Mount Kilimanjaro - Knowledge

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summit the mountain is the American Robert Wheeler, who was 85 years and 201 days when he summited on 2 October 2014. Maxwell J. Ojerholm of Massachusetts, USA, reached Uhuru Peak, the true summit, unassisted, at the age of ten years, on July 4, 2009, taking the difficult Machame Route. Colin M. Barker of Missouri, USA, later completed the same route at the age of ten years on December 22, 2020. Theodore Margaroli from London, age 10, reached the summit unassisted by the Western Breach, the hardest but most scenic route, in 2019. Despite an age-limit of 10 years for a climbing permit, Keats Boyd from Los Angeles reached the summit on 21 January 2008 at the age of 7. This record was equaled by Montannah Kenney from Texas in March 2018 and again in July 2018 by Coaltan Tanner from New Mexico. The fastest ascent and the fastest round trip have been recorded by the Swiss-Ecuadorian mountain guide

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footsteps in the icy slope. Three days later, they reached the highest summit, on the southern rim of the crater. They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater. After descending to the saddle between Kibo and Mawenzi, Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi but could only reach the top of Klute Peak, a subsidiary peak, before retreating due to illness. On 18 October, they reascended Kibo to enter and study the crater, cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch. In total, Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 4,600 m (15,000 ft) during their expedition. They were accompanied in their high camps by Mwini Amani of

1138: 241: 1110: 1433: 1006: 1034: 495: 248: 215: 182: 175: 1865: 115: 94: 77: 1881: 208: 1841: 813: 1802:(HACE), the most severe forms of AMS, can occur. These health risks are increased substantially by excessively fast climbing schedules motivated by high daily national park fees, busy holiday travel schedules, and the lack of permanent shelter on most routes. The six-day Machame route, which involves one day of "climbing high" to Lava Tower (4,630 m (15,190 ft) and "sleeping low" at Barranco Camp (3,976 m (13,044 ft)), may delay the onset of AMS but does not ultimately prevent its occurrence. 1173:, tell how a man named Tone once provoked a god, Ruwa, to bring famine upon the land. The people became angry at Tone, forcing him to flee. Nobody wanted to protect him but a solitary dweller who had stones that turned miraculously into cattle. The dweller bid that Tone never open the stable of the cattle. When Tone did not heed the warning and the cattle escaped, Tone followed them, but the fleeing cattle threw up hills to run on, including Mawenzi and Kibo. Tone finally collapsed on Kibo, ending the pursuit. 1700:

days. The Lemosho Route can also be continued via the Western-Breach, submitting via the western side of the mountain. The Western Breach is more secluded and avoids the 6-hour midnight ascent to the summit (like other routes). The Rongai is the easiest of the camping routes. The Marangu is also relatively easy, if frequently busy; accommodation is in shared huts. The Lemosho Western-Breach Route commences on the western side of Kilimanjaro at Lemosho and continues to the summit via the Western-Breach Route.

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average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent, while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent. Of the ice cover still present in 2000, almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011. Ice climber Will Gadd noticed differences between his 2014 and 2020 climbs. The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage, and do not have active accumulation zones; retreat occurs on all glacier surfaces. Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and

1734: 937: 1130: 508: 1103:(IUGS) included 'The Pleistocene Kilimanjaro volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organization defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.' 1026:

shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. No clear warming trend at the elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005. Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing, solar radiation causes melting on vertical faces. Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers. They manifest stratifications,

1791:. A study of people attempting to reach the summit of Kilimanjaro in July and August 2005 found that 61.3 percent succeeded and 77 percent experienced acute mountain sickness (AMS). A retrospective study of 917 persons who attempted to reach the summit via the Lemosho or Machame routes found that 70.4 percent experienced AMS, defined in this study to be headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. 1692:

capacity of 28,470. The mountain hikers generated irregular and seasonal jobs for about 11,000 guides, porters, and cooks in 2007. Concerns have been raised about the poor working conditions and inadequate wages of these workers. Due to Kilimanjaro National Park's popularity as a destination, the Tanzanian government has invested in road infrastructure to improve accessibility. In Tanzania,

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rock together, disrupting the rock stability. At the route's base, rain water has opened new drainages and there is an active, flowing river through the Arrow Glacier Camp were there has been no water at all for decades. The improper disposal of human waste on the mountain environment has created a health hazard, necessitating the boiling of all water.

1030:, and other ice features. "There is no pathway for the plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation." The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records, including two from the southern icefield. Based on this data, this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP. 1022:

Breach. The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953, in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them "drastically out of equilibrium", and more slowly thereafter. Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over the past century.

1746:. On 13 August 2014, after guiding a party to the summit the previous days, he ran from Umbwe Gate to the top in 4 hours and 56 minutes and returned to the Mweka Gate at 1,630 m (5,350 ft) in a total time of 6 hours, 42 minutes and 24 seconds. Previous records, using the same route, were held by Spanish mountain runner 1071: 1337:, Yohani Kinyala Lauwo. Lauwo did not know his own age, nor remember Meyer or Purtscheller. He did recall joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain, and that he did not wear shoes during the climb. Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain three times before the beginning of 1809:

was closed for several years, reopening in December 2007. Now again it officially closed as of January 20th 2024. Due to strong El Niño, the Western Breach has washed down the mountain. This huge runoff has carved new ravines on the slopes and seems to be dislodging the sediment that cements the

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The oldest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro is Anne Lorimor, aged 89 years and 37 days, who reached Uhuru Peak at 3:14 p.m. local time on 18 July 2019. The oldest man to summit is American Fred Dishelhorst, who reached the top on 19 July 2017 at the age of 88 years old. The second oldest man to

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generated US$ 51 million in revenue in 2013, the second-most of any Tanzanian national park. The Tanzania National Parks Authority reported that the park recorded 57,456 tourists during the 2011–12 budget year, of whom 16,425 hiked the mountain; the park's General Management Plan specifies an annual

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made an attempt to climb the mountain. Approaching from the saddle between Mawenzi and Kibo, Höhnel stopped at 4,950 m (16,240 ft), but Teleki continued until he reached the snow at 5,300 m (17,400 ft). Later in 1887, the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the lower edge

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There are seven official trekking routes by which to ascend and descend Kilimanjaro: Lemosho, Lemosho Western-Breach, Machame, Marangu, Mweka, Rongai, Shira, and Umbwe. The Machame route can be completed in six or seven days, Lemosho in six to eight, and the Northern Circuit routes in seven or more

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Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November. The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones. The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 mm (31 to 35 in) annually, rising to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in)

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Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 m (9,120 ft) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time. Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 m (4,900 ft) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago

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This morning, at 10 o'clock, we obtained a clearer view of the mountains of Jagga, the summit of one of which was covered by what looked like a beautiful white cloud. When I inquired as to the dazzling whiteness, the guide merely called it 'cold' and at once I knew it could be neither more nor less

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In 1989, the organizing committee of the 100-year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter-guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller. One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition was thought to match a living inhabitant of

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The Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwangler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, was the fourth to ascend to

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Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared between October 1912 and June 2011, with coverage decreasing from 11.40 km (4.40 sq mi) to 1.76 km (0.68 sq mi). Between 1912 and 1953, there was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss of ice coverage. The

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In the late 1880s, the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap about 20 km (7.7 sq mi) in extent with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes, and except for the inner cone, the entire caldera was buried. Glacier ice also flowed through the Western

960:. The cap is divergent and at the edges splits into individual glaciers. The central portion of the ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater. The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation. 738:

in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping at a scale of 1:100,000, with 100 ft (30 m) contour intervals, as DOS 522. West Col Productions produced a map with tourist information in 1990, at a scale of 1:75,000, with 100 m (330 ft) contour intervals; it included inset

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Another Chagga legend tells of ivory-filled graves of elephants on the mountain, and of a cow named Rayli that produces miraculous fat from her tail glands. If a man tries to steal such a gland but is too slow in his moves, Rayli will blast a powerful snort and blow the thief down onto the plain.

