58:
247:
1650:
1476:
1852:, possibly a testimonial to the Sasanian conquest of Atropatene. The nobility of Atropatene most likely allied themselves the Sasanians due to a desire for a strong state capable of maintaining order. The priesthood, who may have felt alienated by the easy-going Arsacids, probably also supported the Sasanian family, due to its association with
1758:, accepted the ascendency of Seleucids and became dependent on it; on the other hand, interior independence was preserved. At the same time, the Roman Empire came into sight in the Mediterranean basin and was trying to spread its power in the East, and in 190 B.C., its army met and defeated the Seleucids' army in the
1693:
in the army of
Atropates. After this war, which resulted in the victory of Alexander the Great and the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates expressed his loyalty to Alexander. In 328-327 BC, Alexander appointed him governor of Media. Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the
1773:
in 38 BC, the Romans won and the Roman general Antony attacked
Fraaspa (36 BC), one of the central cities of Atropatene. The city was surrounded by strong defenses. After a long blockade, Antony receded, losing approximately thirty-five thousand soldiers. In the face of Parthian attempts to annex
1640:
From the name of
Atropates, different forms of the name of this country such as Atropatene, Atropatios Mēdia, Tropatene, Aturpatakan, Adarbayjan were used in different sources. Nevertheless, medieval Arab geographers suggested another version associating this name with Adorbador (the name of a
1927:). Under the Atropatids, the region successfully managed to gain a dominant place in Zoroastrianism, which would continue into the Sasanian period, whose monarchs favored Median traditions over that of the Parthians. Moreover, Atropatene also served as a stronghold of Iranian culture.
1774:
Atropatene, Atropatene began to draw closer to Rome, thus, Ariobarzan II, who came to power in
Atropatene in 20 BC, lived in Rome for about ten years. The dynasty Atropates founded would rule the kingdom for several centuries, first independently, then as vassals of the
1872:. As a result local claims emerged quite easily, and with the appropriate support, even gained acceptance. This resulted in the birthplace of Zoroaster being placed in Atropatene, rather than the east, where he originated.
1637:. The other part is Atropatian Media, which got its name from the commander Atropates, who prevented also this country, which was a part of Greater Media, from becoming subject to the Macedonians".
1900:. The city and its surroundings probably hosted a large Iranian population, whereas much of the Atropatenian population had most likely not been completely Iranianized yet by the 3rd-century BC.
1803:) was "the turning point in Arsacid history, in that the dynasty lost much of its prestige." The people of Atropatene (both nobility and peasantry) allied themselves with the Persian
2987:
2982:
205:
180:
2895:
1633:. As he writes in his book “Geography”: "Media is divided into two parts. One part of it is called Greater Media, of which the metropolis is
1892:, meaning "treasury"), which presumably served as the capital of Atropates and his successors. The city was situated in a fertile area near
57:
2049:
2034:
2019:
2004:
1989:
1974:
1959:
425:
2290:
1504:
1935:
Albeit the kings of
Atropatene ruled for several centuries, only some of them are known. The dates of their reign are uncertain.
1398:
2992:
2972:
1766:
and
Atropatene subsequently considered Rome a threat to their independence and allied themselves in the struggle against Rome.
3007:
3002:
2977:
2920:
2673:
2624:
2597:
2220:
1829:). In 226, Atropatene submitted with little resistance to Ardashir I after he had defeated and killed Artabanus IV at the
2239:
2852:
2813:
2570:
2014:
2773:
2348:
2323:
1984:
2712:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2010). "Ādurbādagān during the Late
Sasanian Period: A Study in Administrative Geography".
2029:
17:
2683:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2007). "Administrative
Geography of the Early Sasanian Period: The Case of Ādurbādagān".
1785:
During the late
Parthian era, the empire was declining, resulting in the weakening of hold over western Iran. The
1751:
states that had emerged following the death of
Alexander. Antiochus attacked Atropatene, resulting in a victory.
