1283:
1733:, the method used in most of the attacks was the same. At first, local Poles were assured that nothing would happen to them. Then, at dawn, a village was surrounded by armed members of the UPA, behind whom were peasants with axes, knives, hatchets, hammers, pitchforks, shovels, sickles, scythes, hoes and various other farming tools. All of the Poles who were encountered were murdered; most were killed in their homes but sometimes they were herded into churches or barns which were then set on fire. Many Poles were thrown down wells or killed and then buried in shallow mass graves as well. After a massacre, all goods were looted, including clothes, grain and furniture. The final part of an attack was setting fire to the entire village. All vestiges of Polish existence were eradicated, even abandoned Polish settlements were burned to the ground.
1845:
police officer who deserted and the destruction of the village of any
Ukrainian police officer who deserted with his weapons. Those retaliations were carried out using newly recruited Polish policemen. Polish participation in the German police followed UPA attacks on Polish settlements, but it provided Ukrainian nationalists with useful sources of propaganda and was used as a justification for the ethnic cleansing. The OUN-B leader summarized the situation in August 1943 by saying that the German administration "uses Polaks in its destructive actions. In response we destroy them unmercifully". Despite the desertions in March and April 1943, Ukrainian policemen continued to comprise a significant part of the auxiliary police forces and to
1969:
of
Ukrainians, both OUN-UPA members and civilians, killed by Poles during and after World War II to be 10,000–20,000. According to Kataryna Wolczuk, for all of the areas affected by conflict, the Ukrainian casualties range from 10,000 to 30,000 between 1943 and 1947. According to Motyka, the author of a fundamental monograph about the UPA, estimations of 30,000 Ukrainian casualties are unsupported; his estimates are 2,000–3,000 Ukrainians killed in Volhynia and 10,000–15,000 in all of the territories covered by the conflict in 1943–1947. He states that most of the Ukrainian casualties occurred within the post-war Polish borders (8,000–10,000, including 5,000–6,000 Ukrainians killed in 1944–1947).
1680:
thrown over fences, members of intelligentsia were tied with barbed wire and thrown into wells, arms, legs and heads were chopped off with axes, tongues were cut out, ears and noses were cut off, eyes were gouged, genitals were butchered, bellies ripped open and entrails pulled out, heads were smashed with hammers, living children were thrown inside burning houses. The barbaric frenzy reached a point that people were sawed apart alive, women had their breasts severed; others were impaled or beaten to death with sticks. Many people were killed – after a death sentence – by having their hands and feet chopped off, and only then their heads.
9285:
948:(ca. 1500 persons). The OUN-M continued to operate openly, collaborating with the Germans and taking over local administration, but its leaders also began to be arrested and the organisation's influence was curtailed by the Germans in early 1942. Meanwhile, the OUN-B, unwilling and unable to openly resist the Germans, began methodically creating a clandestine organization, engaging in propaganda work, and building weapons stockpiles. It set out to infiltrate the local collaborationist police, from which it received training and weapons. The auxiliary police assisted the German
1458:
972:(AK) were rebuilt. In Volhynia, an Independent District of the Home Army was established, while in Eastern Galicia the Lwów Area of the Home Army was created. The former numbered around 8,000 sworn soldiers at the end of 1943, while the latter numbered around 27,000 at the beginning of 1944. The Polish forces were preparing to launch an anti-German uprising once the German army disintegrated. From 1943 onwards, the plan was to focus on capturing Lwów and western Volhynia once the Red Army arrived, and a fight against Ukrainian forces was also anticipated.
1590:(Podkamień), near Brody, was a shelter for Poles, who hid in the monastery of the Dominicans there. Some 2,000 persons, mostly women and children, were living there when the monastery was attacked in mid-March 1944 by the UPA units, which Polish Home Army accounts accused of co-operating with the Ukrainian SS. Over 250 Poles were killed. In the nearby village of Palikrovy, 300 Poles were killed, 20 in Maliniska and 16 in Chernytsia. Armed Ukrainian groups destroyed the monastery and stole all valuables. What remained was the painting of Mary of
1497:
villages were usually destroyed and their inhabitants murdered without warning, in eastern
Galicia, Poles were sometimes given the choice of fleeing or being killed. An order by a UPA commander in Galicia stated, "Once more I remind you: first call upon Poles to abandon their land and only later liquidate them, not the other way around". The choice of other tactics, combined with better Polish self-defence and a demographic balance more favorable to Poles, resulted in a significantly lower death toll among Poles in Galicia than in Volhynia.
1234:"Luboń", responded to the attacks by organising local self-defences, of which about 100 were formed by July 1943, in a bid to protect the population and prevent them from fleeing to the cities. It was determined to fight the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), not believing there was any possibility of an agreement, but at the same time it was obliged to carry out the plan of an anti-German general uprising, which ordered it to spare its forces until the Soviet-German front arrived. On the opposite side was the local Government Delegate,
1013:
perspective, the Jews had already been annihilated, and the
Russians and Germans were only temporarily in Ukraine, but Poles had to be forcefully removed. The OUN-B came to believe that it had to move fast while the Germans still controlled the area in order to pre-empt future Polish efforts to re-establish Poland's prewar borders. The result was that the local OUN-B commanders in Volhynia and Galicia, if not the OUN-B leadership itself, decided that ethnic cleansing of Poles from the area through terror and murder to be necessary.
671:
757:
2239:
1927:, a Ukrainian political scientist, writes that, according to Polish and Western estimates, 35,000–60,000 Poles were killed by the UPA in Volhynia alone; he states: "the lower bound of these estimates is more reliable than higher estimates which are based on an assumption that the Polish population in the region was several times less likely to perish as a result of Nazi genocidal policies compared to other regions of Poland and compared to the Ukrainian population of Volhynia".
1348:"Lysiy" unit surrounded the village of Kąty, where Poles were murdered farm by farm, killing 180–213 people. Then, on August 31, the unit killed 86–87 people in the village of Jankowce. On the same day they surrounded the village of Ostrówek. The population was gathered in the school and church, valuables were taken away. Then the men were killed with blunt tools in three different places. The rest of the population was shot in the cemetery. A total of 476 to 520
2212:, the mass killings of Poles in Volhynia by the UPA cannot be classified as a genocide because there is no evidence that the UPA intended to annihilate entire or significant parts of the Polish nation, the UPA action was mostly limited to a relatively small area and the number of Poles killed was quite a small fraction of the prewar Polish population in both the territories in which the UPA operated and of the entire Polish population in Poland and Ukraine.
2010:, the ethnic cleansing of the Poles was exclusively the work of the extremist Bandera faction of the OUN, rather than its Melnyk faction or other Ukrainian political or religious organizations. Polish investigators claim that the OUN-B central leadership decided in February 1943 to drive all Poles out of Volhynia to obtain an "ethnically pure territory" in the postwar period. Among those who were behind the decision, Polish investigators singled out
2070:: "The infamous Operation Vistula is a symbol of the abominable deeds perpetrated by the communist authorities against Polish citizens of Ukrainian origin." He stated that the argument that "Operation Vistula was the revenge for the slaughter of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army" in 1943–1944 to be "fallacious and ethically inadmissible" by invoking "the principle of collective guilt". The Ukrainian government has not yet issued an apology.
1558:, with over 1,000 inhabitants. The village had served as a shelter for refugees including Polish Jews as well as a recuperation base for Polish and communist partisans. One AK unit was active there. In the winter of 1944, a Soviet partisan unit numbering 1,000 was stationed in the village for two weeks. Huta Pieniacka's villagers, although poor, organized a well-fortified and armed self-defense unit, which fought off a Ukrainian and German
1449:
However, the OUN rejected these proposals, issuing statements accusing the Polish population of collaboration with the
Germans and Soviets. In this atmosphere, and against the backdrop of the ongoing ethnic cleansing of the Polish population in Volhynia, talks between the Polish underground and the OUN Central Provision had been taking place since the summer of 1943 on a possible agreement. The last meeting took place on 8 March 1944.
1257:"Czart", together with the coachman Witold Dobrowolski, went. All three were brutally murdered on 10 July 1943 in the village of Kustycze. This event ultimately discredited the stance taken by Banach. A plan was drawn up in the Home Army command to organise a military operation against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) to thwart the next wave of genocidal attacks, which, according to intelligence information, was planned for 20 July.
43:
1352:. Another unit entered the village of Wola Ostrowiecka on the morning of 30 August. Children were treated with candy, and a speech was made to the population calling for a joint fight against the Germans, then the entire population was gathered in the school. Men were led outside and killed with axes and blunt tools, then the school, with women and children inside, was set on fire and pelted with grenades. Overall 572–520
1399:, i.e. an anti-German uprising. To this end, AK units from across Volhynia were to assemble in western Volhynia to form the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division. However, some units, mainly those forming part of self-defences, refused to carry out the order, not wanting to leave the civilian population at the mercy of the UPA. Despite this, the division was formed and managed to capture a part of Volhynia between
1102:
763:
625:(OUN-B) to be Ukrainian took place at a meeting of military referents in the autumn of 1942, and plans were made to liquidate the Polish community leaders and any of those who resisted. Local UPA commanders in Volhynia, joining the armed uprising against the Germans, began attacking the Polish population, committing massacres in numerous villages. Encountering resistance, UPA commander in Volhynia
1543:
1089:
new army was made up of
Ukrainian policemen, approximately 5,000 of whom deserted en masse between March and April 1943, and men absorbed from Bulba-Borovets and OUN-M units. By July 1943, the UPA had twenty thousand soldiers. According to Timothy Snyder, in their struggle for dominance, OUN-B forces would kill tens of thousands of Ukrainians for supposed links to Melnyk or Bulba-Borovets.
1745:
well as others could have been stopped at anytime by the
Germans who in some cases were stationed in garrisons in or near the villages that were attacked. German soldiers however were given orders not to intervene. In some cases individual German soldiers and officers made deals with the UPA to give weapons and other materials to them in exchange for a share of the loot taken from Poles.
6583:
the authors even proposed to call Wołyn 1943 a "genocidium atrox" (extreme genocide) to stress the exceptional brutality of killing, which, according to him, "surpass Soviet and Nazi atrocities". Another influential rightwing essayist claimed that
Ukrainian nationalism "exceeds other nationalisms (including the Nazi one) in praising killings and unrestrained apology of brutality".
2081:), where they unveiled a monument to the reconciliation. The Polish president said that it is unjust to blame the entire Ukrainian nation for these acts of terror: "The Ukrainian nation cannot be blamed for the massacre perpetrated on the Polish population. There are no nations that are guilty.... It is always specific people who bear the responsibility for crimes".
1146:"Dubovy" was in command, the UPA proceeded to systematically murder Poles. They attacked dozens of villages, the largest massacre of which took place in Lipniki, where one of the first Polish self-defences was established, but despite resistance during the attack on the night of 26–27 March, the "Dubovy" unit murdered 184 people. About 130 people were murdered in
653:
resolution calling it "ethnic cleansing with the hallmarks of genocide". On 22 July 2016, the Sejm established 11 July as
National Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Genocide committed by Ukrainian nationalists against the citizens of the Second Polish Republic. This classification is disputed by Ukraine and some non-Polish historians, who characterise it as
629:"Klym Savur" issued an order in June 1943 for the "general physical liquidation of the entire Polish population". The largest wave of attacks took place in July and August 1943, the assaults in Volhynia continuing until the spring of 1944, when the Red Army arrived in Volhynia and the Polish underground, which had hitherto organised its self-defence, formed the
3315:"Mimo ogromnych trudności, kryzysu gospodarczego na początku lat 30. i złożonej sytuacji politycznej na tym terenie, osadnicy zdołali zagospodarować znaczne obszary ziemi i stworzyć od podstaw wiele osad z nowoczesną – jak na owe czasy –infrastrukturą. W 1939 r. na Wołyniu mieszkało około 17,7 tys. osadników wojskowych i cywilnych w ponad 3,500 osad."
1801:
Polish self-defence in which the AK commander
Kazimierz Bąbiński criticized the burning of neighboring Ukrainian villages, the killing of any Ukrainian who crossed its path and the robbing of Ukrainians of their material possessions. The total number of Ukrainian civilians murdered in Volyn in retaliatory acts by Poles is estimated at 2,000–3,000.
719:, and was the result of a union between several radical nationalist and extreme right-wing organisations with UVO. Members of the organization carried out several acts of terror and assassinations in Poland, but it was still rather fringe movement, condemned for its violence by figures from mainstream Ukrainian society such as the head of the
3818:
but also present themselves in the eyes of the world as barbarians. We must take into account that England will surely win this war, and it will treat these 'hatchet men' and lynchers and incendiaries as agents in the service of Hitlerite cannibalism, not as honest fighters for their freedom, not as state-builders." John Paul Himka.
1898:, and thus "Polish casualties comprised about 1% of the prewar population of Poles on territories where the UPA was active and 0.2% of the entire ethnically Polish population in Ukraine and Poland". Łossowski emphasizes that documentation is far from conclusive, as in numerous cases, no survivors were later able to testify.
1513:, where no Poles were actually murdered, a local Greek Catholic priest, in reference to mixed Polish-Ukrainian families, proclaimed from the pulpit: "Mother, you're suckling an enemy – strangle it." Among the scores of Polish villages whose inhabitants were murdered and all buildings burned are places like Berezowica, near
878:, was arrested along with many of his colleagues, and never heard from again. The elimination by the Soviets of the moderate or liberal political leaders within Ukrainian society allowed the extremist underground OUN to remain the only surviving group with a significant organizational presence among western Ukrainians.
9206:
2291:
5859:
declarations coincide with postwar interrogations (see GARF. R-9478/1/398) and recollections of Polish survivors (on the massacre of 12–13 July 1943, for example see OKAW, II/737, II/1144, II/2099, II/2650, II/953, and II/755) and Jewish survivors (for example ŻIH 301/2519, and Adini, Dubno:sefer zikarom, 717–118)
1944:, and subsequent Polish-Ukrainian historian meetings, with almost 50 Polish and Ukrainian participants, an estimate of 50,000 Polish deaths in Volhynia was settled on, which they considered to be moderate. According to the sociologist Piotrowski, the UPA actions resulted in an estimated number of 68,700 deaths in
1382:
also undertook offensive actions against the Germans, making it impossible for them to protect the civilian population. The attacks began on 7 December with assaults on the villages of Budki Borowskie, Dołhań and Okopy. Most assaults took place right before Christmas. The attacks continued until March. One of the
1579:
those who committed such inhuman acts, a Ukrainian hand was found, it will be forever excluded from the Ukrainian national community". Some historians deny the role of the Ukrainian 14th SS Division in the killings and attribute them entirely to German units, but others disagree. According to Yale historian
1302:
emissaries, 11 July 1943, was the start of the operation and is regarded as the bloodiest day of the massacres, with many reports of UPA units marching from village to village and killing Polish civilians. On that day, UPA units surrounded and attacked Polish 96 villages and settlements located in counties
1567:
self-defense unit, was drenched with gasoline and burned alive at the main square. The village was utterly destroyed and all of its occupants killed. The civilians, mostly women and children, were rounded up at a church, divided and locked into barns, which were set on fire. Estimates of casualties in the
6474:, Na Ukrainie polsko-ukraiński konfl ikt zbrojny o Lwów i Galicję Wschodnią 1918–1919, a potem tragiczne wydarzenia II wojny światowej, łącznie z zagładą Polaków na Wołyniu i w Galicji Wschodniej, przez wiele lat w ogóle nie funkcjonowały w pamięci historycznej elit, a tym bardziej przeciętnego Ukraińca.
2006:) imposed a collective death sentence of all Poles living in the former east of the Second Polish Republic, and a few months later, local units of the UPA were instructed to complete the operation soon. The decision to eliminate the territory's Poles determined the course of future events. According to
1760:("Borderland's Book of the Righteous. About Ukrainians saving Poles from extermination of OUN and UIA"). The author of the book, IPN's historian Romuald Niedzielko, documented 1341 cases in which Ukrainian civilians helped their Polish neighbours, which caused 384 Ukrainians to be executed by the UPA.
1968:
After the initiation of the massacres, Polish self-defense units responded in kind. All conflicts resulted in Poles taking revenge on Ukrainian civilians. A. Rudling estimates Ukrainian casualties which were caused by Polish retribution at 2,000–3,000 in Volhynia. G. Rossolinski-Liebe puts the number
1913:
The Institute of National Remembrance estimates that 100,000 Poles were killed by the Ukrainian nationalists (40,000–60,000 victims in Volhynia, 30,000–40,000 in Eastern Galicia and at least 4,000 in Lesser Poland, including up to 2,000 in the Chełm region). For Eastern Galicia, other estimates range
1844:
The Germans replaced Ukrainian policemen who deserted from the German service with Polish policemen. Around 1,200 local Poles joined the police, mainly out of desire to avenge UPA atrocities and to obtain means to defend themselves. German policy called for the murder of the family of every Ukrainian
1767:
According to Ukrainian sources, in October 1943 the Volhynian delegation of the Polish government estimated the number of Polish casualties in Sarny, Kostopol, Równe and Zdołbunów counties to exceed 15,000. Timothy Snyder estimates that in July 1943, the UPA actions resulted in the deaths of at least
1736:
Even though it may be an exaggeration to say that the massacres enjoyed the general support of the Ukrainians, it has been suggested that without wide support from local Ukrainians, they would have been impossible. The Ukrainian peasants who took part in the killings created their own groups, the SKV
1714:
Liquidate all Polish traces. Destroy all walls in the Catholic Church and other Polish prayer houses. Destroy orchards and trees in the courtyards so that there will be no trace that someone lived there.... Pay attention to the fact that when something remains that is Polish, then the Poles will have
1671:
Attacks on Poles during the massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were marked with extreme sadism and brutality. Rape, torture and mutilation were commonplace, with entire villages wiped out as a result. Poles were burned alive, flayed, impaled, crucified, disembowelled, dismembered and beheaded.
