Pantheon, Rome - Knowledge

1952: 1865: 817: 729: 588:, known for his enthusiasm for building and known to have restored the Pantheon after 80 AD, might well have been responsible for everything they found. Ziolkowski argues that Lanciani's initial assessment is still supported by all of the finds to date, including theirs; he expresses scepticism because the building they describe, "a single building composed of a huge pronaos and a circular cella of the same diameter, linked by a relatively narrow and very short passage (much thinner than the current intermediate block), has no known parallels in classical architecture and would go against everything we know of Roman design principles in general and of Augustan architecture in particular." 1972: 1039:), there would be a space requirement of a column-length on one side of the pediment, and at least a column-length on the opposite side for the pivoting equipment and ropes. With 50-foot columns, "there was no way to sequence the erection of without creating a hopeless snarl. The shafts were simply too long to be positioned on the floor in a workable configuration, regardless of sequence." Specifically, the innermost row of columns would be blocked by the main body of the temple, and in the later stages of construction some already-erected columns would inevitably obstruct the erection of further columns. 625:

that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." On coins, the same words, "M. Agrippa L.f cos. tertium", were the ones used to refer to him after his death; consul tertium serving as "a sort of posthumous cognomen ex virtute, a remembrance of the fact that, of all the men of his generation apart from Augustus himself, he was the only one to hold the consulship thrice." Whatever the cause of the alteration of the inscription might have been, the new inscription reflects the fact that there was a change in the building's purpose.

80: 1145: 1909: 601:. From him we know that "the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M. Agrippa in the Pantheon, are made of Syracusan bronze", that "the Pantheon of Agrippa has been decorated by Diogenes of Athens, and the Caryatides, by him, which form the columns of that temple, are looked upon as masterpieces of excellence: the same, too, with the statues that are placed upon the roof," and that one of Cleopatra's pearls was cut in half so that each half "might serve as pendants for the ears of Venus, in the Pantheon at Rome". 1893: 1253: 751:, who converted it into a Christian church and consecrated it to St. Mary and the Martyrs on 13 May 609: "Another Pope, Boniface, asked the same to order that in the old temple called the Pantheon, after the pagan filth was removed, a church should be made, to the holy virgin Mary and all the martyrs, so that the commemoration of the saints would take place henceforth where not gods but demons were formerly worshipped." Twenty-eight cartloads of holy relics of martyrs were said to have been removed from the 478: 1096:, measuring 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) wide by 7.53 metres (24.7 ft) high, are the oldest in Rome. These were thought to be a 15th-century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. Later analysis of the fusion technique confirmed that these are the original Roman doors, a rare example of Roman monumental bronze surviving, despite cleaning and the application of Christian motifs over the centuries. 4359: 1105: 989: 1214: 419:

gods. However, the concept of a temple dedicated to all the gods has been questioned. Ziegler tried to collect evidence of pantheons, but his list consists of simple dedications "to all the gods" or "to the Twelve Gods", which are not necessarily true pantheons in the sense of a temple housing a cult that literally worships all the gods. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source.

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archaeological diggings have suggested that Agrippa's building might have had a circular form with a triangular porch, and it might have also faced north, much like the later rebuildings, Ziolkowski complains that their conclusions were based entirely on surmise; according to him, they did not find any new datable material, yet they attributed everything they found to the Agrippan phase, failing to account for the fact that

997: 530: 411: 72: 4370: 564:, four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time (Oros. 7.12). She reexamined Herbert Bloch's 1959 paper, which is responsible for the commonly maintained Hadrianic date, and maintains that he should not have excluded all of the Trajanic-era bricks from his brick-stamp study. Her argument is particularly interesting in light of Heilmeyer's argument that, based on stylistic evidence, 442:

deity (27.25.7–10). Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. ... Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. ... Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean '

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zones do not line up. The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. This discordance has not always been appreciated, and the attic level was redone according to Neoclassical taste in the 18th century.

1164:, visible on the outside and built into the mass of the brickwork. The Pantheon is full of such devices – for example, there are relieving arches over the recesses inside – but all these arches were hidden by marble facing on the interior and possibly by stone revetment or stucco on the exterior. 635:, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. Even by 200, there was uncertainty about the origin of the building and its purpose: 1248:

Circles and squares form the unifying theme of the interior design. The checkerboard floor pattern contrasts with the concentric circles of square coffers in the dome. Each zone of the interior, from floor to ceiling, is subdivided according to a different scheme. As a result, the interior decorative

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The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch

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In 1747, the broad frieze below the dome with its false windows was "restored," but bore little resemblance to the original. In the early decades of the 20th century, a piece of the original, as far as could be reconstructed from Renaissance drawings and paintings, was recreated in one of the panels.

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Remaining at Rome twelve days he pulled down everything that in ancient times had been made of metal for the ornament of the city, to such an extent that he even stripped off the roof of the church , which at one time was called the Pantheon, and had been founded in honour of all the gods and was now

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Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. Because of this, the interior floor is equipped with drains and has been built with an incline of about 30

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in the eastern mountains. Each was 11.9 metres (39 ft) tall, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in diameter, and 60 tonnes (59 long tons; 66 short tons) in weight. These were dragged more than 100 km (62 miles) from the quarry to the river on wooden sledges. They were floated by barge down

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wrote that it had been decreed that temple buildings (or perhaps temple cellae) should only be dedicated to single divinities, so that it would be clear who would be offended if, for example, the building was struck by lightning, and because it was only appropriate to offer sacrifice to a specific

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The name "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" (Πάνθειον) meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods": (pan- / "παν-" meaning "all" + theion / "θεῖον"= meaning "of or sacred to a god"). The simplest explanation for the name is that the Pantheon was a temple dedicated to all the

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has attempted to explain the design adjustments by suggesting that, once the higher pediment had been constructed, the required 50-foot columns failed to arrive (possibly as a result of logistical difficulties). The builders then had to make some awkward adjustments to fit the shorter columns and

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says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it does not tell us to whom Agrippa's foundation was dedicated, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely

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tore away the bronze ceiling of the portico, and replaced the medieval campanile with the famous twin towers (often wrongly attributed to Bernini) called "the ass's ears", which were not removed until the late 19th century. The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the

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in the 6.4-metre-thick (21 ft) drum wall into eight piers. The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary. At its thickest point, the aggregate is

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concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. While more recent

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who wrote in Greek, speculated that the name of the Pantheon comes either from the statues of many gods placed around this building, or from the resemblance of the dome to the heavens. According to Adam Ziolkowski, this uncertainty strongly suggests that "Pantheon" (or Pantheum) was merely a

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No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). An empirical relationship gives a tensile strength of 1.47 MPa

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finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it resembles the

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pediments. Rabun Taylor has noted that, even if the taller columns were delivered, basic construction constraints may have prevented their use. Assuming that each column would first be laid on the floor next to its pediment before being pivoted upright (using something like an

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The interior of the dome was possibly intended to symbolize the arched vault of the heavens. The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. Throughout the day, light from the oculus moves around this space in a reverse

1503:. Enshrined on the apse above the high altar is a 7th-century Byzantine icon of the Virgin and Child, given by Phocas to Pope Boniface IV on the occasion of the dedication of the Pantheon for Christian worship on 13 May 609. The choir was added in 1840, and was designed by 1019:

The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.

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The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). These dimensions make more sense when expressed in

1245:), in five rings of 28. This evenly spaced layout was difficult to achieve and, it is presumed, had symbolic meaning, either numerical, geometric, or lunar. In antiquity, the coffers may have contained bronze rosettes symbolising the starry firmament. 1023:

On the intermediate block between the portico and the rotunda, the remains of a second pediment suggests that the existing portico is much shorter than originally intended. A portico aligned with the second pediment would fit columns with shafts 50

3296:, p. 33 "There are openings in it here and there, at various levels, that give on to some of the many different chambers that honeycomb the rotunda structure, a honeycombing that is an integral part of a sophisticated engineering solution..." 356:) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43 metres (142 ft). 560:, made when consul for the third time." However, archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been completely destroyed except for the façade. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under 522:(public temples). The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo) in such a relatively short period of time. 3027: 1153:(213 psi) for this specimen. Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall. 7380: 2810:

New Guide of Rome and the Environs According to Vasi and Nibby: Containing a Description of the Monuments, Galleries, Churches [etc.] Carefully Revised and Enlarged, with an Account of the Latest Antiquarian

1757:. The tomb of King Umberto I and his wife Margherita di Savoia is in the next chapel. The chapel was originally dedicated to St Michael the Archangel, and then to St. Thomas the Apostle. The present design is by 611:

The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian's architects is uncertain. Finished by Hadrian but not claimed as one of his works, it used the text of the original inscription on the new

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It had long been thought that the current building was built by Agrippa, with later alterations undertaken, and this was in part because of the Latin inscription on the front of the temple which reads:

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Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. While this building helped buttress the rotunda, there was no interior passage from one to the other.

