536:(engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting five years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs. The degree is awarded in the arts (visual arts, literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research
1536:
766:(BCL) is for those from a common law background, whilst the more recent Magister Juris is for those from civil law jurisdictions. More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer the degree of Master of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction. Both universities also offer a variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as
91:
718:, six years after the first term of study. It is also the case at the University of Dublin. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees.
50:
193:
253:
1548:
410:
and bachelor's programs) and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree. It is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of the whole study program, i.e. a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the two resp. three years of their study. Exams also include the defence of a thesis before an academic board.
753:
discontinued to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave
Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. On 21 October 2011, the bill received its second reading, but it failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it fell.
413:
Ing. (Engineer) degrees are usually awarded for master's degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics-heavy study programmes, whereas an Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences or the humanities while an MgA. (Magister of Arts) is awarded for studies in
409:
Prior to reforms for compliance with the
Bologna process, a master's degree could only be obtained after five years of uninterrupted study. Under the new system, it takes only two years but requires a previously completed three-year bachelor's program (a Bc. title). Writing a thesis (in both master's
846:
Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and
593:
Except at Oxford, Cambridge, St
Andrews and Trinity College Dublin (see below) the MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and a dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done
752:
in
Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill, to "prohibit universities awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's supporters described the practice as a "historical anachronism" and argued that "unearned qualifications" should be
579:
which only requires one year of studies, including a scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of a master's programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field
862:
A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in a scholarly manner. The research presented must meet current standards of the discipline. Finally, the thesis must clearly
761:
A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and
Cambridge. The most common, the Master of Philosophy degree (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. To prepare to graduate as a Master of Science (MSc) or a Master of Studies (MSt) takes only one year, both courses often combining
762:
some coursework with research. A Master of
Letters (MLitt) is the holder of a pure research master's degree. In comparison to the LLM at Cambridge, Oxford offers two master's degrees in law depending on the jurisdictional background of the student. The degree of
851:. Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to a "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, e.g. at
405:
Like all EU member states, the Czech
Republic and Slovakia follow the Bologna Process. The Czech Republic and Slovakia both award two different types of master's degrees; both award a title of Mgr. or Ing. to be used before the name.
552:
In
Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after two years of studies after completing the bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis.
598:). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in the United Kingdom is followed in India and many
478:
held either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master of Arts and Master of
Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old
487:
degrees are still awarded by some universities, as of 2020. The new
Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require five years of studies, which is the reason the new Master of Arts and the old
922:
532:
The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr" is placed before one's name, like the title Dr). At the technical universities, a student is awarded with
512:
degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course-load as the bachelor's and master's programs put together. Those who had already started the
729:(MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree.
520:
degree, which gave the title "Doctorandus" before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or else opt for a master's degree as
1333:
1295:
1258:
1221:
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part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an
500:
In the Netherlands, the Master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the
913:
1150:
1509:
800:) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two.
710:
and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of
703:
685:
379:
and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two.
741:, showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that the Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement.
738:
783:
807:. Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as
839:
use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees. A Master of Arts may be given in a scientific discipline, common at
1194:
375:; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the
524:
behind their name, in accordance with the new standard ('MA' or 'MSc'). A master's degree can take one or two years to complete.
155:
1060:
127:
17:
134:
232:
174:
77:
1038:
630:
944:
1248:
108:
63:
31:
141:
1187:
669:
112:
1082:
1112:
1568:
1475:
1088:
123:
1244:
438:
1526:
991:
966:
832:
1180:
1154:
745:
634:
1128:
621:. All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent.
1313:
749:
633:, the degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see
1240:
722:
715:
695:
599:
101:
1286:
460:
1347:
888:
824:
763:
614:
364:
356:
148:
1461:
1417:
1323:
1309:
1267:
1212:
804:
726:
711:
699:
691:
618:
8:
1452:
1437:
882:
389:
207:
69:
38:
609:(LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt,
206:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1540:
1379:
1304:
1116:
852:
816:
471:
included), with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre.
331:. Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the
320:
279:
258:
1016:
1471:
1235:
856:
820:
793:
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610:
430:
360:
328:
1501:
1457:
1374:
1230:
836:
707:
464:
376:
1496:
1480:
1442:
1427:
1394:
1204:
673:
653:
336:
1552:
1466:
1422:
1389:
1272:
606:
595:
456:
300:
392:, designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects.
1562:
434:
1172:
429:. This degree, which usually required five years of studies, existed in the
1535:
1384:
521:
442:
382:
The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or
1447:
571:
In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the bachelor's (
502:
352:
1017:"The structure of undergraduate courses at the University of Cambridge"
840:
665:
645:
344:
332:
324:
27:
Type of master's degree in the fields of humanities and social sciences
803:
Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a
1342:
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508:
468:
372:
348:
90:
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in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of
192:
1432:
1399:
1318:
848:
537:
447:
863:
demonstrate how the research advances knowledge in the field.
706:, without further examination, to those who have graduated as
252:
771:
656:. However, some universities in Scotland award the degree of
423:
1129:"Degree Programs – The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"
640:
The degree of Master of Arts is the first degree awarded in
767:
661:
641:
992:"Graduate courses A-Z listing | University of Oxford"
540:
is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a
967:"Law | Graduate courses | University of Oxford"
828:
368:
1084:
Structure of the U.S. Education System: Master's Degrees
679:
714:, four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and
1524:
788:
In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts (
422:
In Germany, the Master of Arts degree was called in
737:Research in 2000 by the universities watchdog, the
115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
912:
744:In February 2011, the Labour Member of Parliament
1560:
516:program could, upon completing it, opt for the
483:degrees have existed side by side, since 2010;
1510:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
914:"Oxbridge students' MA 'degrees' under threat"
686:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
400:
1202:
1188:
756:
739:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
583:
556:In Finland, this master's degree is called a
902:Debretts Correct Form (2013 edn) – Academics
1151:"Degree Abbreviations – Harvard University"
1019:. University of Cambridge. 10 December 2015
702:, the title of Master of Arts is conferred
383:
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
37:"M.A." redirects here. For other uses, see
1195:
1181:
879:
257:A Master of Arts degree in Education from
251:
784:List of master's degrees in North America
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
204:about Master of Arts in other continents.
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
564:(in Swedish), and it is abbreviated as
14:
1561:
721:The MLitt is a research degree at the
1176:
680:Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin (conferred)
1153:. Harvard University. Archived from
892:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
588:
445:, where all degree courses led to a
186:
113:adding citations to reliable sources
84:
43:
547:
492:degrees are considered equivalent.
24:
433:and its successors, including the
25:
1580:
880:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
59:This article has multiple issues.
1546:
1534:
1087:, International Affairs Office,
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631:ancient universities of Scotland
191:
89:
48:
1249:Certificate of Higher Education
1143:
1121:
1101:
1075:
925:from the original on 2022-01-11
704:after a certain number of years
100:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
32:Master of Arts (disambiguation)
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1031:
1009:
984:
959:
937:
905:
896:
873:
495:
13:
1:
1113:Claremont Graduate University
866:
1089:U.S. Department of Education
732:
459:and most of the humanities (
7:
1245:Diploma of Higher Education
660:(MLitt) to students in the
624:
439:Federal Republic of Germany
401:Czech Republic and Slovakia
10:
1585:
833:University of Pennsylvania
781:
757:Oxford, Cambridge (earned)
683:
584:United Kingdom and Ireland
417:
36:
29:
1489:
1408:
1367:
1360:
1332:
1294:
1285:
1257:
1220:
1211:
855:in the United States and
635:Master of Arts (Scotland)
527:
395:
285:
275:
265:
250:
945:"Parliamentary business"
441:, but not in the former
1241:Higher National Diploma
841:Ivy League universities
723:University of Cambridge
455:degrees are granted in
1063:. University of Oxford
1041:. University of Oxford
883:"Master of Arts"
575:) and master's called
461:international business
384:
304:
202:is missing information
1348:Candidate of Sciences
1115:for graduates of the
1061:"Engineering Science"
889:Catholic Encyclopedia
825:University of Chicago
764:Bachelor of Civil Law
750:private member's bill
615:Bachelor of Civil Law
365:communication studies
357:public administration
319:) is the holder of a
289:1 to 3 years (varies)
