), pp. 127–144. 4509: 4163: 3224:

pillared temples were carved in-place in cliff-faces, out of natural rock.

2373: 1889:(c. 1500–850 BC) and are distributed, with a few exceptions, north of the 1637:) that date between 600 CE and 700 CE. Between 1350 BCE and 1500/1600 CE, 290: 9551: 9541: 9497: 9492: 9444: 9382: 9345: 9318: 9219: 9189: 9064: 8986: 8907: 8895: 8656: 8641: 8631: 8602: 8560: 8475: 8443: 8391: 8324: 8161: 8036: 7893: 7842: 7729: 7689: 7263: 7231: 6923: 6908: 6868: 6863: 6813: 6767: 6690: 6520: 6490: 6390: 5956: 5860: 5835: 5562: 5451: 5225:

Written On Stone: The Cultural Reception of British Prehistoric Monuments

3927: 3500:"A Radiocarbon Date from the Wall Plaster of Enclosure D of Göbekli Tepe" 3201:– tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites. 2853: 2498: 2386: 2313: 2296:. The largest concentration can be found in southern Syria and along the 2010: 1955: 1894: 1877: 1820: 1793: 1729: 1582: 1567: 1555: 1491: 1488: 1265: 1114: 1011: 913: 869: 490:

Israel c. 4000~3000 BC: Constructions in the rest of the proto-Canaanite

439: 176: 41: 5991: 5926: 5542: 4545:"Cereal processing at early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey" 3577:"Ancient European Stone Monuments Said to Originate in Northwest France" 2099: 1542:

in all Europe, with over 200 decorated stones found during excavations.

557: 9695: 9588: 9546: 9362: 9325: 9288: 9184: 8771: 8683: 8510: 8411: 8384: 8304: 8102: 8056: 7967: 7935: 6918: 6883: 6621: 6565: 6535: 6475: 6455: 6242: 5815: 5775: 5351: 4779: 4762: 4001: 3970:, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (ed.) NRICH, Seoul. 3192: 2730: 2214: 2065: 1925:. It is thought that most of them date to the latter part of the Early 1881: 1836: 1761: 1671: 1630: 1578:. There are other megalithic stone circles in the southwestern desert. 1426: 1347: 1168: 1098: 1070: 1042: 1007: 973: 964: 841: 831: 795: 725: 403: 209: 121: 113: 93: 6059: 4510:

Dietrich, O.; Heun, M.; Notroff, J.; Schmidt, K.; Zarnkow, M. (2012).

4260:

Megaliths in Ancient India and their possible association to astronomy

3594: 1570:

had fashioned an astronomical device that accurately marks the summer

1413:

In Europe megaliths are, in general, constructions erected during the

1202: 9603: 9372: 9357: 8955: 8940: 8865: 8848: 8766: 8651: 8592: 8582: 8577: 8500: 8379: 8267: 8193: 7960: 7950: 7789: 7324: 7304: 7168: 7014: 6994: 6878: 6702: 6657: 6611: 6370: 6313: 6232: 6049: 5557: 5552: 5532: 5368: 3467: 3130: 2908: 2868: 2793: 2777: 2724: 2718: 2702: 2652: 2570:: a straight standing stone, topped with another forming a 'T' shape. 2515: 2486: 2460: 2422: 2336: 2328: 2305: 2167: 1873: 1848: 1414: 1362: 1264:

Examples with outer areas, not used for burial, are also known. The

1254: 1235: 1219: 1110: 1066: 1062: 977: 917: 827: 791: 649: 589: 399: 375: 307: 278: 109: 5318: 5053: 4182:"Cipari archaeological park discloses prehistoric life in West Java" 3623: 3323:(4th Student ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Archived from 2158: 1893:. Few northern-style megaliths in North Korea and Manchuria contain 1852: 588:

3400 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (circular graves), Ireland (

571: 9377: 9313: 9160: 9118: 8853: 8636: 8458: 8421: 8401: 7189: 7096: 6777: 6601: 6575: 6550: 6450: 6435: 5921: 5750: 5735: 5598: 5527: 5517: 5477: 5323: 5313: 5096: 5025: 4380: 4316: 3562:

Monumental Questions: Prehistoric Megaliths, Mounds, and Enclosures

3557: 3080: 3040: 3021: 3001: 2872: 2708: 2693: 2608: 2573: 2482: 2438: 2410: 2390: 2367: 2153: 2057: 1967: 1869: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1760:

In the mid-2nd millennium CE, the megalithic funerary monuments of

1748: 1699: 1571: 1519: 1394: 1340: 1328: 1300: 1269: 1184: 1156: 1137: 1058: 1031: 985: 933: 743: 709: 701: 661: 645: 575: 421: 413: 353: 343: 250: 221: 5048:, Vol. 60, Jan. – Jun., 1930 (Jan. – Jun., 1930), pp. 47–71. 2892: 1921:

Southern-style megalithic burials are distributed in the southern

1331:. There are also extensive grave sites with up to 60 megaliths at 1319:

Further examples of megalithic tombs include the stalled cairn at

453: 389: 9439: 9231: 9177: 9123: 8945: 8751: 8661: 8515: 8416: 8374: 8237: 8156: 8109: 8097: 7375: 7152: 6823: 6375: 6028: 5946: 5608: 5572: 5346: 4447:"Emblematic signs? On the iconography of animals at Göbekli Tepe" 4304: 3061: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2800: 2744: 2735: 2638: 2628: 2451: 2434: 2402: 2363: 2277: 2253: 2232: 2123:

In South Asia, megaliths of all kinds are noted; these vary from

2116: 2111: 2053: 1832: 1824: 1606: 1523: 1444: 1430: 1390: 1351: 1243: 1215: 1192: 1149: 1109:, the Mediterranean, and neighbouring regions, mostly during the 1097:

Megalithic tombs are aboveground burial chambers, built of large

1046: 1022: 912:

The most common type of megalithic construction in Europe is the

803: 783: 739: 705: 617: 561: 499: 471: 274: 213: 154: 150: 61: 5239:

Statements in Stone: monuments and society in Neolithic Brittany

4100:. Korea Institute, Harvard University. Retrieved 10 October 2007 596:(north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark. 9507: 9044: 9022: 8875: 8811: 8756: 8146: 8124: 8092: 8066: 7744: 7709: 7704: 7294: 7284: 7091: 6999: 6984: 6616: 5341: 5251:

Pohribný, Jan (photo) & Richards, J (introduction) (2007).

5087:

G Kubler, "Period, Style and Meaning in Ancient American Art".

4958:

Megaliths, Myths, and Men: An Introduction to Astro-archaeology

4902:"Exodus 24:4 ESV – And Moses wrote down all the… | Biblia" 3111: 2948:

at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden

2797: 2769: 2748: 2687: 2623: 2593: 2539: 2455: 2355: 2335:

A semicircular arrangement of megaliths was found in Israel at

2289: 2285: 2269: 2261: 2245: 2072: 2038: 1994: 1839:. Some living megalithic traditions are found on the island of 1816: 1695: 1642: 1586: 1575: 1527: 1511: 1479: 1473: 1382: 1308: 1286: 1258: 1207: 1129: 1105:, and the term is used to describe the structures built across 1027: 981: 728:). With the bell-beakers, the Neolithic period gave way to the 665: 653: 641: 523: 491: 463: 425: 417: 361: 260: 168: 65: 5030:

A Fleming, "Megaliths and post-modernism. The case of Wales".

4924: 4729: 4702: 4690: 4362:"Megalithic Anthropomorphic Statues: Meaning and Significance" 1400: 1081: 991: 9573: 9293: 9027: 8981: 8843: 8698: 8646: 8222: 8188: 7724: 7289: 7194: 7147: 6989: 5850: 5281:

Stukeley's 'Stonehenge': an unpublished manuscript, 1721–1724

3641: 3628:

Statues-menhirs et pierres levéesdu Néolithique à aujourd’hui

3259:

Cyclops Christianus, or the supposed Antiquity of Stonehenge.

3095: 3056: 2964: 2931: 2789: 2666: 2648: 2643: 2599: 2567: 2511: 2406: 2398: 2378: 2359: 2273: 2265: 2030: 2022: 1914: 1840: 1723: 1691: 1598: 1563: 1559: 1452: 1422: 1336: 1281: 1145: 1141: 953: 790:, built around a prehistoric central fortified settlement or 669: 579: 553: 519: 479: 5319:

Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France

4622:

After the Ice – A global human History, 21,000–5,000 BC

4266:. 7th International Conference on Oriental Astronomy, Japan. 4170:(in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 87. 1405: 108:" for stone. Most extant megaliths were erected between the 9519: 9480: 8960: 8816: 8746: 8666: 8538: 8051: 7699: 5178:. Dharwar: Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University. 4988:. Amman, Jordan: The American Center of Oriental Research. 2926:

Capstones of southern-style megalithic burials in Guam-ri,

2849: 2739: 2662: 2430: 2317: 2309: 2281: 2049: 2014: 1844: 1703: 1507: 1421:

or Copper Age (4500–1500 BC). The megalithic structures of

819: 270: 134: 88:

The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian

69: 2758: 1311:

significance of the tombs is supported by the presence of

8831: 8597: 8555: 5308: 5267:

Megalithism – Sacred and Pagan Architecture in Prehistory

4048: 4046: 5288:

Archaeology of Coorg with special reference to megaliths

5108:

MW Ovenden, DA Rodger, "Megaliths and Medicine Wheels".