1566:
Division of the Waffen-SS were killed and one wounded by the villagers. On February 28, elements of the Ukrainian 14th SS Division from Brody returned with 500–600 men, assisted by a group of civilian nationalists. The killing spree lasted all day. Kazimierz Wojciechowski, the commander of the Polish
1317:
In the Polish village of Gurów, out of 480 inhabitants, only 70 survived; in the settlement of Orzeszyn, the UPA killed 306 out of 340 Poles; in the village of Sadowa out of 600 Polish inhabitants, only 20 survived. In Zagaje 260 Poles was killed. The wave of massacres lasted five days until July 16.
1277:
We should make a large action of the liquidation of the Polish element. As the German armies withdraw, we should take advantage of this convenient moment for liquidating the entire male population in the age from 16 up to 60 years. We cannot lose this fight, and it is necessary at all costs to weaken
1012:
Even in the interwar period, the OUN adhered to concepts of integral nationalism in its totalitarian form, which stipulated that a Ukrainian state must be ethnically homogeneous and the only way to defeat the Polish enemy was through the elimination of Poles from Ukrainian territories. From the OUN-B
686:
The recreated Polish state covered large territories inhabited by Ukrainians, while the Ukrainian movement failed to achieve independence. According to the Polish census of 1931, in Eastern Galicia, the Ukrainian language was spoken by 52% of the inhabitants, Polish by 40% and Yiddish by 7%. In Wołyn
6582:
Inside Poland, groups and societies of Kresowianie (often, but not always, descendants of Poles from the eastern borderlands) raised the Volhynian topic intensively. They were the devoted promoters of the topic of the Volhynian massacre in terms of national martyrdom and "neglected genocide". One of
3325:
In one of many such incidents, the Papal Nuncio in Warsaw reported that Polish mobs attacked Ukrainian students in their dormitory under the eyes of Polish police, a screaming Ukrainian woman was thrown into a burning Ukrainian store by Polish mobs and a Ukrainian seminary was destroyed during which
2289:
unanimously adopted a resolution regarding "the tragic fate of Poles in Eastern Borderlands". The text of the resolution states that July 2009 marks the 66th anniversary "of the beginning of anti-Polish actions by the Organization of Ukrainian nationalists and the UPA on Polish Eastern territories –
2027:
The axe and the flail have gone into motion. Whole families are butchered and hanged, and Polish settlements are set on fire. The "hatchet men", to their shame, butcher and hang defenceless women and children.... By such work Ukrainians not only do a favor for the SD , but also present themselves in
1744:
The violence reached its peak on 11 July 1943 known to many Poles as "Bloody Sunday" when the UPA carried out attacks on 100 Polish villages in Volhynia burning them to the ground and slaughtering some 8,000 Polish men, women and children including patients and nurses at a hospital. These attacks as
1487:
criticised the UPA's actions in Volhynia as "bandit". The majority of delegates, however, opposed his assessment and opted for transferring the Volhynian actions against Poles into Galicia. It is not clear when the final decision was made, it was probably made by Shuchevych, at that time already the
1205:
The assaults spread throughout the eastern Volhynia, and in some localities Poles managed to organise self-defence units that were able to repel attacks by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, but in most cases the Bandera slaughtered and burned Polish villages. In May and June, the purge extended to Petro
1112:
Between 1939 and 1943, the share of Polish population in Volhynia had dropped to about 8% (approximately 200,000 inhabitants). Volhynian Poles were dispersed across rural areas, Soviet deportations stripped them of their community leaders, and they had neither own local partisan army nor state power
640:
criticised the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's actions in Volhynia as "banditry". However, the majority of delegates opposed his assessment and the congress decided to carry the anti-Polish action into Galicia. However, it took a different course; by the end of 1943, it was limited to killing the leaders
2204:
wrote in 2006 that the goal of the OUN-UPA was not the extermination of Poles but ethnic cleansing of the region to attain an ethnically homogeneous state. The goal was thus to prevent a repeat of 1918–20, when Poland crushed Ukrainian independence, as the Polish Home Army was attempting to restore
1820:
While Germans actively encouraged the conflict, they tried not to get directly involved. Special German units formed from the collaborationist Ukrainian and later the Polish auxiliary police were deployed in pacification actions in Volhynia, and some of their crimes were attributed to the Home Army
1796:
On 20 July 1943, Polish self-defense units were ordered to subordinate themselves to the Home Army's control. Ten days later, the Home Army declared itself in support of an independent Ukrainian state that would encompass non-Polish inhabited areas, and made an appeal to end the civilian bloodshed.
1776:
The massacres prompted Poles in April 1943 to begin to organize in self-defence, 100 of such organizations being formed in Volhynia in 1943. Sometimes, self-defence organizations obtained arms from the Germans, but other times, the Germans confiscated their weapons and arrested the leaders. Many of
1631:
By Autumn 1944, anti-Polish actions stopped, and terror was used only against those who co-operated with the NKVD, but in late 1944-early 1945, the UPA performed a last massive anti-Polish action in the Ternopil region. On the night of 5–6 February 1945, Ukrainian groups attacked the Polish village
1578:
A military journal of the Ukrainian 14th SS Division condemned the killing of Poles. In a 2 March 1944 article addressed to the Ukrainian youth, which was written by military leaders, Soviet partisans were blamed for the murders of Poles and Ukrainians, and the authors stated, "If God forbid, among
1363:
In the summer of 1943, in Volhynia, every Pole and every person with Polish roots was facing death at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists. Ukrainians with Polish roots were also killed, as were people from mixed families. Poles could only feel relatively safe in self-defence bases and larger towns.
787:
on local Ukrainians in an effort to "pacify" the region. Ukrainian parliamentarians were placed under house arrest to prevent them from participating in elections, with their constituents terrorized into voting for Polish candidates. Beginning in 1937, the Polish government in Volhynia initiated an
3817:
Taras Bulba-Borovets wrote: "The axe and the flail have gone into motion. Whole families are butchered and hanged, and Polish settlements are set on fire. The 'hatchet men', to their shame, butcher and hang defenseless women and children.... By such work Ukrainians not only do a favor for the SD ,
2306:
In Ukraine, the events are called "Volhynia tragedy". Coverage in textbooks may be brief and/or euphemistic. Some Ukrainian historians accept the genocide classification, but argue that it was a "bilateral genocide" and that the Home Army was responsible for crimes against Ukrainian civilians that
2084:
Between 2015 and 2018 a Forum of Polish and Ukrainian Historians was jointly researching archival documents, including new archives declassified by Ukrainian government. Another joint effort resulted in publishing multi-volume book "Poland and Ukraine in the 1930s–1940s: Unknown documents from the
1871:
1725:
describes the murders: "Ukrainian partisans burned homes, shot or forced back inside those who tried to flee, and used sickles and pitchforks to kill those they captured outside. In some cases, beheaded, crucified, dismembered, or disemboweled bodies were displayed, in order to encourage remaining
1381:
The UPA's command decided to take advantage of the coming Soviet offensive to launch a final liquidation action against the Polish population. It was decided to attack those villages from which German or Hungarian units had already withdrawn and the Soviets had not yet entered. Many partisan units
1088:
and Vasyl Ivakhiv leading it, then Klyachkivsky alone after Ivakhiv's death in May that year. It was also at that time that the name Ukrainian Liberation Army was abandoned and the name Ukrainian Insurgent Army, hijacked from Bulba-Borovets, began to be used, thus impersonating it. The base of the
652:
Some Ukrainian religious authorities, institutions and leaders protested against the slayings of Polish civilians, but with little effect. In 2008, the Polish Parliament adopted a resolution defining the UPA's crimes against Poles as "crimes bearing the hallmarks of genocide". In 2013, it passed a
2061:
The question of official acknowledgment of the ethnic cleansing remains a matter of discussion between Polish and Ukrainian historians and political leaders. Efforts are ongoing to bring about reconciliation between Poles and Ukrainians regarding the events. The Polish side has made steps towards
1800:
Polish self-defence organizations started to take part in revenge massacres of Ukrainian civilians in the summer of 1943, when Ukrainian villagers who had nothing to do with the massacres suffered at the hands of Polish partisan forces. Evidence includes a letter dated 26 August 1943 to the local
1705:
Villages were torched. Roman Catholic priests were axed or crucified. Churches were burned with all their parishioners. Isolated farms were attacked by gangs carrying pitchforks and kitchen knives. Throats were cut. Pregnant women were bayoneted. Children were cut in two. Men were ambushed in the
1448:
The Polish underground stood firm on the integrity of the pre-war borders, but was prepared to make certain concessions to the Ukrainians. At the same time, it was convinced that the OUN, faced with a choice between western Ukraine belonging to the USSR or Poland, would ultimately opt for Poland.
1092:
Even before the anti-German uprising began, OUN-B units started attacking Polish villages and murdering Poles. The attacks soon turned into a full-scale extermination campaign, aimed at killing off or driving out the Polish population from areas considered by OUN-B to be Ukrainian. With dominance
3351:
According to official data, 20 communists were injured during police actions in 1935, and in one case policemen wounded at least seven people while being assaulted by a crowd armed with sickles and clubs. The communists retaliated against those who failed to participate in strikes. From: Timothy
1500:
The methods used by Ukrainian nationalists in this area were the same: rounding up and killing all the Polish residents of the villages and then looting the villages and burning them to the ground. On 28 February 1944, in the village of Korosciatyn 135 Poles were murdered; the victims were later
824:
supported by many dissatisfied Ukrainian peasants on the other. The communists organized strikes, killed at least 31 suspected police informers in 1935–1936, and assassinated local Ukrainian officials for "collaboration" with the Polish government. The police conducted mass arrests, reported the
612:
The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943. These killings were exceptionally brutal, and most of the victims were women and children. The UPA's actions resulted in up to 100,000 deaths. Estimates of the death toll range between 60,000 to 120,000. Other victims of the massacres
1688:
First, they raped his wife. Then, they proceeded to execute her by tying her up to a nearby tree and cutting off her breasts. As she hung there bleeding to death, they began to hurl her two-year-old son against the house wall repeatedly until his spirit left his body. Finally, they shot her two
1679:
In all villages, settlements and colonies, without exception, the Ukrainians carried out the operation of murdering Poles with monstrous cruelty. Women – even pregnant ones – were nailed to the ground with bayonets, children were ripped apart by their legs, others were impaled on pitchforks and
1662:
on 3 March 1945 by a former Polish Home Army unit, aided by Polish self-defense groups from nearby villages. The massacre is believed to be an act of retaliation for earlier alleged murders by UPA of 9 or 11 Poles in Pawłokoma and unspecified number of Poles killed by the UPA in the neighboring
1496:
In late 1943 and early 1944, after most Poles in Volhynia had either been murdered or had fled the area, the conflict spread to the neighboring province of Galicia, where most of the population was still Ukrainian, but the Polish presence was strong. Unlike in the case of Volhynia, where Polish
1372:
After unsuccessful attempts to conclude a truce with the UPA, the Polish underground moved to active defence and offensive actions. On 20 July 1943, decisions were made to form nine partisan units, totalling around a thousand men. Their task was to support Polish self-defences and to attack UPA
1359:
In the eastern part of Volhynia the slaughter of the Polish population continued, the attacks were generally not coordinated, the UPA units attacking those Polish villages that still survived. Many of them had been turned into self-defence points, so the massacres were often preceded by fights,
1248:
Among local Home Army soldiers, Banach had a reputation as a traitor. Banach attempted to hold talks with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) through the local OUN SB commander Shabatura. Preliminary talks took place on 7 July. For the second round on 10 July, the plenipotentiary of the District
5858:
Documentation of UPA's plans for and actions toward Poles can be found in TsDAVO 3833/1/86/6a; 3833/1/131/13-14; 3833/1/86/19-20; and 3933/3/1/60. Of related interest are DAR 30/1/16=USMM RG-31.017M-1; DAR 301/1/5-USHMM RG-31/017M-1; and DAR 30/1/4=USHMM RG-31.017M-1. The OUN-B and UPA wartime
2346:
openly speaks about the "Volhynia Slaughter" and calls for increased recognition of the massacre inside Ukraine, pointing out very complex ethnic composition of these territories, mutual historical resentments and incitement by external parties, Soviets, Germans and Polish government on exile.
1785:
I forbid the use of the methods utilized by the Ukrainian butchers. We will not burn Ukrainian homesteads nor kill Ukrainian women and children in retaliation. The self-defence network must protect itself from the aggressors or attack the aggressors but leave the peaceful population and their
869:
During the wartime Soviet occupation, Polish members of the local administration were replaced by Ukrainians and Jews, and the Soviet NKVD subverted the Ukrainian independence movement. All local Ukrainian political parties were abolished. Between 20,000 and 30,000 Ukrainian activists fled to
819:
and war veterans were encouraged to settle in the Volhynian and Galician countryside; their number reached 17,700 in Volhynia in 3,500 new settlements by 1939. Between 1934 and 1938, a series of violent and sometimes-deadly attacks against Ukrainians were carried out in other parts of Poland.
1386:
took place in Wiśniowiec, in February 1944, when the OUN SB units managed to capture the Monastery of the Discalced Carmelites, which had been attacked several times during 1943. Almost all of the 300–400 Poles hiding there, including monks, were killed, as well as 138 people in neighbouring
1598:. According to Kirichuk, the first attacks on the Poles took place there in August 1943 and were probably the work of the UPA units from Volhynia. In retaliation, Poles killed important Ukrainians, including a Ukrainian doctor from Lviv, called Lastowiecky and a popular football player from
1301:
The UPA command decided to extend the genocidal action to the western areas of Volhynia, the districts of Horochów, Kowel and Vladimir, an area more densely populated by Poles. The action was to be coordinated to exploit the element of surprise to the maximum. The day after murder of Polish
1004:
between Germany and the Soviet Union, the region would become a scene of conflict between Poles and Ukrainians. In early 1943, the Polish underground considered the possibility of rapprochement with Ukrainians, which proved fruitless since neither side was willing to sacrifice their claims.
1050:
By late 1942, the OUN-B in Volhynia was avoiding conflict with the German authorities and working with them; anti-German resistance was limited to Soviet partisans on the extreme northern edge of Volhynia, small bands of OUN-M fighters, and to a group of guerillas knowns as the UPA or the
1008:
The field of competition was the occupation administration. As a rule, the Germans preferred Ukrainians and filled administrative positions with them. However, a shortage of suitably qualified people forced the Germans to reach out to Poles, who began to gain the upper hand in lower-level
2273:
The Volhynian massacres have all the traits of genocide listed in the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which defines genocide as an act "committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as
707:(UVO), an underground military organization with the goal of continuing the armed struggle for independent Ukraine. As soon as the second half of 1922, UVO organized a wave of sabotage actions and assassination attempts on Polish officials and moderate Ukrainian activists. In 1929, the
2028:
the eyes of the world as barbarians. We must take into account that England will surely win this war, and it will treat these "hatchet men" and lynchers and incendiaries as agents in the service of Hitlerite cannibalism, not as honest fighters for their freedom, not as state-builders.
1407:. Fearful of being surrounded by UPA units, the division began fighting them. From 11 January to 18 March 1944, the division fought sixteen major clashes with the Ukrainians, coming out mostly successful. The Ukrainian population was expelled from the captured villages in the area of
3514:
OUN activists participated in the July 1941 pogroms, in which many of them displayed an above-average brutality. Upon their arrival in L'viv the commandos of the Ukrainian Nachtigall Battalion could rely on a fanatically anti-Semitic auxiliary contingent with good knowledge of local
1752:) to leave by night, and all remaining inhabitants were murdered at dawn. Many Ukrainians risked and in some cases lost their lives for trying to shelter or warn Poles. Such activities were treated by the UPA as collaboration with the enemy and severely punished. In 2007, the Polish
1322:, was burned and some 600 people were massacred, and 438 people were killed, including 246 children, in Ostrówki. In July 1943, a total of 520 Polish villages were attacked, killing 10,000–11,000 Poles. At the same time, the killings in the eastern part of the county continued.
387:
616:
The ethnic cleansing was a Ukrainian attempt to prevent the post-war Polish state from asserting its sovereignty over Ukrainian-majority areas that had been part of the pre-war Polish state. The decision to force the Polish population to leave the areas considered by the
2126:, where he expressed sympathy to the victims of the massacre, their families and descendants and called for reconciliation. Stefanchuk promised continued joint work on explaining the details of the tragedy. The speech was described as Polish minister of foreign affairs
1901:
The Soviet and German invasions of prewar eastern Poland, the UPA massacres, and the postwar Soviet expulsions of Poles contributed to the virtual elimination of a Polish presence in the region. Those who remained left Volhynia, mostly for the neighbouring province of
1539:, a UPA commander, stated in his order from 25 February 1944: "In view of the success of the Soviet forces it is necessary to speed up the liquidation of the Poles, they must be totally wiped out, their villages burned... only the Polish population must be destroyed".
1884:
the range of these estimates is very broad and must be treated with considerable caution... It is tempting to split the difference between the high and low estimates or to use the highest number of civilian victims to rationalize claims of ethnic cleansing or
1318:
The UPA continued the ethnic cleansing, particularly in rural areas, until most Poles had been deported, killed or expelled. The thoroughly-planned actions were conducted by many units and were well-coordinated. In August 1943, the Polish village of Gaj, near
975:
Due to OUN's collaboration with the Nazis, local Poles generally thought there is no possibility for reconciliation and that Ukrainians ought to be deported to Soviet Ukraine after the war. Such view was shared by the local Home Army command, but the Polish
1922:
estimated 70,000–100,000. John P. Himka says that "perhaps a hundred thousand" Poles were killed in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. According to Motyka, from 1943 to 1945 in all territories covered by the conflict, approximately 100,000 Poles were killed.