971:), Second (greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP), Third (150,000 to 120,000 BP), Fourth (also known as "Main") (20,000 to 17,000 BP), and Little (16,000 to 14,000 BP). The Third may have been the most extensive, and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth. 1912:

Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered mountain 19,710 feet high, and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai 'Ngaje Ngai', the House of God. Close to the western summit there is a dried and frozen carcas of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was

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in the southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest. Most of these cones are well preserved, except the Saddle Plateau cones which were heavily affected by glacial action. Despite their mostly small size, lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain. The Saddle Plateau

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for a third attempt. This attempt was based on the establishment of several campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far. Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on 3 October but turned back exhausted from hacking

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In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers, the glaciers on Kilimanjaro's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch, with each cycle lasting a few hundred years. It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the

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Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater, which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch, upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time (out of 65 attempts during his lifetime). The Ash Pit, 350 m

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According to the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, 25 people died from January 1996 to October 2003 while climbing the mountain. Seventeen were female and eight were male, ranging in age from 29 to 74. Fourteen died from advanced high altitude illness, including one with

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Kilimanjaro is drained by a network of rivers and streams, especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Below that altitude, increased evaporation and human water usage reduce the water flows. The

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Eigenberger, Paul; Faino, Anna; Maltzahn, Joanne; Lisk, Christina; Frank, Eddie; Frank, Amy; Loomis, Zoe; Schroeder, Thies; Strand, Matthew; Irwin, David (2014). "A Retrospective Study of Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt. Kilimanjaro Using Trekking Company Data".

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A complete disappearance of the ice would be of only "negligible importance" to the water budget of the area around the mountain. The forests of Kilimanjaro, far below the ice fields, "are essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations".

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The female round trip record is held by Fernanda Maciel from Brazil in a time of 10 hours and 6 minutes. Her ascent time of 7:08 was broken on 23 February 2018 by the Danish ultramarathon runner Kristina Schou Madsen with a time of 6:52:54 from Mweka Gate.

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cut into the ring and the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge. Also notable are the East and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a

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taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a basal age of about 11,700 years, although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP.

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may be referring to a 'god or a deity' which protected the mountains from tresspassers. They knew that birds did not fly on the mountain and local travellers would become sick if they ventured too high - we now understand this to be altitude sickness.

1341:. The committee concluded that he had been a member of Meyer's team and therefore must have been born around 1871. Lauwo died on 10 May 1996, 107 years after the first ascent. It is sometimes suggested that he was a co-first-ascendant of Kilimanjaro. 1897:

According to the Tanzania National Parks Authority, the first wedding performed on the mountain below the summit took place on 21 September 2014, when an American couple exchanged vows at Shira 2 Camp. In 2011, a couple exchanged their vows at the

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Kibo is the largest cone on the mountain and is more than 24 km (15 mi) wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude. The last activity here, dated to 150,000–200,000 years ago, created the current Kibo summit crater. Kibo still has gas-emitting

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at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) altitude and peaking "partly over" 3,000 mm (120 in) in the forest belt at 2,000 to 2,300 m (6,600 to 7,500 ft). In the alpine zone, annual precipitation decreases to 200 mm (7.9 in).

763:. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion. Before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 and 5,200 m (16,100 and 17,100 ft) high. It is mostly composed of basaltic lavas, with some 3257:

Gabrielli, P.; Hardy, D. R.; Kehrwald, N.; Davis, M.; Cozzi, G.; Turetta, C.; Barbante, C.; Thompson, L. G. (2014). "Deglaciated areas of Kilimanjaro as a source of volcanic trace elements deposited on the ice cap during the late Holocene".

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Schüler, Lisa; Hemp, Andreas; Zech, Wolfgang; Behling, Hermann (2012). "Vegetation, climate and fire-dynamics in East Africa inferred from the Maundi crater pollen record from Mt Kilimanjaro during the last glacial-interglacial cycle".

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accompanied by English geologist Richard Thornton attempted to climb Kibo but "got no farther than 2,500 m (8,200 ft) owing to the inclemency of the weather". In December 1862, von der Decken tried a second time together with

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Cullen, Nicolas J.; Mölg, Thomas; Kaser, Georg; Hussein, Khalid; Steffen, Konrad; Hardy, Douglas R. (2006). "Kilimanjaro Glaciers: Recent areal extent from satellite data and new interpretation of observed 20th-century retreat rates".

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wrote in 1860 that Swahilis along the coast called the mountain Kilimanjaro. Although he did not offer any support, he claimed that Kilimanjaro meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans." Under the latter meaning,

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Eruptive activity at the Shira center commenced about 2.5 million years ago, with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago, just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed. Shira is topped by a broad

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than snow.... Immediately I understood how to interpret the marvelous tales Dr. Krapf and I had heard at the coast, of a vast mountain of gold and silver in the far interior, the approach to which was guarded by evil spirits.

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Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours, During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa: Together with Journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape

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On 26 September 2014, a new world record for the highest-ever cricket match was set when a group of international cricketers played on a flat crater on the mountain at an elevation of 5,730 m (18,800 ft).

4889: 4843:""Making success work for the poor: Package tourism in Northern Tanzania", Overseas Development Institute, authored by Jonathan Mitchell, Jodie Keane, and Jenny Laidlaw, 9 January 2008, accessed 31 July 2015" 1787:, the high elevation, low temperature, and occasional high winds can make Kilimanjaro a difficult trek. Acclimatization is required, and even experienced and physically fit trekkers may suffer some degree of 1252:, Rebmann in 1848 was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro. Hans Meyer has claimed that Rebmann first arrived in Africa in 1846 and quotes Rebmann's diary entry of 11 May 1848 as saying, 1217:

referred to "Egypt nurtured by the snows" and to a spring between two mountains, respectively. One of these mentions two tall mountains in the coastal regions with a valley with traces of fire between them.

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maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and with 50 m (160 ft) contour intervals. In recent years, numerous other maps have become available, of various qualities.

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mention a "moon mountain" and a spring lake of the Nile, which may indicate Kilimanjaro, although available historical information does not allow differentiation among others in East Africa like

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approached the summit from the northwest. While Abbott turned back earlier, Ehlers at first claimed to have reached the summit rim, but after severe criticism of the claim, withdrew it.

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composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest; Mawenzi at 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Shira, the lowest at 4,005 m (13,140 ft). Mawenzi and Shira are

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of the ice cap on Kibo, where he was forced to turn back because he lacked the equipment needed to progress across the ice. The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with

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cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava, while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows. All Saddle Plateau cones predate the last glaciation.

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became the "first European to reach the equatorial snows" on Kilimanjaro at an elevation of slightly more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In June 1887, the Hungarian Count

1232:(1519) that west of Mombasa "stands the Ethiopian Mount Olympus, which is exceedingly high, and beyond it are the Mountains of the Moon, in which are the sources of the Nile". 5892: 1046:. While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appear to be unique within its almost twelve-millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread 523:

The origin of the name Kilimanjaro is not known, but several theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that Kilimanjaro was the mountain's

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Snowfall can occur at any time of year but is mostly associated with northern Tanzania's two rainy seasons. Precipitation in the summit area occurs principally as snow and

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rising 180 to 200 m (590 to 660 ft) on the south side. These escarpments define a 2.5 km-wide (1.6 mi) caldera caused by the collapse of the summit.

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in 1952. The height has since been measured as 5,892 m (19,331 ft) in 1999, 5,902 m (19,364 ft) in 2008, and 5,899 m (19,354 ft) in 2014.

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Uglietti, Chiara; Zapf, Alexander; Szidat, Sönke; Salazar, Gary; Hardy, Doug; Schwikowski, Margit (2015). "The controversial age of Kilimanjaro's plateau glaciers".

1630:, a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly. 3514:

Kaser, Georg; Mölg, Thomas; Cullen, Nicolas J.; Hardy, Douglas R.; Winkler, Michael (2010). "Is the decline of ice on Kilimanjaro unprecedented in the Holocene?".

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A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 km (150 sq mi) down to an elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) covered Kilimanjaro during the

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epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform. The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP.

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epoch (the Main glacial episode), extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi. Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent

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Tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas "characterized by rhomb mega-phenocrysts of sodic feldspars" of the Rhomb Porphyry group, dated to 460,000–360,000 years ago.

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Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie: A Narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's Exploring & Hunting Expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888

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Joel Meyer (2012). "Twice-Daily Assessment of Trekkers on Kilimanjaro's Machame Route to Evaluate the Incidence and Time-Course of Acute Mountain Sickness".

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Several climbs by disabled people have drawn attention. Wheelchair user Bernard Goosen from South Africa scaled Kilimanjaro in six days in 2007. In 2012,

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Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago. They are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 m (14,400 ft) elevation.

