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632:(reigned 1485–1509) managed to largely overcome bastard feudalism by imposing financial sanctions on unruly nobles. Furthermore, Henry passed a statute in 1504 that allowed only the King to have retainers – nobles had to apply and pay for a license. Overall, bastard feudalism had vanished by the early seventeenth century.
553:
presented a strong challenge to the ideas of Stubbs. McFarlane stripped the term "bastard feudalism" of any negative connotation. To him, bastard feudalism centered not on the financial aspect (the sums involved were mostly negligible) but on the concept of service in exchange for good favour. In a
545:
rendering military service when required by the lord, they paid a portion of their income into the lord's treasury. In turn, the lord would supplement the owed military service with hired retainers, a sort of private army in full-time service to the lord.
584:
were not private armies. Lacking standing armies, kings relied on noble retinues for the military forces they required to conduct wars or to crush internal rebellions. Under an inadequate king like Henry VI, ambitious or disaffected magnates such as
593:(1428–1471) could use their network of servants and retainers to defy or even control the crown. Groups of gentry, already coming to blows over local issues, inevitably attached themselves to different
565:
In return for becoming retainers, the gentry would expect to rely on their lord's influence in local and national politics. This practice was known as "maintenance". The retainer might wear his lord's
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society governed on a personal basis, service to a lord was the best way to obtain favour in the form of offices, grants, etc. Lords would retain administrators and lawyers, as well as recruit local
606:
494:. Its distinctive feature is that middle-ranking figures rendered military, political, legal, or domestic service in return for money, office, or influence. As a result, the
577:(reigned 1422–1461 and 1470–1471), the rivalries of magnates might spill over from the courtroom to armed confrontations, thereby perverting justice.
465:
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in the fifteenth century. However, "bastard feudalism" as a concept is primarily associated with
Plummer's contemporary
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coined the term "bastard feudalism" in 1885. Plummer blamed bastard feudalism for the disorder and instability of the
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began to think of themselves as the men of their lord rather than of the king. Individually, they are known as
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628:(reigned 1461–1470 and 1471–1483) attempted to limit "retaining", he generally did not succeed. However,
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824:(1995), "From Stenton to Macfarlane: models of societies of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries",
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44:
482:" is a somewhat controversial term invented by 19th-century historians to characterise the form
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The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of
Lancaster: public authority and private power, 1399–1461
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continued under their leaders' banners and transferred to the battlefields of the
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The Birth of
Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France, 950–1300
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was replaced with royal payment in return for military service by the great
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Because they were rarely kept under arms for long periods, noble
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According to Stubbs, a shift in
English history took place under
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Coss, P. R. (November 1989), "Bastard
Feudalism Revised",
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in the early 1450s were raised by him again to march
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Supposed socioeconomic system of the late Middle Ages
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541:who willingly served the king. Thus, instead of
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826:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
969:The Wars of the Roses and the Yorkist Kings
708:. London: Routledge. pp. 50, 36, 38.
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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43:This article includes a list of general
731:, p. 145, "Livery and Maintenance"
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751:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
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506:" of the lord, among other terms.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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921:The End of the House of Lancaster
793:Coss, P. R. (May 1991), "Reply",
587:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
971:, London: Hodder and Stoughton,
903:England in the Fifteenth Century
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492:England in the late Middle Ages
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312:Feudal land tenure in England
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953:, Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio,
859:, Harlow: Pearson/Longman,
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502:, and collectively as the "
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615:feud with the Percy family
611:Richard, Earl of Salisbury
510:History and historiography
944:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
607:the tenants and retainers
1004:15th century in England
949:Wagner, John A (2001),
569:or the grander form, a
64:more precise citations.
985:Webber, Bruce (1998),
923:, Gloucester: Sutton,
919:Storey, R. L. (1986),
807:10.1093/past/131.1.190
745:Castor, Helen (2000),
109:
987:The Wars of the Roses
967:Warren, John (1995),
905:, London: Hambledon,
779:10.1093/past/125.1.27
704:Hicks, M. A. (1995).
327:English feudal barony
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1009:Feudalism in England
222:Feudal fragmentation
98:Dunstable Swan Jewel
989:, London: UCL Press
884:, London: Longman,
157:Ecclesiastical fief
795:Past & Present
767:Past & Present
658:History of England
619:against their King
377:Customary freehold
217:Feudal maintenance
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880:Bastard Feudalism
715:978-1-317-89896-2
706:Bastard Feudalism
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832:: 179–200,
801:: 190–203,
729:Wagner 2001
682:Stubbs 1875
613:during his
558:into their
535:feudal levy
322:Land tenure
302:Free tenant
262:Manor house
242:Manorialism
62:introducing
998:Categories
978:0340611146
930:0862992907
669:References
560:affinities
422:Feudal aid
162:Crown land
45:references
630:Henry VII
626:Edward IV
624:Although
621:in 1459.
500:retainers
484:feudalism
442:Feudalism
372:Gavelkind
357:Serjeanty
182:Feoffment
940:(1875),
901:(1981),
876:(1995),
855:(2005),
663:Nepotism
636:See also
582:retinues
575:Henry VI
539:magnates
531:Edward I
504:affinity
367:Freehold
362:Copyhold
347:Baronage
282:Overlord
212:Affinity
187:Seignory
172:Appanage
846:3679333
595:patrons
543:vassals
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197:Feoffee
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232:Livery
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202:Fealty
177:Vassal
47:, but
842:JSTOR
811:JSTOR
783:JSTOR
599:feuds
277:Glebe
973:ISBN
955:ISBN
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287:Lord
266:List
152:Fief
100:, a
96:The
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