Maxim Litvinov - Knowledge

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forgers and swindlers, and had it known the dubious sources of its information, its note of 7 September would never have been produced", stating that the complaints of anti-British activities were in part based on such fictitious reports. The Russian Government wished to state that, after the conclusion of the Anglo-Russian agreement, it had instructed its representatives in the East to abstain from any anti-British propaganda, although on its part it felt compelled to place on record that the attitude of the British Government had lately been far from friendly towards Russia. He cited the imprisonment and expulsion of Russian trade agents in Constantinople, the co-operation with the French Government in the so-called ‘Russian question’, the continued support to French schemes frustrating international efforts to help relieve famine in Russia, and lastly the presentation of the British note of 7 September. At a time when France was inciting Poland and Rumania to make war on Russia, this did not induce the Russian Government to believe that it was the sincere desire of the British Government to foster friendly relations between the governments and peoples of the two countries.

1245:, German state media derided Litvinov for his Jewish ancestry, referring to him as "Finkelstein-Litvinov". On 15 April 1939, Litvinov sent a comprehensive proposal to Stalin for a tripartite agreement with Britain and France. The following day, Litvinov saw Stalin to discuss his draft, which Stalin approved. According to Soviet records, Litvinov submitted detailed arguments in favour of the proposed pact, which Stalin accepted. Litvinov stated they ought not to wait for the other side to propose what the Soviets wanted. Litvinov summarised his proposals, which were for mutual assistance in case of aggression against the Soviet Union, Britain or France; and support for all states bordering the Soviet Union, including Finland and the Baltic States. It also provided for rapid agreement on the form such assistance would take. There would be an agreement not to conclude a separate peace. 983:

Soviet Government for the settlement of mutual relations by means of negotiations. The lack of results of the search of the Trade Delegation premises, which was carried out with utmost thoroughness over several days, is the most convincing proof of the loyalty and correctitude of the official agents of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The Soviet Government passes over with contempt the insinuations of a British Minister regarding espionage by the Trade Delegation and considers it beneath its dignity to reply to them. The Soviet Government places on record that the British Government had no legitimate ground for a police raid on the extraterritorial premises of the official Soviet agent.

814:. The police, having been warned of possible trouble, had the ship under surveillance. When shouts that the crew were threatening to kill their officers were heard, the ship was boarded and the crew were arrested. Shortly before the mutiny, a police report confirmed Litvinov had received the sailors very well. Litvinov had not tried to dissuade the sailors from carrying out the mutiny or to condemn it, and may have encouraged it. Litvinov also sought interviews with British, American, Australian and Canadian soldiers, and inculcated them with Bolshevik ideas, as well as inducing British and American soldiers of Jewish descent to carry on propaganda in their regiments. On one occasion, thirty 1362: 1656:—Litvinov's replacement as chief of foreign affairs and right-hand man of Joseph Stalin—said Litvinov was "intelligent" and "first rate" but said Stalin and he "didn't trust him" and consequently "left him out of negotiations" with the United States during the war. Molotov called Litvinov "not a bad diplomat—a good one" but also called him "quite an opportunist" who "greatly sympathized with Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev". According to Molotov; "Litvinov remained among the living only by chance". 1379:

which to redouble preparations to repulse the aggressor; or turn down Germany's proposals and let the warmongers in the Western camp push the Soviet Union into an armed conflict with Germany in unfavourable circumstances and in a setting of complete isolation. In this situation the Soviet Government was compelled to make the difficult choice and conclude a non-aggression treaty with Germany. I, too, would probably have concluded a pact with Germany although a bit differently.

1600:: "The US might ask for Litvinov's recall". Harriman told Litvinov Roosevelt was upset but did not repeat what the President had said. Harriman said: "If Litvinov continued that way, he would get into serious difficulties with the President. Litvinov, who had been ebullient, collapsed so completely." Litvinov's ambassadorship was now experiencing difficulties. Litvinov said the Soviet Government had forbidden him from appearing in public or making any public speeches. 1093: 1491:'s flight meant Britain was about to make peace with Germany. Litvinov stated all believed the British fleet was steaming up the North Sea for a joint attack with Germany on Leningrad and Kronstadt. The same day the German invasion of the USSR began, Churchill announced Britain's intention to give full aid to the Soviet Union. When Litvinov heard of Churchill's broadcast, he was much relieved. Nevertheless, Litvinov was suspicious of the British aristocracy. 159: 506: 740: 967:

her political complexion, was a badly needed market. Although anti-red sentiment might be useful in the political warfare at home, it was seen in Russia as an admission of weakness. However, most pressing, was the incalculable commercial harm. The insecurity would make the Soviet Government hesitant about placing orders in Britain, cause British firms to fight shy of Russian orders and frighten British banks from financing them.

50: 1280:, who cabled that "the first impression of the French is very favourable". Britain persuaded the French Government to take no action until a common policy had been formulated. In talks between the French and the British governments, both failed to either accept or reject the proposals until after Litvinov's dismissal on 4 May. Molotov proceeded with negotiations for a pact and a military mission left for Moscow. 555: 724:. Lenin prepared a statement demanding every socialist who held a government post should resign and opposing the continuation of the war. The conference chairman refused to allow Lenin to finish speaking. In the wake of this mainstream social-democratic endorsement of "defensive warfare", Litvinov along with the rest of the exiled Bolsheviks in western Europe remained an outspoken public opponent of the war. 628: 898:, authorising trade between the two countries so gold sent to Britain to pay for goods could not be confiscated, was signed but the British government and the British press began to complain about Moscow-directed subversion. In June, the British government published a proposed treaty between the Dáil government and the Soviets, and related correspondence; the question of Communist intrigue in the 108: 1304:. At a prearranged meeting, Stalin said: "The Soviet Government intended to improve its relations with Hitler and if possible sign a pact with Nazi Germany. As a Jew and an avowed opponent of such a policy, Litvinov stood in the way." Litvinov argued and banged on the table. Stalin then demanded Litvinov to sign a letter of resignation. On the night of Litvinov's dismissal, 847:, Sweden, where he presented a Soviet peace appeal. Litvinov was subsequently deported from Sweden but spent the next months as a roving diplomat for the Soviet government, helping to broker a multilateral agreement allowing the exchange of prisoners of war from a range of combatants, including Russia, the UK and France. This successful negotiation amounted to 1353:, "Litvinov never by hint or word approved of Stalin's pact with Hitler". Ivy Litvinov stated: "the Nazi-Soviet Pact had not inspired her husband with much confidence". Litvinov would not have been surprised if Germany had broken any agreement and would have ensured the USSR would have been well prepared for a German invasion of its territory. 1507:. Like Churchill, Litvinov had doubts about the Munich Agreement. Following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Litvinov said in a radio broadcast to Britain and the United States: "We always realized the danger which a Hitler victory in the West could constitute for us". After the United States entered the war, he encouraged President 636:

from the State Munitions Factory in Denmark, and posing as a Belgian businessman, he bought more weapons from Schroeder and Company of Germany. He then arranged for the whole consignment to be transported to Bulgaria, where he told the authorities the arms were destined for Macedonian and Armenian rebels fighting for independence in the