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Kilimanjaro and its People: A History of the Wachagga, Their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some Account of the Highest Mountain in Africa

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Davies, Andrew J.; Kalson, Nicholas S.; Stokes, Suzy; Earl, Mark D.; Whitehead, Adam G.; Frost, Hannah; Tyrell-Marsh, Ian; Naylor, Jon (2009).

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peak). That name was used until Tanzania was formed in 1964, when the summit was renamed Uhuru Peak, meaning "Freedom Peak" in Kiswahili.

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Andrew J. Davies; Nicholas S. Kalson; Suzy Stokes; Mark D. Earl; Adam G. Whitehead; Hannah Frost; Ian Tyrell-Marsh; Jon Naylor (2009).

4156:, published by Nineteenth Century and After, printed by Spottswoode, Ballantine & Co. Ltd., London, June 1916, volume 79, page 879" 1100: 5810: 2887: 7310: 5840:

Apollo, M (2017). "The good, the bad and the ugly–three approaches to the management of human waste in a high-mountain environment".

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of Mombasa and Johann Krapf were the first Europeans known to have attempted to reach the mountain. According to English geographer

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Through Masai land: a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes of eastern equatorial Africa

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and Justin Oliver Davis, summited Kilimanjaro. It took them six days to cover the 56 km (35 mi) distance to the summit.

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The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial

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The Tussock Grassland is an area on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro that contains many unique species of vegetation, such as the

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and ice fields, which are projected to disappear between 2025 and 2035, it has been the subject of many scientific studies.

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The average temperature in the summit area is approximately −7 °C (19 °F). Nighttime surface temperatures on the

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Mark, Bryan G.; Osmaston, Henry A. (2008). "Quaternary glaciation in Africa: Key chronologies and climatic implications".

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form forests in order of increasing altitude. Between 3,100 m (10,200 ft) and 3,900 m (12,800 ft) lie

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phonolite lavas, "commonly underlain by basal obsidian horizons", of the Lent group, dated to 359,000–337,000 years ago

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Georg Kaser; Thomas Mölg; Nicolas J. Cullen; Douglas R. Hardy; Michael Winkler; Rainer Prinz & Lindsey Nicholson.

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The volcanic interior of Kilimanjaro is poorly known because there has not been any significant erosion to expose the

6859: 6663: 6091: 5049: 2719: 2097: 1693: 1683: 1627: 716: 4494: 4181: 2293:, authored by Johann Ludwig Krapf and Ernest George Ravenstein, Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, 1887" 2055:"8 Common Mistakes I Wish I Knew Before Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro As A Beginner | How To Climb Mount Kilimanjaro?" 4527:

Hemp, Andreas (2006). "Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro".

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Nonnotte, Philippe; Guillou, Hervé; Le Gall, Bernard; Benoit, Mathieu; Cotten, Joseph; Scaillet, Stéphane (2008).

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Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, Practicalities and Trekking Routes to the 'Roof of Africa'

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Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, practicalities and trekking routes to the 'Roof of Africa'

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Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, practicalities and trekking routes to the 'Roof of Africa'

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Falls on steep portions of the mountain and rock slides have killed trekkers. For this reason, the route via the

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noted that Kilimanjaro is "perhaps the world’s most literary mountain". The mountain is prominently featured in

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have been observed sporadically on the Shira plateau. Specific species associated with the mountain include the

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An aerial view of Kilimanjaro, taken while departing Amboseli Airport, showing a larger ice and snow cap in 1979

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The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old. Mawenzi forms a horseshoe-shaped ridge with

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Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain.

6656: 2426:

Spink, P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya".

2116: 1799: 1326: 123: 35: 4368: 2394:

German Contributions to the Cartography of South West and East Africa from Mid-19th Century to World War I

2392: 2054: 6228: 5320: 896:

on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and erupted

480: 340: 5428:

US Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report

5277: 1476:. Between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,800 m (5,900 ft), coffee appears as part of the " 1325:, who named it Hans Meyer Peak. Oehler and Klute went on to make the third-ever ascent of Kibo, via the 1278: 529: 7325: 7260: 6356: 4250: 2615:"New K Ar age determinations of Kilimanjaro volcano in the North Tanzanian diverging rift, East Africa" 689: 574:, mountain of whiteness, the name given by the Wakamba to Kilimanjaro ..." More correctly, in the 31: 3933:

Kilimanjaro and Its People: A History of Wachagga, their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some

3864: 3394: 3077: 1688: 1262: 1137: 484: 5629: 5300: 4937: 3811: 3315: 7285: 6968: 6890: 6162: 6067:"The Screen in Review; 'Snow of Kiliminjaro,' Based on Hemingway's Story, Is New Feature at Rivoli" 4096: 3536: 1317:

The first ascent of the highest summit of Mawenzi was made on 29 July 1912, by the German climbers

1080: 649:, it is possible that the name was derived from Wachagga saying that the mountain was unclimbable, 7083: 4912:"Mt. Kilimanjaro Routes: The Advantages and Disadvantage of All Mount Kilimanjaro Climbing Routes" 3733: 1747: 1432: 928:, Lake Chala on Kibo's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption. 6167: 5350: 3053: 2147: 1771:

In 2023, Maria Sakharuk (14 years old) became the youngest ukrainian girl to climb the mountain.

114: 93: 76: 17: 4283: 4056: 1440:

Natural forests cover about 1,000 km (250,000 acres) on Kilimanjaro. In the foothill area,

956:

ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the

7290: 6506: 6221: 4989: 4911: 4433: 3531: 3310: 1871: 1359: 1299: 1037:

A vertical glacier margin wall as seen from Gilman's Point on the crater rim at sunrise in 1998

878:

tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas of the Caldera Rim group, dated to 274,000–170,000 years ago

793:

and ridges opening to the northeast, with a tower-like shape resulting from deep erosion and a

677: 361: 328: 296: 85: 4775: 4773: 4733: 4658: 4151: 3581: 2349: 2288: 2187: 2001: 7098: 6407: 6335: 5780: 5616: 5443: 5202:"Girl Who Wanted to 'Be Closer to Her Dad' Becomes Youngest Female to Hike Mount Kilimanjaro" 5188:{{records|title= Youngest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro via the Western Breach route|url= 4319: 4212: 3931: 3826: 3798: 3146: 2917: 2785: 1823: 1599: 1525: 1367: 1014: 106: 5231:

https://www.kilimanjaroparktanzania.com/blog/the-youngest-person-to-climb-mount-kilimanjaro/

7239: 7209: 7018: 7008: 5849: 4623: 4583: 4536: 4105: 3993: 3670: 3523: 3468: 3428: 3362: 3302: 3267: 3200: 2969: 2879: 2845: 2629: 2560: 2435: 2016: 995: 975: 5882: 5652:"Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro (5895 m)" 5492:"Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro (5895 m)" 5257: 1822:, and six with both HACE and HAPE. The remaining eleven deaths resulted from "trauma (3), 1761:

who has no forearms or lower legs, crawled unassisted to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro.

1282: 1169:, who traditionally lived on the southern and eastern slopes of the mountain in sovereign 1165:

Kilimanjaro is attested to in numerous stories by the people who live in East Africa. The

1005: 8: 7198: 6679: 6181: 5649: 5242:

https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-boy-becomes-youngest-ever-to-summit-mt-kilimanjaro/

3708:"'Big pieces' of Kilimanjaro 'missing' due to climate crisis, says ice climber Will Gadd" 2710: 2006: 1508: 1306: 1186: 1153: 1050:

in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe. In 2013, it was estimated that, at the current

1033: 917: 840:

An almost continuous layer of lava buries most older geological features, except exposed

536: 365: 318: 5853: 4699: 4627: 4587: 4540: 4464: 4109: 3997: 3674: 3657:

Cullen, N. J.; Sirguey, P.; Mölg, T.; Kaser, G.; Winkler, M.; Fitzsimons, S. J. (2013).

3527: 3472: 3455:

Thompson, L. G.; Brecher, H. H.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Hardy, D. R.; Mark, B. G. (2009).

3432: 3366: 3306: 3271: 3204: 2973: 2849: 2633: 2564: 2439: 7078: 6449: 5865: 5682: 5530: 5468: 5288: 5015: 4639: 4552: 4426: 4121: 4049: 4017: 3557: 3491: 3456: 3386: 3328: 3216: 3188: 2985: 2861: 2645: 2576: 2451: 1721: 1652:

of 250 to 500 mm (9.8 to 19.7 in) per year and ablates within days or years.

