Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

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and Corsica. They caused Mussolini to topple from power, and they brought his successors to surrender. They drew more and more German military resources into a stubborn defence of the Italian peninsula, and helped the Yugoslavs to pin down within their spirited country thousands of Axis troops. Eventually, the Allies delivered a solid blow from southern France against the German forces which were opposing the Allied drive from the beaches of Normandy! They made Marseilles available for Allied use and they occupied northern Italy and Greece." Howe further notes that "Hitler had always accepted the principle that the Mediterranean was an area of paramount Italian interest just as, farther north, German interests were exclusive.

2310: 1061: 1028: 3107: 417: 399: 1141: 1039: 1050: 1072: 557: 738: 1212: 601: 999: 984: 1083: 452: 847: 789: 435: 1130: 333: 3237: 1094: 633: 617: 1106: 909: 723: 891: 1201: 528: 496: 705: 656: 1113: 585: 1010: 830: 513: 366: 3735: 3369: 57: 3098:. Further reinforcements of Nazis with weapons was supposed to be sent but the mission failed within days as the Nazi commandos landed 300 km away from their target destination and lost their weapons. They were soon arrested by the British and faced execution as spies, however they were released several years after World War II ended. Gottfried Müller, one of the Nazi parachuters, would later write and publish a book describing his experiences in Kurdistan named “Im brennenden Orient” ('The Burning Orient'), which was published in Germany in 1959. 873: 468: 86: 927: 106: 9421: 972: 543: 3260:, the third and larger offensive was launched at the end of the year. Over December 1941 into early 1942, Allied forces pushed the Italian-German forces back through Libya to roughly the limit of the previous Operation Compass advance. Taking advantage of the Allied position, German and Italian forces counter-attacked and pushed back the Allies to Gazala, west of Tobruk. As both sides prepared offensives, the Axis forces struck first and inflicted a big defeat upon the Allied forces during the 1952:, and severely undermined the strategic position of Germany, resulting in German divisions being deployed to Africa and Italy and total German losses (including those captured upon final surrender) being over two million. Italian losses amounted to around 177,000 men with a further several hundred thousand captured during the process of the various campaigns. British losses amount to over 300,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, and total American losses in the region amounted to 130,000. 97: 319: 2943: 2842: 1169: 1162: 1123: 2193:

In the aftermath of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, British and Italian forces in North Africa were reinforced. Due to various Italian moves, in July 1937, the British decided "that Italy could not now be regarded as a reliable friend" and preparations began to bring "the defences of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ports up-to-date". In 1938, a weak armoured division was established in Egypt and further army and air force reinforcements were dispatched from Britain.

1961: 482: 1152: 2181: 772: 672: 755: 2456: 569: 77: 2569: 2293:(Giarabub) in Libya and arrangements began in Egypt, to accommodate a much larger force. Preparations to reinforce the Iraqi army were made and Palestinian security forces were to be reduced to the minimum. British forces in East Africa were to study operations to destroy the Italian forces and support local risings, all in support of the main Allied offensive, which was planned to be launched from 3060:. Atlas aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in Mandatory Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and recruiting and arming anti-British Palestinians by buying their support with gold. The plan failed utterly, and no meaningful action could be undertaken by the commandos. Three of the participants were arrested by the 2960:, British and Indian units invaded Syria and Lebanon from Palestine in the south on 8 June 1941. Vigorous resistance was met from the Vichy French but superior Allied infantry equipment and numbers overwhelmed the defenders. More attacks were launched at the end of June and early July from Iraq into northern and central Syria, by 3279:. It ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and of gaining access to the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. As the Eighth Army pushed west across the desert, capturing Libya, German and Italian forces occupied southern France and landed in Tunisia. On 8 November, Allied forces launched 3871:

with orders to fire on the French if necessary. A crisis began as British armoured cars and troops then reached the Syrian capital Damascus following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added the French ordered a ceasefire; following which the French

3715:

defended by Italian troops commanded by Admiral Mascherpa, who resisted the German air offensive before the landing of British support troops, which was invaded by the Germans who landed by sea and air on 12 November and surrendered four days later. The remaining British garrisons were then evacuated

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resulted as both Germany and the Allies scrambled to occupy them after the surrender of Italy in early September 1943. The main island of Rhodes was swiftly secured by German forces, but British garrisons were established on most islands by mid-September. German air superiority, tactical prowess, and

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was sunk by the Luftwaffe on 9 September. In the occupied areas of southern Europe and the Mediterranean, German forces rapidly disarmed and captured Italian troops, putting down any resistance they offered in Yugoslavia, southern France and Greece. Meanwhile, on 16 September, a German airborne force

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After liberating French North Africa and clearing the enemy from the Italian colonies, the Allies sought to bring the entire French empire effectively into the war against the Axis powers. They reopened the Mediterranean route to the Middle East. They went on from Africa to liberate Sicily, Sardinia,

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on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war. On 8 November 1942, American forces entered combat in North Africa with Operation Torch, which "transformed the Mediterranean from a British to an Allied theater of war", "succeeding operations in the Mediterranean area proved far more extensive

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were damaged too severely to leave. The defence of the island ensured that the Allies had an advantage in the fight to control the Mediterranean and as the garrison recovered from periods of intense bombing, aircraft, submarines and light surface ships resumed attacks on Axis supply ships, leading to

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Before the coup, Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany would recognise the independence of Iraq from the British Empire. There had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British. On 3 May, German Foreign Minister

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was signed between the United Kingdom, France and Turkey and British military forces were authorised to begin discussions with the Turkish general staff; a further conference was held during March 1940. Within a week of the Italian occupation of Albania, France and the United Kingdom "announced they

2192:

of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom "disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations." Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement.

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Italian foreign policy went through two stages during the Fascist regime. Until 1934–35, Mussolini followed a "modest ... and responsible" course and following that date there was "ceaseless activity and aggression". "Prior to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini had made military agreements

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and transport them to Iraq. The French also agreed to allow passage of other weapons and material and loaned several airbases in northern Syria to Germany, for the transport of German aircraft to Iraq. Between 9 May and the end of the month, about 100 German and about 20 Italian aircraft landed on

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and Rommel himself was officially under Italian command. But Rommel seized on the weakness of his opponents and without waiting for his forces to fully assemble, rapidly went on the offensive. In March–April 1941, the German and Italian forces defeated the British forces and forced the British and

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in Transjordan. The new regime planned to refuse further concessions to the United Kingdom, to retain diplomatic links with Fascist Italy and to expel the most prominent pro-British politicians. The plotters considered the United Kingdom to be weak and believed that its government would negotiate

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troops into the country, because Britain could not spare enough forces to guarantee victory. They had, however, accepted aid from the RAF in their war with the Italians in Albania. As it became likely Germany would attack Greece, four British divisions were switched from North Africa to reinforce

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and the United Kingdom had to be challenged. Through armed conquest, the north and east African colonies would be linked and this 'prison' destroyed. Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". On 2

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After moving through south-eastern Yugoslavia, the Germans had been able to turn the Allied flank, cutting off Greek units in the east of the country. Greek forces in central Macedonia were isolated from the Commonwealth forces moving up in an attempt stabilise the front, with the Germans then

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both fought the occupying forces and collaborated with them against the communists. The Partisans eventually gained recognition from the Allies as the sole resistance movement. With help from both the Soviets and the Western Allies, they turned into a formidable fighting force and successfully

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On 30 April, the Iraqi Army surrounded and besieged RAF Habbaniya; the base had no operational aircraft but the RAF converted trainers to carry weapons and a battalion of infantry reinforcements was flown in. German and Italian aircraft supported the Iraqi army and British reinforcements were

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did not receive adequate troop reinforcements and was quickly overrun by the Germans, who then outflanked the Greek forces at the Albanian border, forcing their surrender. British, Australian and New Zealand forces were overwhelmed and forced to retreat, with the ultimate goal of evacuation.

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with their new government regardless of its legality. On 17 April, Rashid Ali, on behalf of the "National Defence Government" asked Germany for military assistance in the event of war with the British. Ali attempted to restrict British rights guaranteed under

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When Italy entered the war the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany. The Italian Legation in Baghdad became the centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by

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As the campaign in Italy continued, the rough terrain prevented fast movement and proved ideal for defence, the Allies continued to push the German and RSI forces northwards through the rest of the year. The German prepared defensive line called the

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by France in May 1945. French forces then tried to quell the protests but concern with heavy Syrian casualties forced Winston Churchill to oppose French action there. After being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle he ordered British forces under general

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falling on the rear of the main Greek army facing the Italians in Macedonia. The German advance into Greece was made easier because the bulk of the Greek Army was engaged fighting the Italians on the Albanian front in the north of the country.

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The Greeks were forced to capitulate, ending resistance on the mainland by the end of the month. Abandoning most of its equipment, the Commonwealth force retreated to the island of Crete. From 20 May, the Germans attacked the island by using

2116:)". Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. Italy was a "prisoner in the Mediterranean" and had to break the chains of British and French control. Corsica, 3150:) was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the Malta. Malta was 60 miles (97 km) from Sicily and one of the first targets of the Italian army and the 3138:

Gibraltar commanded the entrance to the Mediterranean and had been a British fortress since the early 18th century. The territory provided a strongly defended harbour, from which ships could operate in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

2021:" and that it would be in other countries' best interests to aid in this expansion. The regime wanted "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region" and the gaining of world power by the conquest "of an empire stretching from the 2204:

to provide centralised command for British army units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. All three branches of the British military were made equally responsible for the defence of the area. The authority of MEC included

3341:. After shattering the Axis defence on the Mareth Line, the Allies squeezed Axis forces into a pocket around Tunis. Axis resistance in Africa ended on 13 May 1943, with the unconditional surrender of nearly 240,000 men, who became 2172:

with the French and formed a coalition with the British and French to prevent German aggression in Europe." The Ethiopian War "exposed vulnerabilities and created opportunities that Mussolini seized to realise his imperial vision"

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to Iraq to lead a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime but the British quickly learned of the German arrangements through intercepted Italian diplomatic transmissions. On 6 May, in accordance with the

2400:

while France was still able to resist. When France surrendered, Mussolini gave instructions for his generals to prepare an offensive. On 10 August, he instructed his forces to be prepared to attack in conjunction with the

3179:

in Greece in September 1941. The flotilla was to operate against British supply convoys to Allied forces on Malta and in Tobruk. On 7 December, control of the 23rd Flotilla was transferred from Kernével to Field Marshal