1260:, and was not surprised Russia's proposal for an alliance was not welcomed, but he may have been surprised by the attitude of the British Foreign Office. Cadogan, in his diary, described Litvinov's proposals as "mischievous". A Foreign Office report to the Foreign Affairs Cabinet Committee termed them 'inconvenient'. On 7 June 1939, 1615: 1554:, New York City, where the auditorium was filled to capacity. Litvinov, speaking in English, told of the suffering in the Soviet Union. A woman in the front row ran up to the stage and donated her diamond necklace; whilst another gave a cheque for $ 15,000. At the end, Litvinov said; "What we need is a second front". 1143:, until mid-1936. As a result, Litvinov's Narkomindel could pursue a moderate foreign-policy line, emphasising stable relations between governments leading towards general disarmament, which was, as one historian called it, a "curious mismatch" with the revolutionary militancy then being voiced by the Comintern. 1467:

On 21 February 1941, Litvinov was dismissed from the Central Committee of the Communist Party on the pretext of his inability to discharge his obligations as a member of the committee. According to Pope, he was dismissed because Stalin wanted to give no offence to the Germans. Litvinov said: "My more

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with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by Kremlin standards, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany. Molotov's appointment was a signal to Germany the USSR would negotiate. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of

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disclosed to the Foreign Affairs Committee on 10 July 1939: "Although the French were in favour of the military conversations commencing, the French Government thought that the military conversations would be spun out over a long time and as long as they were taking place we should be preventing

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stated: "Stalin has decided to place his ablest and most forceful diplomat and one who enjoys greater prestige in this country. He is known as a man of exceptional ability, adroit as well as forceful. It is believed that Stalin, in designating him for the ambassadorship, felt Litvinov could exercise

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that Litvinov's dismissal demonstrated the Kremlin's readiness to alter relations with Berlin, which led to "the most extensive nonaggression pact in existence". When Litvinov was asked about the reasons for his dismissal, he replied; "Do you really think that I was the right person to sign a treaty

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with secret protocols partitioning Eastern Europe between Germany and the USSR three months later, Hitler told military commanders; "Litvinov's replacement was decisive, because Litvinov was a Jewish". A German official told the Soviet Ambassador Hitler was pleased Litvinov's replacement Molotov was

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It was with special pleasure he paid this tribute to the Soviet delegation since it demonstrated beyond doubt that when men rose above the contingencies of day-to-day politics and allowed themselves to be guided by the more general ideas which should lead the civilised world, it was found that there

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On 6 February 1933, Litvinov made the most-significant speech of his career, in which he tried to define aggression. He stated that the internal situation of a country, alleged maladministration, possible danger to foreign residents, and civil unrest in a neighbouring country were not justifications

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The decision was no surprise to the Soviet Government. It had already for long been aware that a rupture of diplomatic relations with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was being prepared by the whole policy of the present British Conservative Government, which has declined all proposals of the

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Both Mrs Cordell Hull, the Secretary of State's wife, and the Vice-President's wife, Mrs Wallace, had travelled to the Soviet Embassy for celebrations to mark the 24th anniversary of the Soviet Revolution in 1941, where they were greeted by Mr and Mrs Gromyko and Mrs Umansky. The Under Secretary of

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The imperialists in these two countries had done everything they could to goad Hitler's Germany against the Soviet Union by secret deals and provocative moves. In the circumstances the Soviet Union could either accept German proposals for a non-aggression treaty and thus secure a period of peace in

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According to Holroyd-Doveton, Litvinov, if he had been Foreign Commissar, would have approved the Pact. Sheinis states when foreign correspondents first asked Litvinov about the Pact, he evaded the question, but then said: "I think this calls for a closer look, because among other things enemies of

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Hitler took Litvinov's removal more seriously than Chamberlain. The German ambassador to the Soviet Union, Schulenburg, was in Iran. Hilger, the First Secretary, was summoned to see Hitler, who asked why Stalin might have dismissed Litvinov. Hilger said: "According to my firm belief he had done so

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By 16 April, Stalin still had faith in Litvinov and had no immediate plans to remove him. No concrete proposals for a Nazi-Soviet pact had been made by either country. Litvinov said: "We can expect urgent and complex negotiations with the French and especially the British. We need to monitor public

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Supposing you had total disarmament; if there was no international organisation taking charge of security, if you had no international force to ensure the maintenance of this security, if you had no international law such as we are endeavouring to lay down here, a powerful and populous nation would

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recognition in 1923, and HM Government had recently indicated that it intended to maintain its relationship with the Soviet Government. Anti-red outbursts could prejudice its position in dealing with problems that needed discussion with the Soviet Government. Importantly, the Soviet Union, whatever

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and the business community continued to be hostile to the Soviet Union, partly because the Soviet Union had not honoured Tsarist debts and partly because of the fear of Bolshevism spreading to Britain, and considered the Bolshevist government should be militarily overthrown. This was exacerbated by

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When the Russian government began arresting the Bolsheviks in 1906, Maxim Litvinov left the country and spent the next ten years as an émigré and arms dealer for the party. He based himself in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. Posing as an officer in the Ecuadorian Army, he bought machine guns

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President Roosevelt stated Litvinov's appointment was "most fortunate that the Soviet Government have deemed it advisable to send as ambassador a statesman who has already held high office in his own country". When Litvinov arrived in the US, growing Soviet resistance to the German army, which was

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Litvinov's replacement by Molotov significantly increased Stalin's freedom to manoeuver in foreign policy. The dismissal of Litvinov, whose Jewish background was viewed disfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the

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stated; "The assassination of Litvinov marked an intensification of Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign". According to Litvinov's wife and daughter, however, Stalin was still on good terms with Litvinov at the time of his death. They said he had serious heart problems and was given the best treatment

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The highlight of Litvinov's eighteen months as ambassador was the 25th celebration of the Russian Revolution on 7 November 1942. 1,200 guests, representing all of the United Nations, entered the reception hall to shake hands with Litvinov. Only the US president and his staff, at work on the

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stated he "much preferred the Russian proposals. They are simple. They are logical and conform to the main groupings of common interest." Churchill also stated the Soviet claim the Baltic States should be included in the triple guarantee was well founded. Three years later, Britain would agree a

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said about thirty members of the German Trade delegation, the German Military Attaché, and members of a Finnish delegation watched the parade. The emergence of Litvinov wearing his usual flat cap was apparently a source of interest to the German delegation near the tomb; it was Litvinov's first

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No future historian will lightly disagree with any views expressed by Litvinov on international questions ... Nothing in the annals of the League can compare with them in frankness, in debating power, in the acute diagnosis of each situation. No contemporary statesman could point to such a

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Finally, the British Foreign Secretary sent a note of protest to the Soviet Government, charging it with responsibility for a range of intrigues against the British Government and its imperial interests. Litvinov replied that "The British Foreign Office has been misled by a gang of professional

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of 1928, which pledged signatories to the elimination of the use of war as a tool of foreign policy, a position opposite to that of his nominal superior Chicherin. Litvinov, who was frustrated by the failure of the Kellogg-Briand Pact signatories to ratify the treaty, proposed the

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Would small nations be less insecure after their powerful neighbours who have disarmed than they are now when, in addition to economic, financial, territorial and other superiorities possessed by the great powers, the latter also enjoy the immense advantage of greater

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27 kilometres (17 mi) from Moscow and outside school holidays in the family apartment in Moscow, when they spent long weekends in the country. For two years, the family played bridge, read music, and went on long walks in the countryside with their two dogs.

