22:
417:
2521:
359:, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times and a more liberal interpretation of gender roles, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues. This development is historically connected with the United States; the original German Reform retained the women's balcony, although the "curtain or lattice-work" was removed. (Even in Orthodoxy there is a dispute as to whether a balcony requires a curtain.)
2510:
669:
655:
2541:
2531:
1101:
371:
386:, a mechitza needs to prevent men from seeing a woman who might be immodestly dressed, and hence a mechitza needs to be as tall as a man, or 6 feet (180 centimetres). However, according to Orthodox Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik, a mechitzah need only serve as a halakhic partition, and hence need only be the minimum height for such a partition, i.e. 10
545:(which had been removed from that building due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one-way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section. Later, the Rebbe's wife put curtains inside the women's section, so that women could not see into the men's section.)
551:
Usually 5 feet (1.5 m) tall or higher, made of opaque or semi-opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed-sex functions in addition to separate
529:
Sometimes with a non-opaque curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall, which can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass, stained glass, a one-way screen with lights so that women can see through without being seen (e.g. Beth Jacob
215:
and at religious celebrations. The idea behind this is twofold. First, mingling of the sexes is generally frowned upon, as this leads to frivolity, which itself may lead to promiscuity. Secondly, even if the sexes are separated, they should not be able to interact to a high degree during a religious
948:
See also Modern
Problems in American Religious History, Patrick Allitt, Editor, 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston/New York, Chapter 10, Section 2, where Jacob Sonderling, who had earlier been the rabbi of the Hamburg Temple, states that this Reform Temple had men and women separated "until the
480:
A fixed-height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet or 0.91 m). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section.
408:
There are different styles of mechitzot, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is
399:
To accommodate stricter interpretations while simultaneously allowing women to see the male prayer leader, many synagogues will make an opaque wall that is 3–4 feet high and add a lattice, screen, one-way glass, or other semi-transparent material above that opaque wall. The design shown at right is
412:
Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side-by-side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to
151:
The land will mourn each of the families by itself: the family of the house of David by itself, and their wives by themselves; the family of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of Shimei by itself and
626:
the area must be entirely enclosed). There are many specific rules for what constitutes a valid mechitza, although the mechitza does not have to be solid. (For example, there are many instances where part of an eruv may be a string run across several poles, and this could constitute a valid
759:
In the past few years, the
Orthodox Union, which oversees hundreds of synagogues in America, formally decreed that any congregation calling itself Orthodox must have a formal divider. ... The OU's partition policy calls for women to sit apart from men with a 'tangible, physical
332:
synagogues, although it is a permissible option within
Conservative Judaism and some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have one or have separate seating for men and women without a physical partition. Conservative Judaism takes the position that the
252:
Orthodox
Judaism is divided on whether a synagogue mechitza represents binding law or a custom. During the middle portion of the 20th century, there were a substantial number of synagogues which considered themselves Orthodox but did not have one. The influential
431:
Balconies with a three-foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzot. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the
219:
In some synagogues, the mechitza divided the front and back of the synagogue. In others it divides the left and right sides of the synagogue. The latter is often seen as more equal, since the women are not farther away from the service than the men.
507:
Synagogues that expect very few women to attend provide a token space that can accommodate about six women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable, opaque partitions that are over 6 feet (1.8 m) high. Examples are in the
284:(OU), the main body of Modern Orthodox synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting synagogues without mechitzot as new members, and strongly encouraging existing synagogues to adopt them. In 2002, Rabbi
515:, and the Shabbat afternoon service at Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn. In some synagogues, the booth is a supplement to the balcony, to accommodate women who have difficulty walking up the stairs (such as at
104:
synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting as new members synagogues without mechitzot, and strongly encouraged existing synagogues to adopt them. Men and women are generally not separated in most
578:, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two-story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in
400:
an example: The etched glass is semi-transparent, while the opaque wall adheres to what the synagogue requires as the minimum height requirement. The Or Torah synagogue in Skokie, Illinois has a similar design.
109:
synagogues, but it is a permissible option within
Conservative Judaism; some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have separate seating for men and women, with or without a physical partition.