2249:. If necessary, command would be exerted as far away as the Caucasus and the Indian Ocean. The purpose of the command was to be "the western bastion of defence of India", keep British supply lines open to India and the 2929:

and a pro-British government. The defeat of the rebellion saw the defeat of the German-Italian attempt to entrench an Axis state in Iraq and worsened relations between the UK and Vichy France, culminating in the

2804:, who had fled from the British Mandate of Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. In January 1941, there was a political crisis within Iraq as Rashid Ali resigned as 2329:

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom and next day the British Commonwealth declared war on Italy. The fleets of Italy, France and the United Kingdom began the hostilities of the

2284:

against British positions in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean region increased. In late 1939, with the assumption that Britain would soon be at war with Italy, planning began for attacks to capture

3511:, armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique. In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian 2510:, and a small German force pressed eastwards, retaking all territory lost to Operation Compass, and advanced into Egypt. By the end of April, Sollum had fallen and the important Halfaya Pass captured. 1245: 3898:

between Palestinian Arabs and Jews broke out and lasted until the British withdrawal of the territory in May 1948, which later drew in neighbouring nations into the conflict, causing the start of the

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and airborne landings. The German and Italian forces were unable to prevent the Allied capture of the island but evacuated most of their troops and equipment to the mainland before the Allies entered

3209:

were delivered, which very much improved the defensive situation, although food, ammunition, and fuel were still short. Supply runs during lulls in the bombing kept Malta in being but many ships like

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soon after the German invasion but the number of ships available was limited and convoys were vulnerable to German air and submarine attack. Supplies were also sent from American pacific ports to

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on 3 July 1940, after it refused to sail to Britain or the French West Indies and demobilise, as part of a larger plan to stop the French fleet from falling into German or Italian hands.

3427:. The Italian government signed the surrender the same day, believing they would be given time to make preparations against the anticipated German intervention. The Allies announced the 203: 2632:

Greek Army. The advanced guards of these troops began arriving in March 1941, triggering the entry of German forces into Bulgaria, which made clear the German intent to invade Greece.

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deposed Mussolini, the Italian leader, who was subsequently arrested. The new government announced that it would continue the war but secretly commenced negotiations with the Allies.

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was signed. Italy gained a 50 kilometres (31 mi) demilitarised zone inside France (as well as similar zones where Italian and French colonies met). Italian occupation forces

1238: 2764:

has accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame for his country's defeat from himself to his ally, Italy. It nevertheless had serious consequences for the Axis war effort in the

9462: 2968:, the rear of the Vichy forces defending Beirut from the advance from the south. Negotiations for an armistice were started on 11 July and surrender terms signed on 14 July. 2424:

by invading Greece on 28 October. The Greek army repulsed the Italian attack and commenced a counter-offensive on 14 November, which pushed Italian forces back into Albania.

7992: 3539:, an amphibious assault at Anzio behind the line was intended to break it, but did not have the desired effect. The line was eventually broken by frontal assault at the 7737: 2148:

Mussolini lauded the conquest as a new source of raw materials and location for emigration and speculated that a native army could be raised there to "help conquer the

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and Rashid Ali proclaimed himself Chief of the "National Defence Government." The Golden Square deposed al-Hashimi and restored Rashid Ali. Ali did not overthrow the

2721:

forces in anticipation of the German attack. The Greek army found itself outnumbered in its effort to defend against both Italian and German troops. As a result, the

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Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R. N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

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Despite the large size of the theatre, the various campaigns were not seen as neatly separated areas of operations but part of a vast, contiguous theatre of war.

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Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The European Theatre

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On 9 September, Italian aircraft start preparation bombardments for the invasion of Egypt. Four days later, Italian infantry attacked and advanced as far as

17: 2687:, Greece, with British air and material support, repelled the initial Italian attack and a counter-attack in March 1941. When the German invasion, known as 7317: 7263: 6449: 5881:

Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The Asian Theatre

7774: 7270: 6886: 3446:. German forces which had escaped from Sicily were concentrated against Avalanche, while additional forces were brought in to occupy Rome and disarm the 1349: 6296: 5140: 3158:

biplanes. After the first Italian air attacks it became clear that Malta could be defended and in early July, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve

2742:

despite suffering heavy casualties. They then flew in more troops and were able to capture the rest of the island by 1 June. With their victory in the

1394: 2447:

ended with the Italians losing the desert oasis of Kufra—a vital link between Italian east and north Africa—which was located in south-eastern Libya.

2077:. Covert motives were for Italy to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean, capable of challenging France or Britain and gaining access to the 7660: 7107: 6983: 3921: 3121: 1289: 6960: 6340: 2706: 2378: 2318: 7397: 6709: 2871: 2314: 1846:

The British referred to this theatre as the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre (so called due to the location of the fighting and the name of

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Upon the establishment of MEC, it was ordered to co-ordinate with the French military in the Middle East and Africa as well as liaise with the

9215: 5564:. United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Washington DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 2439:

in February 1941. Following this success, British forces adopted a defensive position in North Africa and redeployed most troops to Greece in

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was widely viewed as pro-German by the allies. Following the Shah's refusal to open Iran up as a supply route for war materiel to the USSR;

8101: 7957: 7941: 7913: 7161: 6368: 3916: 3895: 3133: 2874:. The leaders of the "National Defence Government" proceeded to arrest many pro-British citizens and politicians but many escaped through 2768:. Enno von Rintelen, who was the military attaché in Rome, emphasises, from the German point of view, the strategic mistake of not taking 8858: 7925: 7837: 7781: 7744: 7026: 5559: 3891: 2883:

of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, when he insisted that newly arrived British troops quickly be transported through Iraq and to Palestine.

3574:

of 1945. From 1944 to the end of war, the Italian Front was made up of a multi-national Allied force of Americans (including segregated

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on 8 September and German forces implemented plans to occupy the Italian peninsula. On 9 September, American and British forces of the

1546: 1474: 2486:, to bolster the Italians with a mission to block further Allied attempts to drive the Italians out of the region. It's commander was 65: 9467: 9336: 7964: 6354: 6312: 798: 290:

Italy ceded all its African colonies to the Allies, restored Albanian independence, and gave some territory to Yugoslavia and Greece

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Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941

1585: 1558: 3527:), published in 1991, led to the term "Italian Civil War" being used more frequently by Italian and international historiography. 8080: 7877: 6914: 6414: 6326: 6262: 3579: 2431:

on the night of 12/13 November. After assembling enough forces the British launched a counter-attack upon the Italians in Egypt.

1688: 8283: 7795: 6645: 6183: 3926: 3575: 3447: 2417: 1387: 3295: 9477: 8879: 8784: 8311: 8057: 7932: 7018: 6992: 6849: 6555: 6472: 6028: 6009: 5988: 5969: 5950: 5907: 5888: 5869: 5759: 5736: 5713: 5674: 5617: 5529: 5510: 5468: 5445: 5424: 5386: 5367: 5326: 5286: 4727: 4695: 3031: 1698: 1541: 3535:(parts of which were called the Gustav Line) proved a major obstacle to the Allies at the end of 1943, halting the advance. 3022:. Iranian oil fields were secured and the line of supply to Russia established and maintained for the remainder of the war. 1865:

a new Roman Empire, while the Allies aimed to retain the status quo. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, and immediately

9112: 8519: 8405: 7570: 7037: 7033: 7011: 6615: 5801: 3625:, the remaining German and RSI forces in Northern Italy were defeated by the British 8th Army and the U.S. 5th Army in the 3603: 2519: 2363: 1948:

The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre had the longest duration of the World War II, resulted in the destruction of the

1607: 1578: 1279: 9027: 8491: 7823: 7809: 7022: 3811:

surrendered to the Allies which entered the town the following day. The Yugoslavs had to leave the town some days after.

3540: 2405:. While his generals did not believe they were prepared, they were ordered to push forward without any solid objectives. 1744: 1168: 777: 677: 2459:

Italy and its colonies before WWII are shown in red. Pink areas were annexed for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (

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Allied forces which had been sent to Greece in October 1944 after the German withdrawal, were attacked by the leftist

2964:. By 8 July, north-east Syria had been captured and elements of Iraqforce had advanced up the river Euphrates towards 2917:

dispatched to Iraq from Transjordan and India. The larger but poorly trained Iraqi force was defeated and Baghdad and

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and occupied Iran in August 1941. The Shah, who urged his military not to resist the invasion, was deposed and his

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was created to fight against the puppet government headed by Mussolini and its German allies, alongside the large

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began, as the British launched minor raids and conducted patrols along the Libyan–Egyptian border and on 17 June,

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Bombing and the naval blockade led to food and commodity shortages and rationing was imposed on the inhabitants.

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had promised to give all the help in their power if Greek and Romanian independence were threatened and if the

2142: 1678: 932: 2639:. They captured Yugoslavia in 11 days and partitioned it among themselves and newly formed client states: The 9482: 9359: 9292: 9243: 9174: 8999: 8505: 8456: 8220: 8213: 7816: 7577: 7368: 6421: 5845:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. 5124: 3792: 3611: 3583: 3129: 3011: 2664: 2335: 1870: 1812: 1642: 1624: 1329: 1294: 5826:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. 9433: 9329: 8704: 8665: 7584: 7419: 7404: 7331: 7310: 7128: 6806: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6280: 6239: 6211: 3975: 3911: 3775: 3711:

within two days in early October. A massive 50-day-long aerial campaign was launched against the island of

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landing in various places across French North Africa. In December 1942, after a 101-day British blockade,

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Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany, 1944 and 1945 – The Greatest Airborne Battles in History

3271:, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, British forces went onto the offensive in October. The 9194: 8690: 8609: 8554: 8442: 8398: 8048: 7674: 7598: 7500: 7377: 7249: 7242: 7202: 7175: 6907: 6840: 6435: 6246: 6176: 3377: 3268: 3061: 2951: 2660: 2502:

and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi (160 km) east to

2355: 1866: 1637: 1503: 1481: 1319: 1309: 533: 2390: 1734: 9096: 9013: 8798: 8658: 8630: 8463: 8368: 8158: 7591: 6665: 6319: 3899: 3758:. The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and fanned out north and east to join up with the 3630: 3397: 3338: 2688: 2420:

began in August and annexed the colony. After crossing the Albanian border, Italian forces began the

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and took place in October 1944. It involved five soldiers: three who were previously members of the

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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume II The Germans come to the Help of their Ally (1941). 1956

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was subsequently set up in northern Italy as the successor state to the former fascist government.