6761:
Komański, H.; Buczkowski, Ludwik; Skiba, Jan; et al., eds. (1995). "Zbrodnie banderowskich bojówek OUN-UPA w pow. Buczacz, woj. tarnopolskie" [Crimes Committed by the Bandera OUN-UPA Fighting Squads in Buczacz County of Tarnopol Province].
2742:
Bandera aimed to make of Ukraine a one-party fascist dictatorship without national minorities.... UPA partisans murdered tens of thousands of Poles, most of them women and children. Some Jews who had taken shelter with Polish families were also
2159:
adopted a resolution commemorating the victims, blaming OUN and UPA, praising rescue offered to the Poles by some Ukrainian individuals, calling for reconciliation recognizing guilt of the perpetrators and highlighting the need for exhumations.
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have documented 33,454 Polish victims, 18,208 of whom are known by surname. (in July 2010, Ewa increased the accounts to 38,600 documented victims, 22,113 of whom are known by surname). At the first-ever joint Polish-Ukrainian conference in
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unit managed to repel a UPA assault, but at least 53 Poles were murdered. The rest of the inhabitants decided to abandon the village and were escorted by the Germans who arrived at Kuty, alerted by the glow of fire and the sound of gunfire.
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Simultaneously, steps were undertaken to eliminate "foreign elements" in Ukraine. OUN-B posters and leaflets incited the Ukrainian population to murder Poles and "Judeo-Muscovites". (...) the Third Conference of the OUN-B finalized its
649:"Shelest". This order was often not obeyed and entire villages were slaughtered. In Eastern Galicia between 1943 and 1946, the OUN-B and the UPA killed 20,000–25,000 Poles. 1,000–2,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish underground.
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on 8 April 1943. Then the massacres began to be carried out in the westward located counties, mainly in the Lutsk county. According to Timothy Snyder, in late March and early April 1943, the UPA forces killed 7,000 Polish civilians.
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A number of Polish authors, especially on the right, have labeled the Volhynia massacres worse than Nazi or Soviet atrocities in terms of their brutality, though not in scale, as so many of the victims were tortured and mutilated.
1482:
1074:
In October 1942, OUN-B decided to form its own partisans, called OUN Military Detachments. Individual units entered active combat in February 1943 (first came the sotnia of Hryhoriy Perehinyak attack on German police station in
2656:[The Roman Catholic Church suffered huge losses from the OUN-UPA; the natural respect among Christian believers for clergy, temples, cemeteries and religious practices was ruined in the souls of Ukrainian nationalists.]
1063:. Soviet partisans raided local settlements in search of supplies. Soon Germans began "pacifying" entire villages in Volhynia in retaliation for real or alleged support of Soviet partisans; the raids were often conducted by
1763:
In Polish-Ukrainian families, one common UPA instruction was to kill one's Polish spouse and children born of that marriage. People who refused to carry such an order were often murdered, together with their entire family.
1141:
5405:
W sumie w latach 1943–47 zginęło 80–100 tys. Polaków oraz 10–20 tys. Ukraińców. Na Wołyniu relacja jest wprost porażająca – po polskiej stronie było może nawet 50–60 tys. ofiar, po ukraińskiej – raczej nie więcej niż 2–3
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forest and its surroundings. Ukrainian sources state that the division's soldiers committed atrocities in some Ukrainian villages, the greatest of which would be the crime in Ochniwka, where, according to Yaroslav Tsaruk
1910:. Polish orphans from Volhynia were kept in several orphanages, with the largest of them around Kraków. Several former Polish villages in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia no longer exist, and those that remain are in ruins.
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Ogromne straty ze strony OUN-UPA poniósł Kościół rzymskokatolicki, naturalny u wierzących chrześcijan szacunek dla duchownych, świątyń, cmentarzy i religijnych praktyk został bowiem w duszach nacjonalistów ukraińskich
1214:
districts. Maksym Skorupskyi, one of the UPA commanders, wrote in his diary: "Starting from our action on Kuty, day by day after sunset, the sky was bathing in the glow of conflagration. Polish villages were burning".
9272:
6114:
1828:
once said: "We have to do everything possible so that a Pole meeting a Ukrainian, would be willing to kill him and conversely, a Ukrainian would be willing to kill a Pole". Kirichuk quotes a German commissioner from
6367:
5681:
645:, issued an order to drive Poles out of Eastern Galicia, first by warning and then by raiding villages, murdering men and burning buildings. A similar order was issued by the UPA commander in Eastern Galicia,
1173:
814:
Harsh policies implemented by the Second Polish Republic were often a response to OUN-B violence, but contributed to a further deterioration of relations between the two ethnic groups. Between 1921 and 1938,
392:
2099:
In 2017, Ukrainian politicians banned the exhumation of the remains of Polish victims in Ukraine killed by the UPA in revenge for Polish demolition of the illegal UPA monument in the village of Hruszowice.
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in the murder by shooting of approximately 200,000 Volhynian Jews, and their experience both led them to believe the Germans would turn on them next and taught them how to make use of genocidal techniques.
1245:"Jan Linowski", who still believed in the plan agreed with headquarters and Home Army commander General Rowecki to reach an agreement with the Ukrainians, which he had been trying to implement since 1942.
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W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa.
1079:
on 7 February). At the third OUN-B conference (17–23 February 1943), the decision was made to launch an anti-German uprising in order to liberate as much territory as possible before the arrival of the
5967:
3515:
conditions..Similar pogroms took place across Western Ukraine. At least 58 pogroms are documented in Western Ukrainian cities, the estimated number of victims of which range between 13,000 and 35,000.
2144:, administrative capital of the Volhynia region, attended a mass in local church on the 80th anniversary of the tragedy. A joint declaration on the need of reconciliation was also signed by heads of
2950:
The more I study Galicia, the more I come to the conclusion that *the defining issue was not Soviet or German occupation and war, but rather the civil war between ethnic Ukrainians and ethnic Poles.
780:
The policy of the Polish authorities towards the Ukrainian minority was changeable throughout the interwar period, varying between attempts at assimilation, conciliation and a policy of repression.
1265:
The Soviet victories acted as a stimulus for the escalation of massacres in July 1943, when the ethnic cleansing reached its peak. In the 1990s, a citation from an alleged "secret directive" by
1575:), and 1,200 (Sol Littman). According to IPN investigation, the crime was committed by the 4th battalion of the Ukrainian 14th SS Division supported by UPA units and local Ukrainian civilians.
1373:
bases. There was a growing desire among the Polish population to retaliate against the Ukrainians. It is estimated that around 2,000 people were killed in Polish attacks on Ukrainian villages.
905:
by Germany; the Soviets quickly withdrew eastward and left Volhynia. The OUN supported Germans, seized about 213 villages and organized diversion in the rear of the Red Army. The OUN-B formed
4721:
1995:
to which all of its members were expected to adhere. They stated, "Do not hesitate to carry out the most dangerous deeds" and "Treat the enemies of your nation with hatred and ruthlessness".
613:
included several hundred Armenians, Jews, Russians, Czechs, Georgians, and Ukrainians who were part of Polish families or opposed the UPA and impeded the massacres by hiding Polish escapees.
194:
3532:
1395:
In January 1944, at the same time as the UPA was carrying out its last wave of massacres of the Polish population, the units of the Home Army in Volhynia embarked on the implementation of
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county. It is considered a prelude to the massacres and is recognized as the first mass murder committed by the UPA in the area. Estimates of the number of victims range from 149 to 173.
1084:. The uprising was to break out first in Volhynia; therefore, the formation of a partisan army called the Ukrainian Liberation Army began there. The uprising broke out in mid-March, with
482:
9375:
1748:
Ukrainians in ethnically mixed settlements were offered material incentives to convince them to assist in the attacks on their Polish neighbors or warned by the UPA's security service (
1435:. In response, UPA units murdered Ukrainian Central Committee representatives and a Ukrainian Catholic priest who had read an appeal by the Ukrainian Central Committee from his pulpit.
247:
242:
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40,000 Polish civilians in Volhynia (in March 1944, another 10,000 were killed in Galicia), causing additional 200,000 Poles to flee west before September 1944 and 800,000 afterward.
1364:
One Polish refugee from Volhynia wrote at the time: "All around dead bodies and potential victims. It smells of corpses from every Pole now. There are living corpses walking around."
3240:, p. 432The remaining Orthodox churches were forced to use the Polish language in their sermons. In August 1939, the last remaining Orthodox church in the Volhynian capital of
2133:
In June 2023 archeological excavations started in a former village of Puzhniki in Volhynia by a group of Polish scientists to identify possible mass graves of the massacre victims.
1862:
area stressed in his report to the headquarters that Ukrainian nationalists did not shoot the Poles but cut them dead with knives and axes, with no consideration for age or gender.
1988:(OUN), of which the UPA had become the armed wing, promoted the removal, by force if necessary, of non-Ukrainians from the social and economic spheres of a future Ukrainian state.
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1563:
437:
289:
8308:
5682:"21 kwietnia 1944 roku w dniach 19–21 kwietnia Ukraińska Powstańcza Armia (UPA) dokonała masakry około 200 Polaków oraz polskich Ormian w miejscowości Kuty » Historykon.pl"
1741:(Самооборонні Кущові Відділи, СКВ). Many of their victims who were perceived as Poles, even despite not knowing the Polish language, were murdered by СКВ along with the others.
1168:
1976:
considers it likely that the UPA killed as many Ukrainians as it killed Poles, because local Ukrainians who did not adhere to its form of nationalism were considered traitors.
1894:
The death toll among civilians murdered during the Volhynia Massacre is still being researched. At least 10% of ethnic Poles in Volhynia were killed by the UPA, according to
1505:) who witnessed the massacre, wrote in his diary: "The slaughter lasted almost all night. We heard terrible cries, the roar of cattle burning alive, shooting. It seemed that
504:
6118:
4653:
Ustalenia wynikające ze śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni ludobójstwa funkcjonariuszy SS "GALIZIEN" i nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w Hucie Pieniackiej 28 lutego 1944 roku.
1093:
secured in spring 1943, when the UPA had gained control over the Volhynian countryside from the Germans, the UPA began large-scale operations against the Polish population.
418:
5388:
1636:; 126 Poles were massacred, including women and children. A few days later, on 12–13 February, a local group of OUN under Petro Khamchuk attacked the Polish settlement of
2265:
and collected over 10,000 pages of documents and protocols. The massacres were described by the commission's prosecutor, Piotr Zając, as bearing the characteristics of a
1672:
Women were gang raped and had their breasts sliced off, children were hacked to pieces with axes, babies were impaled on bayonets and pitchforks or bashed against trees.
9053:
5232:
In February 1945, in the village of Zalesie, Buczacz County, a Ukrainian man was tortured to death by members of the Bandera for refusing to kill his Polish mother: see
6088:
4664:
4652:
1159:
The OUN-B and UPA leadership chose Holy Week (18–26 April) as the period for an organised attack on the Polish population, which was to include the western counties of
225:
7590:
2269:: "there is no doubt that the crimes committed against the people of Polish nationality have the character of genocide". The Institute of National Remembrance stated:
1777:
the organizations could not withstand the pressure of the UPA and were destroyed. Only the largest self-defense organizations, which were able to obtain help from the
807:
regime wanted to achieve Ukrainian loyalty to the Polish state and to minimise Soviet influences in the borderline region. That approach was gradually abandoned after
187:
2758:
1423:
After the battles with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the division fought almost exclusively against the Germans, soon withdrawing from Volhynia to the Lublin region.
968:
During the Soviet occupation, the Polish underground in the eastern territories collapsed. However, after the Germans took control of the area, the structures of the
633:. Approximately 50,000–60,000 Poles died as a result of the massacres in Volhynia, while up to 2,000–3,000 Ukrainians died as a result of Polish retaliatory actions.
350:
3128:
Theory and Practice. Historical representation of the wartime accounts of the activities of OUN-UPA (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Ukrainian Insurgent Army)
1224:
1032:, rejected the idea and condemned the anti-Polish massacres when they started. The OUN-M leadership did not believe that such an operation was advantageous in 1943.
5979:
1952:
states that the UPA killed 40,000–70,000 Poles in the area. Some extreme estimates place the number of Polish victims as high as 300,000. Also, the numbers include
355:
326:
257:
230:
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or Soviet partisans, were able to survive. Kazimierz Bąbiński, commander of the Union for Armed Struggle-Home Army Wołyń in his order to AK partisan units stated:
933:. Several hundred Poles were also killed at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists at the time, and a group of about a hundred Polish students were murdered in Lviv.
9370:
2032:
According to prosecutor Piotr Zając, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance in 2003 considered three different versions of the events in its investigation:
1282:
862:
started eliminating the predominantly Polish middle and upper classes, including social activists and military leaders. Between 1939 and 1941, 200,000 Poles were
375:
370:
294:
9267:
6261:
2230:, an expert on Polish-Ukrainian issues, argued in 2021 that "although the anti-Polish action was an ethnic cleansing, it also meets the definition of genocide".
1689:
daughters. When their bloody deeds were done and all had perished, they threw the bodies into a deep well in front of the house. Then, they set the house ablaze.
267:
6397:
Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie
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Ukrainian historians called for assessing the massacres in the historical context, pointing out historical repressions against Ukrainian population and forced
1147:
499:
262:
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311:
9175:
6208:
2017:
Ethnic violence was exacerbated with the circulation of posters and leaflets inciting the Ukrainian population to murder Poles and "Judeo-Muscovites" alike.
180:
7028:
Bitter Truth: The Criminality of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) : The Testimony of a Ukrainian
5616:
Polish-Ukraine: A Difficult Answer. Documentation on the Meetings of Historians (1994–2001), Chronicle of Events in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (1939–1945)
4960:
6528:
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1477:
365:
7012:"Bitter truth": The criminality of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the testimony of a Ukrainian,
1706:
field and led away. The perpetrators could not determine the province's future. But at least they could determine that it would be a future without Poles.
1693:
The atrocities were carried out indiscriminately and without restraint. The victims, regardless of their age or gender, were routinely tortured to death.
9365:
9158:
2395:
2209:
1924:
1895:
734:
By the beginning of the Second World War, the membership of OUN had risen to 20,000 active members, and the number of supporters was many times as many.
338:
9335:
9318:
2042:
The decision to exterminate the Poles can be attributed to some of the leaders of the OUN-UPA in the course of an internal conflict in the organisation.
9330:
9313:
1235:
5589:
Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945, Warsaw 2000, p. 1050.
5019:
2326:, the classification as genocide has been strongly supported by Poles who were expelled from the east and by parts of the Polish right-wing politics.
1605:
By the end of the summer, mass acts of terror aimed at Poles were taking place in Eastern Galicia to force Poles to settle on the western bank of the
9301:
9244:
9146:
9102:
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2938:"Comments on Timothy Snyder's article, "To Resolve the Ukrainian Question once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947""
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and to convert the Orthodox population to Roman Catholicism. Over 190 Orthodox churches were destroyed and 150 converted to Roman Catholic churches.
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6566:
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921:. The involvement of OUN-B is unclear, but at the very least OUN-B propaganda fuelled antisemitism. The vast majority of pogroms carried out by the
5873:
Himka, John-Paul (2010). "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army: Unwelcome Elements of an Identity Project".
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of the Polish community and exhorting Poles to flee to the west under the threat of looming genocide. In March 1944, the UPA command, headed by
9513:
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7212:
7082:
6977:
6722:
5209:
5044:
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2717:
Timothy Snyder, The causes of Polish and Ukrainian Ethnic Cleansing, Past & Present, A Journal of Historical Studies, nr 179, 2003, p. 223.
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1197:, in the Webski region, were liquidated for co-operation with the Gestapo and the other German authorities. According to Polish sources, the
1194:
784:
204:
6428:
6368:"Over 100,000 slaughtered with axes, pitchforks, scythes and knives: The Wołyń massacre started 76 years ago today and lasted for two years"
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Jan Zaleski, Kronika życia, Cracov 1999, p. 29, cited in: Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski, Przemilczane ludobójstwo na Kresach, Cracov 2008, p. 88
2223:
rather than genocide. Rossoliński-Liebe sees "genocide", in this context, as a word that is sometimes used in political attacks on Ukraine.
7404:
6234:
5715:
Kataryna Wolczuk, "The Difficulties of Polish-Ukrainian Historical Reconciliation," Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 2002.
1637:
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6003:
2322:
passed a resolution condemning "the one-sided political assessment of the historical events" in Poland. According to Ukrainian historian
2290:
mass murders characterised by ethnic cleansing with marks of genocide". On 8 July 2016, the Sejm passed a resolution declaring 11 July a
1189:"Dubovy" killed 600 people and burned down the entire village. In another massacre, according to the UPA reports, the Polish colonies of
6542:
5329:
Genocide and Rescue in Wołyń: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II
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Genocide and Rescue in Wolyn: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II
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687:(Volhynia), Ukrainian was spoken by 68% of the inhabitants, Polish by 17%, Yiddish by 10%, German by 2%, Czech by 2% and Russian by 1%.
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Polacy w. radzieckim ruchu podziemnym I partyzanckim 1941–1945. Warsaw: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej. Cited in Michael Logusz (1997).
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Informacja o śledztwie w sprawie ludobójstwa dokonanego przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich w latach 1939–1945 na terenie Huty Pieniackiej
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National Day of Remembrance of the victims of the Genocide of the Citizens of the Polish Republic committed by Ukrainian Nationalists
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secret service archives" first volume of which was published in 1998 and 10th in 2020. The cooperation is led on government level by
1805:
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Prawda historyczna a prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Ludobójstwo na Kresach południowo-wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946
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Some participants at a conference on the massacres held in 2008 by the Institute used the word "Zagłada", originally applied to the
894:). This was opposed by the current leadership of the organization, so it split, and the old group was called OUN-M after the leader
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7930:
6115:"Vyatrovich has proposed for Poland a condition of lifting the moratorium on the exhumation in Ukraine – World News, Breaking News"
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UPA commander's order of 6 April 1944 stated: "Fight them unmercifully. No one is to be spared, even in case of mixed marriages".