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to the Soviet Union as a goodwill ambassador. Litvinov and Marx became friends and performed a routine on stage together. Litvinov also facilitated the acceptance of the Soviet Union into the League of Nations, where he represented his country from 1934 to 1938.

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in Moscow. Hodgson, who was privately sympathetic to some of Litvinov's complaints, communicated with the Foreign Office, giving various reasons for criticising Britain's position. Britain had signed a trade agreement in 1921 and given the Soviet Government

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public appearance for several months in the company as Stalin's entourage. Litvinov was also in a conspicuous place at the 1940 celebration of the Russian Revolution. According to Holroyd-Doveton, no meaningful position was allotted by Stalin to Litvinov.

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In the 21-month period between the declaration of war by France and Britain, and the invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany, Ivy Litvinov describes this period of her life. She said the family spent their time with their daughter-in-law in their

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Stalin rejected everything Litvinov had said. When Stalin stopped speaking, Litvinov asked: "Does that mean you consider me an enemy of the people?" Stalin answered: "We do not consider you an enemy of the people, but an honest revolutionary".

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Litvinov has been considered to have concentrated on taking strong measures against Italy, Japan and Germany, and being little interested in other matters. He praised the achievements of the Soviet Union but he may not have agreed with

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to their leaders. Litvinov had wide latitude to pursue policy objectives and was subject only to broad review and approval from the leadership. Stalin frequently delegated oversight to members of his personal secretariat, including

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Following the Nazi–Soviet Pact, although given little official Soviet recognition, Stalin continued to respect Litvinov. The British Embassy records confirm Litvinov was conspicuous at the 1939 anniversary of the Revolution by

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views Litvinov's dismissal and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as conclusive proof the Nazi belief in a Jewish conspiracy that supposedly controlled the governments of the Soviet Union and other allied powers was completely false.

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to be smuggled across the Black Sea. The yacht, however, ran aground and the weapons were stolen by Romanian fishermen. Despite this setback, Litvinov successfully smuggled these arms into Russia via Finland and the Black Sea.

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Litvinov's proposals won him favourable publicity in radical circles in Western countries that were eager for disarmament and impatient at the commission's slow progress. The national joint Council of the Labour Party, the

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and the TUC passed a resolution expressing their sense of the great importance of proposals for general-and-simultaneous disarmament submitted by the Soviet delegation at the Commission in Geneva on 30 November 1927.

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because Litvinov had pressed for an understanding with France and Britain while Stalin thought the Western powers were aiming to have the Soviet Union pull the chestnuts out of the fire in the event of war".

4812: 918:(1872–1936). Although both men were loyal to the Soviet regime, Litvinov and Chicherin were temperamental opposites and became rivals. Chicherin had a cultivated, polished personal style but held strongly 4807: 891:

from Washington to Moscow. McCartan may have assumed Litvinov, with his Irish experience, would be a ready ally. Litvinov, however, told McCarten the Soviet priority was a trade agreement with the UK.

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that had replaced the Tsar and was overthrown by Lenin, was welcomed by the British government on a visit to London and also addressed the Labour Party Conference, criticising the dictatorship and

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on 8 November said Madison Square was overflowing with a wildly cheering crowd of 20,000 for the annual tribute to the Soviet Union in Litvinov's presence. The event was attended by Wallace,

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State, Sumner Welles, Jessie Jones, the Commercial Secretary, and Francis Biddle, the Attorney General, were also present. Most foreign countries except Spain and Finland were represented.

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ministry of Jews". Recalling Stalin's order, Molotov commented: "Thank God for these words! Jews formed an absolute majority in the leadership and among the ambassadors. It wasn't good."

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Early in November 1941, Litvinov was summoned to see Stalin and told his services were required as ambassador to the United States. In the US, the appointment was met with enthusiasm.

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of Lenin's government. Litvinov replied to Kerensky in the left-wing English press, criticising him as being supported by foreign powers and accused him of trying to restore Tsarism.

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In 1930, Litvinov was appointed People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, the highest diplomatic position in the USSR. During the 1930s, Litvinov advocated the official Soviet policy of

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for war. In 1946, the British Government would accuse the Soviet Union of not complying with Litvinov's definition. Finland made similar criticisms against the Soviet Union in 1939.

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administrator—and Tom Connolly, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, were among the guests. Russian vodka and a sturgeon from the Volga were supplied to the guests.

4777: 926:, Litvinov was less erudite and coarser than Chicherin but was willing to deal in good faith with the West for peace and a pause for Soviet Russia to pursue internal development. 529:. Meir was the second son of Moses and Anna Wallach. In 1881, Moses Wallach was arrested, held in prison for six weeks, then released without charge. Meir was educated at a local 4330: 1253:, while he was at the theatre with his wife. Litvinov could have had the proposals conveyed to the Embassy with a request for Seeds to visit Litvinov urgently in the morning. 829:, but in September 1918, the British government arrested Litvinov, ostensibly for having addressed public gatherings held in opposition to British intervention in the ongoing 1550:

military and humanitarian assistance from the United States to the Soviet Union. In early December 1941, the Soviet Union's war-relief organisation called a large meeting in

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a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote Litvinov's disappearance meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's

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The Conservative government, under pressure from Conservative MPs on the uncorroborated evidence of a dismissed employee that the Soviet Trade Mission had stolen a missing

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always have the power when it wished to do so on a small nation equally disarmed, less populous and less well equipped to resist an attack which might be made upon it.

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representative in the United Kingdom. His accreditation was never officially formalised and his position as an unofficial diplomatic contact was analogous to that of

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Litvinov had followed with anxiety the steady advance of Hitler's armies across Europe and wondered how long Britain could hold out unsupported. Even to Litvinov,

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arrived at the commissariat to inform Litvinov of his dismissal. Many of Litvinov's aides were arrested and beaten, possibly to extract compromising information.

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Stalin was largely detached from and uninterested in foreign policy throughout the early 1930s, largely leaving the general operations of Narkomindel and the

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in Dublin with proposals for a treaty of mutual recognition and assistance. Despairing of early American recognition for the Irish Republic, President of the

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than 40 years in the Party oblige me to say what I think about what has happened. I do not understand why I am being dealt with in such a peremptory style."

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document, successfully asked Parliament to sever diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Although Chicherin advocated caution, Litvinov, presumably with

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recognition of the new revolutionary Russian government by the other signatories to the agreement and established Litvinov's importance in Soviet diplomacy.

547:(RSDLP), which was considered an illegal organization; it was customary for its members to use pseudonyms. Meir changed his name to Maxim Litvinov—a common 2644:"Protocol for the immediate entry into force of the Treaty of Paris of August 27, 1928, regarding renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy" 551:

surname—but was also known as "Papasha" and "Maximovich". Litvinov also wrote articles under the names "M.G. Harrison" and "David Mordecai Finkelstein".

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on 8 August 1939 "the military mission, which had now left for Moscow, had been told to make every effort to prolong discussions until 1 October 1939".

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ignoring problems rather than working towards an effective agreement on propaganda, effectively giving unconditional recognition to the Soviet Union.