3432: 3416: 3389: 3373: 3300: 3248:

During 1941, the British launched several offensives to push back the Axis forces in North Africa.

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theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean,

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the Germans had secured their southern flank and turned their attention towards the Soviet Union.

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an 832 km (321 sq mi) area of France, which included 28,500 people and the town of

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the absence of Allied reinforcements doomed the Allied effort, however. German forces, including

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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941). 1954

1901:

planned to capture the Middle East with a view to possibly attacking the southern border of the

1454: 8949: 8842: 8644: 8595: 8498: 8391: 8361: 8144: 8032: 7758: 7549: 7140: 7121: 7091: 6638: 6608: 5818:, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . 4000: 3946: 3453:

The Germans were unable to prevent the Italian fleet sailing to Malta, although the battleship

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reinforcements in the Mediterranean joined in the bombing but during a lull in early 1942, 61

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British forces in the Middle East were ordered to avoid provocation. Following the defeat of

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which was breaking out of the Normandy beachhead. In early September supreme command of the

2366:

began with Italian attacks in East Africa, although ground combat did not start until July.

9264: 9119: 8770: 8727: 8697: 8623: 8433: 8412: 7338: 6815: 6493: 3677: 3326: 3206: 3172: 2850: 2829: 2753: 2234: 2018: 1942: 1934: 1836: 1715: 660: 621: 2644: 8: 9382: 9156: 9034: 8990: 8512: 7646: 7412: 6939: 6769: 6753: 6702: 5902:. New Studies in European History. trans. A. Belton. London: Cambridge University Press. 3689: 3443: 3409: 3253: 3064:

a few days after their landing. The German commander was captured in 1946 and the fifth,

3045: 2849:

On 1 April, Rashid Ali, along with four senior Army and Air Force officers known as the "

2696: 2270: 2226: 2197: 2074: 2022: 1847: 1769: 1649: 1344: 1065: 6146: 5962:

Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

4759:

Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936–1943

3734: 3368: 3002:

in Soviet-flagged ships but Allied planners wished to open another supply route through

2443:, leaving a weak force garrisoning the gains made from Operation Compass. In March, the 1223: 9375: 9208: 9133: 9087: 9057: 8965: 8805: 8470: 8354: 8248: 8199: 8137: 7893: 7844: 7653: 7277: 6932: 6730: 6062: 5748: 4737: 4711: 3759: 3695: 3657: 3555: 3401: 3333:

but managed to delay the Allied advance by defensive operations, most notably with the

3257: 2987: 2908:

government to release war materials, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in the

2761: 2637:

Germans, Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians made quick work of the Royal Yugoslav army

2545: 2544:, was forced to surrender by 18 May which effectively ended the campaign, allowing the 2436: 2210: 2070: 1422: 1151: 1049: 1043: 760: 457: 56: 5417:

From Jerusalem to the Lion of Judah and Beyond: Israel's Foreign Policy in East Africa

3979: 9366: 9250: 9140: 9080: 9041: 8974: 8956: 8922: 8865: 8819: 8763: 8588: 8326: 8318: 8255: 8108: 7702: 7234: 6695: 6674: 6384: 6120: 6090: 6070: 6054: 6024: 6005: 5999: 5984: 5965: 5946: 5940: 5925: 5903: 5884: 5865: 5846: 5827: 5797: 5778: 5755: 5732: 5709: 5692: 5670: 5651: 5632: 5613: 5594: 5565: 5544: 5525: 5506: 5487: 5464: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5401: 5382: 5363: 5344: 5322: 5316: 5301: 5282: 5160: 4766: 4723: 4691: 4004: 3992: 3800: 3747: 3729: 3599: 3551: 3488: 3424: 3363: 3264:. The routed Allied forces retreated to Egypt where they made a stand at El Alamein. 3249: 3181: 3155: 3151: 3077: 2867: 2684: 2586: 2473: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2402: 2294: 2153: 2054: 1926: 1914: 1906: 1874: 1828: 1654: 1493: 1469: 1354: 1216: 1060: 1021: 976: 422: 5843:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941)

5096: 3512: 2160:

and within two days had occupied the country. In May 1939, Italy formally allied to

9285: 9278: 9222: 8886: 8651: 8637: 8540: 8477: 8428: 8241: 8094: 8041: 7851: 7802: 7716: 6946: 6923: 6456: 5107: 3996: 3858:

In Syria, nationalist protests were on the rise at the continued occupation of the

3833: 3763: 3638: 3587: 3342: 3330: 3261: 3159: 3057: 2855: 2757: 2533: 2440: 2359: 2266: 2133: 2026: 2014: 1792: 1464: 1442: 1117: 1093: 1082: 638: 590: 43: 6465: 5824:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

5084: 1877:, but it was not until the introduction of German forces that it and neighbouring 1145: 105: 85: 9308: 9020: 8935: 8893: 8791: 8734: 8602: 8384: 8375: 7904: 7486: 7462: 6716: 5684: 5252: 5154: 4765:] (in German). Tübingen/Stuttgart: R. Wunderlich. pp. 90, 92–93, 98–99. 3959: 3887: 3841: 3536: 3465: 3280: 3083: 2926: 2901: 2817: 2809: 2786: 2743: 2735: 2683:

Following the Italian invasion on 28 October 1940, which is usually known as the

2675:, soon broke out. A more ambivalent, predominantly Serb paramilitary movement of 2672: 2552:. A number of Italian garrisons continued to hold out, but the last of these, at 2532:

in February 1941. Landings were subsequently conducted in British Somaliland and

2507: 2412:

before digging in, 80 mi (130 km) west of the main British position at

2343: 2189: 1889:, while Axis interference in the Middle East caused fighting to spread as far as 1840: 1808: 1632: 1553: 1314: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1098: 1054: 1003: 835: 276: 185: 149: 128: 9420: 3111:

Five Malta-based RAF pilots sitting in front of a Beaufighter and a Spitfire at

2427:

The Royal Navy inflicted a major setback upon the Italian Royal Navy during the

2152:. "Almost as soon as the Abyssinian campaign ended, Italian intervention in the 9315: 8851: 8777: 6829: 6688: 6053:(14). London: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 852–854. 13 July 1940. 5343:. First published as The Spanish Civil War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5106:("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist 3704: 3516: 3210: 3176: 2805: 2710: 2549: 2435:

drove the Italians out of Egypt and resulted in the destruction of the Italian

2290: 2117: 2093: 2078: 2008: 1949: 1816: 1568: 1563: 1087: 971: 324: 3791:

At the end of the war in Europe, on 1 May 1945, troops of the 4th Army of the

1917:

halted Axis interference in North Africa by May 1943. The Allies then invaded

9456: 9126: 7051: 6900: 6739: 6074: 6058: 5696: 5569: 5336: 4763:

Mussolini as an ally. Memories of the German military attaché in Rome 1936–43

3864: 3853: 3649: 3483:, while other Italian troops continued to fight alongside the Germans in the 3461: 3385: 3275:

marked a watershed in the Western Desert Campaign and turned the tide in the

3090:

and create a Kurdish uprising against the British with assistance from local

2825: 2692: 2339: 2165: 1862: 1796: 1161: 1156: 1122: 1105: 1032: 998: 983: 710: 338: 247: 218: 205: 6124: 2196:

With rising tension in Europe, in June 1939, the United Kingdom established

1372: 96: 9425: 9229: 7529: 7434: 7065: 6428: 6192: 5917: 5128: 4925: 4770: 3991:

While the fighting around the Mediterranean formed the longest fought over

3971: 3770:

and the 6th Army Group moved out of the Mediterranean Theatre and into the

3673: 3629:. Mussolini attempted to escape to Switzerland, but was captured and later 3508: 3167: 3144: 3087: 3065: 3049: 2983: 2942: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2864: 2841: 2749: 2722: 2608: 2529: 2487: 2478: 2413: 2409: 2351: 2297:. Troops in Sudan were also asked to consider launching operations against 2246: 2161: 2082: 2058: 1978: 1902: 1832: 1804: 1405: 1211: 1182: 1134: 1129: 1027: 852: 818: 728: 606: 404: 257: 197: 5942:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

3676:

with the Allies), ordered German and RSI armed forces in Italy to make an

3633:

by Italian partisans along with the high-ranking Fascist officials of the

3321:

Allied forces were placed under the command of a Supreme Allied Commander

2556:, surrendered in November. Small groups of Italian troops carried out the 9064: 9050: 8712: 7388: 7209: 7194: 6548: 5900:

Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War

4683: 3820: 3717: 3567: 3566:, the Italian campaign became of secondary importance to both sides. The 3532: 3496: 2999: 2995: 2957: 2718: 2573: 2537: 2525: 2105: 2057:

and harked back to the Roman empire. The regime also sought to establish

1960: 1824: 1800: 1529: 1447: 1009: 862: 693: 371: 193: 189: 6066: 2346:(RAF) aircraft attacked Italian positions inside Libya. On 11 June, the 8419: 8172: 8151: 7044: 6377: 6305: 5815: 5691:. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. Ballantine. 5279:

Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State

3653: 2739: 2699:, then a vassal of Italy, from which the Italian troops had attacked. 2386: 2322: 2180: 1873:, which would remain under siege for over 2 years. Italian forces then 1437: 1427: 1076: 616: 5503:

The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II

2709:, creating a second front. Greece received a small reinforcement from 2476:

by dispatching armour and motorised divisions. Germany dispatched the

8682: 8087: 7884: 7695: 7493: 7448: 3808: 3202: 3195: 3095: 3037: 3007: 2961: 2922: 2714: 2702: 2121: 1998:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 1898: 1173: 473: 6969: 5840: 3606:

as well as members of the British and French empires, including the

3186: 6953: 6681: 6094: 3796: 3743: 3559: 3284: 3198:

in northern Italy, as more U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean.