4833:"Marapu people struggle to get their beliefs recognized" 3756: 1451:. Smaller but older structure in the area. (Part of the 5195:

Moffett, M., Fazio, M. W., & Wodehouse, L. (2004).

3419:

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus

3401:

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus

1985: 890: 189:

Any single standing stone erected in prehistoric times.

4948:

Folk-Memory: Or, The Continuity of British Archaeology

4043: 4016: 1868:

Northeast Asian megalithic traditions originated from

1732:, a group of megaliths dated 300 BC, was used by 1566:. By the 5th millennium BC, the peoples in 5061:"The New Age of alternative archaeology of Australia" 4853:"Sumba: Inside Indonesia's secretive Marapu religion" 4642: 4257:

Vahia N, Menon M, Abbas R, Yadav N (September 2010).

4063: 4061: 3624:"Menhirs of Portugal:all Quiet on the Western Front?" 2727:: an upright slab forming part of a larger structure. 1585:, located in Egypt and broader region of the Eastern 4787: 4322: 4310: 4256: 3272:"Europe's Mighty Megaliths Mark the Winter Solstice" 1289:

or physical separation of the dead from the living.

149:

The largest megalith of the ancient world, found in

5279:Stukeley, W., Burl, A., & Mortimer, N. (2005). 5253:

Magic Stones; the secret world of ancient megaliths

5016:KL Feder, "Irrationality and Popular Archaeology". 4167:

Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I

4112:

Indonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage

5211:Early Ireland: An Introduction to Irish Prehistory 4986:Megalithic Jordan: An Introduction and Field Guide 4851: 4252: 4250: 4081:Jinju Daepyeong Okbang 1–9 Jigu Mumun Sidae Jibrak 4058: 3673:"The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac" 1498:conducted early research into megaliths. In 1805, 1140:, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, 4967:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 3520: 253:" is sometimes used with that meaning in English. 27:Large stone used to build a structure or monument 9762: 5020:, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July 1984), pp. 525–541. 4925:Goblet d'Alviella, E.; Wicksteed, P. H. (1892). 4379:Notroff, Jens; Dietrich, Oliver (January 2013). 4103: 3946:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 170–171. 3560:. In D. Calado; M. Baldia; M. Boulanger (eds.). 2826:The Old Testament, Book of Exodus, 24:4 (400 BC) 2521: 1589:, there is a megalithic cultural complex (e.g., 1381:), broad terraces, circular enclosures known as 1002:The third tomb type is a diverse group known as 904:Triangular prismatic megalith of Valle Levante, 5044:HJ Fleure, HJE Peake, "Megaliths and Beakers". 4955: 4862:. Sumba travel / Indonesia travel. London, UK. 4805: 4735: 4674:"Drowned cities: Myths and secrets of the deep" 4378: 4247: 3702:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3695: 3497: 3304: 1377:of various designs—ditches and banks (like the 712:(northeast), plus the climax of the megalithic 392:) – Possibly first standing stones in Portugal. 4211:"Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi" 4109: 3941: 3191:in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to 2178:9600–7000 cal BC), have been discovered. 2017:, an isolated island off the western coast of 1562:Desert, located 500 miles south of modern-day 794:(existed there cca. 17–16th to the end of the 406:, Spain nearby, perhaps precedent from Africa. 7909: 7361: 7056: 5384: 5188:Illustrated Encyclopedia of Humankind (The): 5110:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 4339:. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 252. 4337:A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India 3665: 3647: 3110:Dolmen at the Kuejiyeh dolmen field close to 2796:, the more than 20,000 followers of the 1788:Northern-style megalithic burial dolmen from 1510:stone cult. This unproven connection between 1155:In Italy, dolmens can be found especially in 757:were built in the British Isles at this time. 7070: 4969:. Thornham/Norfolk: Brazen Head Publishing. 4037:The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change 3915:International Journal of Modern Anthropology 3776:"Louisenlund tæt ved Østermarie på Bornholm" 3470:Glosarium Online. Retrieved 18 December 2022 3350:Rochester's History: An Illustrated Timeline 3310: 2528: 2185:, parts of the oldest level (III) have been 2025:people in the interior of North Sumatra, on 1772:. Some of the megaliths remain utilized by 448:4300 BC: Constructions in south Spain ( 438:4500 BC: Constructions in south Egypt ( 4716:The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists 4671: 2815: 1401:Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe 1385:, and frequently artificial mounds such as 1307:on the proper treatment of their dead. The 830:). The Chalcolithic period gave way to the 334:9000 BC: Constructions in Asia Minor ( 7923: 7916: 7902: 7368: 7354: 7063: 7049: 5391: 5377: 5181:Goudsward, D., & Stone, R. E. (2003). 4634:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4619: 4237:"Megalith from 5000 BC found in Telangana" 3523:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2783: 2763: 2504: 273:is a small stone-built coffin-like box or 4983: 4778: 4648: 4578: 4568: 4527: 3926: 3828: 3739: 3721: 3498:Dietrich, Oliver; Schmidt, Klaus (2010). 2103:Cross section of a megalithic burial site 1226:), Butera (Caltanissetta), Cava Lazzaro ( 916:—a chamber consisting of upright stones ( 854:1500 BC: Constructions in Portugal ( 814:2000 BC: Constructions in Brittany ( 746:. Additionally, a problematic dating (by 696:2500 BC: Constructions in Brittany ( 462:4000 BC: Constructions in Brittany ( 384:6000 BC: Constructions in Portugal ( 224:, France, consist of thousands of stones. 5357:Pretanic World – Megaliths and Monuments 5347:Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland 5206:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 5115:A Sherratt, "The Genesis of Megaliths". 4703:Goblet d'Alviella & Wicksteed (1892) 4691:Goblet d'Alviella & Wicksteed (1892) 4542: 4487: 4444: 4052: 4022: 3987: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3853: 3696:Schulz Paulsson, B. (11 February 2019). 2690:: a large single upright standing stone. 2445: 2372: 2322: 2244: 2223: 2157: 2110: 2098: 1989: 1945: 1908: 1783: 1603:cultural traditions of megalith-building 1518:at Wéris, a little town situated in the 1439: 1404: 1361: 1291: 1248: 1201: 1119: 1080: 990: 959:The second-most-common tomb type is the 899: 778: 680: 544:3600 BC: Constructions in England ( 527: 508:3700 BC: Constructions in Ireland ( 398:5000 BC: Emergence of the Atlantic 314: 306: 289: 144: 127: 55: 47: 31: 5227:(Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2009). 4964: 4944: 4595: 4422: 4140:Sistem Registrasi Nasional Cagar Budaya 4114:. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3803: 3762: 3294: 2759:Contemporary megalith-building cultures 2416: 2249:Standing stone at Ader, Southern Jordan 2218: 1354:was not a tomb but rather a sanctuary. 1117:through their structural use of stone. 882:. Megalithic construction persisted in 656:, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain ( 626:3100 BC: Constructions in Russia ( 602:3300 BC: Constructions in France ( 14: 9763: 5398: 5342:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map 5324:Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France 4760: 4067: 4039:. London: Routledge. pp. 147–165. 4034: 3621: 3574: 3514: 1950:Example of a southern-style dolmen at 1645:) were constructed for the purpose of 840:1800 BC: Constructions in Italy ( 612:3200 BC: Constructions in Malta ( 570:3500 BC: Constructions in Spain ( 311:Spread of megalithic culture in Europe 245:are called "cromlechs" (a word in the 175:for a single upright stone erected in 9087: 8726: 7992: 7897: 7349: 7044: 5372: 5122:A Thom, "Megaliths and Mathematics". 4933: 4793: 4609:. November–December 2008. p. 23. 4543:Dietrich, Laura; et al. (2019). 4466: 4334: 4276: 3615: 895: 482:, Constructions in Andalusia, Spain ( 364:. Its origin and purpose are unknown. 9088: 5295:The new stone age in northern Europe 5283:. New Haven : Yale University Press. 4849: 4086: 3908: 3873: 2772:people in the mountainous region of 1986:Living megalith culture of Indonesia 1545: 1469:Pierre Jean-Baptiste Legrand d'Aussy 891:Geographic distribution of megaliths 798:, cca. 9–8th c. BCE), surrounded by 5624:Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3165:Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3075:Megaliths with engraved figures in 2780:dates back to around 2500–1000 BC. 2493:, e.g. "the Manchester school", by 2181:At the most famous of these sites, 1437:or the other megalithic monuments. 1357: 1323:in Orkney and the passage grave at 536:, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain) 532:A model of the prehistoric town of 24: 5077:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1996.tb00358.x 5004: 3804:Slayman, Andrew L. (27 May 1998). 3575:Gorman, James (11 February 2019). 3280:. 21 December 2017. Archived from 2466: 1858: 1779: 1755: 1657:In the northwestern region of the 470:), France (central and southern), 199: 25: 9797: 9040:Megalithic architectural elements 7885:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓ 7393:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑ 6161:Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja 5302: 5176:Problem of South Indian megaliths 4866:from the original on 2022-05-12. 4467:Birch, Nicholas (22 April 2008). 4234: 2421:Megaliths occur in many parts of 2144:connected with ancestor worship. 2127:, rock-cut burial, chamber tomb, 1974: 1941: 1904: 1863: 1681: 1652: 1629:of an anthropomorphic nature. At 748:optically stimulated luminescence 672:(circular earthworks) in Britain. 578:), Ireland (south-west), France ( 468:Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro, Évora 8727: 7115: 5223:Parker, Joanne (editor) (2009). 4672:Jo Marchant (28 November 2009). 4488:Dietrich, Oliver (August 2016). 4445:Dietrich, Oliver (August 2016). 4142:. 4 October 2017. Archived from 3487:from the original on 2009-03-13. 3119: 3103: 3087: 3068: 3048: 3028: 3009: 2989: 2971: 2953: 2938: 2919: 2900: 2880: 2860: 2838: 1880:. This was prominent within the 1397:(the prehistoric step pyramid). 1124:Construction of a megalith grave 342:and other sites); perhaps proto- 140: 116:examples are known) through the 9776:Burial monuments and structures 9659:Evolutionary origin of religion 6648:List of recumbent stone circles 5336:Dolmen Path – Russian Megaliths 5297:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 5209:O'Kelly, M. J., et al. (1989). 5197:A world history of architecture 4929:. London: Williams and Norgate. 4894: 4873: 4843: 4825: 4811: 4799: 4754: 4741: 4708: 4654: 4613: 4536: 4503: 4481: 4460: 4438: 4416: 4395: 4372: 4359: 4353: 4328: 4270: 4228: 4203: 4174: 4157: 4073: 4028: 3981: 3960: 3935: 3847: 3822: 3797: 3768: 3689: 3651:Urbano biće Bosne i Hercegovine 3601: 3587: 3568: 3549: 3491: 3473: 3461: 3443: 3425: 3217: 1550: 1253:Eagle, one of the Megaliths of 834:in western and northern Europe. 676: 518:3600 BC: Constructions in 412:4800 BC: Constructions in 352:7400 BC: A 12 m long 216:. Some alignments, such as the 5726:List of multiple-stone circles 5213:. Cambridge University Press. 