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would have been some 80% greater. Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the oculus eliminating the apex.

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IMP · CAES · L · SEPTIMIVS · SEVERVS · PIVS · PERTINAX · ARABICVS · ADIABENICVS · PARTHICVS · MAXIMVS · PONTIF · MAX · TRIB · POTEST · X · IMP · XI · COS · III · P · P · PROCOS ET

1792:, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the great mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". The epigraph was written by 1238:

effect: marking time with light rather than shadow. The oculus also offers cooling and ventilation; during storms, a drainage system below the floor handles rain falling through the oculus.

1585:. It is also known as the Madonna of the Railing, because it originally hung in the niche on the left-hand side of the portico, where it was protected by a railing. It was moved to the 1028:(14.8 metres) tall and capitals 10 Roman feet tall (3 metres), whereas the existing portico has shafts 40 Roman feet (11.9 metres) tall and capitals eight Roman feet (2.4 metres) tall. 3031: 766:

The building's consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment, destruction, and the worst of the spoliation that befell the majority of ancient Rome's buildings during the

384: 2920: 6575: 1597:(1750) by an unknown. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. The final niche on the right side has a statue of 402:

front, was unique in Roman architecture. Nevertheless, it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived, and has been copied many times by later architects.

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by the consent of the former rulers the place of all the martyrs; and he took away from there the bronze tiles and sent them with all the other ornaments to Constantinople.

319: AD 126. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple. 1761:, completed after his death by his pupil Guido Cirilli. The tomb consists of a slab of alabaster mounted in gilded bronze. The frieze has allegorical representations of 1172:: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. The Pantheon still holds the record for the world's largest 892:, but, according to at least one expert, the Pope's accounts state that about 90% of the bronze was used for the cannon, and that the bronze for the baldachin came from 6875: 7410: 680:

IMP · CAES · M · AVRELIVS · ANTONINVS · PIVS · FELIX · AVG · TRIB · POTEST · V · COS · PROCOS · PANTHEVM · VETVSTATE · CORRVPTVM · CVM · OMNI · CVLTV · RESTITVERVNT

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In the Chapel of the Crucifixion, the Roman brick wall is visible in the niches. The wooden crucifix on the altar is from the 15th century. On the left wall is a

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The present arrangement is from 1811, designed by Antonio Muñoz. The bust of Raphael (1833) is by Giuseppe Fabris. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and

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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".

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Ziolkowski, Adam (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "What did Agrippa's Pantheon Look like? New Answers to an Old Question".

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The third niche holds the mortal remains – his Ossa et cineres, "Bones and ashes", as the inscription on the sarcophagus says – of the great artist

1074:, the site of the Pantheon was still about 700 metres away. Thus, it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site. 437:, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum", not "Aedes Panthei" (temple of all the gods). 6999: 2863:

Les monuments antiques de Rome encore existants: les ponts, les murs, les voies, les aqueducs, les enceintes de Rome, les palais, les temples, les arcs

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The portico-and-dome form of the Pantheon can be detected in many buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries; numerous government and public buildings,

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won the competition, and started work in 1885. The tomb consists of a large bronze plaque surmounted by a Roman eagle and the arms of the

795:. Two columns were swallowed up in the medieval buildings that abutted the Pantheon on the east and were lost. In the early 17th century, 7415: 7395: 4433: 3179: 2924: 1784:. His fiancée, Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus; she died before they could marry. The sarcophagus was given by 6410: 5653: 1314: 1951: 6994: 6979: 6861: 6430: 6201: 5533: 7292: 6937: 5493: 4264: 7244: 5778: 4212: 3045: 1487: 7355: 7345: 7129: 6510: 6090: 5658: 4117: 2652: 1659:. The confraternity continued to draw members from the elite of Rome's artists and architects, and among later members we find 616:(a common practice in Hadrian's rebuilding projects all over Rome; the only building on which Hadrian put his own name was the 1012:

The building was originally approached by a flight of steps. Later construction raised the level of the ground leading to the

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Since the Renaissance the Pantheon has been the site of several important burials. Among those buried there are the painters

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Thomas, Edmund (2004). "From the Pantheon of the Gods to the Pantheon of Rome". In Richard Wrigley; Matthew Craske (eds.).

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It has also been argued that the scale of the portico was related to the urban design of the space in front of the temple.

3063: 2739: 2724: 2709: 514:, the Basilica of Neptune, and the Pantheon. It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippa's 7089: 6440: 6211: 6185: 3780:

The Master Builders: : A History of Structural and Environmental Design From Ancient Egypt to the Nineteenth Century

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started an impressive building program. The Pantheon was a part of the complex created by him on his own property in the

2827:"Nuova guida metodica di Roma e suoi contorni – Parte Terza ("New Methodic Guide to Rome and Its Suburbs – Third Part")" 1517:(1686) painted by an unknown artist. The first chapel on the right, the Chapel of the Annunciation, has a fresco of the 967:

The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church, and as such, visitors are asked to keep an appropriate level of deference.

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Rasch, Jürgen (1985). "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion, Architectura".

728: 7420: 7029: 6748: 6480: 6350: 5568: 4921: 4686: 4442: 4249: 4161: 3717: 2838: 1180:. It is the only masonry dome to not require reinforcement. All other extant ancient domes were either designed with 881: 864:(1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. Most of the bronze was used to make 4301: 1620:. The first chapel on the left, the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, is the chapel of the Confraternity of the 1120:

9.1 metres (30 ft) in diameter that form the oculus, while the downward thrust of the dome is carried by eight

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Marder, Tod A. (1991). "Alexander VII, Bernini, and the Urban Setting of the Pantheon in the Seventeenth Century".

1807:(Madonna of the Rock) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder. It was commissioned by Raphael and made by 363:, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history. Since the 7th century, it has been a 4139:

Thomas, Edmund (1997). "The Architectural History of the Pantheon from Agrippa to Septimius Severus via Hadrian".

3712:. By Taut, Bruno. Mindrup, Matthew; Altenmüller-Lewis, Ulrike (eds.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 78. 3681: 7405: 6550: 6450: 6105: 5879: 5864: 5633: 4426: 4178: 2678:

Hetland, Lise (9–12 November 2006). Graßhoff, G; Heinzelmann, M; Wäfler, M (eds.). "Zur Datierung des Pantheon".

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Godfrey, Paul; Hemsoll, David (1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.).

7119: 6570: 5648: 5365: 4133: 4103: 4084: 3946: 3901: 3863: 3788: 3767: 3506: 3137: 1777:, founded in 1878. They also organize picket guards at the tombs. The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli. 579:

The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist

6285: 6080: 5518: 3618: 4202: 7269: 7249: 7099: 7079: 6974: 6969: 6535: 6040: 5944: 5803: 5783: 5508: 4224: 2017: 1727: 1379: 945: 311:(27 BC – AD 14); then, after the original burnt down, the present building was ordered by the emperor 2541: 7430: 7259: 7094: 7084: 7059: 7049: 7034: 7014: 6984: 6627: 6505: 6475: 6181: 6045: 5628: 5623: 5598: 5588: 5573: 5553: 5523: 5390: 5360: 1971: 1899: 1089: 1001: 921: 4192: 3956:

Marder, Tod A. (1980). "Specchi's High Altar for the Pantheon and the Statues by Cametti and Moderati".

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features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome. The Parthenon's dome was an inspiration for the

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In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of

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Much fine external marble has been removed over the centuries – for example, capitals from some of the

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The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in

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when the water level was high during the spring floods, and then transferred to vessels to cross the

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basin beneath the high altar. On its consecration, Boniface placed an icon of the Mother of God as '

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Cinti, Siro; De Martino, Federico; Carandini, Andrea; De Carolis, Marco; Belardi, Giovanni (2007).