1052:
1029:
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6326:"'The Conquest of History?' Toward a Usable Past in Poland Lecture 3: Polish-German and Polish-Ukrainian Historical Controversies"
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1945:
1852:
On 25 August 1943, the German authorities ordered all Poles to leave the villages and settlements and to move to larger towns.
937:
875:
767:
728:
708:
622:
135:
52:
8145:
5795:
3621:
3184:
Bohdan Budurowycz. (1989). Sheptytski and the Ukrainian National Movement after 1914 (chapter). In Paul Robert Magocsi (ed.).
279:
9568:
9237:
9034:
7324:
7276:
6986:
6784:
6751:
6400:
5703:
5602:
5574:
5458:
5069:
5053:
4668:
4183:
3480:
7465:
5284:
2107:
refused to participate in a joint ceremony commemorating the 75th anniversary of the massacres with the Ukrainian President
9390:
9136:
9029:
8010:
2769:, edited by Alexei Miller and Maria Lipman, 211–238. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2012, p. 214
1624:(Ukrainian: Irkiv), where 60 Poles were murdered on February 2, 1945, the day before they were scheduled to depart for the
1067:
units under the direct supervision of Germans. One of the best-known examples was the pacification of Obórki, a village in
731:(UNDO), which was opposed to Polish rule but called for peaceful and democratic means to achieve independence from Poland.
413:
7765:
7500:
6651:
6485:"Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich"
5775:
Karel Cornelis Berkhoff, "Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule", Harvard University Press, 2004,
5553:
Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton. The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada
5400:
1330:
Another large wave of slaughter of the Polish population took place on 29 and 30 August 1943, this time also covering the
960:
region, 394 Ukrainian community leaders were killed by the Poles on the grounds of collaboration with German authorities.
9558:
8601:
8278:
7960:
7935:
5495:
3167:
Number 2107. University of Pittsburgh: The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies. p. 3 (6 of 76 in PDF).
811:'s death in 1935. Practically all government and administrative positions, including the police, were assigned to Poles.
8370:
7525:
7340:
6794:
Kulińska, Lucyna (2010). "Przebieg eksterminacji ludności polskiej Kresów Wschodnich w latach czterdziestych XX wieku".
5136:. Vol. Issues 89–94. Stowarzyszenie Upamie̜tnienia Ofiar Zbrodni Ukraińskich Nacjonalistow. pp. 20–21, 40–44.
3541:, pp. 234–236: "The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the Germans and killed Jews independently.".
1726:
Poles to flee". The Ukrainian historian Yuryi Kirichuk described the conflict as similar to medieval peasant uprisings.
9131:
8691:
8065:
7520:
7047:
5141:
4888:
4570:
3820:
1278:
Polish forces. Villages and settlements lying next to the massive forests, should disappear from the face of the earth.
821:
5943:
5368:
5310:
5251:
4839:
4787:
4631:
2096:
In 2016 Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko visited Warsaw and paid tribute to the victims at the Volhynia monument.
9563:
9211:
8889:
8795:
7990:
7955:
7815:
7770:
7311:
7232:
7148:
7066:
7017:
6941:
6682:
5956:
5920:
5780:
5650:
5623:
5431:
5337:
5294:
4996:
4797:
4704:
3990:
3847:
2820:
2667:
2574:
2258:
2086:
1753:
8355:
8298:
8040:
7945:
7865:
7860:
7755:
7670:
7625:
7510:
7430:
2671:
1872:
Estimates of the number of victims of massacres committed by the UPA against Poles and of Polish retaliatory actions
472:
9533:
9230:
9222:
8681:
7397:
7376:
5643:
Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic. p. 251.
5638:
4767:
4157:
3978:
1572:
7287:
5830:
4930:
4609:
3401:
1858:
units in the area were aware of the massacres. On 25 May 1943, the commander of the Soviet partisan forces of the
9523:
9059:
8659:
8505:
8465:
8410:
7690:
7680:
7600:
6467:
3877:"Zbrodnie – ludobójstwo dokonane na ludności polskiej w powiecie Łuck, woj. wołyńskie, w latach 1939–1944, cz. 1"
2149:
906:
886:
In Kraków on 10 February 1940, a revolutionary faction of the OUN emerged, called the OUN-R or, after its leader
825:
killing of 18 communists in 1935, and killed at least 31 people in gunfights and during arrest attempts in 1936.
720:
704:
8818:
8025:
7610:
7455:
6036:"Opinion: Why 1943 'Volhynia Slaughter' Remains so Sensitive for Poles and Ukrainians and What Needs to be Done"
5521:
Ogólny bilans strat ludności w wyniku ukraińsko-polskiego konfliktu narodowościowego w latach II wojny światowej
2182:
in 2016, said there is a "scholarly consensus that this was a case of ethnic cleansing as opposed to genocide".
1758:
Kresowa Księga Sprawiedliwych 1939–1945. O Ukraińcach ratujących Polaków poddanych eksterminacji przez OUN i UPA
9573:
8813:
7785:
7435:
7354:
6777:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946
6690:
3566:
3552:
2286:
1060:
799:, Volhynia was "the site of one of eastern Europe's most ambitious policies of toleration". Through supporting
9355:
8664:
7750:
7595:
7092:""To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All". The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947"
1609:
under the slogan "Poles behind the San". Snyder estimates that 25,000 Poles were killed in Galicia alone, and
1488:
commander of the OUN-B and UPA, after inspecting Volhynia and seeing the effects of the action in the region.
609:
from 1943 to 1945. The ruling Germans also actively encouraged both Ukrainians and Poles to kill each other.
423:
9548:
9395:
9325:
8616:
8080:
7720:
5196:
Romuald Niedzielko, IPN, Sprawiedliwi Ukraińcy. Na ratunek polskim sąsiadom skazanym na zagładę przez OUN-UPA
3961:
3326:
religious icons were desecrated and eight people were hospitalized with serious injuries and two killed. See
2781:
Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath
2733:
8611:
8005:
7675:
7650:
7645:
7485:
7260:
Poles and Ukrainians. The Ukrainian issue during World War II on the territory of the Second Polish Republic
7035:
6506:
3313:(Military Settlers in Volhynia in the years 1921–1939), PDF, pp. 143 (4 / 25 in PDF), 153 (14 / 25 in PDF).
3164:
2420:
2216:
1919:
1583:, the Ukrainian 14th SS Division's role in the ethnic cleansing of Poles from western Ukraine was marginal.
9543:
9493:
9488:
9483:
8848:
8768:
8646:
8556:
8270:
3558:
2545:
2490:
1353:
783:
For example in 1930 terror campaign and civil unrest in the Galician countryside resulted in Polish police
30:
7505:
6881:"Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939–44"
4724:. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. 26 June 2001. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
2197:, said that the " goal was not so much genocide as it was to force the local Polish population to leave."
1307:
9040:
8283:
7760:
7495:
7390:
7164:
7096:
2090:
1610:
1291:
7775:
4591:
2360:
1824:
According to Yuriy Kirichuk the Germans actively prodded both sides of the conflict against each other.
9508:
9503:
9498:
9163:
9089:
8843:
8758:
7805:
7660:
7655:
7490:
1918:
gives the total number of Polish victims in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia as between 60,000 and 80,000.
1229:
1116:
On 9 February 1943, a UPA group, commanded by Hryhory Perehyniak, pretended to be Soviet partisans and
993:
981:
3304:
Osadnictwo wojskowe na Wolyniu w latach 1921–1939 w swietle dokumentów centralnego archiwum wojskowego
9073:
8525:
5841:
Timothy Snyder, Rekonstrukcja narodów. Polska, Ukraina, Litwa, Białoruś 1569–1999, Sejny 2009, p. 187
5104:
3470:
2644:
2410:
2315:
2145:
1502:
843:
796:
560:
8293:
8075:
6019:
5991:
5206:
4789:
Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion: The Ukrainian 14th Waffen-SS Division – Sol Littman – Google Books
3595:
2063:
1464:, from mid-1943 the UPA's main commander, gave the order to extend the ethnic cleansing of Poles to
9478:
9473:
9293:
9168:
8998:
8732:
8475:
6062:
5171:
4838:, Chapter 5, p. 285. Kiev, Ukraine: Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2440:
1928:
1181:
Several villages was attacked, but the most bloody was the massacre of the night of 22–23 April in
997:
977:
944:. In response to the declaration, OUN-B leaders and associates were arrested and imprisoned by the
926:
700:
582:
139:
48:
8838:
8045:
8000:
750:
Original map showing the distribution of native languages spoken in Poland during the 1931 census.
514:
457:
442:
401:
9468:
9463:
9284:
9197:
9180:
8918:
8641:
8450:
7705:
7333:
Pictures from massacres. Association Commemorating Victims of the Crime of Ukrainian nationalists
6165:
5479:
Katchanovski, Ivan. "Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine".
2455:
2415:
1834:
1568:
8530:
7740:
7550:
5448:
5092:
3172:
2700:
2535:
2485:
1383:
477:
8957:
8540:
8520:
8490:
8135:
7885:
2460:
2310:
Many Ukrainians perceived the 2016 resolution as an "anti-Ukrainian gesture" in the context of
2261:
investigated the crimes committed by the UPA against the Poles in Volhynia, Galicia and prewar
578:
8952:
8717:
8712:
8325:
8225:
7800:
7615:
7256:
Polacy i Ukraińcy. Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej
7134:
7040:
Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult
6166:"Волинське загострення: Польща продемонструвала жорсткість у історичному конфлікті з Україною"
5783:
5738:
5668:
Crimes committed by Ukrainian nationalists against the Polish population in Volhynia 1939–1945
5642:
5262:. Kiev: Institute of History of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. p. 241. Archived from
4771:
4161:
2530:
1198:
1127:
Throughout Volhynia, individuals, often with their families, began to be killed, while in the
306:
284:
235:
9421:
9400:
9112:
8864:
8375:
7880:
7470:
7140:
6209:"Ukraina/ Trwają prace poszukiwawcze polskich archeologów dotyczące ofiar Zbrodni Wołyńskiej"
5751:
3357:
2194:
2036:
The Ukrainians at first planned to chase the Poles out, but events got out of hand over time.
1625:
447:
272:
157:
9380:
8515:
8090:
7560:
7530:
7382:
5696:
WARFARE OR WAR CRIMINALITY? Volodymyr V'iatrovych, Druha pol's'ko-ukains'ka viina, 1942–1947
4963:, the Poles allegedly murdered in Pawłokoma by the UPA, were really kidnapped by the Soviet
2510:
1659:
1117:
1000:
and the Ukrainian OUN-B considered the possibility that in the event of mutually exhaustive
494:
462:
331:
9047:
8967:
8927:
8748:
8651:
8560:
8240:
8125:
8105:
7875:
7870:
7371:
7341:
Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944. Documents of State Committee on Archives of Ukraine
7059:
Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945
6484:
5131:
4204:
4175:
2475:
2020:
1554:
One of the most infamous massacres took place on 28 February 1944 in the Polish village of
1432:
1349:
1270:
1254:
1056:
1025:
902:
808:
8727:
8510:
8440:
8365:
8330:
8170:
7920:
7450:
4592:
History of Buczacz during World War II quoted from Norman Davies (1996), Europe: A History
2525:
2480:
2405:
1960:. The studies from 2011 quote 91,200 confirmed deaths, 43,987 of which are known by name.
1914:
between 20,000 and 25,000, 25,000 and 30,000–40,000. In his 2006 general history of WWII,
1457:
820:
Volhynia was a place of increasingly violent conflict, with Polish police on one side and
321:
8:
9080:
9003:
8903:
8790:
8621:
7575:
6809:"Peasants into Perpetrators: The OUN-UPA and the Ethnic Cleansing of Volhynia, 1943–1944"
6262:"WW2 massacre of Poles by Ukrainians must be called genocide, says head of Polish church"
4748:
4696:
3188:
Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. p. 57.
2382:
2314:'s attempts to use the Volhynia issue to divide Poland and Ukraine in the context of the
2152:
2137:
2011:
1953:
1550:
Abbey, where many Poles sought refuge; the abbey was stormed by the UPA on 12 March 1944.
1404:
1266:
1240:
1105:
1085:
914:
626:
572:
545:
380:
299:
8565:
8455:
8385:
6618:
6184:"'We understand your pain' over WWII massacre, Ukrainian leader tells Polish parliament"
2425:
1298:
Full text of the "secret order" was never published and its authenticity is questioned.
870:
German-occupied territory; most of those who did not escape were arrested. For example,
172:
9426:
8775:
8671:
8460:
8255:
8060:
7377:
An abbreviated preface to the monographic book of Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko
7206:
7177:
7121:
7113:
7076:
6971:
6908:
6900:
6867:
6838:
6716:
6337:
5898:
5159:
4900:
3583:
3165:"The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths".
3123:
2505:
2262:
2201:
2050:
1949:
1413:
984:
took a more moderate stance, discussing the possibility of limited Ukrainian autonomy.
606:
551:
509:
452:
76:
9360:
8972:
7780:
7460:
6987:"Sprawiedliwi Ukraińcy. Na ratunek polskim sąsiadom skazanym na zagładę przez OUN-UPA"
5117:
3498:"The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths"
3303:
2337:
1730:
1501:
counted by a local Roman Catholic priest, Mieczysław Kamiński. Jan Zaleski (father of
1390:
408:
9066:
8908:
8869:
8828:
8676:
8591:
8495:
8230:
7745:
7725:
7272:
7228:
7194:
7144:
7062:
7043:
7023:
7013:
7009:
6937:
6912:
6871:
6842:
6830:
6780:
6747:
6686:
6630:
6522:
6447:
5952:
5902:
5890:
5776:
5699:
5664:
Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945
5646:
5619:
5570:
5454:
5333:
5290:
5147:
5137:
5065:
5049:
4992:
4793:
4729:
4700:
4179:
3986:
3843:
3562:
3505:
3476:
3168:
2816:
2570:
2515:
2500:
2465:
2369:
2119:
2067:
1396:
1287:
1108:, commander of UPA units in Volhynia, who ordered the genocide of Poles in the region
1009:
administration during 1942. This process caused unrest in the Ukrainian underground.
1001:
913:
and massacres of Jews. The biggest pogroms carried out by the Ukrainian nationalists
800:
724:
519:
9252:
8707:
8480:
8235:
7900:
7730:
7125:
5739:"Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen Immigration and Asylum. From 1900 to the Present"
2445:
1376:
8626:
8606:
8085:
8020:
7169:
7105:
6892:
6859:
6825:
6820:
5882:
5799:
3632:
2365:
2356:
2220:
2108:
2077:
attended a ceremony held in the Volhynian village of Pavlivka (previously known as
1855:
1808:
was established in January 1944 with the purpose of fighting the UPA and later the
1536:
1461:
1064:
1021:
654:
642:
343:
161:
147:
110:
8884:
8722:
8335:
8220:
7980:
7349:
Tragedy of Volhynia 1943–1944. Documents of State Committee on Archives of Ukraine
6994:
2937:
2430:
2176:
historian Jared McBride, an expert in the region and in the Holocaust, writing in
2039:
The decision to exterminate the Poles came directly from the OUN-UPA headquarters.
1937:
1640:, killed around 100 people and burned houses. Most of those who survived moved to
1314:
county. Fifty villages in the first two counties were attacked the following day.
316:
9141:
8913:
8753:
8631:
8535:
8350:
8340:
8303:
7950:
7810:
6951:
6929:
6471:
5820:"Its main goal was to remove – by force, if necessary – non-Ukrainians from the
5384:
5213:
5113:
4934:
4755:
4613:
3466:
3310:
3226:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine.
2540:
2520:
2495:
2377:
2227:
2186:
2078:
1749:
1684:
According to eyewitness Tadeusz Piotrowski about the fate of his friend's family:
1465:
871:
851:
679:
670:
598:
536:
467:
360:
68:
7835:
7790:
7620:
6654:(Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera),
6647:
5133:
Ogólnopolskie seminarium historii kresów wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej polskiej
3354:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
3270:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
1641:
9185:
9153:
8947:
8686:
8576:
8485:
8320:
8200:
8195:
7855:
7555:
7515:
7361:
7242:
7220:
5532:
4984:
2450:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2279:
2238:
2115:
2007:
1973:
1915:
1838:
1722:
1580:
1559:
1555:
887:
8390:
7895:
7109:
3244:
was converted to a Roman Catholic church by a decree of the Polish government.
1452:
1253:"Krzysztof Poręba", and the representative of the Volhynia District of the AK
866:. The deportations and murders deprived the Poles of their community leaders.
9457:
9008:
8581:
8380:
8313:
7845:
7825:
7685:
7665:
7635:
7605:
7585:
7320:
7173:
7136:
The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
6896:
6834:
6634:
5894:
5151:
5039:
5015:
3509:
2470:
2435:
2178:
2074:
1932:
1907:
1694:
1675:
According to a document by the Polish underground, the crimes were atrocious:
1530:
1250:
1182:
949:
855:
696:
590:
165:
94:
9347:
8245:
7820:
7475:
7198:
6567:"Clash of victimhoods: the Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory"
5763:
4989:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
2813:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
2631:"Clash of victimhoods: The Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory"
2567:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
2219:, author of a scholarly biography of Bandera, argued that the killings were
2002:
was taken by the UPA early in 1943. In March 1943, the OUN(B) (specifically
8470:
8210:
8130:
7700:
7695:
6595:
5618:. Warsaw: Head Office of State Archives (NDAP) and the KARTA Centre. 2003.
5263:
4850:
3130:. East European Jewish Affairs. Vol. 36. No. 2. December 2006. pp. 163–179.