5192:(1994) Weldon Owen Pty Limited 4960:. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. 4917: 3407: 3389: 3371: 3338: 3264: 3251: 3237: 3160:Megalithic monuments in Europe 2768:The megalithic culture of the 2510:building cultures, such as in 1616: 1463:was the first to describe the 370:7000 BC: Construction in 13: 1: 9272:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 8802:British megalith architecture 7864:Secondary products revolution 5132:Theory, Culture & Society 5039:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4940:. Cambridge University Press. 4767:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4366:ResearchWorks Journal Hosting 4188:. 10 May 1995. Archived from 4110:Steimer-Herbet, Tara (2018). 3595:"Megalithic Temples of Malta" 3421:. Cambridge University Press. 3403:. Cambridge University Press. 3231: 3145:British megalith architecture 2867:Inside the burial chamber at 2522:Types of megalithic structure 2276:. They can be encountered in 2175: 2088: 1803:. They are also found in the 1276:of southwest England and the 1183:that can be found throughout 875: 865: 851: 837: 811: 774: 767: 735: 693: 633: 623: 609: 599: 585: 567: 541: 515: 505: 459: 445: 435: 409: 395: 381: 367: 349: 331: 323: 9267:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 8807:Nordic megalith architecture 7330:Photographs of stone circles 7025:Photographs of stone circles 5290:. Mysore: Geetha Book House. 4956:Lancaster Brown, P. (1976). 4819:"The Megaliths of Indonesia" 4570:10.1371/journal.pone.0215214 4235:P, Pavan (24 October 2016). 3909:Holl, Augustin F.C. (2021). 3677:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3543:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.07.003 3346:"Glossary of Cemetery Terms" 3180:Nordic megalith architecture 2147: 2041:people from the interior of 1815:in China, the East Coast of 1041:, of which examples include 868:1400 BC: Burial of the 824:Cava dei Servi, Cava Lazzaro 761: 302: 7: 6176:Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech 6146:Barreira Megalithic Complex 5644:Route of Megalithic Culture 5009: 4965:Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). 3990:Journal of World Prehistory 3944:Echoes of the Ancient Skies 3782:(in Danish). Archived from 3277:National Geographic Society 3199:Route of Megalithic Culture 3138: 2471: 2397:, such as those related to 285: 179:times; sometimes called a " 10: 9802: 9415:British Isles and Brittany 9336:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 7113: 6496:Long Meg and Her Daughters 6294:Dolmen del prado de Lácara 6141:Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro 5721:List of five-stone circles 5695:La Gran'mère du Chimquière 5365:(archived 25 January 1999) 5338:(archived 10 January 2007) 5183:America's Stonehenge: the 5144:10.1177/026327602761899183 4951:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4603:"The World's First Temple" 4423:Notroff, Jens (May 2017). 4136:"Megalit Tutari Doyo Lama" 3829:Alan Hall (6 April 1998). 3451:"[no title cited]" 3433:"[no title cited]" 3261:London, J. Petheram, 1849. 2831: 2679: 2531: 2151: 2092: 1978: 1934:are of the southern type. 1872:, which was in modern-day 1764:were constructed amid the 1272:and northern Ireland, the 1206:Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia ( 844:, in Sardinia started the 806:) dated to the 4th c. BCE. 157:, was quarried during the 9617: 9430: 9257: 9104: 9100: 9083: 8969: 8933: 8782: 8739: 8735: 8722: 8529: 8360: 8333: 8258: 8184: 8175: 8080: 8005: 8001: 7993: 7988: 7931: 7882: 7851: 7813: 7680: 7433: 7419:First Temperate Neolithic 7399: 7390: 7272: 7256: 7240: 7224: 7203: 7182: 7161: 7140: 7124: 7079: 6962: 6942: 6914:St Lythans burial chamber 6801: 6640: 6594: 6363: 6354: 6338: 6322: 6251: 6220: 6197:Dolmens of North Caucasus 6189: 6091:Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎ 6068: 6037: 6021: 5895: 5874: 5741:Ardristan standing stones 5713: 5667: 5586: 5470: 5444: 5428: 5407: 4984:Scheltema, H. G. (2008). 4624:. London. pp. 62–71. 4529:10.1017/S0003598X00047840 4490:"Who built Göbekli Tepe?" 3205:Stone circles of Junapani 3195:of northerneastern India. 2221:) are derived from them. 1738:Michigan State University 1278:transepted gallery graves 1234:), Avola (Siracusa), and 628:Dolmens of North Caucasus 112:period (although earlier 7030:Middle Eastern megaliths 6929:Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber 6126:Anta da Pedra dos Mouros 5856:Templebryan Stone Circle 5756:Brennanstown Portal Tomb 5508:Broken Menhir of Er Grah 5363:Modern Megalith-Building 5359:(archived 12 March 2012) 5286:Subbayya, K. K. (1978). 5241:. Routledge. 209 pages. 5204:The Archaeology of Korea 5202:Nelson, Sarah M. (1993) 5185:. Boston: Branden Books. 5171:. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp. 5160: 4945:Johnson, Walter (1908). 4881:The megalithic tradition 4714:Gaillard, Gérald (2004) 4289:(1): 244. Archived from 3210: 3155:List of megalithic sites 2816:References in literature 2615:term for a stone circle) 2579:Unchambered long barrows 2327:Megalithic structure at 2079:Lore Lindu National Park 1981:Archaeology of Indonesia 1659:Central African Republic 1502:published a book called 1339:on the Danish island of 1076: 322:passage grave, Denmark, 133:known megaliths are not 9647:Evolutionary musicology 9050:Oldest extant buildings 8977:Archaeological features 8496:Prepared-core technique 7805:Unchambered long barrow 7310:Concentric stone circle 6980:Concentric stone circle 6264:Chabola de la Hechicera 6131:Anta das Pedras Grandes 6121:Antas do Olival da Pêga 5781:Castlenalacht Stone Row 5614:Lancken-Granitz dolmens 5513:Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned 5269:. Universal Publisher. 5265:Pozzi, Alberto (2013). 4761:Harris, Barney (2018). 4335:Singh, Upinder (2008). 4277:Anuja, Geetali (2002). 3942:Krup, Edwin C. (2003). 3806:"Neolithic skywatchers" 3723:10.1073/pnas.1813268116 3622:Calado, Manuel (2015). 3455:architetturadipietra.it 3385:. Annals of Technology. 3379:"Baalbek myth megalith" 3037:Great Menhir of Er Grah 2784:The Marapu of Indonesia 2764:The Toraja of Indonesia 2505:Methods of construction 2264:border in the north of 1899:Liaoning bronze daggers 1722:region of northwestern 1706:developed a megalithic 1179:, a type of megalithic 996:Poulnabrone portal tomb 738:2500 BC: Tombs at 704:and elsewhere), Italy ( 668:, as well as the first 9609:Unchambered long cairn 9457:Mound Builders culture 8790:Neolithic architecture 7925:Prehistoric technology 7424:Linear Pottery culture 7315:Recumbent stone circle 7020:Recumbent stone circle 6416:Burnmoor stone circles 6259:Antequera Dolmens Site 6207:Megaliths in the Urals 5634:Oldendorfer Totenstatt 5548:Locmariaquer megaliths 5498:Menhir de Champ-Dolent 5352:The Modern Antiquarian 5199:. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 5065:Archaeology in Oceania 4806:Lancaster Brown (1976) 4736:Lancaster Brown (1976) 4670:, from the feature by 4053:Rhee & Choi (1992) 4023:Rhee & Choi (1992) 3648:Seka Brkljača (1996). 3170:Megaliths in the Urals 3150:Irish megalithic tombs 2829: 2477:pharaohs. Amongst the 2382: 2332: 2250: 2242: 2163: 2120: 2104: 2003:Indonesian archipelago 1998: 1958: 1918: 1796: 1609:) were constructed in 1506:, where he proposed a 1483:, both taken from the 1456: 1417:or late Stone Age and 1410: 1370: 1346:Despite its name, the 1303: 1261: 1211: 1161:Dolmen di Sa Coveccada 1125: 1094: 1018:belong to this group. 999: 909: 807: 689: 537: 327: 312: 299: 161: 73: 72:, Germany (c. 3000 BC) 53: 45: 9284:List of Stone Age art 8486:Microblade technology 8434:Langdale axe industry 8032:Ard / plough 6874:Lligwy Burial Chamber 6526:Nine Stones, Altarnun 6330:Obelisk of Theodosius 6279:Dolmen of Guadalperal 6151:Dolmen of Cunha Baixa 6008:Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum 5801:Gaulstown Portal Tomb 5791:Creevykeel Court Tomb 5314:MegalithicIreland.com 5293:Tyler, J. M. (1921). 5237:Patton, Mark (1993). 4934:Keane, A. H. (1896). 4890:(Report). West Sumba. 3968:Hanguk Gogohak Sajeon 2819: 2446:Micronesian megaliths 2376: 2326: 2272:, southwards down to 2248: 2227: 2172:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 2161: 2115:Megalithic dolmen in 2114: 2102: 1993: 1949: 1912: 1787: 1639:Senegambian megaliths 1625:, Nigeria, there are 1471:introduced the terms 1443: 1408: 1365: 1295: 1274:Severn-Cotswold tombs 1252: 1205: 1123: 1084: 994: 903: 782: 684: 531: 318: 310: 293: 148: 128:Types and definitions 96:and derives from the 59: 51: 35: 9771:Megalithic monuments 9691:Prehistoric medicine 9686:Prehistoric counting 9669:Prehistoric religion 9664:Paleolithic religion 9642:Behavioral modernity 8999:Causewayed enclosure 8891:Abri de la Madeleine 8015:Neolithic Revolution 7874:Proto-Indo-Europeans 7838:Neolithic long house 7695:Causewayed enclosure 6849:Carreg Coetan Arthur 6289:Dolmen de la Pastora 6156:Dolmen of Carapito I 6116:Anta do Monte Abraão 5746:Beltany stone circle 5578:Verziau of Gargantua 5309:Catalog of megaliths 5167:Asthana, S. (1976). 5089:New Literary History 4888:Passage to Indonesia 4607:Archaeology magazine 3928:10.4314/ijma.v2i15.1 3831:"Ancient Alignments" 2495:Grafton Elliot Smith 2417:Melanesian megaliths 2095:Archaeology in India 2062:Lesser Sunda Islands 1887:Mumun pottery period 1676:Chad/Congo watershed 1627:megalithic monoliths 1299:, megalith grave in 1297:Saint-Michel tumulus 1173:Nuragic civilization 1021:Standing stones, or 940:in the Netherlands, 846:nuragic civilisation 732:, the age of copper. 660:), Sicily, Belgium ( 171:is the name used in 9730:Prehistoric warfare 8476:Magdalenian culture 8439:Levallois technique 8370:Earliest toolmaking 7740:Megalithic entrance 7618:Starčevo–Körös–Criș 7414:Corded Ware culture 6899:Parc Cwm long cairn 6809:Barclodiad y Gawres 6013:Xagħra Stone Circle 5811:Grange stone circle 5786:Castlestrange Stone 5255:. London: Merrell. 