865:
2933:
2784:
1432:
607:
2997:
2059:
2044:
1497:
1999:
2126:
1913:
1908:
Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under Zoroastrian authority from the Achaemenids to the
1735:, regent of Alexander's designated successor. Shortly thereafter, Atropates refused to pay allegiance to
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1469:
1457:
296:
1427:
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226:
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352:
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835:
309:
2608:
2889:
713:
633:
571:
343:
1830:
1699:
1521:
1442:
2741:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2011). "Disintegration of Sasanian Hegemony over Northern Iran".
8:
3012:
1917:
1678:
1670:
1658:
1600:
1175:
1045:
474:
270:
1565:, was ruled by Atropates' descendants until the early 1st-century AD, when the Parthian
2904:
2729:
2700:
1759:
1736:
1731:, the former Achaemenid governor of all Media, who had by then become father-in-law of
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1165:
785:
256:
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597:
185:
2765:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
2877:
2750:
2725:
2721:
2696:
2692:
1723:
1235:
925:
895:
1864:
The oldness of Zoroastrianism led to lack of knowledge about the geography of the
1629:, the name of Atropatene derived from the name of Atropates, the commander of the
2908:
2842:
2829:
2788:
2763:
2661:
2612:
2585:
2581:
2089:
1885:
1804:
1775:
1744:
1613:
The name of Atropatene was also the nominal ancestor of the name of the historic
1566:
1544:
1115:
1065:
965:
935:
875:
815:
733:
703:
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76:
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825:
461:
372:
97:
2966:
2948:
2935:
2881:
2762:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
2074:
1304:
1293:
1035:
955:
915:
362:
322:
2754:
2563:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
1422:
1351:
1314:
1282:
1245:
1215:
1135:
975:
541:
2529:
1969:
1845:
1793:
1786:
1755:
1748:
1588:
1584:
1480:
1125:
1085:
845:
723:
198:
31:
1778:(who called it 'Aturpatakan'). It was later supplanted by a line of the
2558:
2111:
1893:
1808:
1690:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1341:
1255:
1075:
1055:
1025:
985:
945:
777:
743:
663:
262:
2915:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 221–224.
2668:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 205–215.
2592:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 289–290.
1954:
1869:
1770:
1732:
1728:
1686:
1570:
1558:
1185:
1155:
1145:
855:
693:
551:
63:
2913:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV
2864:
2805:
2666:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV
2619:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 17–18.
1897:
1834:
1779:
1695:
1682:
1634:
1580:
1005:
995:
561:
448:
2636:
2386:
2384:
1818:) during his wars against Vologases V's son and second successor
1763:
1718:
1717:
The smaller (northern) region, which had been the sub-satrapy of
1711:
1575:
1195:
683:
514:
504:
494:
412:
385:
1912:
without any interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the
1739:, and made Media Atropatene an independent kingdom. In 223 BCE,
2865:"The Genealogy of Artabanos II (AD 8/9–39/40), King of Parthia"
2524:
2381:
2261:
2259:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
1881:
1865:
1849:
1626:
1555:
581:
484:
87:
1674:
389:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2449:
2447:
2408:
2396:
2357:
2256:
2183:
1868:, and also uncertainty about the birthplace of its prophet,
1595:
without interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the
2153:
2151:
1706:
was divided into two states: The greater (southern) part –
1583:"). Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under
1562:
402:
2617:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/1: Ātaš–Awāʾel al-Maqālāt
2768:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
2714:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
2685:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
2483:
2444:
1653:
Atropatene and neighbouring countries in 2nd century B.C.
2988:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
2983:
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
2459:
2271:
2148:
2498:
2369:
2420:
2341:
Return of the Medes: An Analysis of Iranian History
2291:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 13, section 1"
2863:
2635:
2432:
2894:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2553:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
1573:in 226, and turned into a province governed by a
2964:
1694:Macedonian's conquests were divided amongst the
1561:. The kingdom, centered in present-day northern
30:For the Sasanian province of the same name, see
2590:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume X/3: Fruit–Gāvbāzī
2740:
2711:
2682:
2402:
2390:
2363:
1792:argues that the reign of the Parthian monarch
2802:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1498:
75:Autonomous state, frequently a vassal of the
2561:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
2215:, Cambridge University Press, p. 1408,
2204:
1689:fought alongside the army of the Achaemenid
2637:"Ardashir and the Sasanians' Rise to Power"
2557:
2492:
2477:
2453:
2414:
2338:
2157:
1641:priest) that means “guardian of the fire”.
