47:
236:
1639:
1465:
1841:, possibly a testimonial to the Sasanian conquest of Atropatene. The nobility of Atropatene most likely allied themselves the Sasanians due to a desire for a strong state capable of maintaining order. The priesthood, who may have felt alienated by the easy-going Arsacids, probably also supported the Sasanian family, due to its association with
1747:, accepted the ascendency of Seleucids and became dependent on it; on the other hand, interior independence was preserved. At the same time, the Roman Empire came into sight in the Mediterranean basin and was trying to spread its power in the East, and in 190 B.C., its army met and defeated the Seleucids' army in the
1682:
in the army of
Atropates. After this war, which resulted in the victory of Alexander the Great and the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates expressed his loyalty to Alexander. In 328-327 BC, Alexander appointed him governor of Media. Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, the
1762:
in 38 BC, the Romans won and the Roman general Antony attacked
Fraaspa (36 BC), one of the central cities of Atropatene. The city was surrounded by strong defenses. After a long blockade, Antony receded, losing approximately thirty-five thousand soldiers. In the face of Parthian attempts to annex
1629:
From the name of
Atropates, different forms of the name of this country such as Atropatene, Atropatios Mēdia, Tropatene, Aturpatakan, Adarbayjan were used in different sources. Nevertheless, medieval Arab geographers suggested another version associating this name with Adorbador (the name of a
1916:). Under the Atropatids, the region successfully managed to gain a dominant place in Zoroastrianism, which would continue into the Sasanian period, whose monarchs favored Median traditions over that of the Parthians. Moreover, Atropatene also served as a stronghold of Iranian culture.
1763:
Atropatene, Atropatene began to draw closer to Rome, thus, Ariobarzan II, who came to power in
Atropatene in 20 BC, lived in Rome for about ten years. The dynasty Atropates founded would rule the kingdom for several centuries, first independently, then as vassals of the
1861:. As a result local claims emerged quite easily, and with the appropriate support, even gained acceptance. This resulted in the birthplace of Zoroaster being placed in Atropatene, rather than the east, where he originated.
1626:. The other part is Atropatian Media, which got its name from the commander Atropates, who prevented also this country, which was a part of Greater Media, from becoming subject to the Macedonians".
1889:. The city and its surroundings probably hosted a large Iranian population, whereas much of the Atropatenian population had most likely not been completely Iranianized yet by the 3rd-century BC.
1792:) was "the turning point in Arsacid history, in that the dynasty lost much of its prestige." The people of Atropatene (both nobility and peasantry) allied themselves with the Persian
2976:
2971:
194:
169:
2884:
1622:. As he writes in his book “Geography”: "Media is divided into two parts. One part of it is called Greater Media, of which the metropolis is
1881:, meaning "treasury"), which presumably served as the capital of Atropates and his successors. The city was situated in a fertile area near
46:
2038:
2023:
2008:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1948:
414:
2279:
1493:
1924:
Albeit the kings of
Atropatene ruled for several centuries, only some of them are known. The dates of their reign are uncertain.
1387:
2981:
2961:
1755:
and
Atropatene subsequently considered Rome a threat to their independence and allied themselves in the struggle against Rome.
2996:
2991:
2966:
2909:
2662:
2613:
2586:
2209:
1818:). In 226, Atropatene submitted with little resistance to Ardashir I after he had defeated and killed Artabanus IV at the
2228:
2841:
2802:
2559:
2003:
2762:
2337:
2312:
1973:
2701:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2010). "Ādurbādagān during the Late
Sasanian Period: A Study in Administrative Geography".
2018:
2672:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2007). "Administrative
Geography of the Early Sasanian Period: The Case of Ādurbādagān".
1774:
During the late
Parthian era, the empire was declining, resulting in the weakening of hold over western Iran. The
1740:
states that had emerged following the death of
Alexander. Antiochus attacked Atropatene, resulting in a victory.