4381: 1450:. Litvinov was in full view of the diplomatic stand of foreign journalists, some of whom had no hesitation in exchanging salutations with Litvinov. 4827: 1642: 4757: 3883: 1603:

After returning to Soviet Union, Litvinov became deputy minister for foreign affairs. He was dismissed from his post after an interview given to

694:. Litvinov was able to convince the English officer who interviewed him that he would be tried rather than conscripted if he returned to Russia. 663:

In January 1908, French police arrested Litvinov under the name Meer Wallach while carrying twelve 500-ruble banknotes that had been stolen in a

574:, overpowering a warden and using ropes and grappling irons to scale the walls. Litvinov moved to Geneva, where the founder of Russian Marxism, 860:, a newspaper supporting the Labour Party, to ask the Soviet government for financial assistance. In view of the publicity caused by a leak in 4297: 1108: 1024:

Litvinov supported disarmament, actively attending the Disarmament Preparatory Commission from 30 November 1927 until it was replaced by the

566:. In 1900, Litvinov became a member of the Kiev party committee, all of whom were arrested in 1901. After 18 months in custody, Litvinov and 270: 4607: 781: 373: 836:

Following his release, Litvinov returned to Moscow, arriving there at the end of 1918. He was appointed to the governing collegium of the

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was a community of ideals which was capable with a little goodwill of bringing to fruition the noblest and most difficult enterprises.

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opinions. He sought to hold Soviet Russia aloof from diplomatic deal-making with capitalist powers. According to diplomatic historian

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Litvinov moved to England in 1910 and lived there for eight years. In 1912, he replaced Lenin as the Bolshevik representative on the

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Memoirs of a British Agent: Being an Account of the Author's Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918

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Nicholas, Herbert George. "Washington dispatches 1941-1945 : weekly political reports from the British Embassy". p. 167.

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Litvinov also attended the Supreme Soviet when the budget was presented and on the occasion of Molotov's speech in support of the

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to hear some of the speeches, and remained in contact with each other during this period. Litvinov returned to Russia during the

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The Soviet leaders, as well as Litvinov, were concerned Britain might come to an agreement with Germany. Litvinov was worried

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In 1921, Litvinov was appointed First Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, second in command to People's Commissar

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African campaign, were missing. The Russians were happy they had more serious affairs with which to attend. Vice President

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In 1933, Litvinov was instrumental in winning a long-sought formal diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government by the

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racing to take Moscow before the onset of the Russian winter, was winning the Soviet Union supporters. According to

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Litvinov was not in disgrace; he continued to attend official functions and carry out his duties as a member of the

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opinion and try to influence it." The new proposals had Stalin's support; Litvinov summoned the British Ambassador,

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similar pact of assistance with the Soviet Union. Litvinov's proposals were also conveyed to the French Ambassador

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After Litvinov's death, his widow Ivy remained in the Soviet Union until she returned to live in Britain in 1972.

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for accommodation in London but the party eventually arranged a rented house for Litvinov, which he shared with

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Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".

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Litvinov died on 31 December 1951. After his death, rumours he was murdered on Stalin's instructions to the

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was a surprise; he did not believe Hitler would risk embarking on a second front at this stage of the war.

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Litvinov immediately gained popularity and was instrumental in lobbying for billions of dollars worth of

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available during the final weeks of his life, and that he died from a heart attack on 31 December 1951.

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On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced Litvinov, who was closely identified with the anti-German position, with

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Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of

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In February 1921, the Soviet government was approached by the government of the unilaterally declared

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the year before. The Russian government demanded his extradition and the French Minister for Justice

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FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, THE CONFERENCES AT CAIRO AND TEHRAN, 1943

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of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.

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Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

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Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4391: 4315: 997:

in 1941, showing his pleasure at Litvinov's appointment as Soviet ambassador to the United States.

930: 664: 4106:

Resis, Albert (2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact".

1308:

troops surrounded the offices of the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. The telephone at Litvinov's

4767: 4459: 4233: 1195:(1952), F. P. Walters expressed "astonished admiration", praising Litvinov's farsighted analysis: 1120: 934: 792: 785: 608: 479: 118: 1926: 1221:, voting for them to be expelled and tried but not executed, they were eventually handed to the 953:

Litvinov wanted to prevent a deterioration of relations and suggested he should have talks with

4504: 4489: 2270: 1096: 1012:

show Stalin overruled Litvinov's conciliatory attitude, resulting in British Foreign Secretary

919: 4772: 2616: 2539: 2408: 2118: 2086: 2054: 1827: 1607:

on 18 June 1946 in which he said a war between the West and the Soviet Union was inevitable.

1593:, who said: "not speaking up for Russia would be disloyal to his religion and country". 1508: 943: 691: 563: 4793:

Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1938–1947

3761: 640:. Litvinov then bought a yacht, and handed it and the weapons to the Armenian revolutionary 4732: 4727: 4597: 4519: 4479: 3981:

The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags: Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia

3228: 1635:, a lorry deliberately collided with Litvinov's car as it rounded a bend near the Litvinov 1620: 1476: 1427: 854:

Litvinov tried to intervene in Britain's internal politics, agreeing to the request of the

777: 687: 8: 4673: 4656: 4529: 4499: 4411: 3763:

Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses Who Led the West to Victory in World War II

2643: 1604: 1597: 1533: 1388: 1257: 1060: 1029: 490: 125: 3232: 67: 4636: 4559: 4514: 4307: 4131: 4123: 3441: 3433: 2894: 1702: 1653: 1577:

The following day, Litvinov and his wife travelled to New York to attend celebrations.

1301: 1172: 1128: 1009: 796: 761: 748: 571: 522: 295: 206: 1641:

on 31 December 1951, and he later died of his injuries. British television journalist

884: 818:, along with some American and Canadian soldiers, were received in Litvinov's office. 751:

about the visit of Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov to the United States in 1933

4574: 4554: 4484: 4454: 4358: 4135: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4029: 4004: 3984: 3964: 3771: 3725: 3543: 3518: 3495: 3463: 3445: 3199: 2878: 2821: 2685: 2249: 2014: 1991: 1833: 1741: 1567: 1370:

the Soviet Union ascribe to me what I never said". Litvinov is reported to have told

1261: 1155: 1124: 1065: 830: 710: 604: 483: 697:

In February 1915, Litvinov, uninvited, attended a conference of socialists from the

690:

who were in allied England and eligible for military service return to serve in the

4696: 4641: 4626: 4444: 4396: 4290: 4115: 3512: 3425: 1586: 1582: 1559: 1500: 1431: 1405: 1242: 1214: 1013: 915: 888: 822: 728: 706: 641: 616: 575: 451: 307: 251: 2786:

Roberts, Henry (1994), "Maxim Litvinov", in Craig, Gordon; Gilbert, Felix (eds.),

1898: 1361: 1266: 4646: 4524: 4494: 4449: 4266: 2008: 1632: 1590: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1313: 923: 815: 773: 683: 668: 548: 514: 671:

ruled Litvinov's crime was political and ordered him to be deported. He went to

584:. Litvinov organised a route to smuggle the newspaper from Germany into Russia. 4691: 4651: 4592: 4569: 4564: 4436: 4426: 4186:

Between the revolution and the West: a political biography of Maxim M. Litvinov

1660: 1551: 1371: 1317: 1273: 1188: 1112: 1028:

in Geneva in 1932. Initially he advocated total disarmament. French politician

877: 698: 637: 596: 567: 526: 460: 353: 263: 239: 218: 2682:

The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939

1663:, a physicist, writer and Soviet-era dissident, resides in the United States. 1272:

As soon as the proposals reached the French Government, the first reaction of

4721: 4706: 4474: 4416: 4401: 4376: 3767: 1563: 1350: 1250: 1210: 1168: 1005: 975: 717: 657: 653: 194: 4258: 1100: 660:, who also wanted to find more-comfortable housing than the Rowton hostels. 4667: 4621: 4613: 4534: 4469: 4386: 4119: 3514:

The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during the World War II and the Holocaust

1910:"Belfast: 10 Little Known Facts from the Quirky to Downright Unbelievable," 1499:

Following his dismissal as head of Narkomindel, Litvinov was dispatched to

1413: 1277: 1218: 1116: 811: 612: 494: 464: 423: 377: 291: 518: 349: 4701: 1488: 1226: 826: 721: 702: 475: 1430:. He was standing on the edge of a group that included Stalin, Molotov, 2875:

The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust

1571: 1547: 1230: 1176: 1140: 971: 714: 592: 531: 404: 24: 4127: 4001:

Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall

3437: 3429: 1092: 871: 554: 505: 158: 3492:

On the Battlefields of the Cold War: A Soviet Ambassador's Confession

1135: 993: 909: 844: 478:, and was influential in making the Soviet Union a party to the 1928 4813:

Second convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

4345: 1596:

Roosevelt became annoyed with Litvinov's second-front zeal; he told

4808:

First convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

1516: 1374:: "The Pact was absolutely necessary". He told foreign journalists: 37: 1515:

to prevent Axis forces in North Africa from advancing towards the

562:

Litvinov's early responsibilities included propaganda work in the

4068:

Nekrich, Alexander; Ulam, Adam; Freeze, Gregory L., eds. (1997).

1562:, Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau, Under Secretary of State 1213:, Litvinov was appointed to a committee that decided the fate of 1191:

with the aim of containing Nazi Germany's aggression. Writing in

1081: 1073: 672: 32: 4207:

Friends Or Foes?: The United States and Soviet Russia, 1921–1941

4172:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

4070:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

4683: 4198:

Roberts, Geoffrey. "The Fall of Litvinov: A Revisionist View,"

1236: 1077: 1069: 513:

Meir Henoch Wallach was born into a wealthy, Yiddish-speaking,

369: 1714: 1712: 810:

A mutiny took place in February 1918 on a Russian ship in the

627: 474:

Litvinov was an advocate for diplomatic agreements leading to

1637: 1343: 991:

building in London was deplorable and said so in a letter to

611:, when he became editor of the RSDLP's first legal newspaper 580: 4160:. In Two Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 1988. 4158:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival

2534:"Paul Boncour Speech, Preparatory Minutes, Series 5": 13–14. 1988:

Soviet Foreign Policy, 1930–33: The Impact of the Depression

1652:

In his reminiscences dictated to a supporter later in life,

1494: 1396:

was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan".

4803:

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (Soviet Union)

2246:

Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919-1922

1709: 1305: 1222: 929:

In 1924, full diplomatic relations were restored under the

540: 536: 4179:

Operation Pike: Britain Versus the Soviet Union, 1939–1941

4089:

Conspirator: Lenin in Exile, The Making of a Revolutionary

1131:, for whom access was limited to occasional supplication. 578:, enlisted him as an agent of the revolutionary newspaper 271:

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union

987:

Hodgson agreed with Litvinov that the police raid on the

755: 591:

when the RSDLP split. He became a founding member of the

4028:. Albert Resis, trans. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 67–69. 2386:

Britain and Soviet Communism: The Impact of a Revolution

1233:, although this may have been out of self-preservation. 1200:

record of criticisms justified and prophecies fulfilled.

1087: 821:

At the end of 1917, Litvinov had secured the release of

686:

broke out in 1914, the Russian government requested all

4778:

Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members

4191:

Roberts, Geoffrey. "Litvinov's Lost Peace, 1941–1946."

1585:, commanding general of Army Ground Forces, capitalist 784:. Litvinov was allowed to speak freely, even after the 2877:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 97–98. 1723:. London: Martin Secker & Warburg. pp. 36–38. 772:) appointed Maxim Litvinov as the Soviet government's 2006: 1829:

Foul Deeds and Suspicious Deaths in London's East End

1312:

was disconnected and the following morning, Molotov,

843:

and immediately dispatched on an official mission to

587:

In July 1903, Litvinov was in London for the party's

59:

may contain excessive or inappropriate references to

4823:

Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United States

3963:. Albert Resis, trans. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 6. 4838:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

3811: 3809: 2383: 872:

Irish contacts and the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement

3802:"The New York Times". 14 December 1941. p. 4. 2653:. League of Nations Treaty Series. 9 February 1929 910:First Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 4181:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. 4151:Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective 3494:. University Park, PA: Penn State Press. p. 110. 1365:Litvinov playing chess with his son Misha in 1936 1000:After the Labour Party won the most seats in the 731:, the daughter of a Jewish university professor. 4798:Ministers of foreign affairs of the Soviet Union 4719: 3907:Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946 3806: 3219:Schuman, Frederick (1940). "Night Over Europe". 1883:. Harmondswoth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 444. 16:Soviet diplomat and foreign minister (1876–1951) 4003:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 75. 3816:"Washington Post". 8 November 1942. p. 12. 3537: 3460:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: a Hidden Life 3193: 2855: 2840: 2800: 2518: 2474: 2354: 2339: 2324: 2294: 2188: 2144: 2033: 1899:https://issuu.com/glenravel/docs/oldbelfast9/24 795:, praising the achievements of the Revolution. 117:may benefit from being shortened by the use of 4763:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members 4228:The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning 3642:"Life Magazine". 12 October 1942. p. 124. 3563:"The New York Times, 8 November 1939, pg. 10". 1825: 1482: 1292:Soviet Russia from entering the German camp." 1059:Litvinov favoured Soviet participation in the 4331: 3588:"The New York Times, 8 November 1940, pg. 6". 3415: 3369: 3367: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3114:Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 2248:. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 192. 727:In England, Litvinov met and in 1916 married 500: 3904: 2869: 2867: 2820:. Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 269. 2736:"The New York Times, 12 December 1939, p.1". 2611:"Labour Party Conference Report - 1928": 31. 1757:Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin's widow) (1970). 1697: 1695: 1693: 1237:Negotiations regarding Germany and dismissal 4020: 4018: 4016: 3930: 3856: 3826: 3744: 3626: 3598: 3472: 3409: 3160: 3094: 3079: 3049: 3034: 2976: 2956: 2887: 2746: 2700: 2684:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53. 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2598:The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 2268: 1990:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 11–13. 1019: 570:organised a mass escape of 11 inmates from 452:[mɐkˈsʲimmɐkˈsʲiməvʲɪtɕlʲɪˈtvʲinəf] 4338: 4324: 4202:, vol. 27, no. 4 (1992), pp. 639–657. 3399: 3397: 3384: 3382: 3364: 3260:"The New York Times, 1 June 1939, pg. 13". 3120: 2860:. Woodland Publications. pp. 417–418. 2508:. 2nd Series. Vol. 7. pp. 34–35. 2359:. Woodland Publications. pp. 210–211. 1893:Jonathan Hamill, "The Red Under Our Bed," 1107:In 1930, Joseph Stalin appointed Litvinov 337:Meir Henoch Mojszewicz Wallach-Finkelstein 186:10 November 1941 – 22 August 1943 157: 2897:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 13 July 2023. 2864: 2790:, Princeton University Press, p. 352 2344:. Woodland Publications. pp. 37, 45. 1982: 1980: 1756: 1705:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 13 July 2023. 1690: 1495:Ambassador to the United States and later 1356: 1185:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1150:Many delegates, such as British delegate 459:; 17 July 1876 – 31 December 1951) was a 90:Learn how and when to remove this message 4267:Newspaper clippings about Maxim Litvinov 4013: 3517:. Harvard University Press. p. 56. 2665: 2453:. Vol. FO/371/2895. pp. 71–72. 2434: 2038:. Woodland Publications. pp. 22–35. 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1614: 1360: 1091: 1084:, and later by several other countries. 838:People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs 791:In January 1918, Litvinov addressed the 738: 626: 553: 504: 4828:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Cuba 4072:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3791:"The New York Times". 14 December 1941. 3719: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3577:. Vol. FO/371/ 23685. p. 183. 3394: 3379: 3352: 3218: 3145: 2815: 2785: 2775:. Oxford University Press. p. 712. 2770: 2215:"Daily Herald pg 1". 15 September 1920. 1477:the German invasion of the Soviet Union 1283:The Foreign Office confirmed to the US 938:the Soviet government's support of the 482:. He was also responsible for the 1929 174:Russian Ambassador to the United States 4758:Soviet people of Polish-Jewish descent 4720: 4298:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs 3872:"Life". 30 November 1942. p. 132. 3693:Foreign Office, General Correspondence 3575:Foreigh Office: General Correspondence 3318:. Stanford University. pp. Box 8. 3272:Foreign Office: General Correspondence 3247:Foreign Office: General Correspondence 2972: 2970: 2968: 2937: 2935: 2906: 2904: 2451:Foreign Office: General Correspondence 2371:Foreign Office: General Correspondence 2271:"Ireland and the Bolshevik Revolution" 2243: 2164:Foreign Office: General Correspondence 1865:"Alleged Nihilists Arrested in Paris," 1505:Soviet ambassador to the United States 1109:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs 756:First Soviet representative to Britain 545:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 469:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs 4319: 4167:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1933. 3886:. The New York Times. 8 November 1942 3328: 3274:. Vol. FO/371/23685. p. 72. 3249:. Vol. FO/371/23685. p. 96. 3189: 3187: 3108: 3106: 2845:. Woodland Publications. p. 414. 2805:. Woodland Publications. p. 413. 2523:. Woodland Publications. p. 102. 2373:. Vol. FO/371/11187. p. 81. 2329:. Woodland Publications. p. 206. 2299:. Woodland Publications. p. 202. 2239: 2237: 2193:. Woodland Publications. p. 200. 2158: 2156: 2081:"Labour Conference Report". 1918: 60. 1957: 1878: 1673:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 1513:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre 1088:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 467:statesman and diplomat who served as 450: 70:by removing references to unreliable 3924: 3919: 3738: 3722:The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 3699: 3676: 3607: 3510: 2761:Disarmament Minutes, Series B, p.515 2479:. Woodland Publication. p. 218. 2225: 2166:. Vol. FO/371/3299. p. 52. 2149:. Woodland Publications. p. 33. 2049:"Labour Leader". 24 January 1918: 5. 1783: 1732: 1730: 1718: 788:, which took Russia out of the war. 760:On 8 November 1917, a day after the 734: 622: 101: 74:where they are used inappropriately. 43: 4252:six versions from various resources 4209:(University Press of Kansas, 2006). 4048: 3841: 3531: 3462:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 333–334. 3343: 3028: 2991: 2965: 2932: 2901: 2506:Documents on British Foreign Policy 2176: 1951: 1771: 1678:Soviet–German relations before 1941 1610: 1103:and Maxim Litvinov in February 1934 652:in London. Initially, he relied on 13: 4174:(Columbia University Press, 1997). 4143: 3724:. Faber & Faber. p. 356. 3667: 3299: 3284: 3184: 3175: 3103: 3064: 2941: 2773:A History of the League of Nations 2725:"The Times 28 January 1946, p. 4". 2580: 2234: 2153: 2138: 2027: 2000: 1945: 1399:With regard to the signing of the 1193:A History of the League of Nations 283:21 July 1930 – 3 May 1939 14: 4859: 4240: 3116:. Vol. 1. 1939. p. 294. 3067:1939; The Alliance That Never Was 2944:1939; The Alliance That Never Was 2651:World Legal Information Institute 1924: 1765: 1727: 1420: 1404:not Jewish. Hitler also wrote to 1183:In 1935, Litvinov negotiated the 599:, whom Litvinov first met in the 4833:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 3993: 3973: 3953: 3939: 3913: 3898: 3876: 3865: 3850: 3835: 3820: 3795: 3784: 3753: 3713: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3635: 3592: 3581: 3567: 3556: 3504: 3484: 3452: 2715:Disarmament Minutes Series B 512 2595: 1798: 780:, Britain's unofficial agent in 106: 48: 4848:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 4200:Journal of Contemporary History 4170:Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. 3983:. London: Abacus. pp. 306–307. 