1531: 1466: 1420: 1294:, but the mission was aborted after the pair were held hostage and ransomed during the 1228: 1206: 875: 772: 768: 669: 566:

is an ancient Kiswahili word for "shining." Similarly, Krapf wrote that a chief of the

516: 473: 277: 4967: 4277: 3348:"Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa" 2318: 2151: 730:

A map of the Kibo cone on Mount Kilimanjaro was published by the British government's

7108: 7028: 6121: 5869: 5732: 5674: 5581: 5522: 5514: 5400:

The youngest Ukrainian woman to conquer Kilimanjaro – setting Ukraine’s all-time high

5399: 4781: 4739: 4664: 4437: 4325: 4218: 4087: 4060: 3937: 3832: 3688: 3632: 3628: 3587: 3549: 3496: 3378: 3332: 3220: 3152: 3088: 2923: 2865: 2791: 2641: 2093: 1788: 1642: 1582: 1415: 1245: 1202: 645:, a caravan". Considering that the name Kilimanjaro has never been current among the 548:

meant "caravans." Jim Thompson claimed in 1885, again without support, that the term

461: 5686: 5534: 4643: 4595: 4556: 4021: 3908: 3561: 3390: 3279: 2649: 2580: 844:

within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco. The former exposes intrusions of

7234: 7148: 7143: 7133: 6998: 6918: 6458: 6004: 5857: 5724: 5670: 5666: 5573: 5510: 5506: 4631: 4591: 4544: 4113: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3762: 3678: 3624: 3541: 3486: 3476: 3370: 3320: 3275: 3208: 2977: 2853: 2637: 2568: 2443: 2031: 2026: 1991: 1986: 1967: 1937: 1919: 1765: 1492: 1241: 812: 764: 575: 401: 6186: 5861: 5750: 4614:

Hemp, Andreas (2008). "Introduced plants on Kilimanjaro: Tourism and its impact".

7188: 7158: 7118: 7113: 7093: 6913: 6732: 6578: 6521: 6193: 5601:"Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers" 5357: 5307: 5284: 5264: 4884: 3981: 2123: 2021: 1996: 1717: 1498: 1448:

and, on the western side, wheat are cultivated. There are remnants of the former

1371: 1295: 1010: 856: 806: 735: 724: 610: 303: 7013: 6993: 5651: 5491: 4402: 1614:

A trail runs across the curving side of a dry alpine desert of Mount Kilimanjaro

1298:. In the autumn of 1888, the American naturalist Abbott and the German explorer 989:, the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct around 11,500 years BP. 888:, of the Inner Crater group, which represents the last volcanic activity on Kibo 7163: 7058: 7048: 6948: 6928: 6819: 6761: 6597: 6157: 3765:"East African glacier loss and climate change: Corrections to the UNEP article 1547: 1503: 1399: 1249: 1051: 968: 893: 860: 834: 288: 6973: 4635: 4548: 4251:"Baron Carl Claus von der Decken – 1833–1865 – Collectors in East Africa – 31" 2857: 1226:

who obtained information about the interior from native caravans, said in his

387: 7254: 7153: 7088: 7053: 6953: 6694: 6437: 6388: 6259: 6244: 5518: 4774:

Ian Christie; Eneida Fernandes; Hannah Messerli; Louise Twining-Ward (2014).

3982:"Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro" 3692: 3579: 3553: 3545: 3115: 3052:. The Center for Volga German Studies at Concordia University. Archived from 3009: 2836:

Wilcockson, W. H. (1956). "Preliminary Notes on the Geology of Kilimanjaro".

1963: 1806: 1571: 1537: 1387: 1287: 1170: 1166: 1096: 1084: 1070: 983: 925: 852: 790: 701: 560:). He also suggested "though not improbably it may mean" the white mountain. 457: 333: 145: 132: 5974: 5885:"Deaths Due to High Altitude Illness Among Tourists Climbing Mt Kilimanjaro" 5189: 3481: 3374: 2347: 2185: 723:

lists the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m (19,341 ft), based on a

582:, and this possible derivation has been popular with several investigators. 30:"Kilimanjaro" and "Mawenzi" redirect here. For the administrative ward, see 7103: 7033: 6958: 6933: 6908: 6851: 6838: 6713: 6635: 6616: 6559: 6344: 5736: 5678: 5585: 5577: 5526: 4656: 3500: 3382: 1951: 1831: 1758: 1521: 1481: 1477: 1291: 1267: 901: 646: 567: 372: 355: 5728: 5041: 4731: 3683: 3658: 2712: 1858:

Sign at Uhuru peak, indicating to trekkers that they have reached the top.

1794:

Kilimanjaro's summit is well above the altitude at which life-threatening

1087:

rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides, respectively.

863:

cropping out at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), dated to 482,000 years ago.

641:, a bird; or, according to other informants, a leopard; or, possibly from 52: 7224: 7073: 7043: 7038: 7023: 6938: 6898: 6800: 6475: 6416: 5883:

Markus Hauser; Andreas Mueller; Britta Swai; Sendui Ole Nguyaine (2004).

5411:

14-year-old girl conquers Kilimanjaro for first time in Ukraine’s history

5371:"Two double amputees, Hari and Justin, successfully climb Mt Kilimanjaro" 4777:

Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods

2919:

The Gregory Rift Valley and Neogene-recent Volcanoes of Northern Tanzania

2572: 1955: 1933: 1743: 1623: 1577: 1559: 1553: 1338: 1274: 1194: 1027: 979: 897: 709: 705: 449: 944: 494: 391:

Mount Kilimanjaro from space, illustrating its diverse vegetation zones.

7214: 6988: 6978: 6943: 6923: 6903: 6365: 5042:"Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!" 4660:

Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management

4125: 3212: 2989: 2455: 1830:(2), cardio-pulmonary failure of other underlying cause (1), and acute 1645:, the NIF can cool to as low as −15 to −27 °C (5 to −17 °F). 1619: 1486: 964: 936: 913: 905: 885: 869: 826: 797: 594: 6648: 3619:

Thompson, L.G.; Davis, M.E. (2007). "ICE CORE RECORDS | Africa".

2257: 1099:

of the East African Rift that maintains a glacier on its summit', the

963:

Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the

767:. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from 676:

in German following the Kiswahili name components. On 6 October 1889,

657:, and porters misinterpreting this as being the name of the mountain. 7219: 6963: 6278: 5046:

Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!

4704:

Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!

4005: 3324: 2678: 2103: 1827: 1780: 1733: 1661:

Bushland / Lower Slope:, 800 to 1,800 m (2,600 to 5,900 ft)

1587: 1565: 1460: 1445: 1379: 1374:

are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers.

1305:

In 1889, Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the Austrian mountaineer

1214: 1210: 1129: 1119:

Two of Kilimanjaro's volcanic cones: Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right).

957: 776: 524: 4732:

Ghazali Musa; James Higham; Anna Thompson-Carr, eds. (5 June 2015).

4117: 4091: 2981: 2447: 1966:

climbed the mountain in a rubber rhinoceros suit to raise money for

1541:

grow, as well as fog-dependent mosses. On the drier northern slopes

589:

is Swahili for "mountain." The problem with this assumption is that

507: 5945:"Couple marries on top of Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest peak" 4694: 4692: 3454: 1667:

Heather / Moorland: 2,800 to 4,000 m (9,200 to 13,100 ft)

1517: 1407: 1391: 1375: 1198: 999: 990: 909: 882: 822: 453: 281: 5430:(USARIEM-TN-04-05). Archived from the original on 14 February 2016 4657:

L. A. Bruijnzeel; F. N. Scatena; L. S. Hamilton (6 January 2011).

466:

highest single free-standing mountain above sea level in the world

7128: 7068: 7003: 6983: 6751: 6187:

Glacial Recession on Kilimanjaro (pictures of southern icefields)

3580:

Vijay P. Singh; Pratap Singh; Umesh K. Haritashya (1 July 2011).

2512:"Mount Kilimanjaro Volcanic Cones: Shira, Kibo And Mawenzi Peaks" 1649: 1449: 1395: 1383: 1334: 1311: 1223: 1190: 986: 845: 841: 825:

in its crater. Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with

780: 760: 756: 748: 6213: 4814:"The official site of the Tanzania National Parks – Latest news" 4689: 1834:(1). The overall mortality rate was 13.6 per 100,000 climbers." 1626:, and by the isolated position of the mountain. Kilimanjaro has 1436:

The cloud forest on the Marangu route on the south eastern slope

721:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

7229: 7123: 6297: 3659:"A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded" 3019:. U.S. Department of the Interior. pp. G61, G58, G59 G62. 2743: 2711:

Pascal Sirguey, Nicolas J. Cullen and Jorge Filipe Dos Santos.