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Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word

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participated, but lost – he would later design the tomb of Umberto I in the opposite chapel.

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of the façade, under the aforementioned larger text. This now-barely legible inscription reads:

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has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried.

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Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3-metre diameter sphere fits under its dome.

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Res Bene Gestae: Ricerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margreta Steinby

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and the authorities have refused to grant burial to the former kings who died in exile (

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Cardinal Consalvi presents to Pope Pius VII the five provinces restored to the Holy See

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Andrew J. Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington books, Toronto, 2007

846:. In the 15th century, the Pantheon was adorned with paintings: the best-known is the 7074: 6821: 6425: 6275: 6196: 6035: 5984: 5874: 5793: 5613: 5415: 5355: 5229: 5218: 5184: 5111: 5021: 5001: 4906: 4718: 4708: 4620: 4605: 4344: 4331: 4157: 4129: 4122: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4046: 3942: 3919: 3897: 3878: 3859: 3846: 3834: 3803: 3784: 3763: 3757: 3742: 3713: 3661: 3593: 3502: 3373: 3158: 3133: 2985: 2974: 2945: 2834: 2831:

Archivio viaggiatori italiani a roma e nel lazio – Istituto Nazionale Di Studi Romani

2626: 2591: 2489: 2434: 2393: 2053: 1939:. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of 1928: 1827: 1800: 1664: 1559: 1335: 1184:, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse. 1059: 1031: 933: 836: 832: 767: 752: 689: 658: 450: 364: 3613: 2656: 2529:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 198. 2514:(Monograph No 8 ed.). Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. p. 199. 1754: 1679:. The altar in the chapel is covered with false marble. On the altar is a statue of 7400: 7279: 7214: 6884: 6853: 6599: 6495: 6360: 6315: 6305: 6070: 5999: 5959: 5884: 5832: 5823: 5813: 5748: 5473: 5321: 5293: 5036: 4941: 4848: 4764: 4666: 4615: 4565: 4531: 4501: 4374: 4259: 4017: 3988: 3911: 3826: 2614: 2579: 2477: 2422: 2134: 2045: 2033: 1915: 1790:

ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI

1785: 1758: 1644: 1553: 873: 865: 748: 741: 705: 621: 617: 604:

The Augustan Pantheon was destroyed along with other buildings in a fire in 80 AD.

580: 511: 499: 327: 249: 243: 208: 52: 2605:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2570:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2510:(1986). "The Pantheon: Temple or Rotunda?". In Martin Henig; Anthony King (eds.). 2468:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

2413:

Ziolkowski, Adam (1994). "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the Temple of Mars 'In Campo'?".

1144: 7124: 7069: 6888: 6808: 6793: 6734: 6696: 6555: 6206: 6145: 6009: 5974: 5954: 5909: 5899: 5608: 5421: 5204: 5006: 4946: 4868: 4778: 4771: 4661: 4640: 4610: 4570: 4536: 4516: 4486: 4461: 4338: 4326: 4313: 4278: 4253: 4230: 3655: 3071: 2361:

Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: neue Bearbeitung

2112: 1936: 1617: 1590: 1496: 1252: 1078: 1050: 961: 960:

and subsequently operating with authorization of the Italian Republic, mounts as

861: 858:, among other architects, looked to the Pantheon as inspiration for their works. 796: 771: 592: 379:), known as "Santa Maria Rotonda". The square in front of the Pantheon is called 288: 202: 3589: 7224: 7209: 6956: 6914: 6701: 6455: 6420: 6310: 6290: 6265: 6155: 5949: 5924: 5758: 5743: 5446: 5246: 5240: 5224: 5145: 5135: 5083: 5061: 5011: 4713: 4625: 4496: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4456: 4112: 2076: 1932: 1770: 1719: 1656: 1648: 1633: 1563: 1540:

The second niche has a 15th-century fresco of the Tuscan school, depicting the

1331: 1319: 1161: 1113: 957: 937: 792: 693: 553: 507: 372: 272: 264: 3830: 2618: 2583: 2481: 2426: 477: 7319: 7194: 7009: 6798: 6711: 6706: 6686: 6651: 6500: 6320: 6295: 6226: 5979: 5934: 5728: 5548: 5344: 5029: 4996: 4863: 4824: 4733: 4723: 4600: 4575: 4553: 4506: 4245: 3838: 3762:. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 3028:"Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna" 2507: 1629: 1401: 1388: 709: 510:

in 29–19 BC, which included three buildings aligned from south to north: the

424: 140: 127: 7381:

Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches

7330: 7229: 6842: 6783: 6763: 6729: 6716: 6691: 6380: 6191: 6019: 6014: 5964: 5894: 5763: 5452: 5439: 5156: 4785: 4630: 4595: 4585: 4580: 4543: 4471: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2088: 2057: 1964: 1871: 1793: 1636:, Desiderio da Segni, to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel. 1574: 1353: 1221: 1121: 1063: 1049:

columns that were used in the Pantheon's pronaos were quarried in Egypt at

988: 736:, showing twin bell towers, in place from early 17th to late 19th centuries 284: 160: 4358: 1104: 954:

National Institute for the Honour Guard of the Royal Tombs of the Pantheon

6221: 6060: 5849: 5211: 5097: 4991: 4806: 4799: 4739: 3686: 2447: 2228:

a temple consecrated to all the gods (6th cent.; compare classical Latin

1998: 1735: 1549: 1298: 1217: 1067: 896:. Concerning this, an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a 775: 628: 571: 482: 420: 46: 6947: 2129: 1581:. In the third chapel is a 15th-century painting of the Umbrian school, 330:

columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a

24: 6340: 6250: 5118: 4792: 4757: 4295: 4029: 2221: 2094: 2072: 1808: 1671:, and many others. The institution still exists, and is now called the 1130: 1126: 968: 897: 670: 443: 303:, Italy. It was built on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by 4000: 3971: 3894:

Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context

3708:

Scheerbart, Paul (2015). "The New Life: An Architectonic Apocalypse".

3374:"Hooping as an Ancient Remedy for Conservation of Large Masonry Domes" 433: 6590: 6365: 6335: 5150: 4885: 4491: 4267:

at Great Buildings/Architecture Week website (archived 15 March 2008)

4008:

Mark, R.; Hutchinson, P. (1986). "On the structure of the Pantheon".

3312:

S Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region

1552:. A competition was held to decide which architect should design it. 1264: 905: 840: 733: 716: 708:, 10 times tribune, 11 times proclaimed emperor, three times consul, 662: 454: 20: 4411: 4096:

The Architecture Of Roman Temples: The Republic To The Middle Empire

4021: 1204: 808:

interior has largely survived, although with extensive restoration.

613: 7299: 6904: 6773: 6065: 5090: 4965: 4387: 3992: 3489:

De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).

3155:

The Architecture of the Roman Empire, vol. 1: An Introductory Study

2010: 1117: 801: 788: 697: 605: 585: 346: 331: 308: 3736: 3403: 3231: 1066:. There, they were transferred back onto barges and pulled up the 461:

was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the

6050: 4098:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2021: 1833: 1781: 1593:'s restoration of the sanctuary. On the right wall is the canvas 1235: 1181: 1046: 1036: 1013: 877: 828: 760: 701: 399: 323: 312: 179: 2056:

also took influences from the structure of the Pantheon for the

1112:

The 4,535-tonne (4,463-long-ton; 4,999-short-ton) weight of the

996: 529: 410: 6075: 4369: 4045:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2208:: "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". See also 1583:

The Madonna of Mercy between St Francis and St John the Baptist

1242: 1138: 893: 805: 744: 631:, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive 561: 534: 343: 175: 71: 4076:

Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, And Meaning

1818:(1790) by Pietro Labruzi. On the right side is the low relief 537:

dome has a central oculus as the main source of natural light.

30:

This article is about the Pantheon, Rome. For other uses, see

6470: 2049: 1451: 1345: 1093: 885: 876:

for other works. It is also said that the bronze was used by

820:

The interior of the Pantheon in the 18th century, painted by

458: 395: 275: 4340:

The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City

4260:

Tomás García Salgado, "The geometry of the Pantheon's vault"

3488: 1749:, by Vincenzo Felici. The bust on the left is a portrait of 763:

Hodegetria' (All Holy Directress) within the new sanctuary.