2902:
2761:
2652:
2265:
2198:
2177:
2173:
1880:The main Achaemenid hub in Atropatene was
1505:
1491:
56:
2870:Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
2210:
2088:
1948:
1569:supplanted them. It was conquered by the
27:Ancient Iranian kingdom (c.323 BC-226 AD)
2861:
2844:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
2840:
2823:
2785:"Zoroaster iii. Zoroaster in the Avesta"
2606:
2547:"Azerbaijan IV: Islamic History to 1941"
2544:
2504:
2426:
2313:
2277:
2169:
1648:
2642:Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia
2633:
2375:
14:
2965:
2782:
2438:
1769:After the battle between Rome and the
1754:Consequently, the king of Atropatene,
2905:"Azerbaijan III. Pre-Islamic History"
2579:
2465:
2834:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2793:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2648:. University of California: 236–255.
2318:. Cambridge University. p. 73.
2799:
1702:. The former Achaemenid satrapy of
24:
2836:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2795:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1833:. Ardashir I and his son and heir
25:
3029:
1930:
1859:
1714:, one of Alexander's bodyguards.
2518:
2068: 28/20 BC – 4 AD
1474:
245:
203:
178:
2537:
2513:
2332:
2132:
2117:
2102:
2080:
2065:
1922:
1839:
1824:
1813:
1798:
1605:
2826:"Zoroaster ii. General Survey"
2726:10.1080/05786967.2010.11864774
2697:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864720
2307:
2283:
2232:
2163:
1896:, close to the modern town of
13:
1:
2993:Former countries in West Asia
2973:3rd-century disestablishments
2213:The Cambridge history of Iran
2142:
1548:
622:
586:
466:
453:
430:
417:
394:
377:
327:
314:
301:
288:
275:
3008:Dynasties in Persia and Iran
3003:History of Azerbaijan (Iran)
2978:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
2862:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2014).
2841:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2240:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11"
7:
2339:F. Mirwaisi, Hamma (2010).
10:
3034:
2343:. Wheatmark. p. 123.
1875:
1644:
1536:
1525:
62:Atropatene as a vassal of
29:
2658:"Azerbaijan i. Geography"
2227:Atropatene see Azarbaijan
2211:Yarshater, Ehsan (1983),
1903:
157:
153:
143:
133:
129:
119:
111:
103:
93:
83:
71:
55:
50:
39:
2882:10.5604/20842937.1134333
2824:Malandra, W. W. (2009).
2783:Hutter, Manfred (2009).
2634:Daryaee, Touraj (2010).
2607:Chaumont, M. L. (1987).
2314:Cheshire, Keyne (2009).
2903:Schippmann, K. (1987).
2755:10.2143/IA.46.0.2084424
2545:Bosworth, C.E. (1989),
2493:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2478:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2454:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2415:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2158:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1620:
1547:kingdom established in
297:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
2884:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1925: 336–323 BC
1657:In 331 BC, during the
1654:
1608: 336–323 BC
836:Masmughans of Damavand
310:Zayandeh River Culture
145:• Disestablished
2800:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
2551:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2295:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2244:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1743:came to power in the
1652:
714:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
668:3rd-century BC–132 BC
634:Kingdom of Cappadocia
590: 6th century BC
572:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2998:Rulers of Atropatene
2580:Boyce, Mary (2000).
1844:) are depicted in a
1831:Battle of Hormozdgan
1700:Partition of Babylon
2945: /
2468:, pp. 289–290.
2403:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2391:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2364:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2316:Alexander the Great
2268:, pp. 205–215.
2201:, pp. 221–224.
1949:House of Atropates
1918:Alexander the Great
1671:Alexander the Great
1659:Battle of Gaugamela
1601:Alexander the Great
1587:authority from the
1370:Contemporary period
1274:Early modern period
1176:Jalayirid Sultanate
1046:Khwarazmian dynasty
475:Neo-Assyrian Empire
353:Kura–Araxes culture
271:Baradostian culture
135:• Established
2180:, pp. 221–224
1760:battle of Magnesia
1655:
1389:Interim Government
1379:Iranian Revolution
1166:Muzaffarid dynasty
870:864 – 14th century
860:791 – 11th century
786:Rashidun Caliphate
608:Kingdom of Armenia
257:Prehistoric period
2922:978-0-71009-114-7
2675:978-0-71009-114-7
2626:978-0-71009-113-0
2599:978-0-933273-47-4
2565:. Leiden: Brill.