2759:
Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history
2330:
2127:
2104:
2003:
1941:
1621:
1473:
1076:
1017:
839:
789:
756:
637:
143:
34:
8165:
8140:
7965:
7840:
7535:
6922:
Lemberg, Lwow, Lviv, 1914–1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City
6863:
6709:
The Extermination of the Polish Population of Volhynia During World War II
6655:
6507:"Polish Senate recognizes Volhynia massacre to be genocide – Polish Radio"
6089:"Prezydent Ukrainy Petro Poroszenko oddał hołd ofiarom zbrodni wołyńskiej"
5886:
1656:
1356:. In total, several hundred Polish villages were attacked in August 1943.
8596:
8586:
8345:
8030:
7985:
7710:
7545:
6035:
5421:, "Past and Present, A Journal of Historical Studies", number 179, p. 224
4178:, Wydarzenia wołyńskie 1939–1944. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. Toruń 2008
3835:
1620:
entered the areas, with massacres taking place in 1945 in such places as
1045:
918:
803:
and religious autonomy and the Ukrainization of the Orthodox Church, the
646:
8962:
8190:
8055:
8050:
7915:
7890:
7565:
7117:
7091:
6904:
6880:
6341:
6235:"Ukraine, Poland leaders jointly mark WWII massacres that strained ties"
5829:
Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum, pp. 204–205.
5286:
Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past
3064:"Sejm przyjął uchwałę dotyczącą Wołynia ze stwierdzeniem o ludobójstwie"
2053:
only) that condemned the "mutual mass murders" of Ukrainians and Poles.
2023:, the founder of the UPA, criticized the attacks as soon as they began:
1906:. After the war, the survivors moved further west to the territories of
1599:
9123:
8833:
8445:
8400:
8100:
7910:
7795:
7181:
7159:
6325:
5370:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
5312:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
4927:
4852:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
4836:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
4722:"Investigation of the Crime Committed at the Village of Huta Pieniacka"
4633:
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
4606:
1825:
1506:
922:
891:
586:
8155:
8070:
7580:
6287:"Polish Lawmakers Call for Accepting Volhynia Massacre Responsibility"
6286:
5764:
Viktor Polishchuk "Gorkaya Pravda. Prestuplenya OUN-UPA." (in Russian)
5698:(Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim "Kyevo-Mohylians'ka akademiia," 2011). 228 pp.
1595:
1290:
was a slaughter of Polish worshippers on 11 July 1943 during a Sunday
9416:
9096:
8894:
8500:
8395:
8260:
8175:
7975:
7905:
7850:
7570:
7540:
6705:
Eksterminacja łudnosci polskiej na Wołyniu w drugiej wojnie światowej
5435:
4246:
4187:
3602:
2190:
1999:
1809:
1778:
1606:
1211:
1164:
1101:
969:
963:
618:
8180:
7640:
6963:
6808:
2136:
In July 2023, Polish president Andrzej Duda and Ukrainian president
1269:(head-commander of the UPA-North) was published by Polish historian
1113:(with exception of the German occupants) to turn to for protection.
833:
727:. The most popular political party among Ukrainians was in fact the
9259:
9013:
8874:
8636:
8265:
8185:
8095:
7970:
7445:
7440:
5567:
Wołyń'43 Ludobójcza czystka – fakty, analogie, polityka historyczna
5396:
3497:
2266:
1617:
1591:
1587:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1431:
The killings were opposed by the Ukrainian Central Committee under
1408:
1391:
Operations of the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division of the Home Army
1303:
1128:
1081:
930:
863:
847:
675:
594:
114:
106:
64:
42:
7307:
6850:
McBride, Jared (2016b). "Who's Afraid of Ukrainian Nationalism?".
6679:
Polacy i Ukraińcy pomiędzy dwoma systemami totalitarnymi 1942–1945
4889:
Wiktoria Śliwowska, Jakub Gutenbaum, The Last Eyewitnesses, p. 187
4205:""Друже Рубан!" Використання фальсифікатів в дискусіях про Волинь"
2381:, which was directed by the Polish screenwriter and film director
957:
8990:
8923:
8823:
8804:
8431:
8035:
7995:
7940:
7830:
5481:
Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University
2375:
The massacre of Poles in Volhynia was depicted in the 2016 movie
2247:
2046:
The IPN concluded that the second version to be the most likely.
1649:
1645:
1633:
1377:
The last wave of massacres in Volhynia in the winter of 1943–1944
1331:
945:
816:
804:
716:
602:
72:
9253:
Massacres of Ukrainians by Polish paramilitaries in World War II
8405:
7925:
5395:[Forget about Giedroyc: Poles, Ukrainians and the IPN].
5367:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
5309:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
5064:
Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire, pp. 506–507. Penguin Books 2008.
4849:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
4693:
Galicia Division: The Waffen-SS14th grenadier Division 1943–1945
4630:
Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
2841:
1655:
Approximately 150–366 Ukrainian and a few Polish inhabitants of
1564:
14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galicia (1st Ukrainian)
16:
Massacres of Poles by Ukrainian nationalists during World War II
8939:
7735:
7422:
6659:
5917:"Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – wersja tekstowa – www.ipn.gov.pl"
5020:"The July 1943 genocidal operations of the OUN-UPA in Volhynia"
3659:
3657:
2251:
1903:
1514:
910:
762:
712:
6402:
Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN
5351:
5349:
3186:
Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptytsky.
1443:
909:
that, displaying exceptional cruelty, carried out antisemitic
846:. The eastern part of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union;
8120:
7412:
6543:"Polish MPs adopt resolution calling 1940s massacre genocide"
5944:
Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule
4530:
4528:
4076:
4074:
3801:
3799:
3241:
2666:
2141:
1859:
1830:
1542:
1526:
1426:
1400:
1319:
1311:
1207:
1160:
1154:
1132:
1121:
1068:
6348:
6305:
6141:"Zdemontowano pomnik UPA w Hruszowicach. Ukraina protestuje"
6004:
World Briefing | Europe: Ukraine: Joint Memorial To Massacre
5523:
Polska-Ukraina. Trudne pytania. Vol. 9. Warszawa 2002. p. 41
4891:. Books.google.com (13 May 1998). Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
4229:"Rzeź wołyńska i jej apogeum: krwawa niedziela 11 lipca '43"
3654:
3642:
665:
9579:
People killed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
8360:
5601:, July–August 2010; Komentarze Historyczne: Ewa Siemaszko,
5346:
5058:
4964:
4903:. Tovste.info (3 February 1945). Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
4651:
Bogusława Marcinkowska, Institute of National Remembrance,
3423:
3082:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2588:
2586:
2173:
2156:
2123:
1957:
1453:
Decision to carry out anti-Polish action in Eastern Galicia
1190:
941:
859:
737:
5599:
Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 7-8/2010 (116–117)
4967:
in an attempt to start a series of retaliations. (Misiło,
4906:
4525:
4498:
4486:
4438:
4399:
4360:
4336:
4324:
4267:
4071:
3796:
3669:
3475:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 194.
3208:
3206:
2829:
577:'Volhynian-Galician tragedy') were carried out in
4515:
4513:
4416:
4414:
4389:
4387:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4257:
4255:
4127:
4115:
4103:
4059:
4023:
3942:
3882:
3840:
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3705:
3693:
3502:
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies
3252:
3250:
3015:
3003:
2967:
2955:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2111:
and instead travelled to Lutsk to hold a separate event.
2066:
expressed regret over the resettlement program, known as
1998:
The decision of ethnic cleansing of the area east of the
202:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4001:
3999:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2598:
2583:
1701:
gives a short but shocking description of the massacres:
1360:
sometimes the defenders managed to repel the UPA units.
1016:
Only one faction of Ukrainian nationalists, OUN-B under
5980:
Ukraine, Poland Seek Reconciliation Over Grisly History
5178:
5074:
4870:
4858:
4540:
3520:
3411:
3281:Сивицький, М. Записки сірого волиняка Львів 1996 с. 184
3231:
3203:
3191:
3145:
3094:
3044:
2073:
On 11 July 2003, Presidents Aleksander Kwaśniewski and
1571:
vary and include 500 (Ukrainian archives), over 1,000 (
565:
7160:"The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943"
5450:
Total Wars and the Making of Modern Ukraine, 1914–1954
4594:. Shtetlinks.jewishgen.org. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
4552:
4510:
4462:
4450:
4426:
4411:
4384:
4372:
4348:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4252:
4139:
4035:
3918:
3906:
3833:
3777:
3681:
3472:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
3272:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 32–33, 152–162
3247:
1509:
himself began his activity!" Kamiński claimed that in
1334:
district. The killings continued until mid-September.
1046:
Creation of UPA and the Ukrainian anti-German uprising
6852:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
4086:
4047:
4011:
3996:
3930:
3894:
3765:
3753:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3027:
2991:
2979:
2901:
2787:
1135:
counties in the northeastern part of Volhynia, where
1024:, was committed to the ethnic cleansing of Volhynia.
7266:
6744:
UPA i AK. Konflikt w Zachodniej Ukrainie (1939–1945)
6408:, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008
4948:
Był taki czas. U źródeł akcji odwetowej w Pawłokomie
4474:
3447:
3435:
3284:
3133:
2014:, Vasyl Ivakhov, Ivan Lytvynchuk and Petro Oliynyk.
6746:(in Polish). Warszawa: Związek Ukraińców w Polsce.
6419:1943 Volhynian Massacre Truth and Remembrance p. 6
5419:
The causes of Polish and Ukrainian Ethnic Cleansing
5403:on 21 September 2008 – via Internet Archive.
3741:
3729:
3717:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
2624:
2622:
2396:
Historiography of the Massacre of Poles in Volhynia
2049:In October 1943 the OUN issued a communication (in
1367:
9443:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
9193:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
7056:
5935:
5766:. Sevdig.sevastopol.ws. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5033:
4991:. New York: Penguin Publishing. pp. 455–456.
4626:
4624:
4622:
3363:
1833:who responded to the Polish complaints: "You want
1613:estimated the number of victims at 30,000–40,000.
964:Polish underground in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
695:In 1920, exiled Ukrainian officers, mostly former
533:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
219:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
24:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
9176:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
7034:
6774:
5661:
5095:. Ji-magazine.lviv.ua. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
3824:. September 20, 2010, Retrieved January 19, 2013.
3538:
3333:
2847:
834:Soviet occupation of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
9455:
6993:(in Polish). IPN. pp. 77–85. Archived from
6960:From the Volhynian massacre to Operation Vistula
6527:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4734:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4607:Po Polakach pozostały mogiły... – Rzeczpospolita
3550:
3386:
3218:
2619:
1562:attack on 23 February 1944. Two soldiers of the
690:
5391:Zapomnijcie o Giedroyciu: Polacy, Ukraińcy, IPN
5383:
5361:
5303:
5254:[OUN and UPA on the anti-Polish front]
5252:"Бойові дії ОУН і УПА на антілольському фронті"
4843:
4829:
4826:, Bogusław Paź (ed.), Wrocław 2011, pp. 117–128
4657:
4619:
1849:Polish and other villages under German orders.
1218:
6775:Komański, Henryk; Siekierka, Szczepan (2006).
5850:
5754:. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5662:Siemaszko, Władysław; Turowski, Józef (1990).
5569:. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 83.
5048:Publisher: Pan Books, November 2007, 544 pp.,
4249:. www.lwow.home.pl. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
3561:: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 283–284.
3408:. books.google.com. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
2761:. University of Alberta. 28 March 2011. p. 4,
2731:
2628:
2294:and formally called the massacres a genocide.
1993:Ten Commandments of the Ukrainian Nationalists
1594:, which now is kept in St. Wojciech Church in
987:
788:active campaign to use religion as a tool for
785:exacting a policy of collective responsibility
47:Polish victims of a massacre committed by the
9584:Sexual violence in Europe during World War II
9238:
7398:
7285:
7057:Siemaszko, Władysław; Siemaszko, Ewa (2000).
6779:. Vol. 1. Wrocław: Nortom. p. 203.
6641:
6509:. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019
5436:"Antypolskie akcje nacjonalistów ukraińskich"
4758:. Archives.gov.ua. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
2592:
2205:the Polish Republic in its pre-1939 borders.
2163:
2148:in Poland, archbishop Stanisław Gądecki, and
1771:
585:(UPA) with the support of parts of the local
188:
9035:Nazi German crimes against the Polish nation
7319:The Polish Institute of National Membrance,
7286:Hryciuk, Grzegorz; Palski, Zbigniew (2010).
6291:Get the Latest Ukraine News Today – KyivPost
6040:Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost
5853:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin
5832:Books.google.com. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5453:. University of Toronto Press. p. 237.
5377:
4716:
4714:
3459:
2705:, Jurij Kiriczuk, Gazeta Wyborcza 23.04.2003
7356:"The Volyn Tragedy: Echoes Through Decades"
6619:"Ukraińskie interpretacje rzezi wołyńskiej"
6560:
6558:
6556:
6535:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5098:
4188:Antypolskie akcje nacjonalistów ukraińskich
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
2089:(Poland) and Sectoral State Archive of the
1444:Polish-Ukrainian tension in Eastern Galicia
1325:
881:
388:Maziarnia Wawrzkowa-Grabowa-Huta Połoniecka
9245:
9231:
7405:
7391:
7365:(the Mirror Weekly), February 15–21, 2003.
7211:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7081:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7022:
6984:
6976:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6721:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6010:(12 July 2003). Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5547:
5545:
5325:
5129:
5045:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
3544:
3296:
2727:
2725:
2723:
1427:Reactions of other Ukrainian organisations
1155:Wave of massacres during Holy Week of 1943
936:On 30 June 1941, the OUN-B proclaimed the
195:
181:
7414:Massacres of ethnic Poles in World War II
6824:
6729:
6386:
5645:Published by McFarland, 1998. 437 pages.
5086:
5014:
4711:
4242:
4240:
3842:. Indiana University Press. p. 102.
3663:
3648:
3465:
3417:
2753:
2751:
2696:
2694:
2692:
1260:
1055:, unaffiliated with the OUN-B and led by
838:In September 1939, Poland was invaded by
666:Interwar period in Second Polish Republic
7308:Volhynia massacre. Truth and Remembrance
7253:
7241:
7219:
6849:
6806:
6793:
6738:
6553:
6499:
6354:
6323:
6311:
5997:
5949:President and Fellows of Harvard College
5496:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"
5478:
5467:
4983:
4959:According to Polish-Ukrainian historian
4644:
4642:
3429:
3237:
3228:New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 167
3212:
3197:
3106:
3100:
3088:
3050:
2810:
2613:
2564:
2237:
2208:According to a 2010 conference paper by
1541:
1472:At the 3rd OUN Congress in August 1943,
1456:
1281:
1223:The local Home Army command, under Col.
1100:
738:Polish policy towards Ukrainian minority
669:
636:At the 3rd OUN Congress in August 1943,
550:'Volhynian-Galician slaughter';
8701:Polish self-defence centres in Volhynia
7157:
7132:
6616:
6060:
5592:
5555:. Kakanien Revisited. 29 December 2010.
5542:
5539:, Penguin Press, New York 2006, p. 455.
5355:
5249:
5184:
4876:
4864:
4785:
4573:. Davies.pl. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
4564:
4546:
4080:
4041:
3924:
3912:
3856:
3805:
3790:
3687:
3675:
3495:
3256:
2919:
2835:
2767:The Convolutions of Historical Politics
2720:
2401:27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division
2140:jointly paid tribute to the victims in
1963:
9554:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
9456:
7089:
6950:
6928:
6734:. New York: Columbia University Press.
6598:. The Ukrainian Week. 6 September 2018
6452:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6259:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6030:
6028:
5564:
5424:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5010:
5008:
4979:
4977:
4912:
4558:
4534:
4519:
4504:
4492:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4405:
4393:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4237:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4065:
4053:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3948:
3936:
3900:
3888:
3771:
3759:
3711:
3699:
3608:
3526:
3453:
3441:
3380:
3290:
3151:
3139:
3038:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2798:
2778:
2772:
2748:
2689:
2168:
1986:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1710:An OUN order from early 1944 stated:
729:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
709:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
623:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
136:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
9514:Massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia
9226:
7386:
7372:Volyn Discussion (a list of articles)
6702:
6022:. Hri.org. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5994:. Hri.org. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5982:, Jan Maksymiuk, RFE/RL, May 12, 2006
5872:
5752:Vic Satzevich, The Ukrainian Diaspora
5446:
5123:
5080:
4901:Tluste/Tovste, Ukraine – Czerwonogrod
4779:
4639:
3339:
3327:
3302:Lidia Głowacka, Andrzej Czesław Żak,
2935:
2350:
1815:
1616:The slaughter did not stop after the
1420:), 166 people were allegedly killed.
1030:Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army
917:, resulting in the massacre of 6,000
206:Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)
176:
9137:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
7191:Stosunki polsko-ukraińskie 1939–1947
7188:
6956:Od rzezi wołyńskiej do Akcji "Wisła"
6919:
6878:
6061:Remembrance, Institute of National.
5985:
5973:
5970:. Tol.cz. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
5961:
5632:
5493:
5243:
4480:
3879:in "Na rubieży" nr 5, 1997, pp 36–39
3747:
3735:
3723:
2713:
2711:
2672:"What were the Volhynian Massacres?"
1956:killed in the massacres, such as in
1889:
1865:
1529:; and Hanachiv and Hanachivka, near
7305:(in English, Polish, and Ukrainian)
6564:
6172:
6025:
5526:
5487:
5273:
5205:Gorny, Grzegorz (17 October 2009).
5005:
4974:
4937:. Rp.pl. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
4616:. Rp.pl. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
3402:Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen,
2815:. Penguin Publishing. p. 455.
2734:"A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev"
2732:Timothy Snyder (24 February 2010).
2629:Andrii Portnov (16 November 2016).
2569:. Penguin Publishing. p. 455.
1491:
1206:Olijnyk's subordinate areas of the
858:. After the annexation, the Soviet
828:
13:
9103:Persecution of the Catholic Church
7267:Marcin Wojciechowski, ed. (2008).