223: 3132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131. 2084: 1960: 1495:

The present high altars and the apses were commissioned by

1371: 1134: 1055: 489:. Stuttgart: Verlag der Cotta'schen Buchhandlung 1887–1901. 438: 349: 300: 229: 226: 3966:(922). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 30–40. 2260:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. December 2008. 1595:

Emperor Phocas presenting the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV

669:), for which there is another, smaller inscription on the 252: 575:

View of the Pantheon in Rome, including the concrete dome

217: 3570: 3568: 3479:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–183. 2792:

Ziolkowski, Adam (2007). Leone; Palombi; Walker (eds.).

2028:, which followed his work restoring the Roman original, 932:. It was supposed to be the final resting place for the 657:

In 202, the building was repaired by the joint emperors

620:). How the building was actually used is not known. The 385:

Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism

3524:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 184–197 3455:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Interior, pp. 182–184 3219:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–207 3207:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 206–212 3113:, The Enigma of the Pantheon: The Exterior, pp. 199–206 3064:"Legislatura 14 Atto di Sindacato Ispettivo n° 4-08615" 2806: 1160:

The top of the rotunda wall features a series of brick

608:

rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD.

383:. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's 3981:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

3299: 2199:

is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny,

1967:

features a painted miniature copy of the Pantheon dome

1775:

National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs

774:

records the spoliation of the building by the Emperor

391:. In 2013, it was visited by over six million people. 3592:: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. pp. 989–990. 3565: 3046:"Pantheon, The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome" 2779:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2695:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2680:

The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the Conference

2524: 2505: 2322: 2320: 1914:

The icon of the Madonna which was given by Phocas to

1612:

On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an

1510:

The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a

255: 232: 220: 6883: 2859: 1675:(The Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts), based in the 1525:. On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of 214: 3987:(3). Society of Architectural Historians: 273–292. 2824: 2501: 2499: 1566:. The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of 211: 4038: 3934: 3490: 3376:. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2973: 2317: 2099:, an assembly hall planned but never built by the 2016:Among the most notable versions are the church of 1993:, the Pantheon has been enormously influential in 1706:, is by Paolo Benaglia, and the one on the right, 1632:of artists and musicians formed by a 16th-century 1230:centimetres (12 in) to promote water runoff. 975:. Weddings are also held there from time to time. 3798:Favro, Diane (2005). "Making Rome a World City". 1927:On 23 July 1725, the Pantheon was established as 568:, Trajan's architect, was the obvious architect. 7411:Buildings converted to Catholic church buildings 7317: 3802:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–263. 3130:Roman Builders, a study in architectural process 2825:Giuseppe Melchiorri (1834). Paolo Badalì (ed.). 2496: 1548:(died 1878). It was originally dedicated to the 4213:Official webpage from Vicariate of Rome website 3372:Ottoni, Federica; Blasi, Carlo (4 March 2015). 3273:, p. 187, Principles of Roman Architecture 2853: 2390:Pantheons; Transformations of a Monumental Idea 2363:. Vol. XVIII. Stuttgart. pp. 697–747. 1941:S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine 1830:. The final niche on this side has a statue of 920:Two kings of Italy are buried in the Pantheon: 428:nickname, not the formal name of the building. 7361:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome 7341:2nd-century religious buildings and structures 6900:Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province of Rome 4007: 3817:Hetland, L. M. (2007). "Dating the Pantheon". 3800:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus 3739:Pantheon. Storia e Futuro / History and Future 3282: 322:The building is round in plan, except for the 6869: 4427: 4318:High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of 3643:. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 468. 2800: 1803:. Behind the tomb is the statue known as the 1621: 1287: 1281: 4151: 4036: 3741:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Gangemi Editore. 3586:Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 2 G–Z 3521: 3476: 3452: 3390: 3305: 3270: 3216: 3204: 3110: 2764: 2092: 902:quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini 6526:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria 3941:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3918:. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof. 3910: 3497:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 3371: 3157:. Yale University Press. pp. 111–113. 2877: 1176:dome. It is also substantially larger than 6876: 6862: 6677: 6411:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum 4434: 4420: 4307:Panoramic Virtual Tour inside the Pantheon 3937:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 3707: 3657:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny 3641:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 3532: 3530: 3227: 3225: 2791: 2776: 2692: 2604: 2569: 2554: 2527:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire 2512:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire 2467: 2412: 2373:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2281: 2279: 1297: 4336: 4037:Ramage, Nancy H.; Ramage, Andrew (2009). 3932: 3896:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3891: 3682:"Historiske sommerturer: I Frognerparken" 3653: 3583: 3548: 3464: 3386: 3359: 3293: 3152: 3091: 2883: 2866:(in French). Libr. Hachette. p. 192. 2655:. Romereborn.virginia.edu. Archived from 2455: 2326: 2270: 1702:on right. The stucco relief on the left, 7426:Burned buildings and structures in Italy 6938:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 6576:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum 5494:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 4241:Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3755: 3660:. Harvard University Press. p. 94. 3347: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3095: 2971: 2937: 2060:(1837). Other notable replicas, such as 1970: 1950: 1773:. The royal tombs are maintained by the 1263: 1251: 1143: 1103: 995: 987: 815: 727: 570: 528: 476: 409: 7336:120s establishments in the Roman Empire 4093: 4041:Roman art : Romulus to Constantine 3872: 3816: 3527: 3331: 3329: 3222: 3008: 2752: 2677: 2358: 2276: 1327:Ecclesiastical or organizational status 1070:to Rome. After being unloaded near the 359:It is one of the best-preserved of all 7318: 6511:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia 5499:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican 4227:, Live streaming Video of the Pantheon 4138: 4118:The Classical Language of Architecture 3978: 3955: 3633: 3536: 3308:"The Riddle of Ancient Roman Concrete" 3127: 3056: 3014: 2980:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publns. p. 2896:Popes Boniface III–VII (archived copy) 2758: 2639: 2387: 1639:The first members were, among others, 1544:. In the second chapel is the tomb of 1529:(1645–1650). On the right wall is the 102:Click on the map for a fullscreen view 7245:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio 6857: 5779:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio 4441: 4415: 4059: 4016:(1). College Art Association: 24–34. 3797: 3776: 3258: 3249: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3106: 3104: 2359:Ziegler, Konrat (1949). "Pantheion". 2311: 2285: 2249: 2247: 2111:'s intended rebuilding of Berlin as " 1826:. The bust is a portrait of Cardinal 1753:, derived from a plaster portrait by 1690:To the sides are paintings (1661) by 1259: 904:("What the barbarians did not do the 16:Roman temple, later a church, in Rome 6995:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana 6186:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy 5534:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana 4233:, Virtual Panorama and photo gallery 4156:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4072: 3853: 3560: 3335: 3326: 3276: 2607:Papers of the British School at Rome 2572:Papers of the British School at Rome 2470:Papers of the British School at Rome 2415:Papers of the British School at Rome 2164:History of Roman and Byzantine domes 2146:The Rotunda (University of Virginia) 1989:As the best-preserved example of an 1922: 971:are celebrated there on Sundays and 394:The Pantheon's large circular domed 297:Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs 6202:Column of the Immaculate Conception 6131:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere 3048:. Rodolpho Lanciani. Archived from 2557:Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae 4 2174:List of tourist attractions in Rome 1822:(1824) made by the Danish sculptor 1573:The third niche has a sculpture by 717:M Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug 487:Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes 13: 7416:Burial sites of the House of Savoy 7396:Centralized-plan churches in Italy 7090:S. Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana 6923:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6531:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome 5484:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 4302:Video Introduction to the Pantheon 3177: 3116: 3101: 2807:Luigi Piale; Mariano Vasi (1851). 2392:. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 17. 2338:Summerson (1980), 38–39, 38 quoted 2244: 2005:'s 42-metre (138 ft) dome of 1170:ancient Roman units of measurement 1116:dome is concentrated on a ring of 283:, " of all the gods") is a former 14: 7442: 6481:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica 6446:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna 4922:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 4172: 3877:. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. 3783:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 3654:MacDonald, William Lloyd (2002). 2737: 2722: 2707: 1991:Ancient Roman monumental building 1745:The second niche has a statue of 1708:Rest during the flight from Egypt 1673:Academia Ponteficia di Belle Arti 1275:Church of St. Mary of the Martyrs 1241:The dome features sunken panels ( 804:above Agrippa's inscription. The 690:L Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax 51:Facade of the Pantheon, with the 7298: 6946: 6546:Museum of the Liberation of Rome 6491:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio 6441:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica 6431:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna 4892:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 4368: 4357: 4154:Principles of Roman Architecture 3614:"Engel, Carl Ludvig (1778–1840)" 2044:(1817–1826). Others include the 1931:of S. Maria ad Martyres, i.e. a 1907: 1891: 1879: 1863: 1851: 1841:) (1727) by Francesco Moderati. 1212: 1203: 1148:Beam in the dome of the Pantheon 956:was originally chartered by the 778:, who visited Rome in July 663: 732:An 1836 view of the Pantheon by 481:Floor plan of the Pantheon from 293:Basilica Santa Maria ad Martyres 248: 207: 79: 78: 70: 64: 45: 6551:National Museum of Oriental Art 6451:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum 5880:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari 5865:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI 4285:Summer solstice at the Pantheon 4246:Pantheon Rome vs Pantheon Paris 3858:. London: Chatto & Windus. 3701: 3674: 3647: 3606: 3577: 3554: 3542: 3515: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3421: 3396: 3380: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3287: 3264: 3237: 3210: 3198: 3171: 3146: 3085: 3038: 3020: 2965: 2944:. University of Chicago Press. 2931: 2913: 2904: 2889: 2870: 2818: 2785: 2770: 2746: 2731: 2716: 2701: 2686: 2671: 2645: 2633: 2598: 2563: 2559:. Rome: Quasar. pp. 55–56. 