854:
2922:
2773:
1421:
596:
2986:
2048:
2033:
1486:
1988:
2115:
1902:
1897:
Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under Zoroastrian authority from the Achaemenids to the
1724:, regent of Alexander's designated successor. Shortly thereafter, Atropates refused to pay allegiance to
1585:
1458:
1446:
285:
1416:
1377:
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1358:
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1436:
1426:
215:
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1808:
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1004:
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341:
1521:
1321:
824:
298:
2597:
2878:
702:
622:
560:
332:
1819:
1688:
1510:
1431:
2730:
Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2011). "Disintegration of Sasanian Hegemony over Northern Iran".
8:
3001:
1906:
1667:
1659:
1647:
1589:
1164:
1034:
463:
259:
1554:, was ruled by Atropates' descendants until the early 1st-century AD, when the Parthian
2893:
2718:
2689:
1748:
1725:
1720:, the former Achaemenid governor of all Media, who had by then become father-in-law of
1367:
1154:
774:
245:
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794:
784:
742:
642:
586:
174:
2754:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
2866:
2739:
2714:
2710:
2685:
2681:
1712:
1224:
914:
884:
1853:
The oldness of Zoroastrianism led to lack of knowledge about the geography of the
1618:, the name of Atropatene derived from the name of Atropates, the commander of the
2897:
2831:
2818:
2777:
2752:
2650:
2601:
2574:
2570:
2078:
1874:
1793:
1764:
1733:
1602:
The name of Atropatene was also the nominal ancestor of the name of the historic
1555:
1533:
1104:
1054:
954:
924:
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722:
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662:
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427:
272:
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1214:
894:
874:
814:
450:
361:
86:
2955:
2937:
2924:
2870:
2751:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
2063:
1293:
1282:
1024:
944:
904:
351:
311:
2743:
2552:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
1411:
1340:
1303:
1271:
1234:
1204:
1124:
964:
530:
2518:
1958:
1834:
1782:
1775:
1744:
1737:
1577:
1573:
1469:
1114:
1074:
834:
712:
187:
20:
1767:(who called it 'Aturpatakan'). It was later supplanted by a line of the
2547:
2100:
1882:
1797:
1679:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1330:
1244:
1064:
1044:
1014:
974:
934:
766:
732:
652:
251:
2904:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 221–224.
2657:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 205–215.
2581:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 289–290.
1943:
1858:
1759:
1721:
1717:
1675:
1559:
1547:
1174:
1144:
1134:
844:
682:
540:
52:
2902:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV
2853:
2794:
2655:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV
2608:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 17–18.
1886:
1823:
1768:
1684:
1671:
1623:
1569:
994:
984:
550:
437:
2625:
2375:
2373:
1807:) during his wars against Vologases V's son and second successor
1752:
1707:
1706:
The smaller (northern) region, which had been the sub-satrapy of
1700:
1564:
1184:
672:
503:
493:
483:
401:
374:
1901:
without any interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the
1728:, and made Media Atropatene an independent kingdom. In 223 BCE,
2854:"The Genealogy of Artabanos II (AD 8/9–39/40), King of Parthia"
2513:
2370:
2250:
2248:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
1870:
1854:
1838:
1615:
1544:
570:
473:
76:
1663:
378:
2477:
2475:
2460:
2438:
2436:
2397:
2385:
2346:
2245:
2172:
1857:, and also uncertainty about the birthplace of its prophet,
1584:
without interruption, aside from being briefly ruled by the
2142:
2140:
1695:
was divided into two states: The greater (southern) part –
1572:"). Atropatene was the only Iranian region to remain under
1551:
391:
2606:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/1: Ātaš–Awāʾel al-Maqālāt
2757:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
2703:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
2674:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
2472:
2433:
1642:
Atropatene and neighbouring countries in 2nd century B.C.
2977:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
2972:
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
2448:
2260:
2137:
2487:
2358:
2409:
2330:
Return of the Medes: An Analysis of Iranian History
2280:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 13, section 1"
2852:
2624:
2421:
2883:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2542:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
1562:in 226, and turned into a province governed by a
2953:
1683:Macedonian's conquests were divided amongst the
1550:. The kingdom, centered in present-day northern
19:For the Sasanian province of the same name, see
2579:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume X/3: Fruit–Gāvbāzī
2729:
2700:
2671:
2391:
2379:
2352:
1781:argues that the reign of the Parthian monarch
2791:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1487:
64:Autonomous state, frequently a vassal of the
2550:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
2204:, Cambridge University Press, p. 1408,
2193:
1678:fought alongside the army of the Achaemenid
2626:"Ardashir and the Sasanians' Rise to Power"
2546:
2481:
2466:
2442:
2403:
2327:
2146:
1630:priest) that means “guardian of the fire”.