5174:Deo, S. B. (1973). 4821:. 12 February 2019. 4662:"Atlit-Yam, Israel" 4620:Mithen, S. (2003). 4561:2019PLoSO..1415214D 4098:Early Korea Project 3835:Scientific American 3714:2019PNAS..116.3460S 3535:2015JArSR...3..398L 3311:Price, T. Douglas; 3060:in Talati de Dalt, 2996:Giant's grave near 2907:Megalithic tomb in 2551:Rectangular dolmens 2499:William James Perry 2238:Armenian Stonehenge 1688:Ethiopian Highlands 1647:ancestral reverence 1605:, megaliths (e.g., 1409:Nuraghe in Sardinia 1230:), Cava dei Servi ( 1222:), Monte Bubbonia ( 1199:and eastern Spain. 906:Fondachelli-Fantina 880:Bronze Age Collapse 720:, Germany, and the 714:Bell-beaker culture 486:), Construction in 484:Villa Martín, Cádiz 118:Chalcolithic period 9681:Origin of language 9674:Spiritual drug use 9584:Rectangular dolmen 9486:Dartmoor kistvaens 9299:Carved stone balls 9011:Circular enclosure 8970:Other architecture 8913:Alp pile dwellings 8501:Solutrean industry 8412:Gravettian culture 8062:Secondary products 7760:Rectangular dolmen 7528:Gumelnița–Karanovo 7488:Cucuteni–Trypillia 7335:European megaliths 7174:Dan (ancient city) 6970:Axial stone circle 6738:Loanhead of Daviot 6733:Kirkton of Bourtie 6728:Easter Aquhorthies 6406:Brown Willy Cairns 6309:La Torre–La Janera 6136:Anta da Vidigueira 6101:Anta de Carcavelos 6076:Almendres Cromlech 5903:Megalithic Temples 5866:Uragh Stone Circle 5846:Poulnabrone dolmen 5649:Sieben Steinhäuser 5329:2010-04-28 at the 5059:P Hiscock (1996). 5018:American Antiquity 4780:10.1111/ojoa.12142 4002:10.1007/bf00997585 3581:The New York Times 3321:Images of the Past 2913:Russian Federation 2889:Almendres Cromlech 2479:indigenous peoples 2427:Milne Bay Province 2401:, the grandson of 2383: 2377:Standing stone in 2348:Jordan Rift Valley 2333: 2298:Jordan Rift Valley 2251: 2243: 2202:only one of them, 2170:, dating from the 2164: 2121: 2105: 2035:East Nusa Tenggara 1999: 1959: 1919: 1797: 1457: 1411: 1371: 1367:Cup and ring marks 1304: 1262: 1240:Montalbano Elicona 1212: 1175:built c. 800 1126: 1095: 1000: 910: 896:European megaliths 886:into the Iron Age. 826:);, and Scotland ( 808: 690: 538: 450:Dolmen de Alberite 386:Almendres Cromlech 328: 326: 3500-2800 BC 313: 300: 279:bodies of the dead 241:In most languages 162: 74: 54: 46: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9703:Prehistoric music 9652:music archaeology 9309:Cup and ring mark 9134:Clothing/textiles 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8521:Yubetsu technique 8506:Striking platform 8471:Lithic technology 8356: 8355: 8341:Game drive system 8260:Projectile points 8152:Mortar and pestle 7891: 7890: 7828:Lithic industries 7385: 7343: 7342: 7038: 7037: 6958: 6957: 6653:Auld Bourtreebush 6531:Nine Stones Close 6274:Dolmen de Axeitos 6166:Menhir of Outeiro 6096:Antas do Barrocal 6081:Anta de Adrenunes 5952:Qortin l-Imdawwar 5761:Brownshill dolmen 5680:Le Creux ès Faïes 5568:Tombeau de Merlin 5503:Dolmen de Bagneux 5483:Tumulus of Bougon 5117:World Archaeology 4995:978-9957-8543-3-1 4976:978-0-9565106-2-4 4837:The Jjakarta Post 4693:, pp. 22–23. 4323:Vahia et al. 2010 4311:Vahia et al. 2010 4092:Bale, Martin T. " 3765:, pp. 14–17. 3437:english.cha.go.kr 3187:ranging from the 2756: 2755: 2561:Polygonal dolmens 2491:hyperdiffusionism 2341:7th millennium BC 1997:monolith, c. 1935 1829:Đồng Nai Province 1623:Cross-River State 1546:African megaliths 1447:of Kercado, near 1189:Arzachena culture 818:), Italy : ( 724:(stone circle at 708:), Sardinia, and 277:used to hold the 104:" for great and " 60:Megalithic grave 16:(Redirected from 9793: 9718:Divje Babe flute 9625:Archaeoastronomy 9368:Petrosomatoglyph 9102: 9101: 9085: 9084: 8934:Water management 8737: 8736: 8724: 8723: 8627:Denticulate tool 8449:Lithic reduction 8182: 8181: 8003: 8002: 7990: 7989: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7859:Danubian culture 7755:Polygonal dolmen 7598:Seine–Oise–Marne 7518:Globular Amphora 7379: 7377:Neolithic Europe 7370: 7363: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7273:General articles 7119: 7118: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7041: 6839:Bryn Gwyn stones 6829:Bryn Cader Faner 6708:Clach an Trushal 6595:Northern Ireland 6546:Rudston Monolith 6361: 6360: 6212:Russian geoglyph 6171:Menhir of Bulhoa 6111:Antas da Valeira 5831:Meehambee Dolmen 5629:Niedertiefenbach 5604:Fraubillen cross 5538:Hotié de Viviane 5523:Gallardet Dolmen 5488:Caixa de Rotllan 5393: 5386: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5155: 5138:(5–6): 125–143. 5084: 5079:. Archived from 4999: 4980: 4961: 4952: 4941: 4930: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4855: 4850:Eveleigh, Mark. 4847: 4841: 4840: 4839:. 17 March 2014. 4829: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4669: 4658: 4652: 4649:Scheltema (2008) 4646: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4213:. Archived from 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4186:The Jakarta Post 4178: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4101: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3985: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3906: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3858:. Archived from 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3743: 3725: 3708:(9): 3460–3465. 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3356:. Archived from 3352:. Definition of 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3313:Feinman, Gary M. 3308: 3302: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3123: 3107: 3091: 3072: 3052: 3032: 3016:Deer stone near 3013: 2993: 2975: 2957: 2942: 2923: 2904: 2884: 2864: 2842: 2827: 2529: 2208:hunter-gatherers 2177: 2083:Central Sulawesi 1964:Korean Peninsula 1932:Korean Peninsula 1923:Korean Peninsula 1801:Korean Peninsula 1358:Other structures 1313:pre-historic art 1191:, also found in 1085:Large, T-shaped 948:in Denmark, and 877: 867: 853: 839: 813: 769: 737: 695: 635: 625: 611: 601: 587: 569: 543: 517: 507: 461: 447: 437: 411: 397: 383: 369: 358:Strait of Sicily 351: 333: 325: 227:Megalithic walls 92:in reference to 90:Algernon Herbert 21: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9746: 9613: 9599:Stone box grave 9569:Megalithic tomb 9474:Cotswold-Severn 9426: 9331:Guardian stones 9259:Prehistoric art 9253: 9096: 9071: 9060:Timber trackway 8965: 8929: 8925:Wattle and daub 8778: 8757:Standing stones 8731: 8710: 8525: 8352: 8329: 8254: 8171: 8081:Food processing 8076: 8025:New World crops 7997: 7984: 7927: 7922: 7892: 7887: 7878: 7847: 7809: 7720:Guardian stones 7682: 7676: 7638: 7498:Decea Mureşului 7429: 7409:Cardium pottery 7395: 7386: 7380:(including the 7374: 7344: 7339: 7320:Chambered cairn 7268: 7252: 7236: 7220: 7199: 7178: 7157: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7087:Sands of Beirut 7075: 7071:Middle Eastern 7069: 7039: 7034: 6975:Chambered cairn 6954: 6950:Manx runestones 6938: 6797: 6753:Ring of Brodgar 6743:Lochmaben Stone 6636: 6590: 6511:Mitchell's Fold 6356: 6350: 6346:Boundary Stones 6334: 6318: 6304:Dolmen de Viera 6284:Dolmen of Menga 6269:Cova d'en Daina 6247: 6216: 6185: 6086:Anta de Agualva 6064: 6033: 6017: 5891: 5870: 5709: 5663: 5582: 5466: 5462:Tatul Sanctuary 5440: 5424: 5403: 5397: 5331:Wayback Machine 5305: 5300: 5163: 5158: 5129: 5119:. 1990. (JSTOR) 5058: 5054:10.2307/2843859 5012: 5007: 5005:Further reading 5002: 4996: 4977: 4920: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4859:The Independent 4848: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4555:(5): e0215214. 4541: 4537: 4522:(33): 674–695. 4508: 4504: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4482: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4377: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4333: 4329: 4325:, pp. 3–4. 4321: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4108: 4104: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4044: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 3986: 3982: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3940: 3936: 3921:(15): 363–412. 3907: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3837: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3519: 3515: 3496: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3309: 3305: 3293: 3289: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3141: 3134: 3127:Dolmen of Menga 3124: 3115: 3108: 3099: 3098:(Sicily, Italy) 3092: 3083: 3073: 3064: 3053: 3044: 3033: 3024: 3014: 3005: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2924: 2915: 2905: 2896: 2887:Menhirs at the 2885: 2876: 2865: 2856: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2818: 2786: 2766: 2761: 2682:Monolithic type 2619:Cyclopean walls 2584:Guardian stones 2534:Polylithic type 2524: 2507: 2474: 2469: 2467:Modern theories 2448: 2419: 2258:standing stones 2191:standing stones 2156: 2150: 2097: 2091: 2005:is the host of 1988: 1983: 1977: 1944: 1907: 1866: 1861: 1859:North East Asia 1782: 1780:Asian megaliths 1766:emergent period 1758: 1756:Southern Africa 1684: 1655: 1619: 1553: 1548: 1516:Wéris megaliths 1485:Breton language 1461:Comte de Caylus 1403: 1391:Monte d'Accoddi 1389:in England and 1360: 1197:southern France 1107:Atlantic Europe 1079: 1051:Ring of Brodgar 898: 893: 800:cyclopean walls 777: 764: 679: 638:Monte d'Accoddi 512:and elsewhere). 