2548: 2539: 2533: 2518: 2461: 2441: 2406: 2381: 1641:Antonio da Sangallo the younger 550:M Agrippa L f cos tertium fecit 543:M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT 6571:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum 5366:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas 3933:MacDonald, William L. (1976). 3584:Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). 3493:Gardner's Art Through the Ages 3306:Moore, David (February 1993). 3180:"The Pantheon – Rome – 126 AD" 3153:MacDonald, William L. (1965). 2941:Bernini: His Life and His Rome 2352: 2341: 2332: 2305: 2264: 2185: 1579:St Anne and the Blessed Virgin 1283:Chiesa Santa Maria dei Martiri 942:Monarchy was abolished in 1946 928:, as well as Umberto's Queen, 900:(a publicly posted poem) that 811: 1: 7356:Temples in the Campus Martius 7346:7th-century churches in Italy 3729: 3619:National Biography of Finland 2860:Emmanuel Rodocanachi (1920). 2195:is standard in English, only 2079:echo its structure. The 1824 1870:The dome photographed with a 1765:, by Eugenio Maccagnani, and 1570:, who died in exile in 1947. 1133:tiles, then at the very top, 964:in front of the royal tombs. 398:, with a conventional temple 316: 189:113–125 AD (current building) 6933:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 6536:Museum of Roman Civilization 6466:Keats–Shelley Memorial House 5945:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne 5489:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 4365:travel guide from Wikivoyage 4215:(archived 16 September 2015) 4203:Resources in other libraries 3892:Lancaster, Lynne C. (2005). 3819:Journal of Roman Archaeology 3182:. Monolithic. Archived from 2972:DuTemple, Leslie A. (2003). 2879:Monumenta Germaniae Historia 2238: 1946: 1858:Pantheon during a cloudy day 1788:, and its inscription reads 1742:by Giovanni Andrea Carlone. 1681:St Joseph and the Holy Child 1499:(1700–1721) and designed by 978: 872:, with the rest used by the 618:Temple to the Deified Trajan 414:The interior of the Pantheon 405: 7: 7386:Tourist attractions in Rome 7371:Church buildings with domes 7250:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura 6628:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus 6506:Museo di Roma in Trastevere 6476:Museo Archeologico Ostiense 6212:Hospital of the Holy Spirit 5784:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura 5391:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker 5361:Catacombs of San Sebastiano 4152:Wilson-Jones, Mark (2003). 4079:. Boulder: Westview Press. 2921:"British Museum Highlights" 2118: 2064:(1818), have not survived. 1190: 1016:, eliminating these steps. 1002:doors of the Roman Pantheon 723: 10: 7447: 7095:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 7085:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina 6769:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi 5855:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi 5629:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 5624:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina 4897:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 4271:Art & History Pantheon 3283:Mark & Hutchinson 1986 2141:Manchester Central Library 1844: 1696:Adoration of the Shepherds 1587:Chapel of the Annunciation 1099: 983: 493: 472: 352:, with a central opening ( 276: 92:Shown within Augustan Rome 29: 18: 7366:Concrete shell structures 7351:Basilica churches in Rome 7288: 6955: 6944: 6913: 6895: 6835: 6807: 6747: 6725: 6670: 6589: 6561:Palazzo delle Esposizioni 6399: 6349: 6235: 6174: 6028: 5990:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli 5890:Palazzo della Cancelleria 5842: 5822: 5472: 5431: 5336: 5313: 5288:Column of Marcus Aurelius 5275: 5193: 5128: 5068:Basilica of Junius Bassus 5046: 4984: 4912:Temple of Hercules Victor 4902:Temple of Apollo Sosianus 4877: 4841: 4816: 4749: 4729:Arch of Septimius Severus 4696: 4685: 4651: 4449: 4332:audio guide Pantheon Rome 4198:Resources in your library 4094:Stamper, John W. (2005). 3873:Kleiner, Fred S. (2007). 3831:10.1017/S1047759400005328 3756:Claridge, Amanda (1998). 2938:Mormando, Franco (2011). 2882:(1848) 7.8.20, quoted in 2619:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2584:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2555:Ziolkowski, Adam (1999). 2482:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2427:10.1017/S0068246200010084 2348:Oxford English Dictionary 2257:Oxford English Dictionary 2217:Oxford English Dictionary 2081:Henriette Wegner Pavilion 1957:Henriette Wegner Pavilion 1902:, "Father of the Country" 1816:Descent of the Holy Ghost 1677:palace of the Cancelleria 1486: 1481: 1473: 1465: 1457: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1422: 1417: 1378: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1341: 1325: 1313: 1308: 1296: 1279: 1274: 1211: 1202: 1197: 915: 868:for the fortification of 700:, the greatest victor in 667:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 446:', or even 'excellent'." 185: 171: 166: 156: 119: 113:Regio IX Circus Flaminius 107: 100: 59: 44: 32:Pantheon (disambiguation) 7421:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 7240:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 7105:S. Giuseppe al Trionfale 7060:S. Croce in Via Flaminia 7035:S. Cecilia in Trastevere 7020:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio 7000:S. Apollinare alle Terme 6980:S. Anastasia al Palatino 6965:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 6759:Appian Way Regional Park 6566:Pigorini National Museum 6486:Museo Civico di Zoologia 6121:della Piazza dei Quiriti 5833:List of churches in Rome 5774:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re 5599:S. Croce in Via Flaminia 5574:S. Cecilia in Trastevere 5559:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio 5539:S. Apollinare alle Terme 5519:S. Anastasia al Palatino 5504:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura 5283:Column of Antoninus Pius 4960:Largo di Torre Argentina 4932:Temple of Minerva Medica 4927:Temple of Jupiter Tonans 4073:Roth, Leland M. (1992). 3094:, pp. 63, 141–142; 3003:bernini pantheon towers. 2901:, accessed 11 April 2021 2814:. L. Piale. p. 272. 2765:Ramage & Ramage 2009 2224:: "post-classical Latin 2179: 1542:Coronation of the Virgin 1531:Incredulity of St Thomas 1527:St Lawrence and St Agnes 1289:Sancta Maria ad Martyres 684:In English, this means: 504:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 498:In the aftermath of the 377:Sancta Maria ad Martyres 305:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 19:Not to be confused with 7175:S. Maria della Vittoria 7065:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 7015:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 6970:S. Agnese fuori le mura 6647:Portonaccio sarcophagus 6634:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa 6611:Colossus of Constantine 6606:Augustus of Prima Porta 6581:Venanzo Crocetti Museum 6541:Museum of the Ara Pacis 6516:Museo Nazionale Etrusco 6436:Galleria Doria Pamphilj 6326:Via della Conciliazione 6286:Piazza della Repubblica 5915:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini 5870:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga 5709:S. Maria della Vittoria 5604:S. Croce in Gerusalemme 5554:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola 5509:S. Agnese fuori le mura 4976:Porta Maggiore Basilica 4677:Obelisk of Montecitorio 4404:Porta Maggiore Basilica 4287:(archived 15 July 2011) 4239:, article in Platner's 3959:The Burlington Magazine 3574:Summerson (1980), 38–39 3314:. www.romanconcrete.com 2211:Oxford Latin Dictionary 1694:, one of the Virtuosi: 1546:King Victor Emmanuel II 1515:and St Nicholas of Bari 1477:58 metres (190 ft) 1469:58 metres (190 ft) 1461:84 metres (276 ft) 973:holy days of obligation 880:in creating his famous 566:Apollodorus of Damascus 533:The Pantheon dome. The 361:Ancient Roman buildings 338:links the porch to the 315:and probably dedicated 7406:Roman temples by deity 7305:Catholicism portal 7255:S. Silvestro in Capite 7160:S. Maria in Trastevere 7155:S. Maria sopra Minerva 6985:S. Andrea delle Fratte 6817:Festa della Repubblica 6657:Sistine Chapel ceiling 6521:Museo Nazionale Romano 6391:Parco degli Acquedotti 6371:Villa Borghese gardens 6331:Via dei Fori Imperiali 5905:Palazzo della Consulta 5789:S. Silvestro in Capite 5694:S. Maria in Trastevere 5689:S. Maria sopra Minerva 5664:S. Maria in Montesanto 5524:S. Andrea delle Fratte 5396:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus 5381:Mausoleum of Maxentius 5351:Catacombs of Domitilla 5259:Villa of the Quintilii 4337:Lucentini, M. (2012). 4325:1 January 2022 at the 3916:The Governance of Rome 3875:A History of Roman Art 3128:Taylor, Rabun (2003). 3068:Senato della Republica 2878: 2191:Although the spelling 2093: 2062:The Rotunda (New York) 2052:(1833). The architect 2038:University of Virginia 2032:(1774) in England and 1986: 1968: 1622: 1380:Geographic coordinates 1288: 1282: 1269: 1256: 1149: 1109: 1009: 993: 824: 785: 737: 655: 576: 538: 490: 415: 389:Polo Museale del Lazio 376: 268: 7265:S. Sofia a Via Boccea 7130:S. Maria degli Angeli 7120:S. Maria Ausiliatrice 6990:S. Andrea della Valle 6809:Events and traditions 6616:La Bocca della Verità 6461:Jewish Museum of Rome 5955:Palazzo del Quirinale 5799:S. Sofia a Via Boccea 5659:S. Maria degli Angeli 5649:S. Maria Ausiliatrice 5529:S. Andrea della Valle 5371:Mausoleum of Augustus 5305:Five-Columns Monument 5253:Insula dell'Ara Coeli 5105:Portico Dii Consentes 5073:Basilica of Maxentius 3777:Cowan, Henry (1977). 3034:on 28 September 2011. 2740:"The Natural History" 2725:"The Natural History" 2710:"The Natural History" 2454:53.27, referenced in 2286:Moore, David (1999). 2169:List of largest domes 2013:, completed in 1436. 