2891:
2750:
2641:
2254:
2187:
2166:
2162:
1869:The main Achaemenid hub in Atropatene was
1494:
1480:
45:
2859:Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
2199:
2077:
1937:
1558:supplanted them. It was conquered by the
16:Ancient Iranian kingdom (c.323 BC-226 AD)
2850:
2833:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
2829:
2812:
2774:"Zoroaster iii. Zoroaster in the Avesta"
2595:
2536:"Azerbaijan IV: Islamic History to 1941"
2533:
2493:
2415:
2302:
2266:
2158:
1637:
2631:Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia
2622:
2364:
2954:
2771:
2427:
1758:After the battle between Rome and the
1743:Consequently, the king of Atropatene,
2894:"Azerbaijan III. Pre-Islamic History"
2568:
2454:
2823:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2782:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2637:. University of California: 236–255.
2307:. Cambridge University. p. 73.
2788:
1691:. The former Achaemenid satrapy of
13:
2825:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2784:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1822:. Ardashir I and his son and heir
14:
3018:
1919:
1848:
1703:, one of Alexander's bodyguards.
2507:
2057: 28/20 BC – 4 AD
1463:
234:
192:
167:
2526:
2502:
2321:
2121:
2106:
2091:
2069:
2054:
1911:
1828:
1813:
1802:
1787:
1594:
2815:"Zoroaster ii. General Survey"
2715:10.1080/05786967.2010.11864774
2686:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864720
2296:
2272:
2221:
2152:
1885:, close to the modern town of
1:
2982:Former countries in West Asia
2962:3rd-century disestablishments
2202:The Cambridge history of Iran
2131:
1537:
611:
575:
455:
442:
419:
406:
383:
366:
316:
303:
290:
277:
264:
2997:Dynasties in Persia and Iran
2992:History of Azerbaijan (Iran)
2967:Empires and kingdoms of Iran
2851:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2014).
2830:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2229:"Strabo, Geography, Book 11"
7:
2328:F. Mirwaisi, Hamma (2010).
10:
3023:
2332:. Wheatmark. p. 123.
1864:
1633:
1525:
1514:
51:Atropatene as a vassal of
18:
2647:"Azerbaijan i. Geography"
2216:Atropatene see Azarbaijan
2200:Yarshater, Ehsan (1983),
1892:
146:
142:
132:
122:
118:
108:
100:
92:
82:
72:
60:
44:
39:
28:
2871:10.5604/20842937.1134333
2813:Malandra, W. W. (2009).
2772:Hutter, Manfred (2009).
2623:Daryaee, Touraj (2010).
2596:Chaumont, M. L. (1987).
2303:Cheshire, Keyne (2009).
2892:Schippmann, K. (1987).
2744:10.2143/IA.46.0.2084424
2534:Bosworth, C.E. (1989),
2482:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2467:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2443:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2404:Boyce & Grenet 1991
2147:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1609:
1536:kingdom established in
286:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
2873:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1914: 336–323 BC
1646:In 331 BC, during the
1643:
1597: 336–323 BC
825:Masmughans of Damavand
299:Zayandeh River Culture
134:• Disestablished
2789:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
2540:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2284:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2233:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1732:came to power in the
1641:
703:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
657:3rd-century BC–132 BC
623:Kingdom of Cappadocia
579: 6th century BC
561:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2987:Rulers of Atropatene
2569:Boyce, Mary (2000).
1833:) are depicted in a
1820:Battle of Hormozdgan
1689:Partition of Babylon
2934: /
2457:, pp. 289–290.
2392:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2380:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2353:Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007
2305:Alexander the Great
2257:, pp. 205–215.
2190:, pp. 221–224.