488:proto-Canaanite 478:), England and 372:proto-Canaanite 305: 288: 233:Cyclopean walls 202: 200:Multiple stones 143: 130: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9799: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9732: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9708:Alligator drum 9700: 9699: 9698: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9635:lunar calendar 9632: 9621: 9619: 9618:Other cultural 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9436: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9422:Venus figurine 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9353:Megalithic art 9350: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9311: 9306: 9304:Cave paintings 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9269: 9263: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9187: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9106:Material goods 9098: 9097: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8824: 8822:Cliff dwelling 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8754: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8733: 8732: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8541: 8535: 8533: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8407:Fire hardening 8404: 8399: 8397:Clovis culture 8394: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8366: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8320:Manis Mastodon 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8199:throwing stick 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8095: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8011: 8009: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7280:Standing stone 7276: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7005:Standing stone 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6834:Bryn Celli Ddu 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6581:Trethevy Quoit 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6431:Devil's Arrows 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6299:Dolmen de Soto 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Picture stones 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6181:Xerez Cromlech 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106:Anta da Estria 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6002:Xrobb l-Għaġin 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5907:Borġ l-Imramma 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5882:Jersey dolmens 5878: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5841:Piper's Stones 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:Aideen's Grave 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5690:Les Fouillages 5687: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5436:Gobustan Rocks 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5303:External links 5301: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5275:978-1612332550 5263: 5261:978-1858944135 5249: 5235: 5221: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5097:10.2307/468624 5085: 5083:on 2007-06-10. 5071:(3): 152–164. 5056: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5026:10.2307/280358 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4975: 4962: 4953: 4942: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4893: 4872: 4842: 4824: 4810: 4798: 4796:, p. 124. 4786: 4773:(3): 267–281. 4753: 4751:September 2002 4740: 4738:, p. 267. 4728: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4653: 4641: 4612: 4594: 4535: 4502: 4480: 4459: 4437: 4415: 4394: 4371: 4352: 4346:978-8131711200 4345: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4269: 4246: 4241:Times of India 4227: 4202: 4173: 4156: 4127: 4120: 4102: 4085: 4083:. GARI, Jinju. 4072: 4057: 4042: 4027: 4015: 3980: 3959: 3952: 3934: 3872: 3854:J. Clendenon. 3846: 3821: 3796: 3767: 3763:Piccolo (2013) 3755: 3688: 3664: 3640: 3614: 3600: 3586: 3567: 3548: 3513: 3490: 3472: 3460: 3442: 3424: 3406: 3388: 3370: 3337: 3303: 3295:Johnson (1908) 3287: 3284:on 2020-01-02. 3263: 3250: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3189:Khorat Plateau 3182: 3177: 3175:Nature worship 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3015: 3008: 3006: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2970: 2968: 2961:Bryn Celli Ddu 2959: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2785: 2782: 2774:South Sulawesi 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2706: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2656: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2606: 2597: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2556:Simple dolmens 2553: 2548: 2536: 2535: 2523: 2520: 2506: 2503: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2447: 2444: 2418: 2415: 2149: 2146: 2137:Non-sepulchral 2090: 2087: 2043:South Sulawesi 1987: 1984: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1975:Southeast Asia 1973: 1952:Ganghwa Island 1943: 1942:Capstone style 1940: 1906: 1905:Southern style 1903: 1865: 1864:Northern style 1862: 1860: 1857: 1790:Ganghwa Island 1781: 1778: 1770:Merina Kingdom 1757: 1754: 1743:Additionally, 1683: 1682:Eastern Africa 1680: 1654: 1653:Central Africa 1651: 1635:scarifications 1618: 1615: 1613:North Africa. 1595:solar calendar 1591:sacrificed cow 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540:megalithic art 1500:Jacques Cambry 1402: 1399: 1359: 1356: 1325:Bryn Celli Ddu 1167:). During the 1134:portal dolmens 1078: 1075: 1004:gallery graves 928:and Portugal, 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 873: 863: 849: 835: 776: 773: 772: 771: 763: 760: 759: 758: 751: 733: 678: 675: 674: 673: 631: 621: 607: 597: 583: 565: 546:Maumbury Rings 539: 513: 503: 457: 443: 433: 407: 393: 379: 365: 360:south-west of 347: 304: 301: 287: 284: 283: 282: 267: 264: 257: 254: 247:Welsh language 239: 236: 228: 225: 206: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192:Capstone style 190: 187: 184: 181:standing stone 173:Western Europe 166: 142: 139: 129: 126: 38:Ganghwa Island 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9798: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9594:Simple dolmen 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9579:Passage grave 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9525:Gallery grave 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9440:Burial mounds 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Statue menhir 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9388:Stone carving 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9227:Sewing needle 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055:Timber circle 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9004:Tor enclosure 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8992:fulacht fiadh 8990: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228:spear-thrower 8226: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8206:Bow and arrow 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8115:Grinding slab 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8047:Domestication 8045: 8043: 8042:Digging stick 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020:Founder crops 8018: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7961:New Stone Age 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:Tor enclosure 7798: 7796: 7795:Timber circle 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7780:Statue menhir 7778: 7776: 7775:Simple dolmen 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7750:Passage grave 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7672:Windmill Hill 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Pit–Comb Ware 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Penrhos Feilw 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6894:Moel Tŷ Uchaf 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Coetan Arthur 6857: 6855: 6854:Carreg Samson 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Bedd Taliesin 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6793:Yonder Bognie 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Merry Maidens 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Gardom's Edge 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Craddock Moor 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6238:Stone circles 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Thunder Stone 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Borġ in-Nadur 5910: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5887:La Hougue Bie 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Glantane East 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Brú na Bóinne 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Castel Menhir 5673: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4718:. Routledge. 4717: 4711: 4705:, p. 23. 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4679: 4678:New Scientist 4675: 4667: 4666:New Scientist 4663: 4657: 4650: 4645: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4491: 4484: 4477:. London, UK. 4476: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4448: 4441: 4426: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4293:on 2013-05-10 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4217:on 2010-02-23 4216: 4212: 4206: 4192:on 2016-03-03 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4160: 4146:on 2022-07-26 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4121:9781784918446 4117: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4079:GARI (2002) 4076: 4069: 4068:Nelson (1999) 4064: 4062: 4055:, p. 68. 4054: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4031: 4025:, p. 70. 