2007:Santa Maria del Fiore 1974: 1954: 1700:Adoration of the Magi 1513:Madonna of the Girdle 1267: 1255: 1174:unreinforced concrete 1147: 1107: 1072:Mausoleum of Augustus 1062:to the Roman port of 999: 991: 822:Giovanni Paolo Panini 819: 780: 747:gave the building to 731: 637: 574: 532: 480: 453:, when the church of 413: 287:and, since AD 609, a 7235:Sacro Cuore di Maria 7220:Ss. Quattro Coronati 7205:S. Pietro in Vincoli 7190:S. Nicola in Carcere 7185:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo 7170:S. Maria in Via Lata 7145:S. Maria in Aracoeli 7135:S. Maria in Cosmedin 7115:S. Lorenzo in Lucina 7110:S. Lorenzo in Damaso 7100:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo 7040:Ss. Celso e Giuliano 7025:S. Camillo de Lellis 6928:St. Peter's Basilica 6662:Velletri Sarcophagus 6622:Laocoön and His Sons 6376:Villa Doria Pamphili 6281:Piazza della Minerva 6106:di Piazza d'Aracoeli 5995:Palazzo del Viminale 5940:Palazzo di Giustizia 5769:Sacro Cuore di Maria 5754:Ss. Quattro Coronati 5739:S. Pietro in Vincoli 5724:S. Nicola in Carcere 5719:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo 5704:S. Maria in Via Lata 5679:S. Maria in Aracoeli 5669:S. Maria in Cosmedin 5644:S. Lorenzo in Lucina 5639:S. Lorenzo in Damaso 5634:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo 5579:Ss. Celso e Giuliano 5564:S. Camillo de Lellis 5180:Theatre of Marcellus 4952:House of the Vestals 4377:at Wikimedia Commons 4312:11 July 2021 at the 4252:24 June 2019 at the 4225:Pantheon Live Webcam 2026:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 1995:Western architecture 1984:Charles Follen McKim 1976:Low Memorial Library 1643:, Jacopo Meneghino, 1624:Virtuosi al Pantheon 922:Vittorio Emanuele II 890:St. Peter's Basilica 856:Filippo Brunelleschi 797:Urban VIII Barberini 485:/Gustav von Bezold: 381:Piazza della Rotonda 307:during the reign of 7180:S. Martino ai Monti 7150:S. Maria del Popolo 7140:S. Maria in Domnica 7080:S. Francesca Romana 7050:Ss. Cosma e Damiano 6182:Altare della Patria 5843:Castles and palaces 5714:S. Martino ai Monti 5684:S. Maria del Popolo 5674:S. Maria in Domnica 5619:S. Francesca Romana 5589:Ss. Cosma e Damiano 5411:Tombs of Via Latina 5406:Tomb of the Scipios 5401:Tomb of the Haterii 5376:Mausoleum of Helena 5175:Stadium of Domitian 5165:Gardens of Maecenas 5141:Circus of Maxentius 5078:Basilica of Neptune 5055:Basilica Argentaria 4859:Baths of Diocletian 4832:Cloaca Circi Maximi 4704:Arch of Constantine 4672:Obelisk of Minerveo 3856:Brunelleschi's Dome 3854:King, Ross (2000). 2927:on 27 October 2015. 2214:, s.v. "Pantheum"; 2159:List of Roman domes 2018:Santa Maria Assunta 1980:Columbia University 1568:Victor Emmanuel III 1448:Direction of façade 1402:41.8986°N 12.4768°E 1398: / 1303:The tomb of Raphael 946:Victor Emmanuel III 465:, the generic term 342:, which is under a 326:with large granite 141:41.8986°N 12.4768°E 137: / 41: 7431:Rotundas in Europe 7270:S. Stefano Rotondo 6827:Rome Film Festival 6789:Villa Aldobrandini 6416:Capitoline Museums 6261:Clivus Capitolinus 5920:Palazzo Giustinani 5860:Castel Sant'Angelo 5804:S. Stefano Rotondo 5386:Pyramid of Cestius 5235:Palace of Domitian 5170:Gardens of Sallust 5017:Forum of Vespasian 4937:Temple of Portunus 4854:Baths of Caracalla 4320:Pantheon|Art Atlas 4277:2010-11-24 at the 3350:, pp. 204–205 2738:Pliny, The Elder. 2723:Pliny, The Elder. 2708:Pliny, The Elder. 2659:on 9 November 2012 2544:. p. 53.23.3. 2125:Romanian Athenaeum 2036:'s library at the 2001:on; starting with 1997:from at least the 1987: 1969: 1900:Victor Emmanuel II 1824:Bertel Thorvaldsen 1751:Baldassare Peruzzi 1728:Giovanni Peruzzini 1716:Ludovico Gimignani 1704:Dream of St Joseph 1685:Vincenzo de' Rossi 1653:Domenico Beccafumi 1607:Bernardino Cametti 1535:Pietro Paolo Bonzi 1501:Alessandro Specchi 1348:Daniele Micheletti 1270: 1260:Catholic additions 1257: 1218:The Pantheon, Rome 1150: 1110: 1010: 1006:Francesco Piranesi 994: 870:Castel Sant'Angelo 844:Baldassare Peruzzi 825: 738: 577: 539: 491: 416: 39: 7313: 7312: 7030:S. Carlo al Corso 6851: 6850: 6822:Rome Quadriennale 6749:Metropolitan City 6743: 6742: 6426:Galleria Borghese 6301:Piazza San Pietro 6276:Piazza del Popolo 6271:Piazza d'Aracoeli 6244:and public spaces 6126:di Piazza Nicosia 6116:di Piazza Farnese 6111:di Piazza Colonna 5985:Palazzo Valentini 5875:Palazzo Barberini 5569:S. Carlo al Corso 5468: 5467: 5459:Ponte Sant'Angelo 5416:Tomb of Priscilla 5356:Catacombs of Rome 5230:House of Augustus 5219:Domus Transitoria 5185:Theatre of Pompey 5112:Porticus Octaviae 5002:Forum of Augustus 4907:Temple of Hadrian 4719:Arch of Gallienus 4709:Arch of Dolabella 4667:Flaminian Obelisk 4443:Landmarks of Rome 4410: 4409: 4400:Succeeded by 4394:Landmarks of Rome 4373:Media related to 4179:Library resources 4123:Thames and Hudson 3912:Loewenstein, Karl 3551:, pp. 94–132 3522:Wilson-Jones 2003 3477:Wilson-Jones 2003 3453:Wilson-Jones 2003 3391:Wilson-Jones 2003 3271:Wilson-Jones 2003 3232:Cinti et al. 2007 3217:Wilson-Jones 2003 3205:Wilson-Jones 2003 3111:Wilson-Jones 2003 2951:978-0-226-53851-8 2876:John the Deacon, 2835:Tuscia University 2292:romanconcrete.com 2054:Carl Ludvig Engel 1929:Cardinal-deaconry 1923:Cardinal deaconry 1828:Agostino Rivarola 1805:Madonna del Sasso 1801:Annibale Carracci 1698:on left side and 1560:Manfredo Manfredi 1493: 1492: 1227: 1226: 1060:Mediterranean Sea 1032:Mark Wilson Jones 934:Monarchs of Italy 837:Arcangelo Corelli 833:Annibale Carracci 768:Early Middle Ages 742:Byzantine emperor 659:Septimius Severus 463:Panthéon of Paris 451:French Revolution 371:and the Martyrs ( 193: 192: 7438: 7391:Rome R. IX Pigna 7303: 7302: 7260:S. Sisto Vecchio 6950: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6675: 6674: 6600:Apollo Belvedere 6496:Museo delle Mura 6316:Via dei Coronari 6306:Piazza di Spagna 6000:Palazzo Wedekind 5960:Palazzo Pamphilj 5885:Palazzo Borghese 5794:S. Sisto Vecchio 5322:Porticus Aemilia 5294:Column of Phocas 5276:Column monuments 5037:Forum Holitorium 4942:Temple of Saturn 4849:Baths of Agrippa 4765:Aqua Alexandrina 4697:Triumphal arches 4694: 4693: 4566:Castra Praetoria 4436: 4429: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4384:Preceded by 4381: 4380: 4372: 4361: 4354: 4167: 4148: 4121:, 1980 edition, 4109: 4090: 4069: 4056: 4044: 4033: 4004: 3975: 3952: 3940: 3929: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3850: 3813: 3794: 3773: 3752: 3724: 3723: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3496: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3404:"Roman Pantheon" 3400: 3394: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362:, pp. 44–46 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3030:. 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A rectangular 318: 279: 278: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 247: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 206: 152: 151: 149: 148: 147: 146:41.8986; 12.4768 142: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 82: 81: 74: 68: 53:Pantheon obelisk 49: 42: 38: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7297: 7284: 7165:S. Maria in Via 6951: 6942: 6909: 6891: 6889:Diocese of Rome 6882: 6852: 6847: 6831: 6803: 6779:Hadrian's Villa 6751:of Rome Capital 6750: 6739: 6735:Monte Testaccio 6721: 6666: 6585: 6556:Palazzo Colonna 6402: 6395: 6353: 6345: 6256:Campo de' Fiori 6243: 6231: 6175:Other landmarks 6170: 6146:Quattro Fontane 6024: 6010:Villa Farnesina 6005:Palazzo Zuccari 5975:Palazzo Ruspoli 5910:Palazzo Farnese 5900:Palazzo Colonna 5838: 5818: 5699:S. Maria in Via 5475: 5464: 5427: 5422:Vigna Randanini 5332: 5328:Trajan's Market 5309: 5300:Trajan's Column 5271: 5205:Domus Augustana 5189: 5124: 5042: 5007:Forum of Caesar 4980: 4947:Temple of Vesta 4917:Temple of Janus 4873: 4869:Baths of Trajan 4837: 4812: 4779:Aqua Anio Novus 4772:Aqua Anio Vetus 4745: 4688: 4681: 4662:Lateran Obelisk 4647: 4450:Walls and gates 4445: 4440: 4401: 4396: 4385: 4351: 4327:Wayback Machine 4314:Wayback Machine 4279:Wayback Machine 4254:Wayback Machine 4219:"Beggar's Rome" 4209: 4208: 4207: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4113:Summerson, John 4106: 4087: 4053: 4022:10.2307/3050861 3949: 3926: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3810: 3791: 3770: 3749: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3178:Parker, Freda. 3176: 3172: 3165: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3126: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3072:Senate of Italy 3062: 3061: 3057: 3052:on 1 July 2007. 3044: 3043: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2936: 2932: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2875: 2871: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2823: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2796:. Rome: Quasar. 2790: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2742:. p. 9.58. 2736: 2732: 2727:. p. 36.4. 2721: 2717: 2712:. p. 34.7. 2706: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2603: 2599: 2568: 2564: 2553: 2549: 2542:"Roman History" 2538: 2534: 2523: 2519: 2506:Godfrey, Paul; 2504: 2497: 2466: 2462: 2452:Roman Histories 2446: 2442: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2386: 2382: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2202:Natural History 2190: 2186: 2182: 2148:, United States 2130:Panthéon, Paris 2121: 2075:buildings, and 1949: 1937:cardinal-deacon 1925: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1692:Francesco Cozza 1618:Andrea Camassei 1591:Pope Clement XI 1497:Pope Clement XI 1406: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1304: 1292: 1286: 1262: 1213: 1198:External videos 1193: 1102: 1079:Augustus Caesar 1051:Mons Claudianus 1004:, engraving by 986: 981: 918: 884:above the high 862:Pope Urban VIII 835:, the composer 814: 772:Paul the Deacon 726: 654: 650:History of Rome 647: 633:History of Rome 598:Natural History 593:Pliny the Elder 496: 475: 408: 251: 242: 241: 210: 201: 200: 145: 143: 139: 136: 131: 128: 126: 124: 123: 103: 96: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 83: 75: 55: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7444: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7376:Round churches 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7326:Pantheon, Rome 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7295: 7293:Basilicas list 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 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6323: 6318: 6313: 6311:Piazza Venezia 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Piazza Farnese 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266:Piazza Colonna 