276:
held that a separation of men and women is
Biblically required, while the physical mechitza was required by Rabbinic decree. These views have gained adherence over the later portion of the 20th century.
566:
The strictest separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one-way glass or an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the yeshiva
337:
referred to in Talmud
Tractate Sukkah applied only to the festival of Sukkah in the Temple and that its use to separate men and women for synagogue worship and other occasions represents a
264:
held that a mechitza is required as a matter of
Biblical law, holding that the statement in Zechariah 12:12-14 represents not a prophecy about future circumstances but binding
216:
service, lest this leads to gazing and impure thoughts. Due to these restrictions, mechitzot are usually opaque (at least looking from the men's side to the women's side).
345:
synagogues (e.g. in Europe and Israel) also have a meḥitza or separate seating sections for men and women without a physical partition. At one point the synagogue in the
362:
It has been argued that abolition of the mechitza became a symbol of Reform
Judaism and that, correspondingly, opposition to its abolition became a symbol of Orthodoxy.
310:" However, in 2015 this synagogue decided to leave the OU, after learning that the OU was planning to expel it from OU membership. Mixed-seating Orthodox synagogues (
233:, women's courtyard) after a similar area in the Temple in Jerusalem. In Ashkenazic European synagogues, the women's section or annex was called the
2215:
127:
Although the synagogue mechitza is not mentioned anywhere in
Talmudic literature, there is a discussion of a barrier between men and women, used at the
2255:
516:
2250:
840:
1088:
The Sanctity of the Synagogue: The Case for Mechitzah-Separation Between Men and Women in the Synagogue-Based on Jewish Law, History, and Philosophy
21:
2585:
494:
325:
recently published a viewpoint arguing that a mechitza is not required to have a particular height by either Biblical law or rabbinic decree.
2345:
852:
924:
456:, New York (70th Avenue). Some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as
2469:
2350:
1673:
1591:
878:
292:, stated that "As an Orthodox institution, Yeshivat Chovevei Torah requires its students to daven in synagogues with mechitzot." The
640:
441:
421:
388:
776:
272:, regarding present circumstances. He declared that Orthodox Jews are prohibited from praying in a synagogue without one. Rabbi
2386:
346:
1505:
754:
437:
2570:
1792:
1706:
152:
their wives by themselves; and all the families who remain, each of the families by itself and their wives by themselves.
382:
There are different views on the proper height of a mechitzah separating men and women in a synagogue. According to the
2544:
1787:
1306:
114:
congregations, consistent with the movement's core value of gender equality, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.
2406:
2235:
1132:
1081:
1067:
1053:
986:
2401:
2396:
2300:
959:
299:
2575:
2565:
2245:
2120:
906:
1931:
1782:
1772:
1666:
461:
96:
During the mid-20th century, a substantial number of Orthodox synagogues did not have mechitzot. However, the
2200:
2022:
1711:
1467:
322:
2355:
1982:
1530:
1311:
892:
687:
489:. An example of a medium-high partition (5 feet (1.5 m)) without a raised floor is the Adas Israel in
482:
341:
rather than a requirement of core Jewish law, and is subject to contemporary Rabbinic re-examination. Some
709:
318:
movement, which seeks a greater synagogue role for women within an Orthodox context, requires a mechitza.
2360:
269:
1008:
2524:
2260:
2225:
1761:
1575:
140:
2305:
2240:
2230:
2156:
2032:
1884:
1743:
1728:
1659:
1447:
1406:
1316:
1262:
1105:
560:
may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer.
356:
208:
A mechitza most commonly means the physical divider placed between the men's and women's sections in
156:
Rav explained that if such a sad occasion necessitates a separation between men and women, then the
2125:
1911:
1830:
1798:
1767:
1619:
538:
534:
449:
85:
ceremony, a time of great celebration and festivity. The divider was first established to preserve
856:
396:
had an intermediate view, requiring a height of 18 tefachim (about 58 inches or 145 centimetres).
314:), which were a prevalent minority as late as a generation ago, have now all but disappeared. The
2330:
2185:
1891:
1804:
1549:
1478:
1461:
1385:
587:
567:
474:
More strict congregations add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces.