3112: 2991: 2860: 2250: 2038: 2034: 3890:

between Arabs and Jews. Following the end of World War II and the

3886:

Prior to the war, the British Mandate of Palestine was faced with

3438:

in Operation Avalanche and more British airborne troops landed at

3036:

Operation Atlas was carried out by a special commando unit of the

2528:, the British launched a counter-attack against the Italians from 2455: 5810: 5541:

And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War

3804: 3707:

commandos, launched a counter-offensive, capturing the island of

3521:

Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza

3439: 3405: 3140: 3125: 2821: 2338:

soon began, with the first Italian air attack on 11 June. In the

2281: 2214: 2097: 2042: 1995: 270: 76: 5505:. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. 4688:

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940–1941

3171:

began operations in the Mediterranean with establishment of the

2568: 1854:

and the German informal official history of the fighting is the

561: 7563: 6161: 3868: 3859: 3837: 3755: 3751: 3525:

A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance

3500: 3492: 3329:. Axis forces were caught between the Allied armies during the 3241: 2965: 2813: 2790: 2553: 2503: 2499: 2472:

In North Africa, the Italians responded to the defeat of their

2382: 2286: 2277: 2242: 2137: 2101: 1820: 574: 501: 2921:

were captured. Ali and his supporters fled the country and an

2260:

and possibly the Greek General Staff. On 19 October 1939, the

7751: 3767: 3712: 3091: 3018:

placed on the throne as titular head of an allied controlled

2918: 2875: 2769: 2506:

on the Libyan–Egyptian border. The main Axis force began the

2298: 2222: 2218: 2201: 2149: 2113: 1856:

Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941.

5777:] (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 5706:

Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940

2828:, from whence he was flown to Basra and given refuge on the 2416:. In East Africa, after some initial offensive actions, the 4003:

was fought from 1939 to 1945, the war's longest continuous

3742:

On 15 August 1944, in an effort to aid their operations in

3544: 3322: 3240:

British gunners cleaning a 3.7-inch anti-aircraft gun near

3191: 2391:

the French fleet in the North African port of Mers-el-Kébir

2253:, and keep the Middle Eastern oilfields out of Axis hands. 2230: 2206: 2129: 2109: 1827:

in Italy surrendered. However, fighting would continue in

5524:. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5228: 5226: 3708: 3353: 3312:

than intended. One undertaking was to lead to the next".

1253: 869: 5066: 3217:

fuel and supply shortages for the Axis forces in Libya.

2581: Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the 2108:

and "French territory east of the River Var (to include

2396:

When Italy entered the war, there were no plans for an

1993: Territories to be transformed into client states. 1885:. Allied and Axis forces fought back and forth across 27:

Major theatre of operations during the Second World War

6823:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5520:

Fage, J. D.; Crowder, Michael; Oliver, Roland (1984).

5223: 3082:

In 1943 a small team of German agents parachuted into

9463:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

6112: 5341:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

5102:, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book 4722:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bonn. p. 506. 4716:

Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940–1941

3154:; the air defence of Malta comprised six obsolescent 2925:

was signed, restoring the monarchy of Faisal II, the

5561:

Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West

4872: 4615: 4613: 3774:fighting as one of three Allied army groups on the 3423:landed in the toe of Italy on 3 September 1943, in 1971: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 5747: 5522:The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1940 to 1975 5456: 3464:rescued Mussolini from the mountain resort in the 6115:[The Unknown Resistance in East Africa]. 6001:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 5519: 4993: 4991: 3922:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II 3396:Following the Allied victory in North Africa the 3190:) in Italy. Additional bases were established in 3122:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II 2572:Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the 9454: 5959: 5750:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 5357: 4786: 4610: 1941:in the north, lasting until 2 May 1945 with the 923: 539: 6113:"La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" 2651:and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the 1811:. The fighting started from 10 June 1940, when 6147:Mediterranean sources and US Official accounts 5360:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 4988: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4486: 4484: 4073: 4071: 3974:unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945 but 3840:during December of that year, which began the 3723: 2536:, while an expedition from the Sudan moved on 2354:was captured. On 20 June, Mussolini began the 2304: 2156:" began. On 7 April 1939, Mussolini began the 1925:authorized by the royal government, causing a 509: 176:(4 years, 11 months and 5 days) 6177: 5318:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 4720:Hitler's Strategy. Politics & War 1940–41 4199: 4197: 3882:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 2145:began when Italian forces invaded Abyssinia. 2088:On 30 November 1938, Mussolini addressed the 2017:claimed that Italy needed an outlet for its " 1964:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 1402: 1388: 1239: 478: 5486:] (in Italian). Baldini & Castoldi. 5023: 5021: 4836: 4827: 4756: 4556: 4256: 4254: 4187: 4185: 3917:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II) 3491:. Although other European countries such as 3134:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II) 431: 5981:World War II: The Definitive Visual History 5159:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 4795: 4777: 4481: 4415:Bulletin of International News, pp. 852–854 4068: 6184: 6170: 5664: 5398:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4742:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4710: 4194: 4085: 4083: 4043: 4041: 3750:– the invasion of Southern France between 3618:and forces raised in Mandatory Palestine. 3094:who were seeking to create an independent 2820:, learnt of a plot to arrest him and fled 1807:, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and 1395: 1381: 1246: 1232: 768: 668: 629: 269:Beginning of the Communist regimes in the 6110: 6004:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5477: 5296:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.). 5143:at the University of Munchen (in German). 5072: 5018: 4251: 4182: 4059: 3738:Allied fleets landing in Southern France. 3641:surrendered to the Allies along with the 3400:in Operation Husky on 10 July 1943, with 3337:and a temporary defensive success at the 2775: 2627:, the Greeks had been reluctant to allow 1897:. With confidence high from early gains, 905: 887: 734: 719: 134:Italian warships on formation during the 6088: 5997: 5978: 5459:The Second World War: A Military History 5454: 5440:. New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. 5358:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 5276: 5114:("History of Italy") by the same author. 4878: 3872:withdrew from Syria the following year. 3733: 3367: 3294: 3235: 3105: 2941: 2840: 2567: 2454: 2308: 2280:, the threat of an Axis attack from the 2179: 1987: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1959: 941: 524: 413: 6119:(in Italian). Rivista Italiana Difesa. 5938: 5897: 5703: 5683: 5645: 5543:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. 5180: 5178: 5176: 4963: 4961: 4902: 4845: 4682: 4520: 4080: 4038: 3694:The brief campaign in the Italian-held 3570:north of Rome was not broken until the 2132:and Tunisia would need to be taken and 1192: 701: 14: 9455: 8031: 8009:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5916: 5768: 5745: 5626: 5607: 5538: 5500: 5376: 5335: 3927:Timeline of the North African campaign 3683: 3354:Italian campaign and Italian Civil War 3299:U.S. troops taken prisoner during the 3101: 3025: 2418:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 2321:in shades of yellow and striped blue, 826: 155:American soldiers fighting during the 8880:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 8312:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7958:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7914:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7019:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6165: 6021:Malta: The Last Great Siege 1940–1943 6018: 5878: 5859: 5791: 5725:Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe 5722: 5588: 5433: 5414: 5395: 5295: 5244: 5152: 5135:of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the 5095:See the books from Italian historian 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 3781: 3594:, Greeks, anti-fascist Italians, the 3470:puppet government headed by Mussolini 3086:with the goal of covertly sabotaging 3032:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) 2937: 2812:; civil war loomed. On 31 March, the 2403:German invasion of the United Kingdom 2315:Occupied and annexed zones by Germany 1933:commenced between the Allied-aligned 1785:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre 1376: 1257:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre 1227: 120:Italian soldiers charging during the 37:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre 18:Mediterranean Theatre of World War II 8002:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7034:Rape during the liberation of France 6091:"Nazis planned Palestine subversion" 5920:(1982) . Liddell-Hart, Basil (ed.). 5557: 5379:Regional Security in the Middle East 5314: 5277:Aly, Götz; Chase, Jefferson (2008). 5257:. Time Incorporated. pp. 25–26. 5250: 5187: 5173: 5100:Storia della guerra civile in Italia 5085:Storia della guerra civile in Italia 4958: 4565: 4155: 3071: 3052:who were close collaborators of the 2904:, Germany concluded a deal with the 2845:British troops taking cover in Iraq. 2691:, began on 6 April, the bulk of the 2520:East African Campaign (World War II) 6111:Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). 5960:Stockings, C.; Hancock, E. (2013). 4690:. London: Allen Lane. p. 178. 4598:Fage, Crowder & Oliver, p. 461. 2956:In Operation Exporter, Australian, 127:German Fallschirmjägers during the 24: 8228:German invasion of the Netherlands 6508:Weather events during World War II 6103: 5983:. New York, NY: Dorling Kimberly. 5648:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move 4646:Stockings & Hancock, pp. 78–82 4371: 3978:still fought until the end of the 3836:movement, resulting in clashes in 3348: 2946:Australian troops in Lebanon, 1941 2647:. In spring 1941, Italy created a 2498:fell back to the fortress port of 2491:Commonwealth forces into retreat. 2092:on the goal of capturing Albania, 148:British troops on Iraq during the 25: 9499: 8859:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6140: 5321:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson. 3621:On April 28, two days before the 3290: 3225: 3006:. Though officially neutral, the 2558:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 2373:with Germany and on 24 June, the 1839:– during the early stages of the 9468:African theatres of World War II 9419: 6191: 6045:"The Franco-Italian Armistice". 5812:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 5729:Germany and the Second World War 5300:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis. 5235: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5146: 5117: 5089: 5078: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 3550:Following the fall of Rome, the 3503:also had partisan movements and 3303:march through a Tunisian village 2752:later blamed the failure of his 2496:Australian 9th Infantry Division 2273:considered it vital to resist." 1210: 1199: 1181: 1167: 1160: 1150: 1139: 1128: 1121: 1111: 1104: 1092: 1081: 1070: 1059: 1048: 1037: 1026: 1015: 1008: 997: 982: 970: 943: 925: 907: 889: 871: 845: 828: 811: 787: 770: 753: 736: 721: 703: 670: 654: 631: 615: 599: 583: 567: 555: 541: 526: 511: 494: 480: 466: 450: 433: 415: 397: 380: 364: 348: 331: 317: 104: 95: 84: 75: 64: 55: 5771:Histoire militaire de la France 5669:. Littlehampton Book Services. 5009: 5000: 4979: 4970: 4949: 4940: 4918: 4884: 4863: 4854: 4818: 4809: 4750: 4704: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4221:Playfair (1954), pp. 31–32, 459 4215: 4206: 4173: 4164: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 3450:in central and northern Italy. 3360:Italian campaign (World War II) 3220: 2800:, the British appointee as the 2760:'s failed conquest of Greece. 2467: 2450: 2029:". The Fascists had designs on 1850:), the Americans called it the 1835:had been dispatched to aid the 141:British tanks on the attack in 9106:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6816:Territorial changes of Germany 6724:Indonesian National Revolution 6089:Fountain, Rick (5 July 2001). 6047:Bulletin of International News 5796:. All About History. Imagine. 5689:Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory 5501:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. (2015). 5463:. London: St. Martin's Press. 5156:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949 4050: 4029: 4020: 3985: 3965: 3952: 3939: 3627:Spring 1945 offensive in Italy 3608:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 3541:Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino 3487:; this period is known as the 3408:on 17 August. On 25 July, the 2513: 1937:in the south and Axis-aligned 13: 1: 8506:Japanese invasion of Thailand 8457:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 8221:German invasion of Luxembourg 6602:Mediterranean and Middle East 6023:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 5998:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). 5939:Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002). 5264: 5251:Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). 5110:as the fifteen volume of the 4673:Playfair (1956), pp. 148–149. 4065:Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 467 3680:to the Allies on 2 May 1945. 3604:South Africans and Rhodesians 3130:Siege of Malta (World War II) 2695:was on the Greek border with 2369:On 22 June, France signed an 2358:, just before the end of the 1955: 1593:Mediterranean and Middle East 9478:History of the Mediterranean 8413:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8102:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 7420:Independent State of Croatia 5945:. Cornell University Press. 5746:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). 5104:L'Italia della guerra civile 4860:Playfair (1956), pp. 194–195 4469:Playfair (1954), pp. 209–210 4239:Playfair (1954), pp. 31, 457 4014: 3912:List of World War II battles 3875: 3335:Battle of the Kasserine Pass 3184:, Commander in Chief South ( 2808:of Iraq and was replaced by 2754:invasion of the Soviet Union 2641:Independent State of Croatia 2600:Independent State of Croatia 2589:and the areas making up the 1852:Mediterranean Theater of War 1823:, until 2 May 1945 when all 1574:Manchuria and Northern Korea 897:Independent State of Croatia 7: 9397:End of World War II in Asia 9237:Western invasion of Germany 8744:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8721:Second Battle of El Alamein 8291:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8263:Battle of the Mediterranean 8116:Italian invasion of Albania 6290:Air warfare of World War II 6082: 6038: 5883:. Vol. II. McFarland. 5731:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5298:The History of World War II 4757:von Rintelen, Enno (1951). 4278:Playfair (1954), pp. 51, 53 3905: 3724:Invasion of southern France 3481:Italian resistance movement 3477:Italian Co-Belligerent Army 3468:where he was being held. A 3372:Men of the 10th Battalion, 3273:Second Battle of El Alamein 2585:, the area merged with the 2548:to be re-established under 2332:Battle of the Mediterranean 2305:Initial military operations 2262:Treaty of Mutual Assistance 2158:Italian invasion of Albania 136:Battle of the Mediterranean 10: 9504: 9323:Naval bombardment of Japan 8691:First Battle of El Alamein 8610:Battle of Christmas Island 8555:Japanese invasion of Burma 8319:Italian invasion of Greece 8235:German invasion of Belgium 8207:German invasion of Denmark 8180:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8049:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6313:Comparative military ranks 5864:. Vol. I. McFarland. 5775:Military History of France 5665:Mack Smith, Denis (1982). 5419:. Bloomington: IUniverse. 5400:. New York: Random House. 5153:Payne, Stanley G. (2011). 