1938:House of Atropates
1907:Alexander the Great
1660:Alexander the Great
1648:Battle of Gaugamela
1590:Alexander the Great
1576:authority from the
1359:Contemporary period
1263:Early modern period
1165:Jalayirid Sultanate
1035:Khwarazmian dynasty
464:Neo-Assyrian Empire
342:Kura–Araxes culture
260:Baradostian culture
124:• Established
2169:, pp. 221–224
1749:battle of Magnesia
1644:
1378:Interim Government
1368:Iranian Revolution
1155:Muzaffarid dynasty
859:864 – 14th century
849:791 – 11th century
775:Rashidun Caliphate
597:Kingdom of Armenia
246:Prehistoric period
2911:978-0-71009-114-7
2664:978-0-71009-114-7
2615:978-0-71009-113-0
2588:978-0-933273-47-4
2554:. Leiden: Brill.
2469:, pp. 69–70.
2406:, pp. 71–72.
2382:, pp. 87–88.
2269:, pp. 17–18.
2211:978-0-521-20092-9
2129:
2128:
1620:Achaemenid Empire
1532:, was an ancient
1528:), also known as
1504:
1503:
1396:
1395:
1349:
1348:
1312:
1311:
1253:
1252:
1195:Afrasiyab dynasty
1095:Khorshidi dynasty
1085:Pishkinid dynasty
975:Ghaznavid dynasty
795:Abbasid Caliphate
785:Umayyad Caliphate
751:
750:
747:550s–11th century
643:Kingdom of Pontus
587:Achaemenid Empire
551:Anshanite Kingdom
512:
511:
415:Oxus Civilization
323:
322:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
180:
179:
175:Macedonian Empire
68:(148/7 BC–226 AD)
3014:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2898:Yarshater, Ehsan
2888:
2882:
2874:
2856:
2847:
2826:
2819:Yarshater, Ehsan
2808:
2785:
2778:Yarshater, Ehsan
2768:
2747:
2726:
2697:
2668:
2651:Yarshater, Ehsan
2638:
2628:
2619:
2602:Yarshater, Ehsan
2592:
2575:Yarshater, Ehsan
2565:
2543:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2294:
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2240:
2239:
2225:
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2110:
2108:
2095:
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2058:
2056:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2027: ???–30 BC
2025:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1995:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1950:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1913:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1713:Media Atropatene
1699:was assigned to
1606:region in Iran.
1598:
1596:
1542:
1539:
1530:Media Atropatene
1527:
1516:
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1437:Military history
1427:Economic history
1405:Related articles
1388:Islamic Republic
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1145:Chobanid dynasty
1135:Ilkhanate Empire
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2165:, p. 138;
2163:Gregoratti 2017
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865:Tahirid dynasty
763:
761:Medieval period
753:
752:
737:6th century–785
723:Sasanian Empire
693:Kings of Persis
663:Parthian Empire
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12:
11:
5:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2889:
2848:
2843:978-9004460751
2842:
2827:
2810:
2804:978-1610693912
2803:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2727:
2698:
2669:
2663:
2643:de Planhol, X.
2639:
2620:
2614:
2593:
2587:
2566:
2561:978-9004293915
2560:
2544:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2369:
2367:, p. 249.
2357:
2345:
2338:
2320:
2313:
2295:
2271:
2259:
2244:
2220:
2210:
2192:
2171:
2161:, p. 96;
2151:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2004:Ariobarzanes I
2000:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1921:
1920:List of rulers
1918:
1894:
1891:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1849:Zoroastrianism
1847:
1843:Zoroastrianism
1831: 240–270
1816: 216–224
1805: 224–242
1790: 191–208
1779:Touraj Daryaee
1635:
1632:
1611:
1608:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Heads of state
1419:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:Timurid Empire
1211:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:Nasrid dynasty
1001:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
987:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
921:
920:
917:
911:
910:
907:
901:
900:
899:pre-879 – 1215
897:
895:Ghurid dynasty
891:
890:
887:
881:
880:
877:
875:Samanid Empire
871:
870:
867:
861:
860:
857:
855:Alid dynasties
851:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
764:
759:
758:
755:
754:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
573:
567:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
537:
536:
533:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
509:
506:
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
453:
451:Avestan period
447:
446:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
417:
411:
410:
404:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
381:
371:
370:
364:
362:Jiroft culture
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
336:
333:Ancient period
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
320:
319:5th millennium
314:
308:
307:
306:6th millennium
301:
295:
294:
288:
282:
281:
275:
269:
268:
262:
249:
244:
243:
240:
239:
231:
230:
221:
220:
213:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
190:
181:
178:
177:
172:
160:
159:
154:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
109:Historical era
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
87:Zoroastrianism
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
62:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2764:9780692864401
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:Ancient works
2496:, p. 38.