457:
289:
157:
82:
2494:
2275:
2190:
1953:
1614:
1392:
1243:
375:
2325:
2320:
2265:
2220:
2027:
1301:
1125:
2534:
2210:
2010:
1518:
553:
453:
383:
342:
329:
106:
818:
8:
2448:
1873:
1555:
1213:
749:
579:
273:
161:
78:
245:, a learned woman who would translate the Hebrew liturgy of the main service led by the
2340:
2093:
2064:
2015:
1835:
1723:
1701:
1343:
1238:
1208:
907:"UTJ Viewpoints: The Low Down on the Height of the Mechitsa: A Modern Orthodox Reading"
542:
509:
486:
315:
172:
2441:
2434:
2365:
2335:
1777:
1337:
1230:
1168:
1077:
1063:
1049:
872:
639:
are also referred to as a "mechitza" in the Talmud. These walls must be at least ten
490:
182:
74:
743:
452:(opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in
2489:
2427:
2290:
1840:
1696:
1682:
1639:
1625:
1543:
1454:
1365:
1118:
583:
433:
209:
925:"REFORM JUDAISM FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE REFORM JEW - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
2580:
2391:
2205:
2140:
2133:
2072:
1825:
1716:
1632:
1524:
1484:
1110:
682:
393:
261:
193:
101:
63:
39:
2514:
2310:
1562:
1512:
1399:
1184:
1160:
674:
352:
281:
254:
111:
97:
416:
2559:
1152:
660:
614:
In halakhic discourse, "mechitza" can also refer to the boundary walls of an
445:
303:
294:
144:
409:
to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women.
2315:
2195:
1926:
1354:
1176:
1060:
Beyond the Synagogue Gallery: Finding a Place for Women in American Judaism
794:
571:
512:
225:
26:
636:
2058:
1862:
1349:
1219:
1200:
1192:
643:(approximately 32 inches or 81 cm) high for the sukkah to be valid.
311:
306:
affiliated with the Orthodox Union (OU) to have so-called 'mixed seating.
265:
197:
73:(Jewish law) for a partition dividing men and women is derived from the
2295:
2164:
1491:
1359:
465:
242:
179:) is reported to have had a separate women's section in his synagogue.
136:
1074:
Why Should I Stand Behind the Mechitzah if I Could Be a Prayer Leader?
910:
436:
in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the United States include the
2285:
2114:
1936:
1733:
575:
520:
498:
285:
212:
139:
explains that the divider originated with a statement of the prophet
2151:
2080:
1916:
1738:
1651:
1431:
2370:
2280:
2146:
1921:
1142:
623:
619:
246:
176:
132:
90:
70:
59:
2270:
2051:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1959:
1946:
1941:
1597:
1569:
1536:
1425:
1332:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1256:
1249:
1100:
591:
557:
448:(opened 1915), Temple Beth Shalom (the Tremont Street Shul) in
338:
128:
86:
1498:
1379:
1372:
493:. An example of a higher partition with a raised floor is in
257:
186:
77:. A divider in the form of a balcony was established in the
615:
609:
374:
This mechitza was created for the Suburban Torah Center in
485:
synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in
370:
481:
Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in
420:
View over the mechitza from the women's balcony of the
893:"BMH-BJ resigns from OU, ponders its future direction"
795:"Zechariah 12 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"
777:"Reform Jews Examining Ways to Retain Their Young Men"
598:
650:
53:
223:The women's section of the synagogue is called the
1140:
742:
328:Men and women are generally not separated in most
530:Shaarei Zion and Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore).
200:, built in 1393, has a separate women's gallery.
143:regarding the mourning following the war between
62:is a partition, particularly one that is used to
2557:
203:
495:Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights
774:
413:join equally in prayer with the congregation.
1667:
1126:
541:, is made entirely of panels from the Boston
770:
768:
47:
392:(about 32 inches or 80 centimetres). Rabbi
189:) mentions a women's section in synagogue.
1674:
1660:
1133:
1119:
378:, and features etched glass ornamentation.
775:Nussbaum-Cohen, Debra (4 February 2006).