1418:Academic certificate
1310:Postgraduate diploma
1131:. Harvard University
727:Master of Philosophy
700:University of Dublin
600:Commonwealth Nations
109:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1453:Professional degree
815:(SM). For example,
558:filosofian maisteri
390:University of Paris
305:Magister in Artibus
247:
39:MA (disambiguation)
1380:Doctor of Sciences
1157:on 30 October 2015
1117:Claremont Colleges
1107:See, for example,
847:complexity of the
817:Harvard University
562:filosofie magister
259:Antioch University
245:
18:Master of the Arts
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1472:Specialist degree
1356:
1355:
1324:Engineer's degree
1281:
1280:
1268:Bachelor's degree
1236:Foundation degree
821:Dartmouth College
813:Scientiæ Magister
805:bachelor's degree
798:Magister Scientiæ
794:Master of Science
658:Master of Letters
611:Master of Studies
589:Most universities
431:Holy Roman Empire
361:political science
329:Master of Science
293:
292:
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
185:
184:
177:
159:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1576:
1569:Master's degrees
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1458:Graduate diploma
1375:Higher doctorate
1365:
1364:
1292:
1291:
1231:Associate degree
1218:
1217:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
916:
909:
903:
900:
894:
893:
885:
877:
837:Brown University
708:Bachelor of Arts
560:(in Finnish) or
548:Nordic countries
465:European studies
387:
385:Licentia docendi
377:natural sciences
255:
248:
244:
238:
231:
220:
217:
211:
195:
187:
180:
173:
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166:
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124:"Master of Arts"
117:
93:
85:
74:
52:
51:
44:
21:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1497:Honorary degree
1485:
1481:Terminal degree
1443:Magister degree
1428:External degree
1410:
1404:
1352:
1328:
1305:Master's degree
1277:
1253:
1207:
1205:academic degree
1201:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1158:
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1144:
1134:
1132:
1127:
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1094:
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1091:, February 2008
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948:
947:. UK Parliament
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
919:Daily Telegraph
911:
910:
906:
901:
897:
878:
874:
869:
809:Artium Magister
790:Magister Artium
786:
780:
759:
735:
688:
682:
674:social sciences
654:social sciences
627:
613:(MSt), and the
591:
586:
568:or "fil.mag.".
550:
530:
506:degree (or the
498:
490:Magister Artium
485:Magister Artium
481:Magister Artium
476:Magister Artium
457:social sciences
427:Magister Artium
420:
403:
398:
337:social sciences
321:master's degree
309:Artium Magister
280:Master's degree
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181:
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118:
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106:
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53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1467:Higher diploma
1464:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Artist diploma
1420:
1414:
1412:
1411:classification
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1273:Honours degree
1270:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1142:
1120:
1100:
1074:
1052:
1030:
1008:
983:
958:
936:
904:
895:
871:
870:
868:
865:
782:Main article:
779:
776:
758:
755:
734:
731:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
626:
623:
607:Master of Laws
596:honours degree
590:
587:
585:
582:
549:
546:
529:
526:
497:
494:
451:. Traditional
419:
416:
402:
399:
397:
394:
311:; abbreviated
297:Master of Arts
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
256:
246:Master of Arts
241:
240:
223:
222:
199:
197:
190:
183:
182:
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1581:
1570:
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1566:
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1554:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1511:
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1506:
1504:
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1454:
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1449:
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1439:
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1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1398:
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1393:
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1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Diplom degree
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Undergraduate
1210:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1039:"Mathematics"
1034:
1018:
1012:
997:
993:
987:
972:
968:
962:
946:
940:
924:
920:
915:
908:
899:
891:
890:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
785:
778:North America
775:
773:
769:
765:
754:
751:
747:
742:
740:
730:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
581:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
545:
543:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
504:
493:
491:
486:
482:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
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