2495:
2494:Olbrycht 2021
2490:
2484:, p. 86.
2483:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2445:, p. 70.
2444:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2416:Malandra 2009
2412:
2405:
2400:
2394:, p. 88.
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2355:, p. 87.
2354:
2349:
2341:
2339:9781604944495
2335:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2314:9780521707091
2310:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2267:Chaumont 1987
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:Olbrycht 2014
2155:
2149:, p. 71.
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2124: 51–???
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094: ???–12
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2064:Artavasdes II
2062:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1974:Mithridates I
1972:
1971:
1967: 221 BC
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952: 323 BC
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:Arab conquest
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1736:, one of the
1735:
1731:
1730:Antiochus III
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:According to
1607:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Arab conquest
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1541: 323 BC
1535:
1531:
1523:
1522:Ancient Greek
1520:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:Modern period
1318:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:Afsharid Iran
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:Hotak dynasty
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:Seljuk Empire
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:Buyid dynasty
943:
942:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
906:
905:Sajid dynasty
903:
902:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
762:
757:
756:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:132 BC–224 AD
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:141 BC–222 AD
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:147 BC–224 AD
676:
674:
671:
670:
667:247 BC–224 AD
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:320s BC–17 AD
626:
624:
621:
620:
615: 323 BC
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:331 BC–428 AD
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:550 BC–330 BC
590:
588:
585:
584:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:626 BC–539 BC
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:635 BC–550 BC
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:Median Empire
529:
528:
523:
518:
517:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
461:
454:
452:
449:
448:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
418:
416:
413:
412:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
389:
382:
380:
376:
373:
372:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:Proto-Elamite
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
328:
315:
313:
312:Dalma culture
310:
309:
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:20,000–10,000
276:
274:
271:
270:
267:36,000–18,000
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
247:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
217:
212:
211:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
176:
173:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
145:
141:
137:
131:
127:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
34:
27:
22:
2919:
2901:
2879:cite journal
2865:(3): 92–97.
2862:
2858:
2832:
2822:
2790:
2781:
2753:
2735:
2731:
2709:(1): 69–80.
2706:
2702:
2680:(1): 87–93.
2677:
2673:
2654:
2634:
2630:
2605:
2578:
2551:
2539:
2527:Modern works
2517:
2503:Bibliography
2489:
2462:
2450:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2365:Daryaee 2010
2360:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2262:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2154:
2109: 12–51
2042: 30 BC
2019:Artavasdes I
2012: 59 BC
1997: 65 BC
1982: 67 BC
1923:
1896:
1878:
1868:
1852:
1809:Artabanus IV
1773:
1757:
1742:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1650:between the
1645:
1628:
1613:
1601:
1563:
1529:
1518:
1517:; Pahlavi:
1506:
1505:
1432:LGBT history
1392:1979–present
1341:Pahlavi Iran
1304:Zand dynasty
1272:Safavid Iran
1235:Qara Qoyunlu
1125:Kurt dynasty
965:Hasanwayhids
765:
743:Qarinvandids
647:281 BC–62 BC
637:312 BC–63 BC
606:
250:
157:Succeeded by
156:
151:
32:
2941: /
2809:(2 volumes)
2738:: 153–302.