2141: 1670:

Alpine Desert: 4,000 to 5,000 m (13,000 to 16,000 ft)

1472: 1454: 801: 570:, whom he visited in 1849, "had been to Jagga and had seen the 487:

and is a major hiking and climbing destination. Because of its

379: 68: 660:

An alternative explanation suggested by several sources, that

5889:

Proceedings of the 2004 South African Travel Medicine Society

4092:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa" 3901:"THE GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE AND MYTHOLOGY OF AFRICA'S HIGHEST PEAK" 1784: 1542: 1441: 1411: 1403: 1314:, who cooked and supplied the sites with water and firewood. 794: 434: 5562: 5421: 5301:

Swiss Sets New Kilimanjaro Fastest Ascent And Descent Record

4428:

Kilimanjaro & East Africa: A Climbing and Trekking Guide

4051:

Kilimanjaro & East Africa: A Climbing and Trekking Guide

2713:"The New Digital Orthometric Elevation Model of Kilimanjaro" 2612: 3256: 3189:"Ueber die Gesteine des Kilimandscharo und dessen Umgebung" 1819: 1815: 1513: 1017:, which is 70 km (43 mi) away, in the background. 924:

According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the

715:

Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. The

440: 422: 3003: 3001: 2999: 1779:

Though the climb is not technically as challenging as the

1764:

In 2020, a team featuring two double above-knee amputees,

1664:

Rainforest: 1,800 to 2,800 m (5,900 to 9,200 ft)

431: 6198: 3418: 1673:

Arctic: 5,000 to 5,895 m (16,404 to 19,341 ft).

940:

An aerial view of the Kibo summit of Kilimanjaro in 1938.

416: 410: 6005:"Cricketers play on Kilimanjaro to set new world record" 4275: 2955: 2953: 2951: 759:

at 3,800 m (12,500 ft), which may be a filled

5915:"American couple to exchange vows on Mount Kilimanjaro" 5097:"Anne Lorimor breaks record twice on Mount Kilimanjaro" 3734:"'Hiking Adventures In East Africa's Tallest Mountains" 3079:

The Power of Purpose: Find Meaning, Live Longer, Better

2996: 2348:

Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ernest George Ravenstein (1860).

2186:

Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ernest George Ravenstein (1860).

1185:

The mountain may have been known to non-Africans since

533:

also records the name of the mountain as Kilima-Njaro.