2480:, pp. 69–70.
2417:, pp. 71–72.
2393:, pp. 87–88.
2280:, pp. 17–18.
2222:978-0-521-20092-9
2140:
2139:
1631:Achaemenid Empire
1543:, was an ancient
1539:), also known as
1515:
1514:
1407:
1406:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1322:
1264:
1263:
1206:Afrasiyab dynasty
1106:Khorshidi dynasty
1096:Pishkinid dynasty
986:Ghaznavid dynasty
806:Abbasid Caliphate
796:Umayyad Caliphate
762:
761:
758:550s–11th century
654:Kingdom of Pontus
598:Achaemenid Empire
562:Anshanite Kingdom
523:
522:
426:Oxus Civilization
334:
333:
219:
218:
215:
214:
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190:
186:Macedonian Empire
79:(148/7 BC–226 AD)
16:(Redirected from
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2038: ???–30 BC
2036:
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2009:
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1937:
1926:
1924:
1843:
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1802:
1800:
1724:Media Atropatene
1710:was assigned to
1617:region in Iran.
1609:
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1541:Media Atropatene
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1416:Related articles
1399:Islamic Republic
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876:Tahirid dynasty
774:
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146:
136:
77:Parthian Empire
67:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2900:
2859:
2854:978-9004460751
2853:
2838:
2821:
2815:978-1610693912
2814:
2797:
2780:
2774:
2759:
2738:
2709:
2680:
2674:
2654:de Planhol, X.
2650:
2631:
2625:
2604:
2598:
2577:
2572:978-9004293915
2571:
2555:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2380:
2378:, p. 249.
2368:
2356:
2349:
2331:
2324:
2306:
2282:
2270:
2255:
2231:
2221:
2203:
2182:
2172:, p. 96;
2162:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:Ariobarzanes I
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1932:
1931:List of rulers
1929:
1905:
1902:
1877:
1874:
1861:
1860:Zoroastrianism
1858:
1854:Zoroastrianism
1842: 240–270
1827: 216–224
1816: 224–242
1801: 191–208
1790:Touraj Daryaee
1646:
1643:
1622:
1619:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Heads of state
1430:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:Timurid Empire
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:Nasrid dynasty
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
988:
982:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
962:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
932:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
912:
911:
910:pre-879 – 1215
908:
906:Ghurid dynasty
902:
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
886:Samanid Empire
882:
881:
878:
872:
871:
868:
866:Alid dynasties
862:
861:
858:
852:
851:
848:
842:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
822:
821:
818:
812:
811:
808:
802:
801:
798:
792:
791:
788:
775:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
759:
756:
750:
749:
746:
740:
739:
736:
730:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
680:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
660:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
630:
629:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
584:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
558:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
536:
531:
530:
527:
526:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
464:
462:Avestan period
458:
457:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
428:
422:
421:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
392:
382:
381:
375:
373:Jiroft culture
369:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
347:
344:Ancient period
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:
330:5th millennium
325:
319:
318:
317:6th millennium
312:
306:
305:
299:
293:
292:
286:
280:
279:
273:
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
242:
241:
232:
231:
224:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
201:
192:
189:
188:
183:
171:
170:
165:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
121:
120:Historical era
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
98:Zoroastrianism
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
73:
69:
68:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2775:9780692864401
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:Ancient works
2507:, p. 38.
2506:
2505:Olbrycht 2021
2501:
2495:, p. 86.
2494:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2456:, p. 70.
2455:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2427:Malandra 2009
2423:
2416:
2411:
2405:, p. 88.
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2372:
2366:, p. 87.
2365:
2360:
2352:
2350:9781604944495
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2325:9780521707091
2321:
2317:
2310:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2278:Chaumont 1987
2274:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:Olbrycht 2014
2166:
2160:, p. 71.
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2135: 51–???