4024: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862:on 2009-05-03 3861: 3857: 3850: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3786:on 2013-04-02 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3609:"Archaeology" 3604: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3360:on 2013-06-05 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3327:on 2007-09-30 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Plain of Jars 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846:Easter Island 2841: 2836: 2835: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738:such as most 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2713:stone circles 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2671:Easter Island 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Giant's grave 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589:Passage grave 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546:Great dolmens 2544: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395:Old Testament 2392: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Golan Heights 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:North Sumatra 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1611:Mediterranean 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593:burial site, 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1536:Brú na Bóinne 1533: 1532:passage grave 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1465:Carnac stones 1462: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1435:giant's grave 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Dorset Cursus 1376: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268:of southwest 1267: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Caltanissetta 1221: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:gallery grave 1178: 1177:Giants' grave 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093:, Netherlands 1092: 1091:Borger-Odoorn 1088: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1014:, and German 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Brú na Bóinne 966: 962: 961:passage grave 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 907: 902: 885: 881: 874: 871: 864: 861: 857: 856:Alter Pedroso 850: 847: 843: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 810: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 766: 765: 756: 755:stone circles 752: 749: 745: 741: 734: 731: 727: 723: 722:British Isles 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 692: 691: 687: 683: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 629: 622: 619: 615: 608: 605: 604:Carnac stones 598: 595: 591: 584: 581: 577: 573: 566: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:Godmanchester 547: 540: 535: 530: 525: 521: 514: 511: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466:), Portugal ( 465: 458: 455: 451: 444: 441: 434: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 408: 405: 401: 394: 391: 387: 380: 377: 373: 366: 363: 359: 355: 348: 345: 341: 337: 330: 329: 321: 320:Klekkende Høj 317: 309: 298:architecture. 296: 292: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 255: 252: 249:); the word " 248: 244: 243:stone circles 240: 238:Stone circles 237: 235: 234: 229: 226: 223: 219: 218:Carnac Stones 215: 211: 207: 204: 203: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 156: 152: 147: 141:Single stones 138: 136: 125: 123: 120:and into the 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:Ancient Greek 95: 91: 86: 83: 79: 71: 67: 63: 58: 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9781:Sacred rocks 9535:wedge-shaped 9520:Funeral pyre 9513:Great dolmen 9469:Chamber tomb 9450:Round barrow 9405:Stone circle 9277:Blombos Cave 9205:Grooved ware 9129:Chalcolithic 9033:Thornborough 8951:Flush toilet 8886:Blombos Cave 8881:Rock shelter 8837:Quiggly hole 8761: 8729:Architecture 8704:illustration 8346:Buffalo jump 8167:Storage pits 8130:Aşıklı Höyük 8120:Ground stone 7956:Subdivisions 7823:Grooved ware 7785:Stone circle 7770:Round barrow 7734: 7715:Great dolmen 7683:architecture 7508:Funnelbeaker 7382:Chalcolithic 7300:Stone circle 7248:Kharg Island 7216:Karahan Tepe 7211:Göbekli Tepe 7141:Saudi Arabia 7072: 7010:Stone circle 6889:Meini Hirion 6844:Capel Garmon 6632:Giant's Ring 6561:Stanton Drew 6516:Mulfra Quoit 6481:Hordron Edge 6471:Grey Wethers 6441:Drizzlecombe 6381:Barbrook One 5977:Ta' Raddiena 5972:Ta' Marżiena 5826:Knocknakilla 5771:Carrigagulla 5685:Déhus Dolmen 5420:Zorats Karer 5400: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5266: 5252: 5238: 5224: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5190:Worlds Apart 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5081:the original 5068: 5064: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5017: 4985: 4966: 4957: 4947: 4936: 4926: 4905:. Retrieved 4896: 4887: 4875: 4867: 4857: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4813: 4801: 4794:Keane (1896) 4789: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4748: 4743: 4731: 4715: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4677: 4665: 4656: 4644: 4621: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4494:. Retrieved 4483: 4474:The Guardian 4472: 4462: 4451:. Retrieved 4440: 4429:. Retrieved 4418: 4407:. Retrieved 4397: 4391:(13): 36–47. 4388: 4384: 4374: 4365: 4355: 4336: 4330: 4318: 4313:, p. 4. 4306: 4295:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4286: 4282: 4272: 4259: 4240: 4230: 4219:. Retrieved 4215:the original 4205: 4194:. Retrieved 4190:the original 4185: 4176: 4166: 4159: 4148:. Retrieved 4144:the original 4139: 4130: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4036: 4030: 4018: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3966:Goindol in 3962: 3943: 3937: 3918: 3914: 3864:. Retrieved 3860:the original 3849: 3838:. Retrieved 3834: 3824: 3813:. Retrieved 3809: 3799: 3788:. Retrieved 3784:the original 3779: 3770: 3758: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3680:. Retrieved 3676: 3667: 3656:. Retrieved 3650: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3627: 3617: 3603: 3589: 3580: 3570: 3561: 3551: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3510:(10): 82–83. 3507: 3503: 3493: 3475: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3358:the original 3353: 3349: 3340: 3329:. Retrieved 3325:the original 3320: 3306: 3290: 3282:the original 3275: 3266: 3258: 3257:Herbert, A. 3253: 3239: 3219: 3055: 2946:Ale's Stones 2928:Jeollabuk-do 2820: 2810: 2806: 2787: 2767: 2644:Round Towers 2603: 2525: 2508: 2475: 2449: 2425:, mainly in 2420: 2387:Mesopotamian 2384: 2345: 2334: 2302:Kharg Island 2294:Saudi Arabia 2252: 2237: 2229:Zorats Karer 2212: 2200: 2195: 2183:Göbekli Tepe 2180: 2165: 2162:Göbekli Tepe 2142: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2106: 2077: 2070: 2047: 2007:Austronesian 2000: 1960: 1936: 1920: 1867: 1798: 1759: 1742: 1728: 1685: 1661:, there are 1656: 1620: 1580: 1554: 1551:North Africa 1503: 1489:antiquarians 1478: 1472: 1458: 1419:Chalcolithic 1412: 1387:Silbury Hill 1372: 1369:, in England 1345: 1318: 1305: 1266:Court Cairns 1263: 1218:), Sciacca ( 1213: 1160: 1154: 1127: 1115:long barrows 1103:chamber tomb 1096: 1086: 1039:stone circle 1036: 1020: 1015: 1012:long barrows 1001: 976:in Ireland, 958: 949: 945: 944:in Germany, 941: 937: 929: 921: 911: 802:(similar to 730:Chalcolithic 686:Zorats Karer 677:Chalcolithic 658:Los Millares 534:Los Millares 496:Rujm el-Hiri 336:Göbekli Tepe 295:Göbekli Tepe 231: 230:Also called 159:Roman Empire 131: 87: 77: 75: 29: 9557:unchambered 9552:Long barrow 9542:Grave goods 9498:Court cairn 9493:Clava cairn 9445:Bowl barrow 9383:Rock cupule 9326:Golden hats 9319:Hill figure 9220:Unstan ware 9200:Cord-marked 9065:Sweet Track 8987:Burnt mound 8908:Stilt house 8896:Sibudu Cave 8689:Tally stick 8657:Quern-stone 8642:Hammerstone 8632:Fire plough 8603:Pesse canoe 8561:Bannerstone 8531:Other tools 8444:Lithic core 8392:Aurignacian 8280:Bare Island 8162:Quern-stone 7843:Unstan ware 7730:Long barrow 7690:Bank barrow 7647:Tiszapolgár 7613:Sredny Stog 7578:Pitted Ware 7264:Barda Balka 7232:Nabta Playa 6943:Isle of Man 6924:Tinkinswood 6909:Pentre Ifan 6869:Llanfechell 6864:Foel Chwern 6814:Bedd Arthur 6768:Steinacleit 6521:Nine Ladies 6491:Leper Stone 6401:Bridestones 6391:Boscawen-Un 6243:Stone ships 6221:Scandinavia 6022:Netherlands 5957:Santa Verna 5861:Turoe Stone 5836:Mount Venus 5639:Riesenstein 5563:Peyre-Brune 5452:Beglik Tash 4918:Works cited 3810:Archaeology 3780:Europage.dk 3529:: 398–407. 3504:Neo-Lithics 3079:, southern 2854:Rano Raraku 2314:Barda Balka 2204:Nevalı Çori 2011:Melanesians 1956:South Korea 1895:grave goods 1878:North Korea 1794:South Korea 1747:in central 1730:Namoratunga 1617:West Africa 1583:Nabta Playa 1568:Nabta Playa 1556:Nabta Playa 1459:The French 1455:is visible) 1333:Louisenlund 1099:stone slabs 1071:Bronze Ages 1016:Steinkisten 1008:court tombs 988:in France. 914:portal tomb 870:Egtved Girl 822:); Sicily ( 640:), France ( 594:Netherlands 510:Knockiveagh 440:Nabta Playa 340:Nevalı Çori 177:prehistoric 80:is a large 44:(c. 300 BC) 42:South Korea 9765:Categories 9696:trepanning 9589:Ring cairn 9547:Jar burial 9530:transepted 9462:U.S. sites 9363:Petroglyph 9289:Bird stone 9247:wine press 8920:Stone roof 8903:Roundhouse 8795:long house 8772:Stonehenge 8740:Ceremonial 8684:Stone tool 8511:Tool stone 8481:Metallurgy 8385:Mousterian 8362:Toolmaking 8300:Cumberland 8273:Transverse 8243:Schöningen 8135:Qesem cave 8103:Earth oven 8057:Irrigation 7968:Technology 7936:Prehistory 7869:Old Europe 7833:Metallurgy 7815:Technology 7681:Monumental 7478:Cortaillod 7107:Wadi Boura 6934:Whetstones 6919:Trefignath 6884:Maen Madoc 6788:Tyrebagger 6783:Tomnaverie 6713:Colmeallie 6662:Callanish 6622:Drumskinny 6566:Stonehenge 6501:Mên-an-Tol 6476:Hoarstones 6456:Five Wells 6421:Castlerigg 6233:Runestones 6045:Brąchnówko 5967:Ta' Ħaġrat 5816:High cross 5776:Carrowmore 5700:Le Trépied 5654:Wotanstein 5429:Azerbaijan 5247:0415067294 5233:1443813389 5219:0521336872 4907:2022-12-18 4724:0415228255 4496:2019-08-04 4453:2019-08-04 4431:2019-08-04 4409:2019-08-04 4403:"The Site" 4385:NeoLithics 4360:Rao, K.P. 4297:2009-06-18 4283:Purātattva 4221:2009-12-10 4196:2009-12-10 4150:2022-07-29 3978:pp. 72–75. 