3780:– via Archive Foundation. 3720:Cadogan, Alexander (May 2010). 3542:. New Generation. p. 372. 3337: 3322: 3308: 3293: 3278: 3264: 3253: 3239: 3212: 3198:. New Generation. p. 370. 3169: 3154: 3139: 3088: 3073: 3058: 3043: 3014: 3000: 2985: 2950: 2918: 2849: 2834: 2809: 2794: 2779: 2764: 2755: 2740: 2729: 2718: 2709: 2694: 2636: 2604: 2589: 2574: 2559: 2527: 2512: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2468: 2457: 2443: 2428: 2392: 2377: 2363: 2348: 2333: 2318: 2303: 2288: 2262: 2219: 2208: 2197: 2182: 2170: 2106: 2074: 2042: 1927:"To the Editors of Nashe Slovo" 1918: 1903: 1887: 1872: 1858: 1846: 1527:real influence in Washington." 1256:Litvinov had a poor opinion of 799:, the leader of the democratic 648:In 1907, Litivnov attended the 457:Meir Henoch Wallach-Finkelstein 4086: 4049:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 3538:Holroyd-Doveton (March 2013). 3194:Holroyd-Doveton (March 2013). 2856:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2841:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2801:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2771:Walters, Francis Paul (1952). 2583:Russia's Disarmament Proposals 2519:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2475:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2464:"The Times". 11 November 1941. 2355:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2340:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2325:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2295:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2204:"Times pg.10". 19 August 1920. 2189:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2145:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2034:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013). 2007:Lockhart, R. H. Bruce (2008). 1852: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1792: 1777: 1761:. London: Panther. p. 74. 1750: 801:Russian Provisional Government 766:Council of People's Commissars 680:International Socialist Bureau 124:Summary style may involve the 1: 4743:People from Belostoksky Uyezd 4372:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 4216:. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. 2926:Soviet Peace Efforts, No. 158 2914:. 11 April 1939. p. 260. 2912:Soviet Peace Efforts, No. 158 942:and criticism of the British 21:Eastern Slavic naming customs 4748:Jews from the Russian Empire 4510:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg 4067: 3882: 3478: 3373: 3133: 2269:aan de Wiel, Jérôme (2017). 1721:Maxim Litvinoff, a Biography 1683: 1629:Ministry of Internal Affairs 1295: 1026:World Disarmament Conference 896:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 493:with Western powers against 463:revolutionary and prominent 7: 4347:Foreign ministers of Russia 4271:20th Century Press Archives 4214:Stalin: The Man and His Era 4193:Journal of Cold War Studies 4051:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 3949:. Vol. 3. p. 522. 3933:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 3905:Averell Harriman, William. 3601:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 3540:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 3196:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2858:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2843:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2803:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2749:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2703:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2521:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2492:Stalin's Letters to Molotov 2477:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2357:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2342:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2327:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2191:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2147:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2036:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography 2013:. Read Books. p. 203. 1881:Three Who Made a Revolution 1788:. L.B. Fischer. p. 51. 1719:Pope, Arthur Upham (1943). 1666: 1619:Grave of Maxim Litvinov at 1483:German invasion of the USSR 1032:criticised such proposals: 931:Macdonald Labour government 601:British Museum Reading Room 10: 4864: 4153:. London: Routledge, 1994. 4105: 4042: 3403: 3388: 3358: 2297:Maxim Litvinov A Biography 2113:"Herald". 6 July 1921: 14. 2010:Memoirs of a British Agent 1933:. Marxist Internet Archive 1879:Wolfe, Bertram D. (1966). 1053:Parliamentary Labour Party 868:did not accept the money. 501:Early life and first exile 19:In this name that follows 18: 4843:Unsolved deaths in Russia 4753:Jewish Soviet politicians 4682: 4606: 4583: 4540:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky 4435: 4357: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4087:Rappaport, Helen (2010). 4053:. Woodland Publications. 3331:Post-War Years: 1945-1954 3024:. 7 June 1939. p. 7. 2680:Haslam, Jonathan (1984). 2403:. 26 May 1927: 2195–2326. 2384:Northbridge & Wells. 2310:"16, 29 September 1921". 1736:Block, Maxine ed. (1941) 1631:circulated. According to 1589:, and Catholic professor 900:Irish War of Independence 887:had redirected his envoy 444:Maxim Maximovich Litvinov 437: 429: 419: 391: 383: 359: 332: 327: 323: 313: 301: 287: 276: 269: 257: 245: 235: 224: 212: 200: 190: 179: 172: 168: 156: 147: 140: 4818:League of Nations people 4392:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin 4220: 3999:Haslam, Jonathan (2011) 3760:Roberts, Andrew (2009). 3424:(4): 695–722 (698–699). 3148:Life and Death of Stalin 2816:Sheinis, Zinovy (1990). 2788:The Diplomats, 1919-1939 2437:Diplomacy and Revolution 2244:Arthur, Michell (1995). 1986:Haslam, Jonathan (1983) 1832:. Casemate. p. 25. 1566:and Mrs Woodrow Wilson, 1187:and another treaty with 1020:Proponent of disarmament 148: 4460:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 4234:British Socialist Party 4188:(Westview Press, 1992). 3979:Tzouliadis, Tim (2009) 3931:Holroyd-Doveton, John. 3490:Israeli, Victor (2003) 3458:Brackman, Roman (2001) 3146:Fischer, Louis (1952). 2747:Holroyd-Doveton, John. 2701:Holroyd-Doveton, John. 2228:Miracle of Fleet Street 1826:Geoffrey Howse (2005). 1401:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1121:Communist International 1041:Litvinov's answer was: 793:Labour Party Conference 786:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 433:Diplomat, civil servant 413:Russian Communist Party 4662:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh 4585:Provisional Government 4525:Karl Robert Nesselrode 4505:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 4490:Nikita Petrovich Panin 4470:Nikita Ivanovich Panin 4163:Lockhart, R.H. Bruce. 4120:10.1080/09668130098253 3766:(1 ed.). London: 3511:Herf, Jeffrey (2006). 3221:The Scientific Monthly 2624:Cite journal requires 2547:Cite journal requires 2416:Cite journal requires 2126:Cite journal requires 2094:Cite journal requires 2062:Cite journal requires 1931:Lenin Internet Archive 1624: 1544: 1381: 1366: 1357:Aftermath of dismissal 1202: 1165: 1104: 1048: 1039: 985: 950:, which was accepted. 752: 665:bank robbery in Tiflis 632: 559: 510: 509:Maxim Litvinov in 1896 448:Russian pronunciation: 61:self-published sources 4738:People from Białystok 4149:Gorodetsky, Gabriel. 3707:Ivy Litvinov Archives 3668:Bryant, Christopher. 3316:Ivy Litvinov Archives 3150:. Harper. p. 62. 2873:Herf, Jeffrey (2006) 2494:. pp. 174 No.44. 2314:. Cmd. 2895: 3. 1927. 1784:Pope, Arthur (1943). 1618: 1583:General Lesley McNair 1539: 1509:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1376: 1364: 1209:. At the time of the 1197: 1160: 1113:"class against class" 1095: 1043: 1034: 980: 948:co-operative movement 944:Trades Union Congress 747: 692:Imperial Russian Army 630: 564:Chernigov Governorate 557: 543:, Wallach joined the 508: 4598:Mikhail Tereshchenko 4520:Ioannis Kapodistrias 4480:Alexander Bezborodko 4177:Osborne, Patrick R. 4024:Chuev, Felix (1993) 3959:Chuev, Felix (1993) 3857:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3827:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3745:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3695:. Vol. FO95431. 3627:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3161:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3095:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3080:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3050:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 3035:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 2992:Cadogan, Alexander. 