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105: ???–12
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2075:Artavasdes II
2073:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1985:Mithridates I
1983:
1982:
1978: 221 BC
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963: 323 BC
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Arab conquest
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:, one of the
1746:
1742:
1741:Antiochus III
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:According to
1618:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Arab conquest
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1552: 323 BC
1546:
1542:
1534:
1533:Ancient Greek
1531:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:Modern period
1329:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:Afsharid Iran
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:Hotak dynasty
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1036:Seljuk Empire
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
956:Buyid dynasty
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
916:Sajid dynasty
914:
913:
909:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
773:
768:
767:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
715:
712:
711:
708:132 BC–224 AD
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:141 BC–222 AD
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:147 BC–224 AD
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:247 BC–224 AD
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:320s BC–17 AD
637:
635:
632:
631:
626: 323 BC
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:331 BC–428 AD
611:
609:
606:
605:
602:550 BC–330 BC
601:
599:
596:
595:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:626 BC–539 BC
575:
573:
570:
569:
566:635 BC–550 BC
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:Median Empire
540:
539:
534:
529:
528:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
465:
463:
460:
459:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
436:
429:
427:
424:
423:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
401:
400:
393:
391:
387:
384:
383:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:Proto-Elamite
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
350:
345:
340:
339:
326:
324:
323:Dalma culture
321:
320:
313:
311:
308:
307:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:20,000–10,000
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:36,000–18,000
274:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
253:
252:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
228:
223:
222:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
187:
184:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
156:
152:
148:
142:
138:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
59:
54:
49:
45:
38:
33:
19:
2930:
2912:
2890:cite journal
2876:(3): 92–97.
2873:
2869:
2843:
2833:
2801:
2792:
2764:
2746:
2742:
2720:(1): 69–80.
2717:
2713:
2691:(1): 87–93.
2688:
2684:
2665:
2645:
2641:
2616:
2589:
2562:
2550:
2538:Modern works
2528:
2514:Bibliography
2500:
2473:
2461:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2376:Daryaee 2010
2371:
2359:
2340:
2334:
2315:
2309:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2273:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2165:
2120: 12–51
2053: 30 BC
2030:Artavasdes I
2023: 59 BC
2008: 65 BC
1993: 67 BC
1934:
1907:
1889:
1879:
1863:
1820:Artabanus IV
1784:
1768:
1753:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1661:between the
1656:
1639:
1624:
1612:
1574:
1540:
1529:
1528:; Pahlavi:
1517:
1516:
1443:LGBT history
1403:1979–present
1352:Pahlavi Iran
1315:Zand dynasty
1283:Safavid Iran
1246:Qara Qoyunlu
1136:Kurt dynasty
976:Hasanwayhids
776:
754:Qarinvandids
658:281 BC–62 BC
648:312 BC–63 BC
617:
261:
168:Succeeded by
167:
162:
43:
2952: /
2820:(2 volumes)
2749:: 153–302.
2609:"Atropates"
2559:Boyce, Mary
2530:Geographica
2439:Hutter 2009
1970:Artabazanes
1846:rock relief
1794:Vologases V
1787:Iranologist
1756:Artabazanes
1749:Hellenistic
1708:Media Magna
1589:Achaemenids
1585:Zoroastrian
1530:Ādurbādagān
1526:Ātṛpātakāna
1522:Old Persian
1126:Mihrabanids
1086:Hazaraspids
846:Baduspanids
724:Paratarajas
718:19 AD–224/5
236:History of
199:Adurbadagan
163:Preceded by
44:Ātṛpātakāna
32:Adurbadagan
3013:Atropatene
2967:Categories
2466:Boyce 2000
2300:2020-04-30
2249:2020-04-30
2143:References
2083: 4–6
1914:Macedonian
1894:Lake Urmia
1809:Ardashir I
1691:Great King
1667:Darius III
1663:Achaemenid
1615:Azerbaijan
1597:Macedonian
1537:Ἀτροπατηνή
1518:Atropatene
1342:Qajar Iran
1256:Aq Qoyunlu
1240:1370s–1592
1076:Salghurids
1056:Eldiguzids
1026:Shabankara
1000:990/1–1117
744:Zarmihrids
664:Fratarakas
618:Atropatene
556:652–625 BC
546:678–550 BC
104:Government
41:Atropatene
2949:37°N 48°E
2847:. Brill.