3976:8955080255 3953:0486428826 3866:2007-03-21 3840:2015-12-27 3815:2007-03-21 3790:2012-11-14 3682:2021-10-28 3658:2021-10-28 3634:2016-09-01 3415:"monolith" 3383:New Yorker 3364:2018-07-28 3331:2018-07-28 3317:"Glossary" 3297:, p. 3232:References 3193:Dima Hasao 3094:Dolmen of 2895:, Portugal 2747:, central 2731:Stone ship 2699:Alignments 2596:or barrows 2481:of India, 2215:Stonehenge 2168:orthostats 2152:See also: 2133:Sepulchral 2093:See also: 2089:South Asia 2066:New Guinea 2033:island in 1882:Liao River 1837:South Asia 1827:in Japan, 1762:Madagascar 1714:period of 1672:Oubanguian 1631:Tondidarou 1427:Stonehenge 1375:earthworks 1348:Stone Tomb 1169:Bronze Age 1043:Stonehenge 1034:, France. 1010:, British 974:Carrowmore 918:orthostats 842:Giovinazzo 832:Bronze Age 796:Bronze Age 775:Bronze Age 726:Stonehenge 688:in Armenia 404:La Almagra 205:Alignments 122:Bronze Age 114:Mesolithic 94:Stonehenge 36:Dolmen at 18:Megalithic 9786:Stone Age 9740:symbolism 9604:Tor cairn 9562:Grønsalen 9503:Cremation 9395:Sculpture 9373:Pictogram 9358:Petroform 9178:amber use 9146:Cosmetics 8956:Reservoir 8941:Check dam 8871:Pueblitos 8866:Pit-house 8849:Longhouse 8783:Dwellings 8652:Microlith 8583:Bow drill 8578:Bone tool 8571:prismatic 8380:Acheulean 8295:Cresswell 8268:Arrowhead 8194:Boomerang 8110:Granaries 8072:Terracing 7951:Stone Age 7790:Stone row 7463:Cernavodă 7325:Harrespil 7305:Stone row 7169:Atlit Yam 7073:megaliths 7015:Stone row 6995:Harrespil 6879:Maen Llia 6723:Drybridge 6718:Dunnideer 6703:Cat Stane 6658:Balquhain 6627:Legananny 6612:Beaghmore 6541:Rollright 6411:Bull Ring 6396:Boskednan 6371:Arbor Low 6314:Son Matge 6050:Grzybnica 5937:Ħal Ġinwi 5932:Ħaġar Qim 5594:Altendorf 5558:Paddaghju 5553:Mane Braz 5533:Harrespil 5401:megaliths 5399:European 5152:145375098 5124:Antiquity 5032:Antiquity 4937:Ethnology 4749:Antiquity 4630:cite book 4516:Antiquity 4010:145722584 3996:(1): 68. 3732:0027-8424 3131:Antequera 2909:Khakasiya 2869:Mane Braz 2794:Indonesia 2778:Indonesia 2725:Orthostat 2719:Trilithon 2709:Cycoliths 2705:avenues ) 2703:Stone row 2653:Polynesia 2574:Cistvaens 2516:Indonesia 2487:Polynesia 2461:Nan Madol 2423:Melanesia 2381:, Jordan. 2337:Atlit Yam 2329:Atlit Yam 2306:Pirazmian 2280:, Syria, 2268:close to 2219:see below 2187:C14-dated 2148:West Asia 2037:and also 1891:Han River 1874:Manchuria 1849:Indonesia 1712:Christian 1663:megaliths 1415:Neolithic 1255:Argimusco 1236:Argimusco 1220:Agrigento 1148:or earth 1136:found in 1111:Neolithic 1067:Neolithic 1063:Lough Gur 998:, Ireland 978:Maes Howe 965:corbelled 942:Hünengrab 828:Callanish 792:acropolis 762:Stone Age 650:Languedoc 614:Ħaġar Qim 590:Newgrange 564:temples). 526:temples). 474:, Spain ( 400:Neolithic 376:Atlit Yam 303:Neolithic 110:Neolithic 9378:Rock art 9341:painting 9314:Geoglyph 9139:timeline 9119:Beadwork 8859:Mehrgarh 8854:Mudbrick 8762:megalith 8637:Fire-saw 8459:debitage 8454:analysis 8422:Hand axe 8402:Cupstone 7980:Glossary 7941:Timeline 7852:Concepts 7735:Megalith 7667:Wartberg 7624:Starčevo 7568:Petrești 7548:Karanovo 7533:Hamangia 7523:Gornești 7483:Coțofeni 7473:Chasséen 7435:Cultures 7401:Horizons 7190:Johfiyeh 7097:Kouachra 6778:Sunhoney 6773:Strichen 6763:Stenness 6641:Scotland 6607:Ballynoe 6602:Aughlish 6576:Swinside 6571:Stripple 6551:Scorhill 6466:Goodaver 6451:Fernacre 6436:Doll Tor 6386:Birkrigg 6069:Portugal 5992:Tas-Silġ 5982:Tal-Qadi 5927:Ġgantija 5922:Debdieba 5821:Kealkill 5751:Bohonagh 5736:Ardgroom 5705:La Varde 5668:Guernsey 5599:Denghoog 5543:Kerzérho 5528:Gavrinis 5518:Filitosa 5478:Barnenez 5445:Bulgaria 5415:Metsamor 5327:Archived 5010:Articles 4864:Archived 4589:31042741 4549:PLOS ONE 3750:30808740 3485:Archived 3397:"menhir" 3354:megalith 3315:(2005). 3139:See also 3114:, Jordan 3081:Ethiopia 3041:Brittany 3022:Mongolia 3002:Sardinia 2875:, France 2873:Brittany 2824:— 2788:In West 2694:Baetylus 2639:Talayots 2609:Cromlech 2483:Malaysia 2472:Purposes 2439:Kiriwina 2411:Nabatean 2368:Ethiopia 2331:, Israel 2196:no heads 2154:Matzevah 2117:Marayoor 2058:Sulawesi 1968:Changwon 1897:such as 1870:Gojoseon 1813:Zhejiang 1809:Shandong 1805:Liaoning 1774:Malagasy 1749:Ethiopia 1734:Cushitic 1700:Ethiopia 1572:solstice 1520:Ardennes 1496:Stukeley 1395:Sardinia 1341:Bornholm 1329:Anglesey 1301:Brittany 1270:Scotland 1228:Siracusa 1185:Sardinia 1157:Sardinia 1138:Brittany 1069:and the 1059:solstice 1032:Brittany 986:Gavrinis 950:cromlech 934:Sardinia 930:stazzone 908:, Sicily 744:Portugal 710:Scotland 702:Kermario 698:Le Menec 662:Ardennes 646:Dordogne 576:Guadiana 558:Ġgantija 422:Barnenez 414:Brittany 374:Israel ( 354:monolith 286:Timeline 251:cromlech 222:Brittany 186:Monolith 78:megalith 9735:Symbols 9346:pigment 9232:Weaving 9195:Cardium 9190:Pottery 9185:Mirrors 9173:Jewelry 9114:Baskets 9094:culture 8946:Cistern 8752:Pyramid 8694:Weapons 8672:Scraper 8662:Racloir 8622:Cleaver 8610:Chopper 8516:Uniface 8427:Grooves 8417:Hafting 8375:Oldowan 8334:Systems 8285:Cascade 8248:woomera 8238:harpoon 8211:history 8177:Hunting 8157:Pottery 8098:Cooking 8007:Farming 7973:history 7946:Outline 7662:Vučedol 7593:Rzucewo 7553:Lengyel 7503:Dudești 7153:Tihamah 7080:Lebanon 6963:General 6824:Bodowyr 6758:Sheldon 6748:Pictish 6586:Trippet 6556:Stannon 6486:Hurlers 6376:Avebury 6364:England 6357:Kingdom 6339:Ukraine 6060:Węsiory 6029:Hunebed 5997:Xemxija 5987:Tarxien 5947:Mnajdra 5917:Buġibba 5796:Drombeg 5714:Ireland 5659:Züschen 5609:Harhoog 5587:Germany 5573:Tremeca 5408:Armenia 5126:, 1966. 5105:, 1998. 5034:, 2005. 4726:, p. 48 4580:6493732 4557:Bibcode 3856:"Nabta" 3741:6397522 3710:Bibcode 3531:Bibcode 3133:, Spain 3062:Menorca 3004:, Italy 2998:Dorgali 2983:Majorca 2979:Talaiot 2832:Gallery 2801:animist 2745:Verraco 2736:Statues 2629:Nuraghi 2624:Kurgans 2604:Galgals 2452:Pohnpei 2435:Vanuatu 2403:Abraham 2364:Somalia 2278:Lebanon 2262:Turkish 2254:Dolmens 2233:Armenia 2129:dolmens 2125:menhirs 2119:, India 2054:Sumatra 1917:, Korea 1833:Vietnam 1825:Shikoku 1768:of the 1720:Turkana 1686:In the 1674:Ridge, 1668:Adamawa 1641:(e.g., 1607:dolmens 1534:of the 1524:Drenthe 1445:Tumulus 1431:Nuraghe 1352:Ukraine 1321:Midhowe 1280:of the 1244:Messina 1216:Palermo 1193:Corsica 1130:dolmens 1089:D27 in 1087:Hunebed 1055:Beltany 1047:Avebury 1023:menhirs 938:hunebed 926:Galicia 860:Mourela 816:Er Grah 804:Mycenae 784:Daorson 740:Algarve 706:Otranto 664:), and 618:Tarxien 562:Mnajdra 552:), and 500:dolmens 494:, e.g. 476:Galicia 472:Corsica 344:Hattian 275:ossuary 214:spirals 155:Lebanon 151:Baalbek 100:words " 62:Harhoog 9713:flutes 9508:Dolmen 9432:Burial 9242:winery 9215:Linear 9045:Midden 9023:Cursus 9016:Goseck 8876:Pueblo 8827:Dugout 8812:Burdei 8491:Mining 8315:Lamoka 8310:Folsom 8290:Clovis 8147:Metate 8125:Hearth 8093:Basket 8067:Sickle 7765:Rondel 7745:Menhir 7710:Dolmen 7705:Cursus 7603:Sesklo 7588:Rössen 7543:Kakanj 7538:Horgen 7493:Danilo 7458:Butmir 7448:Beaker 7295:Menhir 7285:Dolmen 7204:Turkey 7183:Jordan 7162:Israel 7092:Hermel 7000:Menhir 6985:Dolmen 6698:Carlin 6617:Corick 6536:Pipers 6355:United 6323:Turkey 6190:Russia 6038:Poland 5962:Skorba 5942:Kordin 5875:Jersey 5493:Carnac 5471:France 5273: 5259: 5245: 5231: 5217: 5150: 5112:, 1978 5103:Nature 5041:, 1999 4992: 4973: 4722: 4587: 4577: 4343: 4118: 4008: 3974: 3950: 3748: 3738: 3730: 3468:Dolman 3112:Madaba 2798:Marapu 2770:Toraja 2749:Iberia 2688:Menhir 2600:Cairns 2594:Tumuli 2540:Dolmen 2456:Kosrae 2356:Hauran 2354:, the 2292:, and 2290:Jordan 2286:Israel 2270:Aleppo 2174:(PPN, 2073:Cipari 2064:, and 2039:Toraja 2027:Flores 2021:, the 1995:Toraja 1853:Dolmen 1821:Kyūshū 1817:Taiwan 1811:, and 1708:stelae 1696:tumuli 1643:tumuli 1587:Sahara 1576:cattle 1560:Nubian 1528:Knowth 1512:druids 1508:Celtic 1492:Aubrey 1480:dolmen 1474:menhir 1449:Carnac 1383:henges 1309:ritual 1287:ritual 1259:Sicily 1232:Ragusa 1208:Sicily 1171:, the 1163:(near 1150:barrow 1028:Carnac 984:, and 982:Orkney 788:Bosnia 718:Iberia 670:henges 666:Orkney 654:Biscay 642:Saumur 572:Málaga 524:Skorba 492:Levant 464:Carnac 430:Bougon 426:Poitou 424:) and 418:France 362:Sicily 261:dolmen 256:Dolmen 169:Menhir 165:Menhir 106:lithos 66:Keitum 9630:sites 9574:Mummy 9294:Cairn 9210:Jōmon 9161:shoes 9156:Hides 9028:Henge 8982:Broch 8844:Jacal 8699:Wheel 8647:Knife 8593:Canoe 8588:Burin 8566:Blade 8464:flake 8325:Plano 8233:baton 8223:Spear 8189:Arrow 8142:Manos 7995:Tools 7725:Henge 7657:Vinča 7652:Varna 7642:Tisza 7629:Körös 7608:Sopot 7563:Neman 7558:Narva 7513:Gaudo 7468:Cerny 7453:Boian 7443:Baden 7426:(LBK) 7290:Henge 7225:Egypt 7195:Amman 7148:Hejaz 7125:Syria 7102:Tlail 6990:Henge 6802:Wales 6446:Duloe 6252:Spain 5896:Malta 5851:Reask 5619:Lohra 5457:Garlo 5161:Books 5148:S2CID 4884:(PDF) 4264:(PDF) 4096:" in 4006:S2CID 3211:Notes 3096:Avola 3057:Taula 3018:Mörön 2965:Wales 2932:Korea 2893:Évora 2790:Sumba 2667:Pukao 2661:with 2649:Marae 2613:Welsh 2568:Taula 2512:Sumba 2407:Moses 2399:Jacob 2379:Amman 2360:Hejaz 2312:, at 2274:Yemen 2266:Syria 2031:Sumba 2023:Batak 1927:Mumun 1915:Yeosu 1841:Sumba 1724:Kenya 1692:Harar 1599:altar 1564:Cairo 1530:is a 1453:Cairn 1423:Malta 1337:Gryet 1282:Loire 1165:Mores 1146:cairn 1142:Wales 1077:Tombs 954:Wales 946:dysse 884:Egypt 580:Arles 554:Malta 520:Malta 480:Wales 454:Cádiz 390:Évora 135:tombs 82:stone 9723:gudi 9481:Cist 9410:list 9237:Wine 9166:Ötzi 9151:Glue 9124:Beds 9092:and 9090:Arts 8961:Well 8817:Cave 8747:Kiva 8677:side 8667:Rope 8615:tool 8549:bone 8539:Adze 8305:Eden 8218:Nets 8088:Fire 8052:Goad 8037:Celt 7700:Cist 7634:Criş 7583:Pfyn 7257:Iraq 7241:Iran 6686:VIII 6055:Odry 5271:ISBN 5257:ISBN 5243:ISBN 5229:ISBN 5215:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4971:ISBN 4720:ISBN 4636:link 4585:PMID 4341:ISBN 4116:ISBN 3972:ISBN 3948:ISBN 3746:PMID 3728:ISSN 3077:Tiya 3035:the 2850:Moai 2740:moai 2711:(or 2701:(or 2665:and 2663:Moai 2659:Ahus 2497:and 2454:and 2433:and 2431:Fiji 2391:Ader 2366:and 2318:Iraq 2310:Iran 2304:and 2282:Iran 2256:and 2071:The 2050:Java 2029:and 2015:Nias 2009:and 2001:The 1876:and 1845:Nias 1843:and 1835:and 1823:and 1745:Tiya 1716:Axum 1704:Axum 1494:and 1477:and 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