765:
736:
734:
732:
730:
131:festivities in the Jerusalem Temple. The
704:
702:
471:Balconies with curtains or one-way glass
415:
369:
25:Separation between men and women at the
20:
1204:(Stumbling block in front of the blind)
1048:. Cross-Cultural Communications, 1986.
740:
2586:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
2558:
1754:
877:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
727:
164:(a very happy occasion) does as well.
2402:Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)
1655:
1114:
699:
422:B'nai Jacob Synagogue (Ottumwa, Iowa)
2530:
1681:
2540:
599:Uses unrelated to gender separation
48:
43:
16:Gender barrier in Jewish synagogues
13:
1506:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah
1062:. Harvard University Press, 2000.
741:Lagnado, Lucette (27 March 2007).
302:remains the only synagogue in the
167:
14:
2597:
2470:Orthodox Jewish schools for women
1094:
757:from the original on 6 May 2023.
2539:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2397:League of Jewish Women (Germany)
1479:One commandment leads to another
1099:
667:
653:
300:Beth Midrash Hagadol-Beth Joseph
1026:
1001:
992:
980:
952:
942:
917:
899:
122:
2407:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
1793:World Congress of Jewish Women
1783:1907 New York City Rent Strike
1773:1904 New York City Rent Strike
1188:(Sanctification of God's name)
1090:. Ktav Publications Inc. 1987.
885:
845:
833:
824:
812:
787:
46:, partition or division, pl.:
1:
1038:
998:Igrot Moshe, Orach Chaim 1:39
841:Hebrew Institute of Riverdale
744:"Prayer Behind the Partition"
582:, the main synagogue for the
517:She'erith Israel Congregation
323:Union for Traditional Judaism
204:Separate seating in synagogue
693:
688:Gender separation in Judaism
683:Gender separation in mosques
460:. A Canadian example is the
440:in Baltimore (opened 1845),
7:
2571:Sex segregation and Judaism
1164:(Desecration of God's name)
646:
347:Jewish Theological Seminary
298:reported that as of 2005, "
54:
10:
2602:
960:"The Mechitzah: Partition"
929:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
607:
403:
2503:
2482:
2462:
2419:
2379:
2178:
2121:Rabbis and Torah scholars
2106:
2043:
1975:
1904:
1855:
1818:
1744:Gender and Jewish studies
1729:Matrilineality in Judaism
1689:
1607:
1584:
1417:
1325:
1271:
1229:
1151:
1086:Litvin, Baruch (Editor).
630:
620:carry within a given area
365:
357:Reconstructionist Judaism
230:
117:
2361:Women's Rabbinic Network
1768:1902 Kosher Meat Boycott
1196:(Derogatory information)
539:Brookline, Massachusetts
526:Fixed-height opaque wall
483:Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel
450:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2331:Women of Reform Judaism
2226:Haifa Women's Coalition
1762:Jewish Women's Congress
1307:Forbidden relationships
603:
588:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
570:in the neighborhood of
458:vernacular architecture
434:Shaarei Tikva synagogue
290:Yeshivat Chovevei Torah
270:Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai
158:Simchat Beit HaShoeivah
100:(OU), the main body of
83:Simchat Beit HaShoeivah
2576:Synagogue architecture
2566:Jewish law and rituals
2495:Tomb of the Matriarchs
2276:League of Jewish Women
2231:Israel Women's Network
1976:Practices and concepts
1788:1909 Shirtwaist Strike
1448:B'rov am hadrat melech
1146:(Jewish religious law)
424:
379:
376:Livingston, New Jersey
249:into the vernacular.
154:
64:separate men and women
29:
2321:Union of Jewish Women
2246:Women Artists' Circle
1799:Women's Torah Project
1108:at Wikimedia Commons
537:Rebbe's synagogue in
438:Bnei Israel Synagogue
419:
373:
149:
24:
2387:Clara de Hirsch Home
1805:Women's Siyum HaShas
1519:Positive commandment
1462:Dina d'malkhuta dina
1214:You shall not murder
1044:Alkalay-Gut, Karen.
