138:'s claims of Nordic peoples being strongly Aryan, saying that Aryans were not Nordic in appearance. Instead he claimed that Nordics were "Aryanized Euroafricans", and that the Nordic race is related to Mediterranean race. Sergi responded to typical Nordicist claims of superiority of Nordics over Mediterraneans, by saying that the reason for the perceived lack of wealth or progress in Romance-speaking countries as compared with countries of Northern Europe was because the Aryans of the North, living in frigid climates had developed close-knit groups that allowed them to survive in that environment, as such they became more disciplined, productive civic-minded than southern Europeans. However Sergi rejected claims that Aryans who were a Euroasian people were responsible for founding Greco-Latin civilization. Sergi described the original Aryans in Europe in a negative manner: "The Aryans were savages when they invaded Europe: they destroyed in part the superior civilization of the Neolithic populations, and could not have created the Greco-Latin civilization". Sergi claimed that the only contribution by the ancient Aryans to European civilization was Indo-European languages.
183:
20:
145:, the Germans ... remained barbarians as in prehistoric times". He claimed that the Romans were unable to Romanize the Germans because the Germans were averse to the Romans' civilizing influence. He rejected Germanic scholars' claims that Germans were the saviors of a decadent post-Roman Italy. Instead Sergi claimed that the Germans were responsible for bringing forward the
330:
theories increasingly influenced
Italian Fascist thought, many Italian Fascists began to embrace a new form of Mediterraneanism, a variant that mixed Nazi Nordicism with original Mediterraneanism. Unlike other forms of Mediterraneanism, this form based its racial view on Nazism and asserted that Italians were part of the "white race" or "white Aryan race" and utilized
218:, a racial theory popular at the time among Northwestern European and Germanic racial theorists, as well as racial theorists of Northwestern European descent in countries such as the United States, that viewed non-Nordic people, including some Italians and other Mediterranean people, as racially subordinate to the Nordic, Aryan, or Germanic peoples.
382:
in Europe, and as the
Fascist Italian regime sought unity with Nazi Germany, the Fascist regime gave previously-fringe Italian Nordicists prominent positions in the National Fascist Party (PNF), which aggravated the original Mediterraneanists in the party. Prominent (and previously fringe) Nordicists
153:
supported
Mediterraneanist claims, stating "it must, I think, be recognized that the Mediterranean race has actually more achievement to its credit than any other, since it is responsible for by far the greater part of Mediterranean civilization, certainly before 1000 B.C. (and probably much later),
197:
At first, Italian
Fascism promoted a variant of Mediterraneanism that, like Sergi's strain of Mediterraneanism, held that Mediterranean people and cultures shared a common historical and cultural bond. Initially, this variant mostly avoided explicit racial connotations; its followers often rejected
173:
in a place of privilege amongst the peoples of Africa, as retainers of the lost Roman legacy in Africa. It was claimed that if the
Berbers could be culturally separated from the Arabo-Islamic surrounding culture, that the Berbers would become natural allies of the French through their Mediterranean
329:
racial heritage; among most other
Italian Fascists, Nordicism and “Nazi Aryanism” remained at odds with Italian Fascist theories on the greatness of the Mediterranean people. However, by 1938, as the alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany became stronger, and as Nazi German policies and
276:
Nordicists who viewed
Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate. Both Nordicism and biological racism were often considered incompatible with the early Italian fascist philosophy at the time; Nordicism inherently subordinated Italians and other Mediterranean people beneath the Germans and
429:
as head of Italy's Racial Office in May 1941, as well as with
Mussolini becoming interested with Evola's spiritual Nordicism in late 1941. Acerbo and the Mediterraneanists in his High Council on Demography and Race sought to bring the regime back to supporting Mediterraneanism by thoroughly
277:
Northwestern
Europeans in its proposed racial hierarchy, and early Italian fascists, including Mussolini, often viewed race as a cultural and political invention rather than a biological reality or saw physical race as something that could be overcome through culture. In a speech given in
169:. Braudel had entered his doctrinal studies in the 1920s at the precise time when the issue of Mediterranean unity was being fiercely debated. Braudel supported the pro-unity argument. The argument for Mediterranean unity justified French colonialism in Algeria and viewed the
245:. Italian Fascism emphasized that race was bound by spiritual and cultural foundations, and identified a racial hierarchy based on spiritual and cultural factors. Mussolini explicitly rejected notions that biologically "pure" races existed in modern times.