6730:Armstrong, John Alexander (1963).
3827:
2783:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99.
2645:"OUN i UPA od walk do ludobójstwa"
2062:reconciliation; in 2002 President
1729:According to the Polish historian
1438:
1096:
901:On 22 June 1941, the Soviet Union
795:On the other hand just before the
515:Assasination of Karol Świerczewski
14:
9600:
9212:World War II casualties of Poland
9147:Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna
8980:Palmnicken (present-day Yantarny)
7312:Institute of National Remembrance
7298:
6683:Institute of National Remembrance
6458:Institute of National Remembrance
6067:Institute of National Remembrance
5432:Institute of National Remembrance
3985:, McFarland & Company, 2000,
3163:Rudling, Per A. (November 2011).
2708:
2668:Institute of National Remembrance
2660:
2301:
2259:Institute of National Remembrance
2087:Institute of National Remembrance
2056:
1979:
1940:, organized on June 7–9, 1994 by
1754:Institute of National Remembrance
1546:Bullet marks on the tower of the
9283:
9030:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
8858:Remainder of present-day Belarus
8742:Remainder of present-day Ukraine
6610:
6588:
6487:. Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu
6477:
6461:
6413:
6360:
6317:
6279:
6253:
6227:
6201:
6158:
6133:
6107:
6081:
6054:
6013:
5909:
5866:
5844:
5835:
5814:
5798:. 28 August 2003. Archived from
5788:
5769:
5757:
5745:
5731:
5718:
5709:
5688:
5674:
5655:
5608:
5583:
5558:
5513:
5440:
5411:
5319:
5226:
5207:"Ukrainian problem with Bandera"
5199:
5190:
4953:
4940:
4918:
4894:
4882:
4813:
4775:. Published by McFarland. p. 229
4761:
4742:
4683:
4597:
4585:
4576:
4222:
4197:
4169:
4165:. Published by McFarland. p. 247
4151:
2244:OUN-UPA Genocide Victims' Avenue
1806:27th Home Army Infantry Division
1368:Polish self-defence and reprisal
1071:County, on 13–14 November 1942.
938:establishment of Ukrainian State
761:
755:
41:
9539:Anti-Polish sentiment in Europe
7227:. University of Toronto Press.
6934:Ukraińska partyzantka 1942–1960
6885:Journal of Contemporary History
6671:
4928:Zagłada Puźnik – Rzeczpospolita
4571:Norman Davies – Teksty – EUROPA
3972:
3962:"Wołyńskie inferno (in Polish)"
3954:
3869:
3811:
3614:
3489:
3345:
3319:
3275:
3262:
3178:
3157:
3056:
2929:
2804:
2150:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
721:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
705:Ukrainian Military Organization
9589:Massacres committed by Ukraine
9519:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
7271:(in Polish). Warszawa: Agora.
7249:. University of Toronto Press.
6826:10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0630
6703:Filar, Władysław, ed. (1999).
6260:Tilles, Daniel (7 July 2023).
6182:Tilles, Daniel (25 May 2023).
6063:"Polish–Ukrainian Cooperation"
5968:Volhynia: The Reckoning Begins
5824:of a future Ukrainian state".
5430:Prof. Władysław Filar, Polish
5289:. Cambridge University Press.
4667:. 5 March 2009. Archived from
3631:(in Ukrainian). Archived from
2637:
2558:
2364:was produced by Adam Kruk for
2338:Polonization § Ukrainians
2287:Sejm of the Republic of Poland
2233:
1739:Samoboronni Kushtchovi Viddily
1337:During the night of August 30
1185:, where UPA unit commanded by
1:
9529:World War II crimes in Poland
8081:Pniewo, Podlaskie Voivodeship
7293:(in Polish). pp. 17, 20.
7042:. Columbia University Press.
6760:
5919:. 4 June 2009. Archived from
5233:
5220:. Retrieved on 11 July 2011.
2848:Komański & Siekierka 2006
2552:
2368:which tells the story of the
2355:In 2009, a Polish historical
2122:spoke in front of the Polish
1666:
1193:, in the Szumski region, and
691:Ukrainian radical nationalism
660:
567:Volynsʹko-Halytsʹka trahediya
6985:Niedzielko, Romuald (2009).
6652:National Film School in Łódź
6650:(There once was a town...),
5855:. Basic Books. p. 500.
5326:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2000).
4665:"Instytut Pamięci Narodowej"
3559:Viadrina European University
2738:The New York Review of Books
2546:List of massacres in Ukraine
2491:Massacre of Wola Ostrowiecka
1991:The OUN adopted in 1929 the
1756:(IPN) published a document,
1219:Polish proposals for a truce
1035:
822:Western Ukrainian communists
7:
9207:National Day of Remembrance
9041:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
8216:Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka
7269:Wołyń 1943–2008. Pojednanie
7097:Journal of Cold War Studies
7036:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz
6936:(in Polish). Warsaw: RYTM.
5941:Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004).
5822:social and economic spheres
5283:Müller, Jan-Werner (2002).
4192:Przed Akcją Wisła był Wołyń
2942:Journal of Cold War Studies
2388:
2307:were equivalent in nature.
2185:Writing in 2004, historian
2091:Security Service of Ukraine
1061:Ukrainian People's Republic
1040:
988:Polish-Ukrainian antagonism
566:
556:Волинсько-Галицька трагедія
51:in the village of Lipniki,
10:
9605:
9559:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
8803:Voivodeships (present-day
7288:"Wołyń 1943 – rozliczenie"
7254:Torzecki, Ryszard (1993).
6711:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
6648:"BYŁO SOBIE MIASTECZKO..."
6468:IPN conference proceedings
5399:, Archiwum. Archived from
5093:Gazeta Wyborcza 23.04.2003
3622:"Book chapter (1941—1942)"
2702:Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa
2421:Chodaczków Wielki massacre
2335:
2217:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe
2164:Classification as genocide
2103:In 2018, Polish president
1869:
1772:Self-defence organizations
1065:Ukrainian auxiliary police
994:Polish government-in-exile
9435:
9409:
9346:
9292:
9281:
9258:
9074:Intelligenzaktion Pommern
9060:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen
9054:Prisoner-of-war massacres
9022:
8988:
8937:
8883:
8857:
8784:
8741:
8700:
8549:
8419:
7521:Chojnice (Pola Igielskie)
7420:
7338:(in Ukrainian and Polish)
7189:Sowa, Andrzej L. (1998).
7158:Snyder, Timothy (2003b).
7133:Snyder, Timothy (2003a).
7110:10.1162/15203979952559531
6698:(in Polish and Ukrainian)
6330:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
6324:Polonsky, Antony (2004).
6020:RFE/RL Newsline, 03–07–14
5992:RFE/RL Newsline, 03–02–13
5565:Motyka, Grzegorz (2016).
5374:Written by Ihor Ilyushin.
5316:Written by Ihor Ilyushin.
3821:Ukrainian past and future
3551:Dr. Frank Grelka (2005).
2593:Hryciuk & Palski 2010
2411:Bloody Sunday on Volhynia
2318:. In September 2016, the
1715:pretensions to our land".
1503:Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski
1417:
754:
749:
744:
631:27th AK Infantry Division
555:
214:
153:
131:
121:
100:
90:
82:
60:
40:
28:
23:
9569:Poland–Ukraine relations
9564:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
9376:Stary and Nowy Lubliniec
7090:Snyder, Timothy (1999).
6920:Mick, Christoph (2015).
6897:10.1177/0022009410392409
6879:Mick, Christoph (2011).
6807:McBride, Jared (2016a).
6617:Portnov, Andrii (2013).
6095:(in Polish). 8 July 2016
4749:Ukrainian State Archives
4689:Mieczyslaw Juchniewicz,
3496:Rudling, Per A. (2011).
3268:Timothy Snyder. (2005).
3224:Timothy Snyder. (2005).
2811:Ferguson, Niall (2006).
2565:Ferguson, Niall (2006).
2361:Było sobie miasteczko...
1326:August wave of massacres
882:OUN activities 1939–1941
768:Polish census of 1931 –
583:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
541:rzeź wołyńsko-galicyjska
280:Huta Stepańska and Wyrka
140:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
49:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
9534:Ukraine in World War II
9198:Volhynian Bloody Sunday
9181:NKVD prisoner massacres
8421:Pre-war Polish Volhynia
7626:Grudziądz (Księże Góry)
7061:(in Polish). Warszawa.
5851:Timothy Snyder (2010).
2936:Burds, Jeffrey (1999).
2779:Ahonen, Pertti (2008).
2456:Huta Pieniacka massacre
2416:Budy Ossowskie massacre
2246:located in the city of
2114:In May 2023, Ukraine's
1876:According to historian
1569:Huta Pieniacka massacre
1178:"Eney" was in command.
589:population against the
9524:World War II massacres
9118:Kidnapping of children
9048:Unternehmen Tannenberg
8888:in the pre-war Polish
8660:NKVD prisoner massacre
8552:Polish Eastern Galicia
8076:Pniewo, Pułtusk County
7174:10.1093/past/179.1.197
6991:Biuletyn IPN, 1-2/2009
5551:G. Rossolinski-Liebe.
5447:Liber, George (2016).
4950:, Przemyśl 2005, p. 62
3611:, Akt 13 czerwca 1941.
3539:Rossoliński-Liebe 2014
3404:Immigration and Asylum
2461:Janowa Dolina massacre
2276:
2254:
2064:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
2030:
1887:
1837:, the Ukrainians want
1794:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1682:
1551:
1469:
1295:
1280:
1261:July wave of massacres
1109:
683:
579:German-occupied Poland
540:
248:Bielin and Spaszczyzna
9574:War crimes in Ukraine
9422:National Armed Forces
9391:Łasków and Szychowice
9164:Human experimentation
9113:Destruction of Warsaw
8865:Belarusian Katyn List
8794:and eastern parts of
7193:(in Polish). Kraków.
7141:Yale University Press
6864:10.1353/kri.2016.0039
6732:Ukrainian Nationalism
5887:10.1353/imp.2010.0101
4786:Littman, Sol (2003).
3358:Yale University Press
2948:(2). (1) Chronology.
2316:Russian–Ukrainian war
2285:On 15 July 2009, the
2271:
2241:
2195:Polish Jewish history
2146:Roman Catholic Church
2025:
1882:
1841:. Fight each other".
1783:
1712:
1703:
1686:
1677:
1626:Recovered Territories
1602:, called Wowczyszyn.
1545:
1460:
1285:
1275:
1118:assaulted the Parośle
1104:
1028:, the founder of the
978:authorities in Warsaw
854:were attached to the
745:Polish census of 1931
673:
414:Łasków and Szychowice
402:Hrubieszów revolution
9549:Massacres in Ukraine
9108:Pacification actions
8749:Ukrainian Katyn List
8570:present-day Ukraine)
7325:Balance of the crime
6596:"The Ukrainian Week"
5796:"Historical Gallery"
5694:Per Anders Rudling,
5537:The War of the World
5494:Massacre, Volhynia.
5269:on 19 December 2008.
5218:Rzeczpospolita Daily
4946:Zdzisław Konieczny,
4792:. Black Rose Books.
2536:Wiśniowiec massacres
2486:Massacre of Ostrówki
2476:Korosciatyn massacre
2342:Ukrainian historian
2282:, to describe them.
2021:Taras Bulba-Borovets
1964:Ukrainian casualties
1920:G. Rossolinski-Liebe
1433:Volodymyr Kubiyovych
1308:Włodzimierz Wołyński
1255:Krzysztof Markiewicz
1057:Taras Bulba-Borovets
1026:Taras Bulba-Borovets
925:occurred in Eastern
773:at Wikimedia Commons
770:Statistics of Poland
711:(OUN) was formed in
701:Polish–Ukrainian War
473:Ulhówek and Rzeczyca
125:60,000–120,000 Poles
9544:Massacres in Poland
9494:Mass murder in 1945
9489:Mass murder in 1944
9484:Mass murder in 1943
9410:Responsible parties
9169:Concentration camps
9081:Sonderaktion Krakau
8885:Wilno Region Proper
8713:Kurdybań Warkowicki
6962:] (in Polish).
6357:, pp. 647–663.
6314:, pp. 631–632.
5372:, Chapter 5, p. 266
5358:, pp. 173–174.
5314:, Chapter 5, p. 264
5130:Na rubieży (2007).
5120:, Przegląd, 28/2003
4915:, pp. 401–402.
4855:, Chapter 5, p. 284
4697:Schiffer Publishing
4635:, Chapter 5, p. 283
4537:, pp. 366–367.
4507:, pp. 364–366.
4495:, pp. 361–366.
4447:, pp. 357–358.
4408:, pp. 352–353.
4369:, pp. 348–349.
4345:, pp. 346–347.
4333:, pp. 340–346.
4276:, pp. 334–335.
4136:, pp. 326–327.
4124:, pp. 325–326.
4112:, pp. 324–325.
4083:, pp. 172–173.
4068:, pp. 316–317.
4032:, pp. 314–315.
3951:, pp. 311–312.
3891:, pp. 113–114.
3875:Feliks Trusiewicz,
3808:, pp. 164–165.
3714:, pp. 299–302.
3702:, pp. 298–299.
3678:, pp. 211–212.
3666:, pp. 142–165.
3651:, pp. 114–117.
3432:, pp. 455–457.
2531:Wiązownica massacre
2441:Głęboczyca massacre
2383:Wojciech Smarzowski
2333:in pre-war Poland.
2226:However, historian
2189:, an expert on the
2169:Scholarly consensus
2153:Sviatoslav Shevchuk
2012:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
1954:Polonized Armenians
1929:Władysław Siemaszko
1405:Volodymyr-Volynskyi
1384:bloodiest massacres
1267:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
1086:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
864:deported to Siberia
627:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
290:Jagodzin and Rymacz
243:Antonówka Szepelska
9427:Peasant Battalions
9132:Expulsion of Poles
8718:Kuty (in Volhynia)
8091:Podlesie Kościelne
7262:] (in Polish).
7247:Ukraine: A History
7225:Ukraine: A History
7165:Past & Present
7024:Poliszczuk, Wiktor
5670:] (in Polish).
5639:Tadeusz Piotrowski
5212:2011-06-08 at the
5112:2009-06-04 at the
4933:2014-12-29 at the
4773:Poland's holocaust
4768:Tadeusz Piotrowski
4754:2017-08-10 at the
4612:2014-07-28 at the
4233:gazetakrakowska.pl
4163:Poland's holocaust
4158:Tadeusz Piotrowski
3979:Tadeusz Piotrowski
3554:Ukrainischen Miliz
3309:2014-08-15 at the
3091:, p. 631-632.
3024:, p. 410-411.
3012:, p. 377-378.
2976:, p. 369-376.
2964:, p. 366-367.
2898:, p. 327-360.
2886:, p. 307-308.
2874:, p. 306-307.
2862:, p. 305-306.
2838:, p. 197–234.
2511:Parośla I massacre
2506:Palikrowy massacre
2431:Dominopol massacre
2351:In popular culture
2263:Lublin Voivodeship
2255:
2202:Per Anders Rudling
2138:Volodymyr Zelensky
1950:Per Anders Rudling
1816:German involvement
1786:possessions alone.
1573:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1552:
1525:; Podkamien, near
1478:Mykhailo Stepaniak
1470:
1387:Wiśniowiec Stary.
1354:people were killed
1350:people were killed
1296:
1225:Kazimierz Bąbiński
1110:
1106:Dmytro Klachkivsky
915:took place in Lviv
907:Ukrainian militias
684:
9509:Massacres in 1945
9504:Massacres in 1944
9499:Massacres in 1943
9451:
9450:
9220:
9219:
9067:Intelligenzaktion
8890:Wilno Voivodeship
8632:Dołha Wojniłowska
8612:Chodaczków Wielki
8426:Wołyń Voivodeship
8171:Sikory-Tomkowięta
7353:Kost Bondarenko,
7278:978-83-7552-195-5
7010:Wiktor Poliszczuk
6786:978-83-89684-50-9
6753:978-83-928483-0-1
6681:. Warsaw / Kiev:
6565:Portnov, Andrii.
6434:on 12 August 2016
6266:Notes From Poland
6188:Notes From Poland
5802:on 28 August 2003
5704:978-966-518-567-3
5603:"Bilans zbrodni."
5576:978-83-08-06207-4
5500:Volhynia Massacre
5460:978-1-4426-2144-2
5106:"Nie tylko Wołyń"
5083:, pp. 71–72.
5070:978-0-14-311610-3
5054:978-0-330-35212-3
5027:Zbrodnia Wołyńska
4819:Waldemar Szwiec,
4184:978-83-7441-884-3
3966:rzeczpospolita.pl
3529:, pp. 98–99.
3482:978-0-19-280436-5
3154:, pp. 37–38.
2676:Volhynia Massacre
2526:Przebraże Defence
2516:Pidkamin massacre
2501:Operation Vistula
2481:Marianna Dolińska
2466:Kisielin massacre
2406:Baligród massacre
2370:Kisielin massacre
2210:Ivan Katchanovski
2120:Ruslan Stefanchuk
2068:Operation Vistula
1946:Wołyń Voivodeship
1931:and his daughter
1925:Ivan Katchanovski
1896:Ivan Katchanovski
1890:Polish casualties
1866:Number of victims
1699:No Simple Victory
1517:; Ihrowica, near
1397:Operation Tempest
1288:Kisielin massacre
1199:Kuty self-defense
1002:attrition warfare
998:underground state
801:Ukrainian culture
778:
777:
766:Media related to
725:Andriy Sheptytsky
576:
564:
549:
528:
527:
520:Operation Vistula
171:
170:
9596:
9436:Related articles
9339:
9322:
9310:
9287:
9276:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9224:
9223:
9023:Related articles
8819:Brzostowica Mała
8526:Wola Ostrowiecka
7616:Górka Klasztorna
7407:
7400:
7393:
7384:
7383:
7379:, November 2000.