2598:"Atropates"
2548:Boyce, Mary
2519:Geographica
2428:Hutter 2009
1959:Artabazanes
1835:rock relief
1783:Vologases V
1776:Iranologist
1745:Artabazanes
1738:Hellenistic
1697:Media Magna
1578:Achaemenids
1574:Zoroastrian
1519:Ādurbādagān
1515:Ātṛpātakāna
1511:Old Persian
1115:Mihrabanids
1075:Hazaraspids
835:Baduspanids
713:Paratarajas
707:19 AD–224/5
225:History of
188:Adurbadagan
152:Preceded by
33:Ātṛpātakāna
21:Adurbadagan
3002:Atropatene
2956:Categories
2455:Boyce 2000
2289:2020-04-30
2238:2020-04-30
2132:References
2072: 4–6
1903:Macedonian
1883:Lake Urmia
1798:Ardashir I
1680:Great King
1656:Darius III
1652:Achaemenid
1604:Azerbaijan
1586:Macedonian
1526:Ἀτροπατηνή
1507:Atropatene
1331:Qajar Iran
1245:Aq Qoyunlu
1229:1370s–1592
1065:Salghurids
1045:Eldiguzids
1015:Shabankara
989:990/1–1117
733:Zarmihrids
653:Fratarakas
607:Atropatene
545:652–625 BC
535:678–550 BC
93:Government
30:Atropatene
2938:37°N 48°E
2836:. Brill.
2723:163839498
2694:133088896
2086:Artabanus
2034:Asinnalus
1944:Atropates
1859:Zoroaster
1760:Parthians
1722:Perdiccas
1718:Atropates
1710:, became
1676:Cadusians
1560:Sasanians
1548:Atropates
1345:1925–1979
1335:1789–1925
1308:1751–1794
1298:1736–1796
1288:1722–1729
1276:1501–1736
1249:1468–1508
1239:1406–1468
1219:1370–1507
1209:1359–1596
1205:Mar'ashis
1199:1349–1504
1189:1335–1357
1179:1337–1376
1175:Sarbadars
1169:1337–1376
1159:1335–1393
1149:1335–1357
1139:1256–1335
1129:1244–1396
1119:1236–1537
1109:1223-1306
1099:1184-1597
1089:1155–1231
1079:1155–1424
1069:1148–1282
1059:1141–1319
1049:1135–1225
1039:1077–1231
1029:1037–1194
1019:1030–1355
1009:1029–1236
999:1008–1141
845:Justanids
815:Bavandids
683:Characene
445:1500–1155
432:2400–2150
422:2400–1700
409:2550-2020
369:3100–2200
356:3200–2700
346:3400–2000
293:6000–5000
128:c. 323 BC
113:Antiquity
83:Religion
55:in 221 BC
53:Seleucids
2795:ABC-CLIO
2645:(1987).
2571:"Ganzak"
1989:Darius I
1887:Miandoab
1824:Shapur I
1794:Sasanian
1769:Arsacids
1765:Arsacids
1726:Seleucus
1685:diadochi
1672:Sakasens
1624:Ecbatana
1570:margrave
1459:Timeline
1417:Monarchs
995:Kakuyids
985:Annazids
979:977–1186
969:959–1095
959:955–1070
949:934–1062
935:Ilyasids
929:930–1090
919:919–1062
889:861–1003
839:665–1598
819:651–1349
805:Dabuyids
799:750–1258
458:1500–500
438:Kassites
396:2700–539
386:3100-675
252:BCE / BC
216:a series
214:Part of
96:Monarchy
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2780:(ed.).
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2604:(ed.).
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2116:Pacorus
2101:Vonones
1879:Ganzaka
1865:Capital
1796:prince
1753:Parthia
1708:Matiene
1701:Peithon
1687:at the
1634:History
1580:to the
1565:marzban
1534:Iranian
1185:Injuids
939:932–968
909:889–929
879:819–999
869:821–873
829:651–760
809:642–760
789:661–750
779:632-661
767:CE / AD
727:224–651
717:125–300
673:Elymais
617:–226 AD
508:720-670
504:Saparda
498:750-521
494:Zikirti
488:850–616
484:Mannaea
478:860–590
468:911–609
402:Marhaši
73:Capital
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1933:Reign
1893:Legacy
1875:Median
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1855:Avesta
1839:Salmas
1716:under
1668:Albans
1654:ruler
1616:Strabo
1545:satrap
571:Sogdia
474:Urartu
218:on the
138:226 AD
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2885:link
2838:ISBN
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1930:Name
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1552:Iran
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1382:1979
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392:Elam
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