375:(1960) suggest that Mussolini enacted the Italian Racial Laws and turned towards Nazi racial theories partially to appease his Nazi German allies, rather than to satisfy a genuine anti-Semitic sentiment among the Italian people.
391:
for race but was a supporter of spiritual
Nordicism. In direct contradiction of the earlier or original forms of Mediterraneanism that embraced the idea of a shared origin or culture among all people of the Mediterranean, the
442:"constitutes an unjustifiable and undemonstrable negation of the anthropological, ethnological, and archaeological discoveries that have occurred and are occurring in our country". Furthermore, the Council denounced the
114:
race which has appeared in North Africa…derived neither from the black nor white peoples, but constitut an autonomous stock in the human family.". Sergi claimed that the Mediterranean Race probably historically spoke a
248:
In 1929, Mussolini asserted that Jewish culture was Mediterranean and that Jews were native to Italy, after living there for a long time. He also praised their contributions to Italy despite their minority status.
450:
for having "a formative influence on the Italian race in a disproportional degree to the number of invaders and to their biological predominance". The High Council claimed that the obvious superiority of the
198:
biological racism and instead stressed the importance of the cultural aspects rather than the racial aspects of the Mediterranean peoples. Implicitly, however, this form of Mediterraneanism posited the
425:, put forward a comprehensive definition of the Italian race. However these efforts were challenged by Mussolini's endorsement of Nordicist figures with the appointment of staunch spiritual Nordicist
309:, the Italian Fascists became divided in their stance on Mediterraneanism. Originally, Nazi-like Nordicist racial theories were found among only a small number of fringe Italian Fascists, mostly
154:
and so shaped not only the Aegean cultures, but those of Western as well as the greater part of Eastern Mediterranean lands, while the culture of their near relatives, the Hamitic pre-dynastic
131:. Sergi noted that the Roman Empire led to the spread of Mediterranean civilization across Europe and thus contemporary European civilization was bound by ancestry to the Mediterranean race.
281:
in 1934, Mussolini reiterated his attitude toward Nordicism: "Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the
60:, often placing Mediterranean people and cultures above other cultures. This form of Mediterraneanism was in stark contrast to and was partially a reaction to the then-popular
193:
and the subsequent influence of pro-Nordicist Nazism on his policies, he began to promote pro-Nordic Aryanism and suggested that Italians had Nordic-Mediterranean heritage.
97:
345:
and officially but gradually recognized and embraced the racial myth of Italians having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent. According to the
387:
rejected Mediterraneanism and, in particular, Evola denounced Sergi's association of Southern Europeans with Northern Africans as "dangerous". Evola rejected
762:
426:
353:, in a meeting with Fascist Party members, Mussolini declared that previous policy of focus on Mediterraneanism was to be replaced by a focus on
165:
in the 1920s invoked the conception of the Mediterraneanism including claims of Mediterranean universalism to justify French colonialism in
256:
and Nazi conception of the Aryan race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as
56:
initially adhered strongly to a similar version of Mediterraneanism that claimed a bond existed between all Mediterranean cultures and
872:
712:
646:
848:
772:
504:
272:." The antipathy by Mussolini and other Italian Fascists to Nordicism was over the existence of such theories by German and
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in the Medieval period and that the Germans of the Medieval period were known for "delinquency, vagabondage, and ferocity".
758:
371:
39:
141:
Sergi claimed the Nordics had made no substantial contribution to pre-modern civilization, noting that "in the epoch of
722:
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and Mediterranean race". In this speech Mussolini was referring to Italians as being the Mediterranean branch of the
52:
was "the greatest race...derived neither from the black nor white people...an autonomous stock in the human family."
699:
The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border: Difference, Identity, and Sovereignty in Twentieth-Century
189:
was initially a strong proponent of Mediterraneanism; however, following his increasing allegiance towards
787:
Gerald R. Gems. Sport and the Shaping of Italian American Identity. Syracuse University Press, 2013. P57.