7370:
7347:
7339:
7331:
7318:
7306:
7294:
7292:
7282:
7263:
7250:
7238:
7216:
7210:
7202:
7185:
7168:(179): 197–234.
7154:
7129:
7086:
7080:
7072:
7053:
7031:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6997:on 30 April 2010
6981:
6975:
6967:
6952:Motyka, Grzegorz
6947:
6930:Motyka, Grzegorz
6925:
6916:
6875:
6846:
6828:
6803:
6790:
6771:
6757:
6735:
6726:
6720:
6712:
6699:
6696:
6666:
6665:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6629:(652): 158–166.
6614:
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6603:
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6586:
6585:
6579:
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6494:
6492:
6481:
6475:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6427:. Archived from
6426:
6417:
6411:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6372:thefirstnews.com
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6336:(1/4): 271–313.
6321:
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6309:
6303:
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6300:
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6283:
6277:
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6130:
6128:
6126:
6117:. Archived from
6111:
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6102:
6100:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
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6052:
6051:
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5792:
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5749:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5729:
5724:Timothy Snyder,
5722:
5716:
5713:
5707:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5684:. 20 April 2021.
5678:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5653:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5612:
5606:
5605:(PDF – 1,14 MB).
5596:
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5417:Timothy Snyder,
5415:
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5175:
5170:has extra text (
5169:
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4961:Eugeniusz Misiło
4957:
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4247:www.lwow.home.pl
4244:
4235:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4209:Історична правда
4201:
4195:
4173:
4167:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3994:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3831:
3825:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3638:on 17 July 2011.
3637:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3467:Longerich, Peter
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3418:Armstrong (1963)
3415:
3409:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3361:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3323:
3317:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2706:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2616:, p. 27–30.
2611:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2562:
2426:Chrynów massacre
2366:Telewizja Polska
2357:documentary film
2221:ethnic cleansing
2130:as "promising".
2109:Petro Poroshenko
1792:
1632:of Barysz, near
1537:Roman Shukhevych
1521:; Plotych, near
1492:Ethnic cleansing
1486:
1462:Roman Shukhevych
1419:
1347:
1244:
1236:Kazimierz Banach
1233:
1177:
1145:
1022:Roman Shukhevych
829:Second World War
817:Polish colonists
765:
759:
742:
741:
699:and veterans of
676:Wołyń (Volhynia)
655:ethnic cleansing
643:Roman Shuchevych
571:
569:
559:
557:
544:
491:
427:
396:
384:
347:
335:
303:
276:
239:
209:
207:
197:
190:
183:
174:
173:
162:Anti-Catholicism
148:Roman Shukhevych
111:ethnic cleansing
53:Wołyń (Volhynia)
45:
21:
20:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9479:1944 in Ukraine
9474:1943 in Ukraine
9454:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9431:
9405:
9342:
9333:
9326:Ruda Różaniecka
9316:
9304:
9288:
9279:
9270:
9254:
9251:
9221:
9216:
9142:Action Saybusch
9018:
8999:Arnsberg Forest
8984:
8933:
8892:
8887:
8879:
8853:
8802:
8793:
8785:Pre-war Polish
8780:
8737:
8696:
8607:Budki Borowskie
8592:Berezowica Mała
8569:
8563:
8554:
8545:
8429:
8423:
8415:
7811:Lipniak-Majorat
7776:Krasowo-Częstki
7416:
7411:
7368:
7345:
7337:
7329:
7316:
7304:
7301:
7290:
7279:
7243:Subtelny, Orest
7235:
7221:Subtelny, Orest
7204:
7203:
7151:
7074:
7073:
7069:
7050:
7000:
6998:
6969:
6968:
6944:
6858:(3): 647–663 .
6796:Konferencje IPN
6787:
6754:
6714:
6713:
6697:
6693:
6677:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6646:
6642:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6575:
6573:
6563:
6554:
6549:. 22 July 2016.
6541:
6540:
6536:
6520:
6519:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6472:Waldemar Rezmer
6466:
6462:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6422:"Archived copy"
6420:
6418:
6414:
6395:– Piotr Zając,
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6322:
6318:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6180:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6124:
6122:
6121:on 10 July 2018
6113:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6070:
6059:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5871:
5867:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5836:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5693:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5660:
5656:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5563:
5559:
5550:
5543:
5531:
5527:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5492:
5488:
5477:
5468:
5461:
5445:
5441:
5429:
5425:
5416:
5412:
5387:(24 May 2008).
5385:Grzegorz Motyka
5382:
5378:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5255:
5248:
5244:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5214:Wayback Machine
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5167:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5144:
5128:
5124:
5118:Piotr Łossowski
5114:Wayback Machine
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5063:
5059:
5038:
5034:
5022:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4985:Ferguson, Niall
4982:
4975:
4958:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4935:Wayback Machine
4924:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4830:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4766:
4762:
4756:Wayback Machine
4747:
4743:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4671:on 5 March 2009
4663:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4629:
4620:
4614:Wayback Machine
4603:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4176:Władysław Filar
4174:
4170:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4087:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
3997:
3977:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3832:
3828:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3387:
3379:
3364:
3360:. pp. 137, 142.
3352:Snyder (2007).
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3311:Wayback Machine
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3122:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2934:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2756:
2749:
2730:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2699:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2665:
2661:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2541:Zagaje massacre
2521:Poryck Massacre
2496:Muczne massacre
2391:
2353:
2340:
2304:
2236:
2228:Grzegorz Motyka
2187:Antony Polonsky
2171:
2166:
2059:
1982:
1966:
1892:
1874:
1868:
1856:Soviet partisan
1821:or to the UPA.
1818:
1793:
1790:
1774:
1750:Sluzhba Bezbeky
1731:Piotr Łossowski
1669:
1611:Grzegorz Motyka
1586:The village of
1494:
1480:
1466:Eastern Galicia
1455:
1446:
1441:
1439:Eastern Galicia
1429:
1393:
1379:
1370:
1341:
1328:
1271:Władysław Filar
1263:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1187:Ivan Lytvynchuk
1171:
1157:
1139:
1137:Ivan Lytvynchuk
1099:
1097:First massacres
1048:
1043:
1038:
990:
966:
884:
872:Dmytro Levytsky
852:Eastern Galicia
836:
831:
809:Józef Piłsudski
774:
740:
693:
680:Eastern Galicia
668:
663:
621:faction of the
599:Eastern Galicia
529:
524:
485:
421:
390:
378:
341:
329:
297:
270:
233:
210:
205:
203:
201:
126:
113:, considered a
103:
75:
71:
69:Eastern Galicia
67:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9602:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9469:1944 in Poland
9466:
9464:1943 in Poland
9449:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9352:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9328:
9323:
9311:
9298:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9227:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9186:Katyn massacre
9183:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9154:Polish decrees
9151:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9077:
9063:
9056:
9051:
9044:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8995:
8993:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8944:
8942:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8898:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8861:
8859:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8810:
8808:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8708:Huta Stepańska
8704:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8642:Huta Pieniacka
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8573:
8571:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8451:Budy Ossowskie
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8299:Mokotów prison
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8201:Solec Kujawski
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8131:Rury Jezuickie
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7901:Małusy Wielkie
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7801:Las Szpęgawski
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7576:Drewnowo-Gołyń
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7418:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7374:
7369:(in Ukrainian)
7366:
7362:Zerkalo Nedeli
7351:
7346:(in Ukrainian)
7343:
7335:
7327:
7314:
7300:
7299:External links
7297:
7296:
7295:
7283:
7277:
7264:
7251:
7239:
7233:
7217:
7186:
7155:
7149:
7130:
7087:
7067:
7054:
7049:978-3838266848
7048:
7032:
7020:
7007:
6982:
6948:
6942:
6926:
6917:
6891:(2): 336–363.
6876:
6847:
6819:(3): 630–654.
6804:
6791:
6785:
6772:
6758:
6752:
6740:Ilyushin, Ihor
6736:
6727:
6700:
6691:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6640:
6609:
6587:
6552:
6534:
6498:
6476:
6460:
6412:
6385:
6374:. 11 July 2019
6359:
6347:
6316:
6304:
6293:. 12 July 2023
6278:
6252:
6241:. 10 July 2023
6226:
6213:Nauka w Polsce
6200:
6171:
6157:
6132:
6106:
6080:
6053:
6042:. 10 July 2023
6024:
6012:
6008:New York Times
5996:
5984:
5972:
5960:
5934:
5923:on 4 June 2009
5908:
5881:(4): 83–101 .
5865:
5843:
5834:
5813:
5787:
5768:
5756:
5744:
5730:
5717:
5708:
5687:
5673:
5654:
5631:
5624:
5607:
5591:
5582:
5575:
5557:
5541:
5533:Niall Ferguson
5525:
5512:
5486:
5466:
5459:
5439:
5423:
5410:
5376:
5360:
5345:
5338:
5318:
5302:
5295:
5272:
5242:
5225:
5198:
5189:
5187:, p. 221.
5177:
5143:978-8373993761
5142:
5122:
5097:
5085:
5073:
5057:
5032:
5016:Siemaszko, Ewa
5004:
4997:
4973:
4952:
4939:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4879:, p. 196.
4869:
4867:, p. 166.
4857:
4842:
4828:
4812:
4798:
4778:
4760:
4741:
4710:
4682:
4656:
4638:
4618:
4596:
4584:
4575:
4563:
4561:, p. 383.
4551:
4549:, p. 176.
4539:
4524:
4522:, p. 366.
4509:
4497:
4485:
4483:, p. 315.
4473:
4471:, p. 359.
4461:
4459:, p. 360.
4449:
4437:
4435:, p. 356.
4425:
4423:, p. 353.
4410:
4398:
4396:, p. 352.
4383:
4381:, p. 350.
4371:
4359:
4357:, p. 347.
4347:
4335:
4323:
4321:, p. 338.
4302:
4300:, p. 339.
4290:
4288:, p. 336.
4278:
4266:
4264:, p. 329.
4251:
4236:
4221:
4196:
4194:, Warsaw, 1997
4168:
4150:
4148:, p. 327.
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4100:, p. 321.
4085:
4070:
4058:
4056:, p. 316.
4046:
4044:, p. 220.
4034:
4022:
4020:, p. 315.
4010:
4008:, p. 313.
3995:
3971:
3953:
3941:
3939:, p. 190.
3929:
3927:, p. 169.
3917:
3915:, p. 208.
3905:
3903:, p. 116.
3893:
3881:
3868:
3864:"Stosunki ..."
3855:
3848:
3826:
3810:
3795:
3793:, p. 168.
3776:
3774:, p. 304.
3764:
3762:, p. 302.
3752:
3750:, p. 357.
3740:
3738:, p. 319.
3728:
3726:, p. 360.
3716:
3704:
3692:
3690:, p. 163.
3680:
3668:
3664:Armstrong 1963
3653:
3649:Armstrong 1963
3641:
3629:history.org.ua
3613:
3601:
3567:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3488:
3481:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3385:
3362:
3344:
3332:
3318:
3295:
3283:
3274:
3261:
3259:, p. 202.
3246:
3230:
3217:
3215:, p. 430.
3202:
3200:, p. 444.
3190:
3177:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3105:
3103:, p. 429.
3093:
3081:
3068:Rzeczpospolita
3055:
3053:, p. 641.
3043:
3041:, p. 448.
3026:
3014:
3002:
3000:, p. 378.
2990:
2988:, p. 377.
2978:
2966:
2954:
2928:
2912:
2910:, p. 412.
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2850:, p. 203.
2840:
2828:
2821:
2803:
2801:, p. 447.
2786:
2771:
2747:
2719:
2707:
2688:
2659:
2649:Rzeczpospolita
2636:
2618:
2597:
2582:
2575:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Hurby massacre
2448:
2446:Gurów massacre
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2352:
2349:
2336:Main article:
2324:Andrii Portnov
2320:Verkhovna Rada
2312:Vladimir Putin
2303:
2302:Ukrainian view
2300:
2280:Final Solution
2235:
2232:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2058:
2057:Reconciliation
2055:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2008:Timothy Snyder
1981:
1980:Responsibility
1978:
1974:Timothy Snyder
1972:The historian
1965:
1962:
1916:Niall Ferguson
1891:
1888:
1867:
1864:
1817:
1814:
1788:
1773:
1770:
1723:Timothy Snyder
1668:
1665:
1581:Timothy Snyder
1560:reconnaissance
1556:Huta Pieniacka
1493:
1490:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1327:
1324:
1262:
1259:
1220:
1217:
1156:
1153:
1120:settlement in
1098:
1095:
1059:of the exiled
1053:Polessian Sich
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
989:
986:
965:
962:
898:(Melnykites).
888:Stepan Bandera
883:
880:
874:, head of the
835:
832:
830:
827:
776:
775:
760:
752:
751:
747:
746:
739:
736:
703:, founded the
692:
689:
667:
664:
662:
659:
526:
525:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Łemkowszczyzna
502:
497:
492:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
433:
429:
428:
416:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
385:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
336:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
292:
287:
282:
277:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
228:
222:
221:
215:
212:
211:
200:
199:
192:
185:
177:
169:
168:
155:
151:
150:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
62:
58:
57:
46:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9601:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9337:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9286:
9274:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9248:
9243:
9241:
9236:
9234:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9159:Forced labour
9157:
9155:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9092:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8936:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8893:(present-day
8891:
8886:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8723:Pańska Dolina
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8568:Voivodeships,
8567:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8491:Janowa Dolina
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8427:
8422:
8418:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8381:Zalesie Dolne
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8336:Wieniec-Zdrój
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8289:Marszałkowska
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7981:Nowy Bidaczów
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:Majdan Wielki
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Jaworze Dolne
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7666:Jankowo Dolne
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Dąbrówka Mała
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7321:Ewa Siemaszko
7315:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7234:0-8020-5808-6
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7150:0-300-10586-X
7146:
7142:
7138:
7137:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7104:(2): 86–120.
7103:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7070:
7068:83-87689-34-3
7064:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7019:
7018:0-9699444-9-7
7015:
7011:
7008:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6943:83-7399-163-8
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6813:Slavic Review
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6766:(in Polish).
6765:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6625:(in Polish).
6624:
6620:
6613:
6597:
6591:
6584:
6572:
6571:openDemocracy
6568:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6530:
6524:
6508:
6502:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6455:
6449:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6356:
6355:McBride 2016b
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6312:McBride 2016a
6308:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6161:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5957:9780674027183
5954:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5781:0-674-01313-1
5778:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5740:
5734:
5727:
5721:
5712:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5652:
5651:0-7864-0371-3
5648:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5627:
5625:83-89115-36-0
5621:
5617:
5611:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5586:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5516:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5462:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5341:
5339:9780786407736
5335:
5332:. McFarland.
5331:
5330:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5296:9780521000703
5292:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5250:I. Ilyushin.
5246:
5240:, p. 25.
5239:
5237:
5229:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5173:
5168:|volume=
5161:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5040:Norman Davies
5036:
5028:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4998:1-59420-100-5
4994:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:Pawłokoma ...
4966:
4962:
4956:
4949:
4943:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4816:
4801:
4799:9781551642185
4795:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4705:0-7643-0081-4
4702:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:0-7864-0773-5
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3849:9780253001597
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:Ray Brandon;
3830:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3585:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3456:, p. 88.
3455:
3450:
3444:, p. 79.
3443:
3438:
3431:
3430:Subtelny 1988
3426:
3420:, p. 65.
3419:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3293:, p. 58.
3292:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3238:Subtelny 2000
3234:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3213:Subtelny 2000
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:Subtelny 1988
3194:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3142:, p. 36.
3141:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3101:Subtelny 1988
3097:
3090:
3089:McBride 2016a
3085:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3051:McBride 2016a
3047:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2822:1-59420-100-5
2818:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:J. P. Himka.
2754:
2752:
2744:
2740:. NYR Daily.
2739:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2651:(in Polish).