4896:Kurdistan Memory Programme 4562:Playfair (1956), pp. 33–35 4544:Playfair (1956), pp. 19–40 4305:Playfair (1954), pp. 48–49 4287:Playfair (1954), pp. 24–25 3879: 3851: 3818: 3786: 3727: 3687: 3543:in the spring of 1944 and 3384:, climbing the heights of 3357: 3269:First Battle of El Alamein 3229: 3119: 3075: 3062:Transjordan Frontier Force 3029: 2975: 2949: 2863:and named a new Regent to 2784: 2661:complex guerrilla uprising 2563: 2517: 2356:Italian invasion of France 2175: 2143:Second Italo–Ethiopian War 2006: 174:10 June 1940 – 23 May 1945 9412: 9244:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9184: 9175:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8912: 8799:Allied invasion of Sicily 8753: 8659:Aleutian Islands campaign 8631:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 8578: 8569:Greek famine of 1941–1944 8464:Second Battle of Changsha 8369:German invasion of Greece 8337: 8214:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 8189: 8127: 8022: 7903: 7629: 7539: 7387: 7090: 7081: 6839: 6664: 6556:North and Central Pacific 6517: 6279: 6272: 6199: 5979:Sturgeon, Alison (2009). 5589:Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). 5558:Howe, George F. (1993) . 5478:De Felice, Renzo (1995). 5455:Corrigan, Gordon (2011). 4946:Blair (1996), pp. 395–404 4607:Cernuschi, 1994, pp. 5–74 4134:Beevor (2006). pp. 135–6. 3814: 3554:(6 June 1944) that began 3339:Battle of the Mareth Line 3068:, succeeded in escaping. 2657:Governatorato di Dalmazia 1413: 1265: 963: 298: 166: 49: 41: 36: 9488:Theaters of World War II 8836:Allied invasion of Italy 8813:Solomon Islands campaign 8562:Third Battle of Changsha 8159:First Battle of Changsha 8065:Second Sino-Japanese War 7005:German military brothels 6871:United States war crimes 5898:Rodogno, Davide (2006). 5704:Mallett, Rovert (2003). 5315:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) . 5269: 4499:Playfair (1956), pp. 2–5 3932: 3847: 3760:American 12th Army Group 3666:Heinrich von Vietinghoff 3643:National Republican Army 3596:2nd New Zealand Division 3485:National Republican Army 3417:Allied invasion of Italy 3374:Royal Berkshire Regiment 3301:Battle of Kasserine Pass 2802:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2798:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 2653:Governorship of Dalmatia 2649:Montenegrin client state 2616: Areas occupied by 2375:Franco-Italian Armistice 2319:Italian occupation zones 2002: 1905:. Devastating losses in 1579:pre-war border conflicts 115:Clockwise from top left: 9473:History of North Africa 9258:Second Guangxi campaign 9113:Philippines (1944–1945) 8617:Battle of the Coral Sea 8520:Fall of the Philippines 8166:Battle of South Guangxi 8072:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7478:Italian Social Republic 5792:Overy, Richard (2014). 5612:. Vol. I. Osprey. 5610:Italian Army, 1940–1945 5608:Jowett, Philip (2000). 5539:Fraser, David (1999) . 5381:. New York: Routledge. 5220:Corrigan (2011), p. 523 4806:Playfair (1956), p. 178 4783:Playfair (1956), p. 177 4580:Jentz, pp. 128–129, 131 4571:Playfair (1956), p. 160 4451:Playfair (1954), p. 207 4368:Playfair (1954), p. 118 4359:Playfair (1954), p. 112 4341:Playfair (1954), p. 109 4332:Playfair (1954), p. 100 4269:Playfair (1954), p. 458 3678:unconditional surrender 3635:Italian Social Republic 3325:Mediterranean, General 3307:Following the Japanese 3232:Western Desert Campaign 2971: 2910:French Mandate of Syria 2895:to secretly return Dr. 2780: 2680:liberated the country. 2607: Area occupied by 2591:Governorate of Dalmatia 2540:. The Italian Viceroy, 2348:Western Desert Campaign 2313:France during the war; 2013:During the late 1920s, 1939:Italian Social Republic 1861:Fascist Italy aimed to 1795:. The vast size of the 879:Italian Social Republic 252:Italian Social Republic 8843:Armistice of Cassibile 8645:Battle of Dutch Harbor 8596:Battle of the Java Sea 8499:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8399:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8392:Battle of South Shanxi 8362:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8145:Battle of the Atlantic 7759:Korean Liberation Army 7472:(until September 1943) 7429:(until September 1944) 7407:(until September 1944) 5879:Ready, J. Lee (1985). 5860:Ready, J. Lee (1985). 5769:Martel, André (1994). 5708:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5685:Macksey, Major Kenneth 5627:Keegan, John (1997) . 5593:. New York: Schiffer. 5415:Carol, Steven (2012). 5377:Bilgin, Pinar (2005). 5241:Sturgeson, pp. 274–275 5036:Sturgeon, pp. 212–213. 4985:Weinberg, pp. 260–263. 4892:"History of the Kurds" 4655:Weinberg, pp. 221–222. 4508:Martel (1994), p. 108. 4442:Weinberg, pp. 145–146. 4314:Playfair (1954), p. 54 4296:Playfair (1954), p. 41 4230:Playfair (1954), p. 33 4212:Playfair (1954), p. 12 4143:Playfair (1954), p. 24 4116:Playfair (1954), p. 21 4001:Battle of the Atlantic 3947:Invasion of Yugoslavia 3746:, the Allies launched 3739: 3547:was captured in June. 3429:Armistice of Cassibile 3393: 3319: 3309:attack on Pearl Harbor 3304: 3277:North African Campaign 3245: 3117: 2986:had been sent via the 2952:Syria–Lebanon Campaign 2947: 2932:Syria-Lebanon Campaign 2889:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2853:", seized power via a 2846: 2776:Middle East operations 2723:Metaxas defensive line 2621: 2464: 2463:in China is not shown) 2371:armistice at Compiegne 2326: 2245:and the shores of the 2185: 2047:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1999: 964:Commanders and leaders 122:North African campaign 9007:Second Battle of Guam 8903:Bengal famine of 1943 8873:Second Battle of Kiev 8829:Battle of the Dnieper 8534:Battle of Wake Island 8406:East African campaign 8348:Battle of South Henan 7993:atrocities by Germans 7766:Korean Volunteer Army 6747:Occupation of Germany 6501:Music in World War II 6019:Wragg, David (2003). 5754:. London: Routledge. 5723:Maier, Klaus (1991). 5646:Latimer, Jon (2001). 5434:Clark, Lloyd (2008). 5232:Sturgeon, pp. 304–305 4915:Sturgeon, pp. 180–181 4323:Playfair (1954) p. 53 4191:Playfair (1954), p. 8 4179:Playfair (1954), p. 7 4026:Blair (1996), p. xiii 3900:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3888:inter-ethnic violence 3880:Further information: 3852:Further information: 3803:occupied the town of 3737: 3623:death of Adolf Hitler 3398:Allies invaded Sicily 3382:British 56th Division 3371: 3314: 3298: 3239: 3207:Supermarine Spitfires 3109: 2978:Operation Countenance 2945: 2844: 2766:North African theatre 2583:province of Ljubljana 2571: 2484:Operation Sonnenblume 2458: 2364:East African Campaign 2312: 2258:Turkish General Staff 2183: 2090:Fascist Grand Council 2007:Further information: 1963: 1789:theatre of operations 1504:Yugoslavian Partisans 1206:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 989:Franklin D. Roosevelt 795:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 261:(concurrently in the 9483:History of West Asia 9293:Surrender of Germany 8771:Battle of West Hubei 8728:Guadalcanal campaign 8698:Battle of Stalingrad 8624:Battle of Madagascar 7398:Albania protectorate 7185:(formerly Swaziland) 6894:Wehrmacht war crimes 6710:Expulsion of Germans 6494:Art and World War II 6392:British contribution 6341:Governments in exile 5794:Book of World War II 5629:The Second World War 5396:Blair, Clay (1996). 5127:to French historian 5123:See as examples the 5063:Keegan, pp. 292–293. 5045:Keegan, pp. 291–292. 5015:Keegan, pp. 288–290. 4928:. Guðmundur Helgason 4664:Keegan, pp. 129–139. 4628:Keegan, pp. 120–121. 4170:Martel, pp. 178, 198 4089:Salerno, pp. 105–106 4035:Woodman (2004), p. 1 3945:Participated in the 3637:. On May 1, Marshal 3515:in his books, while 3327:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3287:fell to the Allies. 3173:23rd U-boat Flotilla 2830:Insect-class gunboat 2560:until October 1943. 1943:Surrender of Caserta 9383:Potsdam Declaration 9272:Italy (Spring 1945) 9035:Liberation of Paris 8492:Siege of Sevastopol 7510:(until August 1944) 7413:Wang Jingwei regime 7235:from September 1943 7195:from September 1944 7133:from September 1944 6993:Romanian war crimes 6984:Persecution of Jews 6970:Croatian war crimes 6940:Japanese war crimes 6754:Occupation of Japan 6703:First Indochina War 6415:Military production 6327:Declarations of war 5631:. London: Pimlico. 5281:. London: Picador. 5133:Corriere della Sera 4976:Overy, pp. 134–137. 4967:Overy, pp. 130–131. 4712:Hillgruber, Andreas 4056:Martel, p. 184, 198 3766:moved from AFHQ to 3690:Dodecanese campaign 3684:Dodecanese Campaign 3444:Operation Slapstick 3421:British Eighth Army 3254:Operation Battleaxe 3102:Gibraltar and Malta 3046:Mandatory Palestine 3026:Mandatory Palestine 2542:Duke Amedeo d'Aosta 2461:Tientsin concession 2362:. During June, the 2301:in southern Libya. 2271:Romanian Government 2198:Middle East Command 2184:Middle East Command 2023:Strait of Gibraltar 1848:Middle East Command 1066:Emmanouil Tsouderos 427:(from October 1940) 215: / 9376:Surrender of Japan 9209:Battle of Iwo Jima 9058:Belgrade offensive 8471:Siege of Leningrad 8355:Battle of Shanggao 8284:British Somaliland 8249:Dunkirk evacuation 8200:Norwegian campaign 8138:Invasion of Poland 7965:Japanese prisoners 6933:Italian war crimes 6864:British war crimes 6779:Soviet occupations 6563:South-West Pacific 6450:Allied cooperation 6408:Military equipment 5006:Overy, pp. 148–149 4955:Overy, pp. 120–121 4553:Latimer, pp. 43–45 3782:Post-war conflicts 3740: 3696:Dodecanese Islands 3658:Commander-in-Chief 3580:Japanese-Americans 3556:Operation Overlord 3410:Italian government 3394: 3388:shortly after the 3305: 3258:Operation Crusader 3246: 3118: 3054:mufti of Jerusalem 3044:religious sect in 3012:the allies invaded 2948: 2938:Operation Exporter 2913:Syrian airfields. 2847: 2762:Andreas Hillgruber 2622: 2618:Kingdom of Hungary 2546:Empire of Ethiopia 2465: 2327: 2317:in shades of red, 2211:British Somaliland 2186: 2141:October 1935, the 2136:, France, Greece, 2019:surplus population 2000: 1921:, resulting in an 1706:French West Africa 1547:South West Pacific 1455:Denmark and Norway 915:Kingdom of Albania 458:Yugoslav Partisans 9450: 9449: 9408: 9407: 9251:Battle of Okinawa 9150:Burma (1944–1945) 8984:Mariana and Palau 8764:Tunisian campaign 8589:Fall of Singapore 8513:Fall of Hong Kong 8256:Battle of Britain 8109:Operation Himmler 8018: 8017: 7682:Dutch East Indies 7325:Southern Rhodesia 7077: 7076: 6977:Genocide of Serbs 6880:German war crimes 6857:Soviet war crimes 6850:Allied war crimes 6696:Division of Korea 6675:Chinese Civil War 6473:Strategic bombing 6385:Manhattan Project 6030:978-0-85052-990-6 6011:978-0-521-44317-3 5990:978-0-7566-4278-5 5971:978-9-00425-459-6 5964:. Boston: BRILL. 5952:978-0-8014-3772-4 5924:. Da Capo Press. 5922:The Rommel Papers 5909:978-0-521-84515-1 5890:978-0-89950-117-8 5871:978-0-89950-129-1 5761:978-0-415-16325-5 5738:978-0-19-822885-1 5715:978-0-333-74814-5 5676:978-0-297-78005-2 5619:978-1-85532-864-8 5531:978-0-521-22409-3 5512:978-0-70062-075-3 5470:978-0-312-57709-4 5447:978-0-87113-989-4 5426:978-1-4697-6129-9 5388:978-0-415-32549-3 5369:978-0-415-16111-4 5328:978-0-582-30470-3 5288:978-0-8050-8726-0 4869:Churchill, p. 288 4792:Churchill, p. 224 4729:978-3-76375-923-1 4697:978-0-7139-9712-5 4619:Weinberg, p. 217. 4589:Weinberg, p. 211. 4490:Weinberg, p. 210. 4203:Fraser, pp. 18–19 4005:military campaign 3892:UN Partition Plan 3748:Operation Dragoon 3730:Operation Dragoon 3670:Operation Sunrise 3562:victories on the 3552:Normandy landings 3537:Operation Shingle 3507:governments with 3489:Italian Civil War 3436:landed at Salerno 3425:Operation Baytown 3419:started when the 3390:invasion of Italy 3364:Italian Civil War 3285:French Somaliland 3250:Operation Brevity 3182:Albert Kesselring 3156:Gloster Gladiator 3152:Regia Aeronautica 3088:Kirkuk oil fields 3078:Operation Mammoth 3072:Operation Mammoth 3050:Palestinian Arabs 3020:puppet government 2685:Greco-Italian War 2677:royalist Chetniks 2587:province of Fiume 2433:Operation Compass 2429:Battle of Taranto 2422:Greco-Italian War 2398:invasion of Egypt 2295:French Somaliland 2213:, Cyprus, Egypt, 2154:Spanish Civil War 2037:, large parts of 1778: 1777: 1699:Strategic bombing 1615:Mediterranean Sea 1370: 1369: 1285:Mediterranean Sea 1222: 1221: 1217:Reza Shah Pahlavi 1022:Charles De Gaulle 977:Winston Churchill 294: 293: 275:Beginning of the 16:(Redirected from 9495: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9426:World portal 9424: 9423: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9286:Prague offensive 9281: 9279:Battle of Berlin 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9223:Vienna offensive 9218: 9211: 9204: 9202:Battle of Manila 9197: 9177: 9168: 9159: 9152: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9076: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8986: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8952: 8945: 8943:Korsun–Cherkassy 8938: 8927: 8905: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8854: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8785:Bombing of Gorky 8780: 8773: 8766: 8746: 8739: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8675: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8652:Battle of Midway 8647: 8640: 8638:Battle of Gazala 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8548:Battle of Borneo 8543: 8541:Malayan campaign 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8485:Bombing of Gorky 8480: 8478:Battle of Moscow 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8330: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8242:Battle of France 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8095:Munich Agreement 8090: 8083: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8044: 8029: 8028: 8011: 8004: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7980:Soviet prisoners 7974: 7967: 7960: 7951: 