839:For example, in the
533:The mechitza at the
462:Beth Jacob Synagogue
384:Shulchan Aruch HaRav
237:. Historically, the
2449:The American Jewess
1707:Early modern period
1418:Halakhic principles
1172:(Theft of the mind)
750:Wall Street Journal
580:770 Eastern Parkway
274:Joseph Soloveitchik
162:Temple in Jerusalem
79:Temple in Jerusalem
2515:Judaism portal
2380:Historic / defunct
2094:Court of the Women
1724:Gender and Judaism
1592:Capital punishment
1239:Corpse uncleanness
1032:Mishnah Sukkah 1:1
913:on 5 January 2008.
895:. 14 January 2016.
821:, Orach Haim 619:6
781:The New York Times
594:Shul in Jerusalem.
543:John Hancock Tower
510:Yeshiva University
487:Flatbush, Brooklyn
425:
380:
316:partnership minyan
173:Meir of Rothenburg
93:during this time.
30:
2553:
2552:
2478:
2477:
2458:
2457:
2435:Hadassah Magazine
2415:
2414:
2266:Kohenet Institute
2174:
2173:
2102:
2101:
1983:Gender separation
1971:
1970:
1922:Marriage contract
1856:Life cycle events
1851:
1850:
1814:
1813:
1778:1906 Tonsil Riots
1649:
1648:
1312:Gender separation
1104:Media related to
1072:Goodman, Marina.
616:eruv for carrying
491:Hamilton, Ontario
477:Central partition
183:Shlomo ibn Aderet
75:Babylonian Talmud
69:The rationale in
2593:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2460:
2459:
2417:
2416:
2377:
2376:
2104:
2103:
2044:Prayer and study
2041:
2040:
1947:Ritual immersion
1902:
1901:
1816:
1815:
1752:
1751:
1712:In the Holocaust
1697:Women in Judaism
1683:Women in Judaism
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1556:Toch k'dei dibur
1366:Terumat hamaaser
1180:(Theft of sleep)
1135:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1058:Goldman, Karla.
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
964:
956:
950:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
915:
914:
909:. Archived from
903:
897:
896:
889:
883:
882:
876:
868:
866:
864:
855:. Archived from
849:
843:
837:
831:
828:
822:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
799:mechon-mamre.org
791:
785:
784:
772:
763:
762:
746:
738:
725:
724:
722:
720:
706:
677:
672:
671:
670:
663:
658:
657:
656:
584:Chabad Lubavitch
309:
232:
57:
51:
50:
45:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2474:
2454:
2411:
2392:Di Vilde Chayes
2375:
2326:Cantors Network
2206:Chochmat Nashim
2170:
2141:Toanot Rabniyot
2134:Yoetzet halacha
2107:Religious roles
2098:
2073:Tefillin Barbie
2039:
1967:
1927:Marital harmony
1900:
1847:
1826:Jewish feminism
1810:
1750:
1685:
1680:
1650:
1645:
1603:
1580:
1413:
1333:Sabbatical year
1321:
1267:
1225:
1147:
1139:
1097:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1013:www.sefaria.org
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
985:
981:
971:
969:
962:
958:
957:
953:
947:
943:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
905:
904:
900:
891:
890:
886:
870:
869:
862:
860:
859:on 13 July 2011
853:"Archived copy"
851:
850:
846:
838:
834:
829:
825:
817:
813:
803:
801:
793:
792:
788:
773:
766:
739:
728:
718:
716:
714:www.sefaria.org
710:"Sukkah 51b:11"
708:
707:
700:
696:
673:
668:
666:
659:
654:
652:
649:
635:The walls of a
633:
612:
606:
601:
590:, and the Main
519:, Glen Avenue,
406:
394:Moshe Feinstein
368:
307:
262:Moshe Feinstein
206:
194:Yu Aw Synagogue
185:(13th century,
175:(13th century,
170:
168:Medieval period
125:
120:
102:Modern Orthodox
17:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:Women's Spirit
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Philomath Club
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1871:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1690:General topics
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1563:Yad soledet bo
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1531:Self-sacrifice
1528:
1521:
1516:
1513:Pikuach nefesh
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1263:Ritual washing
1260:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1186:Kiddush hashem
1182:
1174:
1170:Geneivat da'at
1166:
1162:Chillul hashem
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1096:
1095:External links
1093:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1076:Targum, 2003.