5975:"More couples exchange marriage vows on Africa's roof" 5489: 4572: 4253:. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 3824: 3656: 2549: 1270:, reaching a height of 4,300 m (14,000 ft). 552:"has generally been understood to mean" the mountain ( 2948: 2355:. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. p. 544. 2193:. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. p. 255. 2048: 2046: 633:"that which has become difficult or impossible." The 425: 407: 404: 4880:"Kilimanjaro airport upgrade to double its capacity" 4152:""Kilimanjaro", authored by Sir. H. H. Johnston, in 3513: 437: 413: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 681: 428: 419: 4425: 4048: 3186: 3076: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2043: 680:reached the highest summit on the crater ridge of 4964:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Lemosho Route" 4938:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Machame Route" 4727: 4725: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3182: 3180: 2915: 2753:Engaging the Challenges – Enhancing the Relevance 2255: 7252: 6209:Aerial photographs of Mount Kilimanjaro, 1937–38 5483: 4990:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Rongai Route" 4609: 4607: 4605: 4423: 4046: 3457:"Glacier loss on Kilimanjaro continues unabated" 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 2960:Gillman, C. (1923). "An Ascent of Kilimanjaro". 2587: 2468: 1696:also serves as an important transportation hub. 1090: 809:, Neumann Tower, 4,425 m (14,518 ft). 5598: 5592: 5415: 4568: 4566: 4522: 4520: 3461:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3193:Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 2902: 2744:Pascal SRIGUEY & Nicolas J. CULLEN (2014). 816:An aerial view of Kilimanjaro in December 2009. 5842:International Journal of Environmental Studies 4722: 3929: 3865:"The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites" 3568: 3177: 3074: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2779: 2777: 2622:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2222:1907 Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge 1874:as the first European to "conquer" Kilimanjaro 779:one at the northwest end of the ridge and the 751:strata that comprise the volcano's structure. 621:." A different approach is to assume that the 6867: 6664: 6491: 6229: 5278:Where in the World Did Karl Egloff Come From? 4602: 3618: 3239: 2755:. FIG Congress 2014. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 593:actually means "hill" and is, therefore, the 6881: 5465:"Prepare yourself for the Kilimanjaro climb" 5462: 4563: 4517: 4317: 3872:IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage 3292: 3144: 2922:. Geological Society of London. p. 56. 2783: 2746:"A Century of Photogrammetry on Kilimanjaro" 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1716:Kilimanjaro as seen from the tourist hub of 1595:because of the drier and colder conditions. 1484:. Native vegetation at this altitude range ( 948:Kilimanjaro's glaciers retreat in 1912–2018. 668:In the 1880s, the mountain became a part of 625:part of Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga 6034: 6032: 6030: 5566:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 4837: 4835: 4769: 4767: 4663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 4313: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 2816: 2774: 2390: 2215: 1261:In August 1861, the Prussian officer Baron 996:Higher precipitation rates at the beginning 6874: 6860: 6671: 6657: 6505: 6498: 6484: 6236: 6222: 5714: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5072:"Oldest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro" 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 3979: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3122:. Oregon State University. 25 April 2011. 2835: 2706: 2704: 1958:wrote about his ascent in the short story 1101:International Union of Geological Sciences 113: 92: 75: 7240:Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha 5422:Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). 5190:http://www.ventique.co.uk/kilimanjaro.jpg 5166:. Climb Kilimanjaro Guide. Archived from 4495:"Kinyongia tavetana (STEINDACHNER, 1891)" 4243: 4086: 4040: 3682: 3586:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3535: 3490: 3480: 3421:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 3314: 2240: 1905: 1628:daily upslope and nightly downslope winds 1152:First aerial photograph of Kibo taken by 719:, a Tanzanian government agency, and the 308:Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski 247: 214: 181: 7321:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites 6064: 6027: 4832: 4764: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3439: 3345: 3010:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa" 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 1732: 1609: 1431: 1353: 1329:, and descended via the Western Breach. 1147: 1136: 1128: 1069: 1032: 1004: 943: 935: 811: 695: 506: 493: 386: 6678: 6038: 5499:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 5141: 4930: 4369:"Meyer And Purtscheller Were Not Alone" 4290: 3645: 3151:. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 100. 2959: 2701: 2286: 2181: 2179: 1846:Caution signs at the Machamé trailhead. 1581:, until 4,500 m (14,800 ft). 1235: 27:Mountain in Tanzania, highest in Africa 14: 7253: 6092:"Up Kilimanjaro with the Adams Family" 6065:Crowther, Bosley (19 September 1952). 6015:from the original on 29 September 2014 5839: 5821:from the original on 27 September 2011 5811:"Lava Tower en route to Barranco Camp" 5351:Woman Sets Speed Record Up Kilimanjaro 5253: 5251: 5249: 4966:. Climbing Kilimanjaro. Archived from 4877: 4794:from the original on 19 September 2015 4505:from the original on 19 September 2015 4210: 4162:from the original on 19 September 2015 3893: 3731: 3706:Zeinab, Noura Abou (15 October 2020). 3705: 3583:Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers 3083:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 2790:. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 33. 2671: 2400:. University of Technology Darmstadt. 2325:. California Institute of Technology. 2262:Department of Language and Linguistics 2052: 848:. Kibo has five main lava formations: 460:— Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira — it is the 7220:French Southern & Antarctic Lands 6855: 6652: 6479: 6217: 6041:"Up the Mountain Slowly, Very Slowly" 5895:from the original on 17 November 2015 5659:Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 5325:Background information on Kilimanjaro 4752:from the original on 23 February 2017 4677:from the original on 24 February 2017 4371:. Tanzanian Affairs. 1 January 1990. 4350: 4338:from the original on 24 February 2017 4231:from the original on 23 February 2017 4192:from the original on 24 February 2016 4028:from the original on 23 February 2017 3962: 3950:from the original on 23 February 2017 3845:from the original on 23 February 2017 3828:The Conservation of Mount Kilimanjaro 3600:from the original on 23 February 2017 3165:from the original on 23 February 2017 2936:from the original on 23 February 2017 2804:from the original on 23 February 2017 2534: 2425: 2359:from the original on 23 February 2017 2299:from the original on 23 February 2017 2264:. Dar Es Salaam: University College. 2197:from the original on 16 February 2017 2082: 2080: 1946:. The short story was adapted into a 775:. Two cones formed subsequently, the 481:fourth most topographically prominent 345:Between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago 6122:"Kilimanjaro: To The Roof Of Africa" 5717:High Altitude Medicine & Biology 5696:from the original on 8 December 2015 5544:from the original on 8 December 2015 4871: 4613: 4526: 3881:from the original on 27 October 2022 3785:from the original on 15 October 2014 3227:from the original on 23 January 2018 2659:from the original on 15 January 2019 2522:from the original on 5 November 2021 2491:from the original on 3 December 2013 2329:from the original on 23 January 2016 2176: 1095:In respect of it being 'the highest 5985:from the original on 6 October 2014 5955:from the original on 6 October 2014 5246: 5052:from the original on 3 January 2019 5022:from the original on 16 August 2015 4710:from the original on 3 January 2019 4475:from the original on 3 January 2019 4469:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3930:Charles Dundas (12 November 2012). 3732:Nkonge, Peninah (15 October 2022). 3017:U.S. Geological Professional Survey 2268:from the original on 6 October 2007 1973:An IMAX film documenting an ascent— 1728: 1677: 1209:, and Kilimanjaro. Before Ptolemy, 1058:the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912. 111:5,510 km (3,420 mi) 90:5,895 m (19,341 ft) 73:5,895 m (19,341 ft) 24: 7306:Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley 5212:from the original on 12 April 2018 4892:from the original on 17 April 2022 4700:"Information about Mt Kilimanjaro" 4432:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 4055:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 3621:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2689:from the original on 19 April 2012 2319:"Perspective with Landsat Overlay" 2228:from the original on 17 April 2015 2077: 1975:Kilimanjaro: To The Roof Of Africa 1960:Up the Mountain Coming Down Slowly 1344: 783:Platzkegel in the caldera center. 194:Kilimanjaro's location in Tanzania 25: 7337: 6243: 6204:Kilimanjaro flora picture gallery 6147: 6132:from the original on 25 June 2024 6102:from the original on 25 June 2024 5791:from the original on 25 June 2024 5761:from the original on 25 June 2024 5381:from the original on 25 June 2024 5331:from the original on 16 July 2015 4944:from the original on 23 June 2017 4878:Ihucha, Adam (28 November 2015). 4859:from the original on 4 March 2016 4375:from the original on 17 July 2015 4318:Alex Stewart (9 September 2010). 4276:Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel (1894). 4257:from the original on 16 July 2015 4132:from the original on 25 June 2024 3744:from the original on 25 June 2024 3126:from the original on 18 July 2015 3026:from the original on 28 July 2012 3007: 2890:from the original on 25 June 2024 2762:from the original on 21 July 2015 2725:from the original on 4 March 2016 2407:from the original on 17 July 2015 2089:Kilimanjaro Map and tourist Guide 2065:from the original on 25 June 2024 1891: 1694:Kilimanjaro International Airport 1684:Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes 1655: 1575:bush and heathlands, followed by 717:Tanzania National Parks Authority 637:part would "then be derived from 7311:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania 7184:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6954:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6823:(4,750 m or 15,584 ft) 6804:(4,661 m or 15,292 ft) 6785:(5,149 m or 16,893 ft) 6765:(4,545 m or 14,911 ft) 6755:(5,193 m or 17,037 ft) 6736:(5,636 m or 18,491 ft) 6717:(6,795 m or 22,293 ft) 6698:(8,586 m or 28,169 ft) 6441:(4,509 m or 14,793 ft) 6420:(4,884 m or 16,024 ft) 6392:(4,892 m or 16,050 ft) 6369:(4,810 m or 15,781 ft) 6348:(5,642 m or 18,510 ft) 6320:(5,893 m or 19,334 ft) 6301:(6,198 m or 20,335 ft) 6282:(6,962 m or 22,841 ft) 6263:(8,848 m or 29,029 ft) 6114: 6084: 6058: 6039:Bissell, Tom (28 October 2007). 