7944: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7920:German prisoners 7916: 7896: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7458: 7456:French Indochina 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7380: 7371: 7364: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7303:from August 1944 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7186: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7088: 7087: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7029: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6947:Nanjing Massacre 6942: 6935: 6926: 6924:Nuremberg trials 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6657: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6528:Asia and Pacific 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6457:Mulberry harbour 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6277: 6276: 6265: 6258: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6098: 6078: 6034: 6015: 5994: 5975: 5956: 5935: 5913: 5894: 5875: 5856: 5837: 5820:Butler, J. R. M. 5807: 5803:978-1910-155-295 5788: 5765: 5753: 5742: 5719: 5700: 5680: 5661: 5642: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5572:. Archived from 5554: 5535: 5516: 5497: 5474: 5462: 5451: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5373: 5354: 5332: 5311: 5292: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5171: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5141:Thomas Schlemmer 5121: 5115: 5108:Indro Montanelli 5093: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4733: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4637:Overy, pp. 68–71 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 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2816:of Iraq, Prince 2689:Operation Marita 2615: 2606: 2597: 2580: 2534:Italian Ethiopia 2441:Operation Lustre 2360:Battle of France 2267:Greek Government 2027:Strait of Hormuz 2015:Benito Mussolini 1992: 1986: 1976: 1970: 1935:Kingdom of Italy 1931:battle for Italy 1837:Greek government 1815:declared war on 1793:Second World War 1765:French Indochina 1408: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1340:Italian mainland 1260: 1258: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1204: 1203: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1155: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1118:Benito Mussolini 1116: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1097: 1096: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1002: 1001: 994: 987: 986: 975: 974: 956: 953: 949: 947: 946: 938: 935: 931: 929: 928: 920: 917: 913: 911: 910: 902: 899: 895: 893: 892: 884: 881: 877: 875: 874: 857: 851: 849: 848: 841: 838: 834: 832: 831: 823: 822:(from 1940-1942) 817: 815: 814: 806:Co-belligerents: 793: 791: 790: 783: 782:(from 1941-1944) 780: 776: 774: 773: 765: 764:(from 1940-1944) 759: 757: 756: 749: 746: 742: 740: 739: 731: 727: 725: 724: 716: 713: 709: 707: 706: 683: 680: 676: 674: 673: 665: 661:Kingdom of Italy 659: 658: 657: 649:Co-belligerents: 644: 641: 637: 635: 634: 626: 620: 619: 611: 605: 603: 602: 595: 589: 587: 586: 579: 573: 571: 570: 560: 559: 558: 551: 547: 545: 544: 536: 532: 530: 529: 521: 517: 515: 514: 506: 500: 498: 497: 490: 486: 484: 483: 472: 470: 469: 462: 461:(from July 1941) 456: 454: 453: 446: 443: 439: 437: 436: 428: 425: 421: 419: 418: 410: 409: 403: 401: 400: 392: 386: 384: 383: 376: 370: 368: 367: 360: 354: 352: 351: 344: 343: 337: 335: 334: 323: 321: 320: 266: 263:European theatre 230: 229: 227: 226: 225: 220: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 168: 167: 157:Italian campaign 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 44:Second World War 34: 33: 21: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9418: 9416: 9404: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9342: 9337:Atomic bombings 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9180: 9173: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9079: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9040: 9033: 9028:Eastern Romania 9026: 9021:Warsaw Uprising 9019: 9014:Tannenberg Line 9012: 9005: 9000:Western Ukraine 8998: 8989: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8930: 8921: 8908: 8901: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8841: 8834: 8827: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8792:Battle of Kursk 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8749: 8742: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8680: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8603:St Nazaire Raid 8601: 8594: 8587: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8427: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8385:Anglo-Iraqi War 8383: 8376:Battle of Crete 8374: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8305:Eastern Romania 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8123: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8047: 8040: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7991: 7984: 7979: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7947: 7940: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7866:Western Ukraine 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7810:Northeast China 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7516:Slovak Republic 7514: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7487:Empire of Japan 7485: 7476: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7396: 7383: 7376: 7367: 7360: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7073: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7032: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6999:Sexual violence 6998: 6991: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6922: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6729: 6722: 6717:Greek Civil War 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6660: 6653: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6542:South-East Asia 6540: 6533: 6526: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6401:Military awards 6399: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6295: 6288: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6190: 6143: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6117:Rivista Storica 6106: 6104:Further reading 6101: 6085: 6044: 6041: 6031: 6012: 5991: 5972: 5953: 5932: 5910: 5891: 5872: 5853: 5834: 5804: 5785: 5762: 5739: 5716: 5677: 5658: 5639: 5620: 5601: 5579: 5577: 5551: 5532: 5513: 5494: 5471: 5448: 5427: 5408: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5329: 5308: 5289: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5254:Time, Volume 45 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5122: 5118: 5112:Storia d'Italia 5094: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054:Keegan, p. 292. 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027:Keegan, p. 291. 5026: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4926:"23rd Flotilla" 4924: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4755: 4751: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152:Weinberg, p. 73 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098:Bell, pp. 72–73 4097: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4011: 3990: 3986: 3980:Battle of Odžak 3970: 3966: 3960:Operation Achse 3957: 3953: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3908: 3884: 3878: 3856: 3850: 3842:Greek Civil War 3823: 3817: 3789: 3784: 3732: 3726: 3692: 3686: 3392:, October 1943. 3366: 3358:Main articles: 3356: 3351: 3349:Southern Europe 3293: 3281:Operation Torch 3234: 3228: 3223: 3136: 3120:Main articles: 3116: 3104: 3084:Iraqi Kurdistan 3080: 3074: 3034: 3028: 2980: 2974: 2954: 2940: 2927:Kingdom of Iraq 2902:Paris Protocols 2810:Taha al-Hashimi 2793: 2787:Anglo-Iraqi War 2785:Main articles: 2783: 2778: 2744:Battle of Crete 2673:Josip Broz Tito 2671:, commanded by 2635:In April 1941, 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2566: 2522: 2516: 2508:Siege of Tobruk 2470: 2453: 2445:Battle of Kufra 2344:Royal Air Force 2307: 2190:Nyon Conference 2178: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1958: 1875:attacked Greece 1841:Greek Civil War 1809:Southern Europe 1781: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1661:Other campaigns 1655:Southern France 1564:Burma and India 1559:South-East Asia 1554:Franco-Thai War 1409: 1403: 1401: 1371: 1366: 1362:Alpes-Maritimes 1261: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1197: 1188:Philippe Petain 1180: 1179: 1166: 1165: 1149: 1148: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1110: 1103: 1099:Pietro Badoglio 1091: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1055:Josip Broz Tito 1047: 1046: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1007: 1006: 1004:Harry S. Truman 996: 995: 981: 980: 979: 969: 959: 954: 944: 942: 936: 926: 924: 918: 908: 906: 900: 890: 888: 882: 872: 870: 860: 855: 846: 844: 839: 829: 827: 821: 812: 810: 804: 788: 786: 781: 771: 769: 763: 754: 752: 747: 737: 735: 722: 720: 714: 704: 702: 698: 697: 686: 681: 671: 669: 663: 655: 653: 647: 642: 632: 630: 624: 614: 609: 600: 598: 593: 584: 582: 577: 568: 566: 556: 554: 542: 540: 527: 525: 512: 510: 504: 495: 493: 481: 479: 467: 465: 460: 451: 449: 444: 434: 432: 426: 416: 414: 407: 398: 396: 395: 390: 381: 379: 374: 365: 363: 358: 349: 347: 341: 332: 330: 329: 318: 316: 313: 312: 286: 277:Greek Civil War 260: 223: 221: 217: 214: 209: 206: 204: 202: 201: 200: 186:Southern Europe 175: 162: 150:Anglo-Iraqi War 129:Battle of Crete 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 101: 100: 91: 90: 89: 81: 80: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9501: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9356: 9353:South Sakhalin 9349: 9348: 9347: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9233: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9153: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9077: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8987: 8980: 8971: 8962: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8890: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8778:Battle of Attu 8774: 8767: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8527:Battle of Guam 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8450:Battle of Kiev 8446: 8439: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8068: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7949:United Kingdom 7945: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7917: 7909: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7401: 7393: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353:British Empire 7346:United Kingdom 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7187: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7162:Czechoslovakia 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7059:Rape of Manila 7055: 7048: 7041: 7030: 7015: 7008: 6996: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6936: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6897: 6890: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6830:United Nations 6826: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6689:Decolonization 6685: 6678: 6670: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6635: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6362:United Kingdom 6358: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6208: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6141:External links 6139: 6137: 6136: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6016: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5976: 5970: 5957: 5951: 5936: 5930: 5914: 5908: 5895: 5889: 5876: 5870: 5857: 5851: 5838: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5789: 5783: 5766: 5760: 5743: 5737: 5720: 5714: 5701: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5624: 5618: 5605: 5599: 5586: 5576:on 28 May 2015 5555: 5549: 5536: 5530: 5517: 5511: 5498: 5492: 5475: 5469: 5452: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5412: 5406: 5393: 5387: 5374: 5368: 5355: 5349: 5337:Beevor, Antony 5333: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5293: 5287: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5243: 5234: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5172: 5165: 5145: 5116: 5097:Giorgio Pisanò 5088: 5077: 5073:De Felice 1995 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4997:Howe, pp. 3–10 4987: 4978: 4969: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4917: 4901: 4883: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4749: 4728: 4703: 4696: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4535:Rommel, p. 109 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4460:Macksey, p. 35 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4350:Wragg, p. 228. 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4260:Fraser, p. 114 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4037: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4009: 3993:theatre of war 3984: 3964: 3951: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3877: 3874: 3849: 3846: 3816: 3813: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3764:6th Army Group 3728:Main article: 3725: 3722: 3688:Main article: 3685: 3682: 3517:Claudio Pavone 3513:Giorgio Pisanò 3376:, part of the 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3292: 3291:US involvement 3289: 3267:Following the 3252:failed as did 3230:Main article: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3177:Salamis Island 3115:, January 1943 3110: 3103: 3100: 3076:Main article: 3073: 3070: 3030:Main article: 3027: 3024: 2976:Main article: 2973: 2970: 2950:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2806:Prime Minister 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2740:air bridgehead 2645:Nedić's Serbia 2625:In the Balkans 2612: 2603: 2594: 2577: 2565: 2562: 2550:Haile Selassie 2518:Main article: 2515: 2512: 2469: 2466: 2452: 2449: 2340:Western Desert 2336:siege of Malta 2306: 2303: 2177: 2174: 2009:Italian Empire 2004: 2001: 1989: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1950:Italian Empire 1929:. A prolonged 1867:invaded France 1833:British troops 1817:United Kingdom 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1730:Baltic Nations 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1101: 1088:Haile Selassie 966: 965: 961: 960: 958: 957: 951:Nedić's Serbia 939: 933:Hellenic State 921: 903: 885: 867: 865:puppet states: 858: 856:(August. 