2977:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 2957:Holroyd-Doveton, J. 1659:Litvinov's grandson 1621:Novodevichy Cemetery 1099:'s Foreign Minister 650:fifth RSDLP congress 4674:Eduard Shevardnadze 4657:Eduard Shevardnadze 4530:Alexander Gorchakov 4500:Alexander Vorontsov 4455:Aleksey Tcherkassky 4412:Yemelyan Ukraintsev 4263:, Soviet biography. 4108:Europe-Asia Studies 3418:Europe-Asia Studies 3233:1940SciMo..51..365F 3180:. pp. 295–296. 3178:Incompatible Allies 3069:. pp. 129–130. 3065:Carley, Michael J. 2942:Carley, Michael J. 2435:O'Connor, Timothy. 1605:Richard C. Hottelet 1534:The Washington Post 1412:American historian 1389:collective security 1258:Neville Chamberlain 1119:being advocated by 1061:Kellogg-Briand Pact 1030:Joseph Paul-Boncour 940:1926 General Strike 894:In March 1921, the 491:collective security 480:Kellogg–Briand Pact 471:from 1930 to 1939. 4684:Russian Federation 4637:Vyacheslav Molotov 4560:Alexander Izvolsky 4515:Nikolay Rumyantsev 4465:Mikhailo Vorontsov 4308:Vyacheslav Molotov 4283:Political offices 4195:4.2 (2002): 23–54. 4184:Phillips, Hugh D. 4091:. Windmill Books. 3287:I Spied for Stalin 2705:. pp. 127–30. 2570:. 1 December 1927. 2226:Lansbury, George. 1897:9, 3 August 2011. 1654:Vyacheslav Molotov 1625: 1579:The New York Times 1524:The New York Times 1503:, to serve as the 1452:The New York Times 1367: 1302:Vyacheslav Molotov 1207:collective farming 1173:Franklin Roosevelt 1129:Nikolay Krestinsky 1105: 1010:Vyacheslav Molotov 978:'s support, said: 935:Conservative Party 797:Alexander Kerensky 762:October Revolution 753: 749:Universal Newsreel 633: 603:. The two went to 572:Lukyanivska Prison 560: 523:Grodno Governorate 517:banking family in 511: 319:Vyacheslav Molotov 296:Vyacheslav Molotov 207:Konstantin Umansky 4715: 4714: 4575:Nikolai Pokrovsky 4555:Vladimir Lamsdorf 4485:Fyodor Rostopchin 4359:Tsardom of Russia 4314: 4313: 4305:Succeeded by 4026:Molotov Remembers 3961:Molotov Remembers 3842:Sheinis, Zinovy. 3777:978-0-141-02926-9 3599:Holroyd-Doveton. 3524:978-0-674038-59-2 3430:10.1080/713663077 3344:Sheinis, Zinovy. 3329:Ehrenburg, Ilya. 2994:Diaries 1938-1945 2895:"Maksim Litvinov" 2388:. pp. 70–71. 2020:978-1-4437-8151-0 1913:Belfast Telegraph 1803:. pp. 85–90. 1759:Memories of Lenin 1738:Current Biography 1703:"Maksim Litvinov" 1568:Edward Stettinius 1428:Lenin's Mausoleum 1333:Central Committee 1285:chargé d'affaires 1262:Winston Churchill 1156:League of Nations 1125:Boris Stomonyakov 1066:Litvinov Protocol 959:chargé d'affaires 831:Russian Civil War 745: 735:Diplomatic career 711:Emile Vandervelde 623:Second emigration 515:Lithuanian Jewish 484:Litvinov Protocol 441: 440: 134: 133: 100: 99: 92: 4855: 4697:Yevgeny Primakov 4642:Andrey Vyshinsky 4627:Georgy Chicherin 4550:Mikhail Muravyov 4545:Nikolay Shishkin 4445:Gavrila Golovkin 4397:Artamon Matveyev 4340: 4333: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4291:Georgy Chicherin 4288:Preceded by 4280: 4279: 4257: 4248: 4205:Saul, Norman E. 4139: 4102: 4083: 4064: 4036: 4022: 4011: 3997: 3991: 3977: 3971: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3176:Hilger, Gustav. 3173: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3008:CAB 27, 624, 309 3004: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2678: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2004: 1998: 1984: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1748: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1611:Death and legacy 1598:Averell Harriman 1511:to focus on the 1501:Washington, D.C. 1406:Benito Mussolini 1340:Nazi–Soviet Pact 1243:Munich Agreement 1014:Arthur Henderson 916:Georgy Chicherin 902:made headlines. 889:Patrick McCartan 823:Georgy Chicherin 746: 707:Ramsay MacDonald 631:Litvinov in 1905 617:Saint Petersburg 576:Georgi Plekhanov 558:Litvinov in 1902 539:. That year, in 454: 449: 410: 366: 363:31 December 1951 346: 344: 328:Personal details 316: 308:Georgy Chicherin 304: 281: 260: 252:Boris Bakhmeteff 248: 229: 215: 203: 184: 163:Litvinov in 1932 161: 151: 138: 137: 129: 110: 109: 102: 95: 88: 84: 81: 75: 52: 51: 44: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4678: 4647:Dmitri Shepilov 4611: 4602: 4579: 4495:Viktor Kochubey 4450:Andrey Osterman 4431: 4407:Vasily Golitsyn 4382:Pyotr Tretyakov 4367:Ivan Viskovatyi 4353: 4344: 4310: 4301: 4293: 4255: 4246: 4243: 4223: 4146: 4144:Further reading 4099: 4080: 4061: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4023: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3914: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3840: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770:. p. 126. 3759: 3758: 3754: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3677: 3670:Stafford Cripps 3666: 3662: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3608: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3342: 3338: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3302:Great Challenge 3300:Fisher, Louis. 3298: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3192: 3185: 3174: 3170: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3093: 3089: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3044: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2975: 2966: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2872: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2625: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2353: 2349: 2338: 2334: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2275:History Ireland 2267: 2263: 2256: 2242: 2235: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2005: 2001: 1985: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1908: 1904: 1892: 1888: 1877: 1873: 1868:New York Times. 1863: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1801:Maxim Litvinoff 1797: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1755: 1751: 1740:. pp. 518–520. 1735: 1728: 1717: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1691: 1686: 1669: 1633:Anastas Mikoyan 1613: 1591:Francis McMahon 1497: 1485: 1423: 1359: 1314:Georgy Malenkov 1298: 1241:After the 1938 1239: 1171:. US President 1090: 1022: 924:Jonathan Haslam 912: 885:Éamon de Valera 874: 816:Royal Engineers 774:plenipotentiary 758: 739: 737: 688:Russian émigrés 684:First World War 669:Aristide Briand 625: 609:1905 Revolution 589:second congress 503: 447: 411: 408: 399: 392:Political party 387:Russian, Soviet 368: 364: 348: 342: 340: 339: 338: 314: 302: 294: 282: 277: 258: 246: 230: 225: 213: 201: 185: 180: 164: 152: 150:Максим Литвинов 149: 143: 130: 123: 111: 107: 96: 85: 79: 76: 65: 53: 49: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Old Bolsheviks 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4692:Andrei Kozyrev 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4652:Andrei Gromyko 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4632:Maxim Litvinov 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4593:Pavel Milyukov 4589: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4570:Boris Shturmer 4567: 4565:Sergey Sazonov 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4437:Russian Empire 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4427:Peter Shafirov 4424: 4422:Fyodor Golovin 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4264: 4260:Maxim Litvinov 4253: 4242: 4241:External links 4239: 4238: 4237: 4236:, n.d. (1919). 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4103: 4098:978-0465013951 4097: 4084: 4078: 4065: 4060:978-0957296107 4059: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4012: 3992: 3972: 3952: 3938: 3935:. p. 358. 3923: 3912: 3909:. p. 199. 3897: 3875: 3864: 3861:. p. 433. 3859:Maxim Litvinov 3849: 3846:. p. 317. 3844:Maxim Litvinov 3834: 3831:. p. 439. 3829:Maxim Litvinov 3819: 3805: 3794: 3783: 3776: 3752: 3749:. p. 428. 3747:Maxim Litvinov 3737: 3731:978-0571269853 3730: 3712: 3698: 3675: 3672:. p. 241. 3660: 3657:. p. 460. 3655:Maxim Litvinov 3653:Pope, Arthur. 3645: 3634: 3631:. p. 375. 3629:Maxim Litvinov 3606: 3603:. p. 374. 3591: 3580: 3566: 3555: 3549:978-0957296107 3548: 3530: 3523: 3503: 3483: 3471: 3451: 3408: 3393: 3378: 3363: 3351: 3348:. p. 305. 3346:Maxim Litvinov 3336: 3321: 3307: 3292: 3289:. p. 125. 3285:Murray, Nora. 3277: 3263: 3252: 3238: 3211: 3205:978-0957296107 3204: 3183: 3168: 3165:. p. 359. 3163:Maxim Litvinov 3153: 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