146:
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claimed that the Mediterranean race was "the greatest race in the world". He defined it as "the finest
214:. This "defensive" form of Mediterraneanism arose mostly as a response to the then-popular theory of
182:
207:
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and Mediterranean cultures as superior to Northwestern and “Nordic” European groups, including the
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for denying the influence of pre-Aryan civilization on modern Italy, saying that the
434:. The Council recognized Aryans as being a linguistic-based group, and condemned the
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Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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stated that "Fascism was born... out of a profound, perennial need of this our
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748:. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35
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made it inconceivable that Italian culture owed a debt to ancient Germans.
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is an ideology that claims that there are distinctive characteristics that
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for "implicitly" crediting Germanic invaders of Italy in the guise of the
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rather than in the more famous Nordicist sense that was promoted by the
811:
Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 To the Present
800:. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. P. 45.
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alliance with Nazi Germany, the Fascist Italian government created the
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398:(1938) declared that Mediterranean Europeans were distinct from
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that claimed Mediterranean people were inferior to the supposed
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In 1941, the PNF's Mediterraneanists, through the influence of
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by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had
798:
Fascist Ideology: Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922–1945
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Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters
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Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters
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829:, Emil Ludwig, Boston: Little, Brown. 1933, p. 202.
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heritage that would challenge anti-colonial sentiment.
301:
Nazi German influence and “Nordicist” Mediterraneanism
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Ideology of commonality between Mediterranean cultures
325:who regarded themselves to have Nordic or Germanic
626:Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation
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337:In 1938, mere months before creating the
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95:
18:
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606:, Vol. 54. (Jan. – Jun., 1924), p. 30.
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252:Italian Fascism strongly rejected the
158:, formed the basis of that of Egypt."
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767:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 283.
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372:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
31:, and a symbol of its civilization.
13:
820:
432:Manifesto of the Racial Scientists
410:were related to the Mediterranean
27:, a surviving architecture of the
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764:Hitler's ten-year war on the Jews
591:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
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237:, in the sense of people of an
119:related to the language of the
873:Historical definitions of race
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395:Manifesto of Racial Scientists
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430:denouncing the pro-Nordicist
496:Rethinking the Mediterranean
305:From the late 1930s through
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839:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009).
759:Institute of Jewish Affairs
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106:The Italian anthropologist
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843:. Univ. of Vermont Press.
701:. SUNY Press, 2001. P. 52.
268:members of the so-called "
178:Italian Fascist conception
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406:and rejected claims that
357:. Both Italian historian
334:to justify colonialism.
235:Indo-European Aryan race
809:Stanislao G. Pugliese.
589:Aaron Gillette (2003).
408:European Mediterraneans
62:Nordicist racial theory
493:Harris, W. V. (2005).
400:Mediterranean Africans
389:biological determinism
239:Indo-European heritage
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103:
40:Mediterranean cultures
32:
796:Aristotle A. Kallis.
624:Paul A. Silverstein.
469:Mediterranean cuisine
204:Northwestern European
185:
161:The French historian
121:prehistoric Egyptians
99:
58:Mediterranean peoples
22:
827:Talks with Mussolini
711:Baum, David (2011).
645:Baum, David (2011).
404:Mediterranean Asians
221:In a 1921 speech in
343:Italian Racial Laws
319:anti-intellectuals
270:Mediterranean race
200:Mediterranean race
195:
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50:Mediterranean race
48:asserted that the
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850:978-1-58465-715-6
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744:Neocleous, Mark.
681:Neocleous, Mark.
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54:Italian Fascism
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101:Giuseppe Sergi
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593:. Routledge.
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380:Nazi Germany
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361:in his book
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315:anti-Semites
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70:Northwestern
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29:Roman Empire
365:(1961) and
274:Anglo-Saxon
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862:Categories
480:References
474:Olive skin
262:blond hair
64:common in
730:9 January
717:. Brill.
664:9 January
651:. Brill.
515:cite book
444:Manifesto
440:Manifesto
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418:peoples.
258:fair skin
254:Nordicist
216:Nordicism
156:Egyptians
147:Dark Ages
136:Nordicism
761:(2007).
628:. P. 66.
463:See also
448:Lombards
383:such as
355:Aryanism
295:Augustus
208:Germanic
125:Iberians
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746:Fascism
683:Fascism
416:Hamitic
412:Semitic
327:Lombard
223:Bologna
171:Berbers
167:Algeria
143:Tacitus
129:Libyans
92:History
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847:
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321:, and
291:Virgil
287:Caesar
210:, and
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112:brunet
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347:Diary
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231:Aryan
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