1070:
1056:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1025:
1000:
991:
979:
951:
941:
916:
898:
884:
844:
832:
830:Responsa 2:226
823:
811:
786:
764:
726:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
685:
679:
678:
675:Judaism portal
664:
648:
645:
632:
629:
608:Main article:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
564:
561:
554:College Hillel
549:
546:
531:
527:
524:
505:
502:
478:
475:
472:
469:
429:
405:
402:
367:
364:
282:Orthodox Union
205:
202:
169:
166:
124:
121:
119:
116:
98:Orthodox Union
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Rachel's Tomb
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:N'shei Chabad
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:Organizations
2177:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2033:Homosexuality
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Birth control
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:Ritual purity
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Head covering
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:High Holidays
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:Related boxes
1606:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:Relative hour
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:Shomea k'oneh
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:Agrarian laws
1324:
1318:
1317:Homosexuality
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:Ritual purity
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:1-56871-217-0
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:0-674-00705-0
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:0-89304-420-2
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1014:
1010:
1009:"Sukkah 4b:5"
1004:
995:
988:
987:The Mechitzah
983:
968:
967:israel613.com
961:
955:
949:last moment".
945:
930:
926:
920:
912:
908:
902:
894:
888:
880:
874:
858:
854:
848:
842:
836:
827:
820:
815:
800:
796:
790:
782:
778:
771:
769:
761:
756:
752:
751:
745:
737:
735:
733:
731:
715:
711:
705:
703:
698:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
665:
662:
661:Jewish portal
651:
644:
642:
638:
628:
625:
621:
617:
611:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
563:Separate room
562:
559:
555:
550:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:Ottumwa, Iowa
443:
439:
435:
430:
427:
426:
423:
418:
414:
410:
401:
397:
395:
391:
390:
385:
377:
372:
363:
360:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
313:
305:
301:
297:
296:
295:Jewish Ledger
291:
287:
283:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
250:
248:
244:
241:was led by a
240:
236:
228:
227:
221:
217:
214:
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
165:
163:
159:
153:
148:
146:
145:Gog and Magog
142:
138:
134:
130:
115:
113:
108:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
56:
41:
37:
36:
28:
23:
19:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2420:Publications
2316:Pi Alpha Tau
2163:
2139:
2132:
2113:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2065:Partnership
2057:
2050:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1958:
1894:Chag habanot
1893:
1892:Girls' Day (
1878:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1795:(1923, 1929)
1702:In the Bible
1638:
1631:
1624:
1596:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1535:
1525:Sfeka d'yoma
1523:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1485:Ikar v'tafel
1483:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:Second tithe
1342:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1255:
1248:
1218:
1209:Noahide laws
1201:
1193:
1185:
1178:Gezel sheina
1177:
1169:
1161:
1141:
1098:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
994:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
911:the original
901:
887:
861:. Retrieved
857:the original
847:
835:
826:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:
789:
780:
760:separation.'
758:
748:
717:. Retrieved
713:
634:
613:
586:movement in
572:Maalot Dafna
552:sex prayer.
513:beit midrash
454:Forest Hills
411:
407:
398:
387:
381:
361:
351:
343:Conservative
334:
330:Conservative
327:
320:
293:
279:
251:
238:
234:
226:Ezrat Nashim
224:
222:
218:
207:
191:
181:
171:
155:
150:
126:
123:Talmudic era
107:Conservative
95:
68:
34:
33:
31:
27:Western Wall
18:
2545:WikiProject
2059:Tseno Ureno
1917:Matchmaking
1879:bat mitzvah
1868:Simchat bat
1864:Zeved habat
1801:(2003–2010)
1350:First tithe
1244:Handwashing
1220:Yetzer hara
1202:Lifnei iver
1194:Lashon hara
863:17 November
627:mechitza).