2734:163839498
2705:133088896
2097:Artabanus
2045:Asinnalus
1955:Atropates
1870:Zoroaster
1771:Parthians
1733:Perdiccas
1729:Atropates
1721:, became
1687:Cadusians
1571:Sasanians
1559:Atropates
1356:1925–1979
1346:1789–1925
1319:1751–1794
1309:1736–1796
1299:1722–1729
1287:1501–1736
1260:1468–1508
1250:1406–1468
1230:1370–1507
1220:1359–1596
1216:Mar'ashis
1210:1349–1504
1200:1335–1357
1190:1337–1376
1186:Sarbadars
1180:1337–1376
1170:1335–1393
1160:1335–1357
1150:1256–1335
1140:1244–1396
1130:1236–1537
1120:1223-1306
1110:1184-1597
1100:1155–1231
1090:1155–1424
1080:1148–1282
1070:1141–1319
1060:1135–1225
1050:1077–1231
1040:1037–1194
1030:1030–1355
1020:1029–1236
1010:1008–1141
856:Justanids
826:Bavandids
694:Characene
456:1500–1155
443:2400–2150
433:2400–1700
420:2550-2020
380:3100–2200
367:3200–2700
357:3400–2000
304:6000–5000
139:c. 323 BC
124:Antiquity
94:Religion
66:in 221 BC
64:Seleucids
2806:ABC-CLIO
2656:(1987).
2582:"Ganzak"
2000:Darius I
1898:Miandoab
1835:Shapur I
1805:Sasanian
1780:Arsacids
1776:Arsacids
1737:Seleucus
1696:diadochi
1683:Sakasens
1635:Ecbatana
1581:margrave
1470:Timeline
1428:Monarchs
1006:Kakuyids
996:Annazids
990:977–1186
980:959–1095
970:955–1070
960:934–1062
946:Ilyasids
940:930–1090
930:919–1062
900:861–1003
850:665–1598
830:651–1349
816:Dabuyids
810:750–1258
469:1500–500
449:Kassites
407:2700–539
397:3100-675
263:BCE / BC
227:a series
225:Part of
107:Monarchy
2911:(ed.).
2832:(ed.).
2791:(ed.).
2664:(ed.).
2615:(ed.).
2588:(ed.).
2127:Pacorus
2112:Vonones
1890:Ganzaka
1876:Capital
1807:prince
1764:Parthia
1719:Matiene
1712:Peithon
1698:at the
1645:History
1591:to the
1576:marzban
1545:Iranian
1196:Injuids
950:932–968
920:889–929
890:819–999
880:821–873
840:651–760
820:642–760
800:661–750
790:632-661
778:CE / AD
738:224–651
728:125–300
684:Elymais
628:–226 AD
519:720-670
515:Saparda
509:750-521
505:Zikirti
499:850–616
495:Mannaea
489:860–590
479:911–609
413:Marhaši
84:Capital
2954:37; 48
2919:
2851:
2812:
2772:
2732:
2703:
2672:
2623:
2596:
2569:
2525:Strabo
2347:
2322:
2219:
1944:Reign
1904:Legacy
1886:Median
1884:(from
1882:Ganzak
1866:Avesta
1850:Salmas
1727:under
1679:Albans
1665:ruler
1627:Strabo
1556:satrap
582:Sogdia
485:Urartu
229:on the
149:226 AD
115:
88:Ganzak
72:Status
2907:. In
2828:. In
2787:. In
2730:S2CID
2701:S2CID
2660:. In
2611:. In
2584:. In
1916:king
1848:near
1704:Media
1675:Medes
1599:king
390:Zamua
2940:48°E
2937:37°N
2917:ISBN
2896:link
2849:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2217:ISBN
1941:Name
1669:and
1621:Name
1563:Iran
1458:Wars
1423:Name
1393:1979
1383:1979
403:Elam
238:Iran
112:King
2878:doi
2751:doi
2722:doi
2693:doi
2050:fl.
2035:fl.
2020:fl.
2005:fl.
1990:fl.
1975:fl.
1960:fl.
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