1941) 842: 824: 808: 802: 784: 766: 750: 732: 717: 691: 690: 689: 687: 685: 684: 666: 651: 645: 627: 612: 596: 580: 564: 552: 549:Czechoslovakia 537: 522: 507: 491: 476: 463: 447: 429: 411: 393: 377: 361: 345: 327: 325:United Kingdom 306: 305: 304: 301: 300: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 282: 281: 280: 279: 273: 267: 254: 236: 232: 231: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 164: 163: 161: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 125: 117: 103: 102: 94: 93: 92: 83: 82: 74: 73: 72: 63: 62: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9500: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360:Kuril Islands 9357: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9127:Syrmian Front 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9073:Market Garden 9069: 9066: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8932:Monte Cassino 8929: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8298:Baltic states 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8010: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7942:United States 7939: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7878:Quốc dân Đảng 7875: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7578:Liechtenstein 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362:United States 7359: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052:Comfort women 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7036: / 7035: 7031: 7028: 7025: / 7024: 7021: / 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012:Camp brothels 7009: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901:The Holocaust 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887:forced labour 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740:Marshall Plan 6737: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6593:Eastern Front 6590: 6587: 6586:Western Front 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480:Puppet states 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422:Naval history 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6369:United States 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5931:0-306-80157-4 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918:Rommel, Erwin 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5852:1-84574-066-1 5848: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5833:1-84574-065-3 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5814:; with Stitt 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5784:2-13-046074-7 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5657:0-275-98287-4 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5638:0-7126-7348-2 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5600:0-7643-0226-4 5596: 5592: 5587: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5550:0-304-35233-0 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5493:88-85987-95-8 5489: 5485: 5484:Red and Black 5481: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5407:0-394-58839-8 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362:. Routledge. 5361: 5356: 5352: 5350:0-297-84832-1 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5307:1-85605-552-3 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5211:Ready (1985b) 5208: 5202:Ready (1985a) 5199: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5168: 5166:9781139499644 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5139:of historian 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5081: 5075:, p. 22. 5074: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4943: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4879:Fountain 2001 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4789: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4478:Carol, p. 12. 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4433:Maier, p. 311 4430: 4424:Rodogno, p. 9 4421: 4412: 4403: 4397:Jowett, p. 5. 4394: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4255: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4062: 4053: 4047:Smith, p. 170 4044: 4042: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3865:Bernard Paget 3861: 3855: 3854:Levant Crisis 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3779: 3777: 3776:Western Front 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705:Brandenburger 3702: 3697: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3564:Eastern Front 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Otto Skorzeny 3458: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3433:US Fifth Army 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3386:Calvi Risorta 3383: 3379: 3378:168th Brigade 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3175:at a base on 3174: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2872:Sherif Sharaf 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2851:Golden Square 2843: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2826:RAF Habbaniya 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2738:to secure an 2737: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2705:invaded from 2704: 2703:German troops 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2166:Pact of Steel 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2083:Indian Oceans 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:protectorates 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 1997: 1980: 1979:Client states 1962: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899:German forces 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:Mediterranean 1794: 1790: 1786: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1638:Syria–Lebanon 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542:Pacific Ocean 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Eastern Front 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460:Western Front 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1404:Campaigns of 1398: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Syria–Lebanon 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States 328: 326: 315: 314: 311: 310: 303: 302: 297: 289: 284: 283: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 259: 255: 253: 249: 248:Fascist Italy 245: 244: 243: 241: 237: 234: 233: 228: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 179: 173: 170: 169: 165: 158: 154: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 119: 118: 116: 107: 98: 87: 78: 67: 58: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 9434:Bibliography 9417: 9230:Project Hula 9195:Vistula–Oder 9164: 9097: 9088: 9072: 9042: 8991: 8975: 8966: 8957: 8923: 8820: 8735: 8711: 8681: 8432: 8325: 8270:North Africa 7972:Soviet Union 7926:Soviet Union 7852:Soviet Union 7620:Vatican City 7530:Vichy France 7435:German Reich 7332:Soviet Union 7318:South Africa 7311:Sierra Leone 7264:Newfoundland 7083:Participants 7066:Marocchinate 6770: 6761: 6731: 6609:North Africa 6601: 6570:Indian Ocean 6429:Nazi plunder 6320:Cryptography 6193:World War II 6128:. 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Osprey. 5580:20 January 5265:References 3982:on 23 May. 3834:Resistance 3819:See also: 3793:Yugoslavia 3664:, General 3654:Karl Wolff 3648:On 1 May, 3590:, Czechs, 3584:Brazilians 3466:Gran Sasso 3402:amphibious 3162:fighters. 3048:, and two 2988:North Cape 2891:persuaded 2835:Cockchafer 2736:paratroops 2715:Australian 2693:Greek Army 2474:Tenth Army 2387:Royal Navy 2235:Tanganyika 2221:, Greece, 2112:, but not 2104:canton of 1956:Background 1907:the Magreb 1879:Yugoslavia 1735:Yugoslavia 1716:Madagascar 1679:Antarctica 1650:Dodecanese 1470:Resistance 1438:Winter War 1428:Phoney War 1345:Dodecanese 1310:Yugoslavia 1077:Enver Hoxa 441:Yugoslavia 143:El Alamein 9330:Manchuria 9216:Indochina 8992:Bagration 8443:Lithuania 8088:Anschluss 7885:Viet Minh 7782:Lithuania 7724:Hong Kong 7494:Manchukuo 7449:Azad Hind 7108:Australia 6908:Aftermath 6771:Paperclip 6666:Aftermath 6466:Total war 6334:Diplomacy 6297:In Europe 6075:300290398 6059:0020-5850 5697:637460844 5667:Mussolini 5570:256063428 5339:(2006) . 5125:interview 4738:cite book 4015:Citations 3896:civil war 3876:Palestine 3616:Moroccans 3588:Canadians 3203:Luftwaffe 3196:La Spezia 3096:Kurdistan 3038:Waffen SS 3016:young son 2996:Archangel 2962:Iraqforce 2923:armistice 2881:Article 5 2868:Faisal II 2833:HMS 2758:Mussolini 2669:Partisans 2665:communist 2437:10th Army 2389:attacked 2379:took over 2233:, Sudan, 2227:Palestine 2200:(MEC) in 2122:Gibraltar 2051:Macedonia 1927:civil war 1923:armistice 1891:Palestine 1863:carve out 1586:Australia 1482:Alps 1940 1475:1944–1945 1325:Palestine 1290:Gibraltar 1174:Boris III 474:Australia 219:35°N 18°E 9441:Category 9390:document 9300:document 9157:Ardennes 9141:Budapest 9089:Crossbow 8967:Overlord 8806:Smolensk 8024:Timeline 7859:Slovakia 7845:Thailand 7696:Ethiopia 7661:Bulgaria 7585:Portugal 7523:Thailand 7405:Bulgaria 7183:Eswatini 7176:Ethiopia 7129:Bulgaria 6954:Unit 731 6915:Response 6732:Keelhaul 6682:Cold War 6655:Americas 6646:timeline 6639:Atlantic 6519:Theaters 6125:30747124 6095:BBC News 6083:Websites 6067:25642819 6039:Journals 5687:(1971). 4714:(1993). 4686:(2007). 3906:See also 3795:and the 3744:Normandy 3672:(secret 3668:, after 3656:and the 3652:General 3631:executed 3560:Red Army 3558:and the 3519:'s book 3211:SS 3113:RAF Luqa 2992:Murmansk 2861:monarchy 2707:Bulgaria 2325:in blue. 2251:Far East 2079:Atlantic 2075:Bulgaria 2039:Slovenia 2035:Dalmatia 1831:– where 1755:Bulgaria 1684:Atlantic 1667:Americas 1620:Adriatic 1270:Adriatic 778:Bulgaria 678:Bulgaria 639:Ethiopia 242:victory 181:Location 9367:Shumshu 9134:Hungary 9081:Estonia 9065:Lapland 9043:Dragoon 8976:Neptune 8958:Ichi-Go 8924:Tempest 8866:Changde 8821:Cottage 8713:Jubilee 8429:Finland 8327:Compass 8033:Prelude 7986:Finland 7872:Vietnam 7838:Romania 7710:Germany 7689:Estonia 7675:Denmark 7654:Belgium 7647:Austria 7640:Albania 7571:Ireland 7557:Andorra 7541:Neutral 7508:Romania 7442:Hungary 7427:Finland 7299:Romania 7191:Finland 7169:Denmark 7115:Belgium 7101:Algeria 6807:Romania 6793:Hungary 6549:Pacific 6273:General 6227:Leaders 6212:Battles 6205:Outline 5822:(ed.). 5137:lessons 5131:on the 4932:20 June 4771:4025485 3976:Croatia 3972:Germany 3809:Germans 3805:Trieste 3797:Slovene 3787:Trieste 3716:to the 3660:of the 3612:Indians 3576:African 3460:led by 3440:Taranto 3406:Messina 3380:of the 3141:Force H 3126:Force H 3042:Templer 2822:Baghdad 2711:British 2697:Albania 2629:British 2564:Balkans 2291:Jaghbub 2282:Balkans 2215:Eritrea 2188:At the 2176:Britain 2164:in the 2098:Corsica 2094:Tunisia 2071:Romania 2067:Hungary 2063:Austria 2043:Croatia 2031:Albania 2025:to the 1996:Albania 1966:Legend: 1915:Tunisia 1883:overrun 1760:Hungary 1750:Romania 1599:Africa 1499:Balkans 1494:Britain 1448:Lapland 1443:Karelia 1433:Finland 1356:Dragoon 1350:Corsica 1305:Balkans 1300:Bahrain 1190: ( 761:Romania 744:Hungary 729:Germany 309:Allies: 287:changes 271:Balkans 159:, 1944. 9344:Debate 9316:Taipei 9309:Borneo 8887:Tarawa 8081:Europe 8042:Africa 7831:Poland 7817:Norway 7796:Malaya 7775:Latvia 7717:Greece 7703:France 7599:Sweden 7564:Bhutan 7292:Poland 7278:Norway 7250:Mexico 7217:Greece 7203:France 7141:Canada 7122:Brazil 7092:Allies 7038:Serbia 7027:Poland 6800:Poland 6786:Baltic 6579:Europe 6281:Topics 6233:Allied 6130:2 June 6123: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6027: 6008: 5987: 5968: 5949: 5928: 5906: 5887: 5868: 5849: 5830: 5800: 5781: 5758: 5735: 5712: 5695: 5673: 5654: 5635: 5616: 5597: 5568: 5547: 5528: 5509: 5490: 5467: 5444: 5423: 5404: 5385: 5366: 5347: 5325: 5304: 5285: 5163: 4769: 4726: 4694: 3999:, the 3869:Jordan 3860:Levant 3838:Athens 3815:Greece 3807:. 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The 2287:Bardia 2278:Poland 2243:Uganda 2138:Turkey 2118:Cyprus 2102:Ticino 2100:, the 2055:Greece 1991: 1985: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1913:, and 1829:Greece 1821:France 1689:Arctic 1521:Sicily 1423:Poland 1417:Europe 1335:Sicily 1159: 1120: 948: 930: 912: 894: 876: 850: 833: 816: 792: 775: 758: 741: 726: 708: 675: 636: 622:Brazil 604: 588: 575:Turkey 572: 546: 534:Poland 531: 516: 502:Canada 499: 485: 471: 455: 438: 423:Greece 420: 402: 385: 369: 359:(1940) 353: 336: 322: 240:Allied 235:Result 224:35; 18 188:, the 152:, 1941 145:, 1942 138:, 1940 131:, 1941 124:, 1941 9120:Leyte 8950:Narva 8936:Anzio 8894:Makin 8852:Burma 8736:Torch 8705:Rzhev 8666:Kiska 7752:Korea 7738:Japan 7731:Italy 7613:Tibet 7592:Spain 7470:Italy 7231:Italy 7224:India 7148:China 7023:Japan 6623:Italy 6535:China 6487:Women 6063:JSTOR 5773:[ 5482:[ 5270:Books 4761:[ 4718:[ 3933:Notes 3848:Syria 3768:SHAEF 3713:Leros 3600:Poles 3092:Kurds 2919:Mosul 2876:Amman 2770:Malta 2667:-led 2659:). 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Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

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