568:Ohr Someach
442:B'nai Jacob
312:Conservadox
198:Afghanistan
2560:Categories
2165:Firzogerin
1885:For adults
1585:Punishment
1492:Marit ayin
1360:Poor tithe
1039:References
819:Beit Yosef
468:, Ontario.
466:North York
260:(decisor)
243:Firzogerin
239:weibershul
235:weibershul
213:synagogues
2306:Nivcharot
2196:B'not Esh
2115:Rebbetzin
2028:Sexuality
2016:In Israel
1937:Homemaker
1734:Bat-Kohen
1717:In Israel
1550:Testimony
1473:derabanan
1469:De'oraita
1394:Sicaricon
1302:Sexuality
694:Footnotes
576:Jerusalem
556:Orthodox
521:Baltimore
499:Manhattan
286:Avi Weiss
231:עזרת נשים
141:Zechariah
91:attention
55:mechitzot
2525:Category
2216:Hadassah
2186:Aminadav
2157:Timeline
2126:Timeline
2088:Mechitza
2081:Midrasha
2011:Abortion
1912:Marriage
1905:Marriage
1831:Orthodox
1819:Feminism
1739:Bat Levi
1620:Passover
1437:beshogeg
1433:Bemeizid
1408:Kil'ayim
1387:Bikkurim
1296:Mechitza
1106:Mechitza
1046:Mechitza
873:cite web
755:Archived
647:See also
641:tefachim
535:Bostoner
389:tefachim
349:did so.
335:Mechitza
266:Sinaitic
210:Orthodox
81:for the
35:mechitza
2535:Commons
2463:Schools
2371:Vocolot
2296:Na'amat
2281:Maharat
2191:Bat Kol
1954:Divorce
1841:Mizrahi
1836:Israeli
1755:History
1640:Kashrut
1626:Shabbat
1344:Terumah
1273:Modesty
1143:Halakha
1018:29 June
989:asbi.or
972:29 June
934:29 June
804:29 June
719:29 June
624:Sabbath
622:on the
558:minyans
548:Curtain
428:Balcony
404:Designs
304:country
247:chazzan
177:Germany
160:in the
133:Amoraic
87:modesty
71:halakha
60:Judaism
2581:Eruvin
2483:Places
2442:Lilith
2286:Ma'yan
2271:Kolech
2221:Hadran
2152:Cantor
2147:Scribe
2067:minyan
2052:Tkhine
2003:Yichud
1996:Negiah
1989:Tzniut
1960:Agunah
1807:(2020)
1764:(1893)
1633:Sukkot
1598:Kareth
1570:Zmanim
1537:Shinuy
1455:Chumra
1441:beones
1439:, and
1426:Aveira
1401:Hallah
1338:Tithes
1289:Yichud
1282:Negiah
1257:Niddah
1250:Mikveh
1153:Ethics
1080:
1066:
1052:
637:sukkah
631:Sukkah
592:Belzer
366:Height
353:Reform
339:custom
255:Haredi
129:Sukkot
118:Origin
112:Reform
49:מחיצות
40:Hebrew
2428:Binah
2256:JWCIF
2251:JWCEO
2211:Eshel
1499:Neder
1380:Orlah
1373:Demai
963:(PDF)
504:Booth
268:law,
258:Posek
187:Spain
135:sage
58:) in
44:מחיצה
2351:WLCJ
2346:WIZO
2301:NCJW
2236:JOFA
1877:and
1471:and
1078:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1020:2023
974:2023
936:2023
879:link
865:2006
806:2023
721:2023
618:(to
610:Eruv
604:Eruv
355:and
321:The
280:The
192:The
89:and
2356:WLI
2341:W4W
2336:WoW
2261:JWI
2241:JWA
2201:CWJ
1875:Bar
574:in
497:in
464:in
444:in
288:of
196:in
137:Rav
2562::
1866:/
1435:,
1011:.
965:.
927:.
875:}}
871:{{
797:.
779:.
767:^
753:.
747:.
729:^
712:.
701:^
523:).
147::
66:.
52:,
42::
32:A
1896:)
1675:e
1668:t
1661:v
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
1022:.
976:.
938:.
881:)
867:.
808:.
783:.
723:.
501:.
308:'
229:(
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