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:Kulińska 2010
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2576:1-59420-100-5
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Koliyivschyna
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Gaj massacres
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2345:
2344:Yuri Shapoval
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:Slavic Review
2175:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:Leonid Kuchma
2071:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:Podkowa Leśna
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1908:Lower Silesia
1905:
1899:
1897:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1810:German forces
1807:
1802:
1798:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:Norman Davies
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1421:
1418:Ярослав Царук
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1339:Ivan Klimchak
1335:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:Zygmunt Rumel
1246:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Janowa Dolina
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:Petro Oilynyk
1166:
1162:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
961:
959:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
896:Andriy Melnyk
893:
890:, the OUN-B (
889:
879:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:Ukrainian SSR
853:
849:
845:
841:
826:
823:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
786:
781:
772:
771:
764:
758:
753:
748:
743:
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Sich Riflemen
688:
681:
677:
672:
658:
656:
650:
648:
644:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
610:
608:
607:Lublin region
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
568:
562:
553:
547:
542:
538:
534:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
489:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
425:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
386:
382:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Pańska Dolina
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
208:
198:
193:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:
175:
167:
166:Ukrainisation
163:
159:
158:Anti-Polonism
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
77:Lublin region
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
32:
31:Eastern Front
27:
22:
19:
9442:
9401:Wierzchowiny
9268:Honchyi Brid
9192:
9122:
9095:
9088:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9058:
9046:
9039:
9014:Poppenhausen
8989:Present-day
8938:Present-day
8627:Demianów Łaz
8582:Barszczowice
8564:and eastern
8551:
8430:present-day
8420:
8211:Stare Rogowo
7881:Majdan Stary
7836:Lućmierz-Las
7656:Jabłoń-Dobki
7621:Góry Wysokie
7421:Present-day
7360:
7355:
7268:
7259:
7255:
7246:
7224:
7190:
7163:
7135:
7101:
7095:
7058:
7039:
7027:
6999:. Retrieved
6995:the original
6990:
6959:
6955:
6933:
6921:
6888:
6884:
6855:
6851:
6816:
6812:
6799:
6795:
6776:
6767:
6763:
6743:
6731:
6708:
6704:
6678:
6672:Bibliography
6643:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6600:. Retrieved
6590:
6581:
6574:. Retrieved
6570:
6547:Radio Poland
6546:
6537:
6511:. Retrieved
6501:
6489:. Retrieved
6479:
6463:
6436:. Retrieved
6429:the original
6415:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6371:
6362:
6350:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6290:
6281:
6269:. Retrieved
6265:
6255:
6243:. Retrieved
6238:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6212:
6203:
6191:. Retrieved
6187:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6144:
6135:
6123:. Retrieved
6119:the original
6109:
6097:. Retrieved
6092:
6083:
6071:. Retrieved
6066:
6056:
6044:. Retrieved
6039:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5942:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5921:the original
5911:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5837:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5804:. Retrieved
5800:the original
5790:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5711:
5695:
5690:
5676:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5634:
5615:
5610:
5594:
5585:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5499:
5489:
5480:
5449:
5442:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5404:
5401:the original
5390:
5379:
5369:
5363:
5356:Snyder 2003a
5328:
5321:
5311:
5305:
5285:
5264:the original
5259:
5245:
5235:
5228:
5217:
5201:
5192:
5185:Snyder 2003b
5180:
5132:
5125:
5105:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5060:
5043:
5035:
5026:
4988:
4968:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4920:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4877:Snyder 2003a
4872:
4865:Snyder 2003a
4860:
4851:
4845:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4788:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4744:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4673:. Retrieved
4669:the original
4659:
4632:
4599:
4587:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4547:Snyder 2003a
4542:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4401:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4232:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:
4199:
4191:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4081:Snyder 2003a
4061:
4049:
4042:Snyder 2003b
4037:
4025:
4013:
3982:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3925:Snyder 2003a
3920:
3913:Snyder 2003b
3908:
3896:
3884:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3806:Snyder 2003a
3791:Snyder 2003a
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3688:Snyder 2003a
3683:
3676:Snyder 2003b
3671:
3644:
3633:the original
3628:
3616:
3604:
3572:. Retrieved
3553:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3513:
3501:
3491:
3471:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3403:
3353:
3347:
3335:
3321:
3314:
3298:
3286:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3257:Snyder 2003b
3233:
3225:
3220:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3096:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3067:
3058:
3046:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2920:Snyder 2003a
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2836:Snyder 2003b
2831:
2812:
2806:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2741:
2737:
2701:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2662:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2566:
2560:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2354:
2341:
2331:polonization
2328:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2256:
2243:
2225:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2135:
2132:
2128:Zbigniew Rau
2113:
2105:Andrzej Duda
2102:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2045:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2004:Mykola Lebed
1997:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1942:Karta Centre
1912:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1878:George Liber
1875:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1654:
1642:Niemysłowice
1630:
1622:Czerwonogrod
1615:
1604:
1585:
1577:
1553:
1535:
1499:
1495:
1474:Mykola Lebed
1471:
1447:
1430:
1422:
1394:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1300:
1297:
1276:
1264:
1249:Delegation,
1247:
1222:
1204:
1180:
1158:
1126:
1115:
1111:
1091:
1077:Volodymyrets
1073:
1049:
1018:Mykola Lebed
1015:
1011:
1007:
991:
974:
967:
955:
935:
903:was attacked
900:
885:
868:
844:Soviet Union
840:Nazi Germany
837:
813:
794:
790:Polonization
782:
779:
769:
733:
694:
685:
651:
638:Mykola Lebed
635:
615:
611:
593:minority in
532:
530:
218:
144:Mykola Lebed
132:Perpetrators
35:World War II
29:Part of the
18:
9386:Piskorowice
9334: [
9317: [
9305: [
9271: [
8764:Piatykhatky
8652:Korosciatyń
8637:Huta Oleska
8597:Bruckenthal
8557:Stanisławów
8531:Wiśniowiec
8391:Zawady Małe
8346:Wnory-Wandy
8251:Święta Anna
8126:Rudzki Most
8106:Przyszowice
8031:Parzymiechy
7896:Małe Czyste
7876:Majdan Nowy
7551:Częstochowa
7330:(in Polish)
7317:(in Polish)
6764:Na Rubieży
6664:(in Polish)
6602:28 February
6410:, pp. 34–49
6406:Ludobójstwo
6215:(in Polish)
6093:dziennik.pl
6069:(in Polish)
5519:Jan Kęsik.
5222:(in Polish)
4925:(in Polish)
4913:Motyka 2006
4649:(in Polish)
4604:(in Polish)
4559:Motyka 2006
4535:Motyka 2006
4520:Motyka 2006
4505:Motyka 2006
4493:Motyka 2006
4469:Motyka 2006
4457:Motyka 2006
4445:Motyka 2006
4433:Motyka 2006
4421:Motyka 2006
4406:Motyka 2006
4394:Motyka 2006
4379:Motyka 2006
4367:Motyka 2006
4355:Motyka 2006
4343:Motyka 2006
4331:Motyka 2006
4319:Motyka 2006
4298:Motyka 2006
4286:Motyka 2006
4274:Motyka 2006
4262:Motyka 2006
4146:Motyka 2006
4134:Motyka 2006
4122:Motyka 2006
4110:Motyka 2006
4098:Motyka 2006
4066:Motyka 2006
4054:Motyka 2006
4030:Motyka 2006
4018:Motyka 2006
4006:Motyka 2006
3949:Motyka 2006
3937:Motyka 2006
3901:Motyka 2006
3889:Motyka 2006
3836:Wendy Lower
3772:Motyka 2006
3760:Motyka 2006
3712:Motyka 2006
3700:Motyka 2006
3609:Motyka 2011
3592:|work=
3527:Motyka 2006
3504:(2107): 8.
3454:Motyka 2006
3442:Motyka 2006
3381:Snyder 1999
3291:Motyka 2006
3152:Motyka 2006
3140:Motyka 2006
3070:(in Polish)
3039:Motyka 2011
3022:Motyka 2006
3010:Motyka 2006
2998:Motyka 2006
2986:Motyka 2006
2974:Motyka 2006
2962:Motyka 2006
2908:Motyka 2006
2896:Motyka 2006
2884:Motyka 2006
2872:Motyka 2006
2860:Motyka 2006
2799:Motyka 2011
2654:zrujnowany.
2257:The Polish
2234:Polish view
2093:(HDA SBU).
1885:genocide...
1660:were killed
1531:Przemyślany
1481: [
1342: [
1310:, and 3 in
1239: [
1228: [
1195:Nowa Nowica
1172: [
1165:Krzemieniec
1140: [
919:Polish Jews
647:Vasyl Sydor
601:, parts of
486: [
443:Oździutycze
422: [
391: [
379: [
342: [
330: [
298: [
271: [
234: [
102:Attack type
9458:Categories
9396:Turkovychi
9348:Chełm Land
9124:Lebensborn
9004:Gardelegen
8904:Glinciszki
8839:Nowogródek
8834:Naumowicze
8787:Nowogródek
8769:Starobilsk
8733:Stara Huta
8665:Professors
8622:Czarny Las
8476:Głęboczyca
8401:Zdziechowa
8351:Wola Łącka
8326:Wiązownica
8309:Rakowiecka
8246:Świekatowo
8236:Szymankowo
8226:Szarajówka
8206:Stara Ruda
8101:Prudziszki
8061:Piotrowice
7976:Nowosiółki
7911:Mestwinowo
7821:Longinówka
7796:Kurzebiela
7766:Kowalewice
7681:Jastrzębie
7526:Cielętniki
7476:Białochowo
6692:8389078775
6576:29 October
5947:, p. 298.
5875:Ab Imperio
5726:Bloodlands
5081:Filar 1999
3568:3447052597
3340:Burds 1999
3328:Burds 1999
3124:A. Rudling
2763:reproduced
2553:References
2200:Historian
1870:See also:
1826:Erich Koch
1667:Atrocities
1663:villages.
1507:Antichrist
923:Banderites
892:Banderites
661:Background
438:Korytnica
351:Witoldówka
268:Huta Stara
226:Andresówka
127:340 Czechs
9417:Home Army
9381:Pavlokoma
9371:Prehoryłe
9097:Aktion T4
9090:AB-Aktion
8973:Ostashkov
8919:Święciany
8895:Lithuania
8814:Berezwecz
8800:Białystok
8776:Vinnytsia
8728:Przebraże
8677:Podkamień
8672:Palikrowy
8647:Katerburg
8516:Parośla I
8501:Kisorycze
8461:Dominopol
8411:Zimnowoda
8396:Zbrudzewo
8376:Zakroczym
8261:Tryszczyn
8256:Torzeniec
8221:Sulejówek
8176:Skarszewy
8166:Sieklówka
8011:Ościsłowo
7966:Nieławice
7906:Marchwacz
7871:Łysa Góra
7856:Łobżenica
7841:Luszkówko
7761:Kościelec
7751:Kobylniki
7741:Klimontów
7676:Jasionowo
7661:Jankowice
7606:Gniewkowo
7601:Gniazdowo
7571:Dopiewiec
7536:Cieszanów
7531:Ciepielów
7496:Bydgoszcz
7481:Brzezinki
7207:cite book
7077:cite book
7001:23 August
6972:cite book
6913:159856277
6872:159764382
6843:165089612
6835:0037-6779
6717:cite book
6635:0511-9405
6491:17 August
5903:130590374
5895:2166-4072
5260:Chapter 5
5234:Komański
5160:cite book
5152:183409524
4481:Mick 2015
3748:Mick 2011
3736:Mick 2015
3724:Mick 2011
3594:ignored (
3584:cite book
3510:2163-839X
3173:0889-275X
2242:Memorial
2215:In 2016,
2191:Holocaust
2155:. Polish
2118:chairman
2051:Ukrainian
2000:Bug River
1779:Home Army
1657:Pawłokoma
1607:San River
1548:Podkamień
1414:Ukrainian
1212:Kremenets
1036:Massacres
1020:and then
992:Both the
970:Home Army
619:Banderite
587:Ukrainian
561:romanized
552:Ukrainian
495:Pawłokoma
483:Mrzygłody
458:Prehoryłe
432:1944-1947
356:Stachówka
327:Rożyszcze
322:Przebraże
285:Gruszówka
263:Huta Nowa
258:Derdekały
231:Antonówka
117:in Poland
86:1943–1945
9366:Wereszyn
9260:Volhynia
8928:Łukiszki
8909:Koniuchy
8875:Kurapaty
8870:Chervyen
8829:Naliboki
8754:Bykivnia
8617:Czortków
8602:Brzeżany
8561:Tarnopol
8550:Pre-war
8541:Żeniówka
8511:Ostrówki
8496:Kisielin
8446:Bortnica
8371:Zajączek
8366:Wyszanów
8356:Wylazłów
8266:Tucznawa
8231:Szczucin
8191:Słopnice
8186:Skrwilno
8136:Rusinowo
8111:Radomice
8056:Pińczyce
8051:Pińczata
8046:Piaśnica
8041:Paulinów
7971:Niewolno
7921:Michniów
7916:Mędzisko
7891:Małaszek
7846:Łaszczów
7791:Krzepice
7786:Kruszyna
7726:Katowice
7721:Karolewo
7716:Karnkowo
7691:Jeziorko
7646:Henryków
7596:Giełczyn
7566:Dębienko
7491:Buszkowo
7486:Bukowiec
7461:Barbarka
7451:Baligród
7446:Balczewo
7441:Bagatele
7436:Apolonka
7431:Albertów
7245:(2000).
7223:(1988).
7199:48053561
7126:57564179
7118:26925017
7038:(2014).
7026:(1999).
6954:(2011).
6932:(2006).
6905:41305315
6802:: 25–32.
6742:(2009).
6685:. 2005.
6523:cite web
6448:cite web
6404:, t. 2:
6342:41036870
6145:TVN24.pl
5927:26 March
5806:26 March
5728:, p. 500
5706:, p. 373
5505:10 March
5397:Wyborcza
5210:Archived
5110:Archived
5018:(2013).
4987:(2006).
4971:, p. 20)
4931:Archived
4752:Archived
4730:cite web
4675:26 March
4610:Archived
3866:, p. 171
3838:(2008).
3469:(2010).
3406:, p. 204
3307:Archived
2681:10 March
2389:See also
2378:Volhynia
2267:genocide
1835:Sikorski
1789:—
1618:Red Army
1600:Przemyśl
1592:Pidkamin
1588:Pidkamin
1523:Ternopil
1519:Ternopil
1511:Koropiec
1409:Svynaryn
1304:Horochów
1167:, where
1148:Brzezina
1129:Kostopol
1082:Red Army
1041:Volhynia
996:and the
931:Volhynia
848:Volhynia
842:and the
605:and the
595:Volhynia
478:Szołomyń
463:Zabłocie
453:Mieniany
419:Smoligów
376:Hanaczów
371:Zaturców
295:Kupiczów
115:genocide
107:Massacre
65:Volhynia
61:Location
9331:Sivchyn
9314:Berezka
9294:Galicia
8991:Germany
8968:Mednoye
8963:Kalinin
8953:Kozelsk
8849:Wołożyn
8844:Wilejka
8824:Mokrany
8805:Belarus
8791:Polesie
8759:Kharkiv
8692:Złoczów
8587:Berezne
8456:Chrynów
8432:Ukraine
8386:Zambrów
8341:Winiary
8294:Mokotów
8275:Warsaw
8156:Sadówka
8146:Rzuchów
8086:Podgaje
8071:Płutowo
8036:Paterek
8021:Palmiry
8016:Otorowo
8001:Olszewo
7996:Odolion
7946:Mszadla
7941:Moskwin
7936:Morzewo
7931:Mniszek
7861:Łopatki
7831:Lubzina
7756:Kosówka
7711:Karczew
7706:Kaliska
7701:Kaliłów
7671:Janówka
7651:Husynne
7636:Gruszka
7581:Dudyńce
7546:Czaszyn
7182:3600827
6513:13 July
6438:15 July
6378:13 July
6297:12 July
6271:10 July
6245:10 July
6239:Reuters
6219:11 July
6193:10 July
6150:13 July
6125:10 July
6099:10 July
6073:12 July
6046:12 July
4805:8 April
4707:p. 459.
4214:13 July
3574:17 July
2743:killed.
2248:Legnica
1839:Bandera
1791:"Luboń"
1650:Silesia
1646:Prudnik
1638:Puźniki
1634:Buchach
1596:Wrocław
956:In the
946:Gestapo
927:Galicia
911:pogroms
805:Sanacja
717:Austria
682:in 1939
674:Map of
603:Polesia
581:by the
575:
563::
548:
366:Zasmyki
253:Dąbrowa
73:Polesie
9361:Sahryń
9302:Bakhiv
8940:Russia
8914:Ponary
8682:Sambor
8536:Zagaje
8521:Poryck
8441:Bitków
8331:Wieluń
8304:Ochota
8279:Bracka
8271:Wanaty
8241:Śladów
8181:Skłoby
8161:Serock
8116:Radzim
8096:Poznań
8066:Pławno
7956:Mysłów
7951:Muczne
7866:Łukowo
7826:Lublin
7816:Liszki
7806:Leszno
7781:Kraków
7746:Kłecko
7736:Klamry
7696:Kabaty
7641:Guźnia
7611:Gostyń
7591:Gdańsk
7586:Firlej
7511:Celiny
7506:Cegłów
7471:Bełżec
7466:Bądków
7423:Poland
7275:
7231:
7197:
7180:
7147:
7124:
7116:
7065:
7046:
7016:
6964:Kraków
6940:
6911:
6903:
6870:
6841:
6833:
6783:
6750:
6689:
6662:1998.
6660:Poland
6633:
6340:
5955:
5901:
5893:
5827:plans.
5784:p. 291
5779:
5702:
5649:
5622:
5573:
5457:
5336:
5293:
5236:et al.
5150:
5140:
5068:
5052:
4995:
4796:
4703:
4231:, in:
4182:
3989:
3862:Sowa,
3846:
3565:
3508:
3479:
3171:
3074:26 May
2924:p. 175
2819:
2573:
2274:such".
2252:Poland
2079:Poryck
1904:Lublin
1847:pacify
1515:Zbaraz
1332:Luboml
1306:, and
982:London
713:Vienna
591:Polish
537:Polish
510:Bircza
500:Kryłów
448:Małków
409:Sahryń
339:Rybcza
312:Ostróg
154:Motive
122:Deaths
91:Target
55:, 1943
9356:Mitke
9338:]
9321:]
9309:]
9275:]
9009:Horka
8958:Katyn
8948:Katyń
8924:Wilno
8796:Wilno
8687:Urycz
8656:Lwów
8577:Adamy
8486:Hurby
8481:Gurów
8466:Dubno
8321:Wawer
8284:Dzika
8196:Sochy
8151:Sadki
8141:Rypin
8121:Retki
8026:Parma
7991:Obora
7961:Nawra
7771:Koźle
7731:Kitów
7631:Grupa
7556:Dalki
7541:Cisna
7516:Chełm
7501:Bytyń
7456:Balin
7291:(PDF)
7258:[
7178:JSTOR
7122:S2CID
7114:JSTOR
6958:[
6909:S2CID
6901:JSTOR
6868:S2CID
6839:S2CID
6770:(14).
6707:[
6432:(PDF)
6425:(PDF)
6338:JSTOR
5899:S2CID
5666:[
5267:(PDF)
5256:(PDF)
5023:(PDF)
4190:from
3636:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
3242:Lutsk
2142:Lutsk
1860:Rivne
1831:Sarny
1644:near
1527:Brody
1485:]
1401:Kovel
1346:]
1320:Kovel
1312:Kowel
1243:]
1232:]
1208:Rivne
1176:]
1161:Równo
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