5997: 5967: 5937: 5907: 5876: 5833: 5803: 5785:Western Breach Route Kilimanjaro 5773: 5743: 5708: 5424:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide" 4996:from the original on 1 July 2015 4918:from the original on 1 July 2015 4395:"The Old Man of Mt. Kilimanjaro" 3907:. 2 January 2018. Archived from 3738:Sunrise Africa Tours and Safaris 2685:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2642:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.042 1886:Kilimanjaro's summit, Uhuru peak 1879: 1870:Memorial recognizing the German 1863: 1851: 1839: 1705: 1180: 1160: 1124: 1108: 400: 246: 239: 213: 206: 180: 173: 51: 7276:Geography of Kilimanjaro Region 6842:(2,195 m or 7,201 ft) 6639:(4,285 m / 14,058 ft) 6620:(4,367 m / 14,327 ft) 6601:(5,610 m / 18,406 ft) 6582:(5,636 m / 18,491 ft) 6563:(5,642 m / 18,510 ft) 6544:(5,895 m / 19,341 ft) 6525:(6,893 m / 22,615 ft) 6462:(2,228 m or 7,310 ft) 5643: 5556: 5456: 5404: 5393: 5363: 5343: 5327:. Climb Mount Kilimanjaro Ltd. 5313: 5294: 5270: 5235: 5224: 5194: 5182: 5123:"Oldest man climbs Kilimanjaro" 5115: 5089: 5064: 5034: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4904: 4816:. 16 March 2014. Archived from 4806: 4650: 4596:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.02.003 4487: 4457: 4417: 4387: 4269: 4204: 4174: 4144: 4080: 3923: 3857: 3825:William Dubois Newmark (1991). 3818: 3756: 3725: 3699: 3612: 3507: 3412: 3339: 3286: 3280:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.007 3138: 3108: 3068: 3038: 2872: 2737: 2510:Sharaf, Yasir (24 March 2016). 2503: 2462: 2419: 2384: 2371: 2341: 2053:Sharaf, Yasir (26 April 2022). 1189:. Sailors' reports recorded by 771:, but there was no large-scale 732:Directorate of Overseas Surveys 700:Kilimanjaro is a large dormant 5671:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311 5511:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311 4401:. Another Land. Archived from 3629:10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00351-3 3145:Alex Stewart (23 April 2012). 3075:Richard Leider (10 May 2010). 2784:Alex Stewart (23 April 2012). 2311: 2280: 2209: 2129: 2126:, NASA Earth Observatory, 2016 2110: 1585:have been observed, including 967:period, namely First (500,000 859:of the Lava Tower group, on a 742: 57:View of Kibo (5892 m) in 2006. 13: 1: 6199:Mount Kilimanjaro live webcam 5862:10.1080/00207233.2016.1227225 5160:"Amazing Kilimanjaro Records" 4501:. Zoological Museum Hamburg. 3936:. Routledge. pp. 84–88. 3295:Journal of Quaternary Science 2718:. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 2037: 2012:List of volcanoes in Tanzania 1796:high altitude pulmonary edema 1427: 1091:IUGS geological heritage site 483:peak on Earth. It is part of 7225:Heard & McDonald Islands 5310:at climbkilimanjaroguide.com 4465:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro" 3046:"Gustav Otto Richard Reusch" 2553:Geophysical Research Letters 2381:, 2nd edition. Bradt Guides. 2258:"The Meaning of Kilimanjaro" 1800:high altitude cerebral edema 1281:and the Austrian Lieutenant 1009:Vertical margin wall of the 36:Kilimanjaro (disambiguation) 7: 7316:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 7296:Stratovolcanoes of Tanzania 7281:Highest points of countries 4992:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide. 4940:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide. 4914:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide. 4780:. World Bank Publications. 4399:The Honeyguide: Summer 2000 4282:. Longmans, Green. p. 3767:Africa without ice and snow 3346:Thompson, Lonnie G (2002). 3187:J. Shearson Hyland (1889). 2679:"Kilimanjaro National Park" 1980: 1273:In August 1871, missionary 1065: 931: 502: 10: 7342: 7271:Five-thousanders of Africa 4576:Quaternary Science Reviews 4324:. Cicerone Press Limited. 3831:. IUCN. pp. 105–106. 3260:Quaternary Science Reviews 3235:– via Springer Link. 2916:John Barry Dawson (2008). 2256:Hutchinson, J. A. (1965). 1913:seeking at that altitude. 1737:Uhuru Peak, December 2020. 1681: 1605: 1362:against Mount Kilimanjaro. 1349: 1220:Martín Fernández de Enciso 881:Phonolite lava flows with 527:name. The 1907 edition of 462:highest mountain in Africa 227:Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa) 32:Mawenzi (Moshi Urban ward) 29: 7197: 7172: 6889: 6830: 6811: 6792: 6773: 6743: 6724: 6705: 6686: 6627: 6608: 6589: 6570: 6551: 6532: 6513: 6448: 6427: 6406: 6399: 6380: 6355: 6334: 6327: 6308: 6289: 6270: 6251: 5448:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5267:at fastest known time.com 4636:10.1007/s11258-007-9356-z 4549:10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4 4424:Cameron M. Burns (2006). 4217:. Routledge. p. 20. 4211:Dundas, Charles (2012) . 4047:Cameron M. Burns (2006). 2858:10.1017/S0016756800066590 2469:Dangar, D. F. O. (1965). 1774: 1689:Kilimanjaro National Park 1402:have also been reported. 1263:Karl Klaus von der Decken 585:Others have assumed that 511:The historical map with " 485:Kilimanjaro National Park 371: 354: 349: 339: 327: 317: 312: 302: 287: 273: 260:Mount Kilimanjaro (Earth) 166: 161: 122: 105: 84: 67: 62: 50: 45: 6939:Central African Republic 6883:Highest points of Africa 6192:15 February 2011 at the 6182:NASA Earth Explorer page 6163:Global Volcanism Program 5787:. Climbing Kilimanjaro. 5076:guinnessworldrecords.com 4097:The Geographical Journal 3546:10.1177/0959683610369498 2962:The Geographical Journal 2428:The Geographical Journal 2287:Thomson, Joseph (1887). 2160:. Lexico. Archived from 2122:10 February 2017 at the 2117:The Zones of Kilimanjaro 1943:The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1925:The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1922:in his 1936 short story 1240:The German missionaries 1222:, a Spanish traveler to 837:and the Great Barranco. 629:"that which defeats" or 609:by analogy with the two 530:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 6168:Smithsonian Institution 5599:Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. 5356:9 December 2018 at the 5263:9 December 2018 at the 5164:Mount Kilimanjaro Facts 5101:ultimatekilimanjaro.com 4014:2027/hvd.32044009699778 3482:10.1073/pnas.0906029106 3375:10.1126/science.1073198 2377:Briggs, Philip (1996). 2148:Oxford University Press 1977:—was released in 2002. 912:. They reach as far as 892:Kibo has more than 250 712:and could erupt again. 7301:Volcanic Seven Summits 6507:Volcanic Seven Summits 5781:"Western Breach Route" 5635:CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5624:Cite journal requires 5578:10.3357/ASEM.4037.2014 5018:. Kilimanjaro Routes. 4735:Mountaineering Tourism 3806:Cite journal requires 3623:. pp. 1220–1225. 1970:conservation efforts. 1915: 1906:In literature and film 1738: 1622:and the high altitude 1615: 1437: 1363: 1360:Amboseli National Park 1300:Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers 1259: 1157: 1145: 1134: 1075: 1052:rate of global warming 1038: 1018: 949: 941: 817: 520: 499: 392: 297:Eastern Rift mountains 34:. For other uses, see 7266:Mountains of Tanzania 7099:São Tomé and Príncipe 6959:Republic of the Congo 6098:. 24 September 2014. 6011:. 26 September 2014. 5981:. 24 September 2014. 5951:. 22 September 2014. 5729:10.1089/ham.2012.1024 5375:www.southasiatime.com 5321:"Kilimanjaro records" 4154:The Twentieth Century 3905:www.secretcompass.com 3684:10.5194/tc-7-419-2013 2880:"Kilimanjaro Geology" 2471:"Dangar Alpine Notes" 2144:UK English Dictionary 1910: 1824:myocardial infarction 1736: 1613: 1600:water holding cabbage 1526:Podocarpus latifolius 1435: 1357: 1254: 1248:and English explorer 1151: 1140: 1132: 1073: 1036: 1008: 947: 939: 815: 696:Geology and geography 686:Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze 544:meant "mountain" and 510: 497: 390: 5757:. 17 December 2019. 5306:19 July 2018 at the 5283:1 April 2015 at the 4820:on 24 September 2015 4499:The Reptile Database 2573:10.1029/2006GL027084 2323:SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES 2224:. fromoldbooks.org. 2216:Wood, James (1907). 2158:"Kilimanjaro, Mount" 2137:"Kilimanjaro, Mount" 2017:Little Penck Glacier 1940:'s 1936 short story 1236:European exploration 976:Last Glacial Maximum 197:Show map of Tanzania 146:3.07583°S 37.35333°E 7176:limited recognition 6680:Seven Third Summits 5854:2017IJEnS..74..129A 4628:2008PlEco.197...17H 4588:2012QSRv...39....1S 4541:2006PlEco.184...27H 4471:. Ascend Tanzania. 4405:on 25 November 2014 4110:1900GeogJ..15..453M 3998:1891Natur..44..149. 3980:Hans Meyer (1891). 3675:2013TCry....7..419C 3528:2010Holoc..20.1079K 3473:2009PNAS..10619770T 3433:2015EGUGA..17.5091U 3367:2002Sci...298..589T 3307:2008JQS....23..589M 3272:2014QSRv...93....1G 3205:1889ZKMP...10..203S 3008:Young, James A. T. 2974:1923GeogJ..61....1G 2884:Tranquil Kilimajaro 2850:1956GeoM...93..218W 2838:Geological Magazine 2683:World Heritage List 2634:2008JVGR..173...99N 2565:2006GeoRL..3316502C 2516:XPATS International 2440:1945GeogJ.106..210S 2142:Oxford Dictionaries 2059:XPATS International 2007:Great Penck Glacier 2002:Furtwängler Glacier 1643:radiational cooling 1509:Ocotea usambarensis 1307:Ludwig Purtscheller 1197:, the mountains of 1154:Walter Mittelholzer 1133:Kilimanjaro in 1911 1074:A 3D model of Kibo. 537:Johann Ludwig Krapf 479:Kilimanjaro is the 366:Ludwig Purtscheller 142: / 6071:The New York Times 6045:The New York Times 5463:R. Stoppelenburg. 5258:Route: Kilimanjaro 4186:www.geolsoc.org.uk 4088:Mackinder, Halford 3911:on 5 November 2021 3400:on 5 February 2012 3213:10.1007/BF02993444 3056:on 24 October 2015 2478:The Alpine Journal 1739: 1722:Kilimanjaro Region 1639:Northern Ice Field 1616: 1532:Hagenia abyssinica 1438: 1421:Kinyongia tavetana 1418:and the chameleon 1364: 1319:Eduard Hans Oehler 1229:Summa de Geografía 1207:Rwenzori Mountains 1158: 1146: 1135: 1076: 1039: 1019: 950: 942: 818: 773:explosive activity 670:German East Africa 521: 517:German East Africa 500: 489:shrinking glaciers 474:Eastern Hemisphere 393: 360:6 October 1889 by 278:Kilimanjaro Region 230:Show map of Africa 151:-3.07583; 37.35333 63:Highest point 7326:Dormant volcanoes 7261:Mount Kilimanjaro 7248: 7247: 7203:other territories 6974:Equatorial Guinea 6849: 6848: 6766: 6646: 6645: 6541:Mount Kilimanjaro 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6376: 6375: 6317:Mount Kilimanjaro 5925:on 6 October 2014 5572:(11): 1125–1129. 5360:at gearjunkie.com 5208:. 10 April 2018. 5206:Good News Network 4787:978-1-4648-0197-6 4745:978-1-317-66874-9 4670:978-1-139-49455-7 4443:978-0-89886-604-9 4331:978-1-84965-071-7 4224:978-1-136-24940-2 4066:978-0-89886-604-9 3992:(1129): 149–150. 3943:978-1-136-24940-2 3838:978-2-8317-0070-0 3638:978-0-444-52747-9 3593:978-90-481-2641-5 3361:(5593): 589–593. 3158:978-1-84965-622-1 3094:978-1-60509-527-1 2929:978-1-86239-267-0 2797:978-1-84965-622-1 2379:Guide to Tanzania 1789:altitude sickness 1416:Kilimanjaro shrew 1358:Elephants at the 1327:Drygalski Glacier 1283:Ludwig von Höhnel 1246:Halford Mackinder 1203:Virunga Mountains 1143:National Archives 519:in the year 1888. 