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6156:Trevi Fountain 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6136:di Ponte Sisto 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5970:Palazzo Riario 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5950:Palazzo Mattei 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5930:Palazzo Madama 5927: 5925:Lateran Palace 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5826: 5824:Other churches 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5474:Roman Catholic 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5447:Pons Fabricius 5443: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5247:Villa of Livia 5244: 5241:Villa Gordiani 5237: 5232: 5227: 5225:Flavian Palace 5222: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5198: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5146:Circus of Nero 5143: 5138: 5136:Circus Maximus 5132: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5084:Basilica Ulpia 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5062:Basilica Julia 5058: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5022:Trajan's Forum 5019: 5014: 5012:Forum of Nerva 5009: 5004: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4714:Arch of Drusus 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4571:Janiculum Wall 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:San Sebastiano 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4457:Aurelian Walls 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4398: 4391: 4379: 4378: 4366: 4363:Pantheon, Rome 4355: 4350:978-1623710088 4349: 4334: 4329: 4316: 4304: 4299: 4288: 4282: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173:External links 4171: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4136: 4110: 4104: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4057: 4052:978-0136000976 4051: 4034: 4005: 3993:10.2307/990615 3976: 3953: 3947: 3930: 3925:978-9024714582 3924: 3908: 3902: 3889: 3884:978-0534638467 3883: 3870: 3864: 3851: 3814: 3809:978-0521003933 3808: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3748:978-8849213010 3747: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3710:The City Crown 3700: 3673: 3667:978-0674010192 3666: 3646: 3632: 3605: 3599:978-9993291329 3598: 3576: 3564: 3553: 3549:MacDonald 1976 3541: 3526: 3514: 3507: 3481: 3469: 3465:Lancaster 2005 3457: 3445: 3420: 3395: 3389:, p. 34, 3387:MacDonald 1976 3379: 3364: 3360:Lancaster 2005 3352: 3340: 3325: 3298: 3294:MacDonald 1976 3286: 3275: 3263: 3248: 3236: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3186:on 26 May 2009 3170: 3164:978-0300028195 3163: 3145: 3138: 3115: 3100: 3092:MacDonald 1976 3084: 3070:(in Italian). 3055: 3037: 3019: 3007: 2991:978-0822503767 2990: 2964: 2950: 2930: 2912: 2903: 2888: 2884:MacDonald 1976 2869: 2852: 2833:(in Italian). 2817: 2799: 2784: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2700: 2697:. Bern: 31–34. 2685: 2670: 2644: 2632: 2597: 2562: 2547: 2540:Dio, Cassius. 2532: 2517: 2508:Hemsoll, David 2495: 2460: 2456:MacDonald 1976 2440: 2405: 2399:978-0754608080 2398: 2380: 2351: 2340: 2331: 2327:MacDonald 1976 2316: 2304: 2288:"The Pantheon" 2275: 2271:MacDonald 1976 2263: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2117: 1982:, designed by 1948: 1945: 1933:titular church 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1771:Arnaldo Zocchi 1755:Giovanni Duprè 1740:Eritrean Sibyl 1724:Eternal Father 1720:Francesco Rosa 1657:Flaminio Vacca 1603:Sant'Anastasio 1599:St. Anastasius 1564:house of Savoy 1521:attributed to 1491: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1443:Specifications 1440: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1332:Minor basilica 1329: 1323: 1322: 1320:Roman Catholic 1317: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1294: 1293: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1261: 1258: 1225: 1224: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1114:Roman concrete 1101: 1098: 985: 982: 980: 977: 958:House of Savoy 938:House of Savoy 917: 914: 813: 810: 793:British Museum 725: 722: 721: 720: 713: 682: 681: 678: 645: 554:Marcus Agrippa 546: 545: 520:aedes publicae 508:Campus Martius 495: 492: 474: 471: 407: 404: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 121: 117: 116: 109: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 91: 85: 84: 77: 76: 69: 63: 62: 61: 60: 57: 56: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7443: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:S. Pudenziana 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6799:Villa Farnese 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:Raphael Rooms 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Museo di Roma 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6403:art galleries 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6321:Via del Corso 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Piazza Navona 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6227:Spanish Steps 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Milizie Tower 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Capocci Tower 6195: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Quattro Fiumi 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5980:Palazzo Spada 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5935:Palazzo Malta 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895:Palazzo Chigi 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:S. Pudenziana 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5345:Casal Rotondo 5342: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5264:Villa of the 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129:Entertainment 5127: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5030:Forum Boarium 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4997:Imperial fora 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864:Baths of Nero 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4825:Cloaca Maxima 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4734:Arch of Titus 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Arch of Janus 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687:Ancient Roman 4684: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636:Querquetulana 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559:Santo Spirito 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:San Pancrazio 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343:. Interlink. 4342: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231:Pantheon Rome 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4165: 4163:9780300102024 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825:(1): 95–112. 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3735: 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Retrieved 2291: 2266: 2255: 2254:"Pantheon". 2229: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2152: 2151: 2109:Adolf Hitler 2105:Albert Speer 2089:Frogner Park 2066: 2058:Nokia Church 2015: 2003:Brunelleschi 1988: 1965:Frogner Park 1926: 1872:fisheye lens 1838: 1831: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1798: 1794:Pietro Bembo 1789: 1779: 1766: 1762: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1723: 1712:Cumean Sibyl 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1672: 1638: 1613: 1611: 1605:) (1725) by 1602: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575:Il Lorenzone 1572: 1558: 1541: 1539: 1530: 1526: 1519:Annunciation 1518: 1511: 1509: 1494: 1474:Height (max) 1418:Architecture 1247: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1222:Smarthistory 1186: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1111: 1090:bronze doors 1087: 1076: 1044: 1041: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1011: 966: 919: 910: 901: 860: 848:Annunciation 847: 826: 786: 781: 765: 740:In 609, the 739: 696:, victor of 683: 666: 661:and his son 656: 649: 648:Cassius Dio 638: 632: 627: 610: 603: 596: 590: 578: 552:," meaning " 549: 547: 542: 524: 519: 515: 497: 486: 466: 448: 432: 430: 417: 393: 387:through the 358: 321: 296: 292: 285:Roman temple 280: 196: 194: 161:Roman temple 111: 36: 7210:S. 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Balbina 5119:Tabularium 4793:Aqua Julia 4758:Aqua Appia 4616:Fontinalis 4532:Settimiana 4296:Structurae 4147:: 163–186. 4141:Hephaistos 4134:0500201773 4105:052181068X 4086:0064384934 4068:: 117–139. 3948:0674010191 3903:0521842026 3865:0701169036 3790:0471027405 3769:0192880039 3730:References 3625:4 February 3508:0155037692 3438:7 November 3429:"Pantheon" 3413:7 November 3259:Cowan 1977 3139:0521803349 2811:Researches 2653:"Pantheon" 2312:Rasch 1985 2222:"Pantheon" 2103:architect 2095:Volkshalle 2087:'s famous 2073:university 2069:city halls 2020:(1664) in 1963:'s famous 1809:Lorenzetto 1763:Generosity 1616:(1638) by 1614:Assumption 1533:(1633) by 1393:12°28′36″E 1390:41°53′55″N 1358:13 May 609 1342:Leadership 1334:, Rectory 1131:terracotta 1127:travertine 1088:The large 1026:Roman feet 950:Umberto II 940:, but the 930:Margherita 906:Barberinis 898:pasquinade 839:, and the 706:Pontif Max 671:architrave 449:Since the 444:superhuman 328:Corinthian 132:12°28′36″E 129:41°53′55″N 7280:S. Vitale 7275:S. Teresa 7230:S. Sabina 6885:Basilicas 6702:Esquiline 6671:Landscape 6366:Villa Ada 6336:Via Sacra 6081:Navicella 6056:Barcaccia 6029:Fountains 5814:S. Vitale 5809:S. Teresa 5764:S. Sabina 5476:basilicas 5151:Colosseum 4886:Ara Pacis 4878:Religious 4750:Aqueducts 4689:landmarks 4641:Trigemina 4621:Gallienus 4611:Esquilina 4606:Dolabella 4537:Tiburtina 4517:San Paolo 4487:Nomentana 4462:Ardeatina 4397:Pantheon 3847:162028301 3839:1047-7594 3561:King 2000 3336:Roth 1992 2957:3 January 2627:191523665 2592:191523665 2490:191523665 2435:191523665 2369:cite book 2239:Footnotes 1955:The 1824 1947:Influence 1811:in 1524. 1435:Completed 1220:, (8:31) 1118:voussoirs 1045:The grey 979:Structure 926:Umberto I 882:baldachin 841:architect 789:pilasters 753:catacombs 734:Jakob Alt 715:Emp Caes 688:Emp Caes 663:Caracalla 556:, son of 502:(31 BC), 406:Etymology 336:vestibule 281:Pantheion 21:Parthenon 7200:Pantheon 7125:S. 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