396:Mount Kilimanjaro 385: 384: 263:Show map of Earth 254:Mount Kilimanjaro 221:Mount Kilimanjaro 188:Mount Kilimanjaro 101: 46:Mount Kilimanjaro 16:(Redirected from 7333: 6891:Sovereign states 6876: 6869: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6758: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6650: 6649: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6459:Mount Kosciuszko 6404: 6403: 6332: 6331: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6036: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5921:. Archived from 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5695: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5496: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5471:on 19 March 2009 5467:. Archived from 5460: 5454: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5367: 5361: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5317: 5311: 5298: 5292: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5156: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4847: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4431: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4365: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4315: 4288: 4287: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4054: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4006:10.1038/044149b0 3977: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3784: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3686: 3654: 3643: 3642: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3539: 3522:(7): 1079–1091. 3511: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3484: 3452: 3437: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3393:. Archived from 3352: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3325:10.1002/jqs.1222 3318: 3301:(6–7): 589–608. 3290: 3284: 3283: 3254: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3014: 3005: 2994: 2993: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2833: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2658: 2619: 2610: 2585: 2584: 2547: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2484:(310–311): 328. 2475: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2434:(5/6): 210–216. 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2391:Demhardt, I. J. 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2253: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2155: 2154:on 16 July 2015. 2150:. Archived from 2133: 2127: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2106:on 17 July 2015. 2102:. Archived from 2084: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2050: 2032:Southeast Africa 2027:Sacred mountains 1992:Barranco Glacier 1987:Balletto Glacier 1938:Ernest Hemingway 1928: 1920:Ernest Hemingway 1883: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1766:Hari Budha Magar 1729:Climbing records 1709: 1678:Tourism industry 1520:; farther up in 1452:vegetation with 1242:Johannes Rebmann 1112: 857:tephriphonolites 800:. Several large 708:, while Kibo is 576:Kikamba language 556:) of greatness ( 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 375: 291: 264: 250: 249: 243: 231: 217: 216: 210: 198: 184: 183: 177: 157: 156: 154: 153: 152: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 118: 117: 99: 97: 96: 80: 79: 55: 43: 42: 21: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7286:Moshi, Tanzania 7251: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7202: 7193: 7175: 7168: 6885: 6880: 6850: 6845: 6826: 6807: 6788: 6769: 6739: 6733:Pico de Orizaba 6720: 6701: 6682: 6677: 6647: 6642: 6623: 6604: 6585: 6579:Pico de Orizaba 6566: 6547: 6528: 6522:Ojos del Salado 6509: 6504: 6474: 6465: 6444: 6423: 6395: 6372: 6351: 6323: 6304: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6242: 6194:Wayback Machine 6172: 6170: 6156: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6037: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5881: 5877: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5751:"Machame Route" 5749: 5748: 5744: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5625: 5623: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5358:Wayback Machine 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5308:Wayback Machine 5299: 5295: 5285:Wayback Machine 5275: 5271: 5265:Wayback Machine 5256: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5170:on 17 July 2015 5158: 5157: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5016:"Marangu Route" 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4970:on 26 June 2017 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4885:The EastAfrican 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4788: 4772: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4730: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4612: 4603: 4571: 4564: 4525: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4332: 4316: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4188:. August 2011. 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4118:10.2307/1774261 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 3978: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3771: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3704: 3700: 3655: 3646: 3639: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3569: 3512: 3508: 3467:(47): 19770–5. 3453: 3440: 3417: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3316:10.1.1.529.4209 3291: 3287: 3255: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3185: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3006: 2997: 2982:10.2307/1780513 2958: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2834: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2782: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2617: 2611: 2588: 2548: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2448:10.2307/1788958 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2254: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2124:Wayback Machine 2115: 2111: 2100: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2051: 2044: 2040: 2022:Rebmann Glacier 1997:Credner Glacier 1983: 1930: 1917: 1908: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1777: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1715: 1710: 1686: 1680: 1658: 1608: 1504:montane forests 1499:Entandrophragma 1430: 1352: 1347: 1345:Fauna and flora 1296:Abushiri Revolt 1238: 1183: 1163: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1093: 1068: 1048:glacier retreat 1011:Rebmann Glacier 934: 894:parasitic cones 807:subsidiary peak 745: 736:Ordnance Survey 698: 674:Kilima-Ndscharo 672:and was called 647:Wachagga people 513:Kilima-Ndscharo 505: 470:highest volcano 450:dormant volcano 403: 399: 373: 323:4 million years 289: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 256: 255: 251: 234: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 218: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 185: 150: 148: 144: 141: 136: 133: 131: 129: 128: 112: 98: 91: 74: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7339: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6820:Puncak Trikora 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6756: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6598:Mount Damavand 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6454: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6410: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6184: 6179: 6149: 6148:External links 6146: 6144: 6143: 6113: 6083: 6057: 6026: 5996: 5966: 5936: 5906: 5875: 5848:(1): 129–158. 5832: 5802: 5772: 5742: 5723:(4): 281–284. 5707: 5665:(4): 311–317. 5642: 5626:|journal= 5591: 5555: 5482: 5455: 5414: 5403: 5392: 5362: 5342: 5312: 5293: 5269: 5245: 5234: 5223: 5193: 5181: 5140: 5129:. 23 July 2017 5127:peakplanet.com 5114: 5103:. 26 July 2019 5088: 5063: 5033: 5007: 4981: 4955: 4929: 4903: 4870: 4831: 4805: 4786: 4763: 4744: 4721: 4688: 4669: 4649: 4601: 4562: 4516: 4486: 4456: 4442: 4416: 4386: 4349: 4330: 4289: 4268: 4242: 4223: 4203: 4173: 4143: 4104:(5): 453–476. 4079: 4065: 4039: 3961: 3942: 3922: 3892: 3856: 3837: 3817: 3808:|journal= 3755: 3724: 3698: 3669:(2): 419–431. 3663:The Cryosphere 3644: 3637: 3611: 3592: 3567: 3537:10.1.1.211.435 3506: 3438: 3411: 3338: 3285: 3238: 3199:(3): 203–268. 3176: 3157: 3137: 3107: 3093: 3067: 3037: 2995: 2947: 2928: 2901: 2871: 2844:(3): 218–228. 2815: 2796: 2773: 2736: 2700: 2670: 2586: 2559:(16): L16502. 2533: 2502: 2461: 2418: 2383: 2370: 2340: 2310: 2279: 2239: 2218:"Kilima-Njaro" 2208: 2175: 2164:on 9 July 2015 2128: 2109: 2098: 2076: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1892:Special events 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1838: 1776: 1773: 1730: 1727: 1712: 1711: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1656:Climatic zones 1654: 1607: 1604: 1506:first contain 1480:home gardens" 1429: 1426: 1372:Cape buffaloes 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1250:Harry Johnston 1237: 1234: 1182: 1179: 1162: 1159: 1126: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1092: 1089: 1067: 1064: 933: 930: 890: 889: 879: 873: 867: 864: 853:Phonotephrites 835:Western Breach 769:ring fractures 744: 741: 725:British survey 697: 694: 690:Kaiser Wilhelm 684:. He named it 578:this would be 568:Wakamba people 504: 501: 458:volcanic cones 383: 382: 377: 369: 368: 358: 352: 351: 347: 346: 343: 337: 336: 331: 325: 324: 321: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 293: 285: 284: 275: 271: 270: 259: 253: 252: 245: 244: 238: 237: 236: 235: 226: 220: 219: 212: 211: 205: 204: 203: 202: 193: 187: 186: 179: 178: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 126: 120: 119: 109: 103: 102: 88: 82: 81: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7338: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:Seven Summits 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Bouvet Island 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014:Guinea-Bissau 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725:North America 6723: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706:South America 6704: 6697: 6696: 6695:Kangchenjunga 6692: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571:North America 6569: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514:South America 6512: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6439: 6438:Mount Wilhelm 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6389:Vinson Massif 6386: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290:North America 6288: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271:South America 6269: 6262: 6261: 6260:Mount Everest 6257: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6245:Seven Summits 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6158:"Kilimanjaro" 6155: 6154: 6153: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5820: 5817:. About.com. 5816: 5815:Africa Travel 5812: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5618: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4768: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738:. Routledge. 4737: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4616:Plant Ecology 4610: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529:Plant Ecology 4523: 4521: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3860: 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