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923:
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20:
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240:," which turned from friend to enemy. McCarthy said the only way to explain why the US "fell from our position as the most powerful Nation on earth at the end of World War II to a position of declared weakness by our leadership" was because of "a conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." McCarthy argued that General
249:
embargoed all arms and ammunition to our allies in China. He forced the opening of the
Nationalist-held Kalgan Mountain pass into Manchuria, to the end that the Chinese Communists gained access to the mountains of captured Japanese equipment. No need to tell the country about how Marshall tried to force Chiang Kai-shek to form a partnership government with the Communists.
97:, an uneasy stalemate had existed between the Chinese Communists (CCP) and the Chinese Nationalists (KMT), but prior to the war, both parties had been in open conflict with each other. Numerous US military personnel and private writers visited and reported on the Chinese Communist Party. In 1936, the international journalist
199:
Finally, in
January 1947, exasperated with the failure of the negotiations, the Marshall mission left China. Marshall had already left in 1946, due to deteriorating health, domestic criticism of Truman's handling of the China situation, and other pressing foreign policy objectives. Soon, Marshall was
248:
When
Marshall was sent to China with secret State Department orders, the Communists at that time were bottled up in two areas and were fighting a losing battle, but that because of those orders the situation was radically changed in favor of the Communists. Under those orders, as we know, Marshall
152:
Throughout the war, both the
Communists and the Nationalists had accused the other of withholding men and arms against the Japanese in preparation for offensive actions against the other. Thus, in a desperate attempt to keep the country whole, US President
101:
traveled and interviewed leading members of the
Chinese Communist Party. Snow reported that Mao was a reformer, rather than a radical revolutionary, and many readers got the impression that the Chinese communists were "agrarian reformers." In the 1944
110:
visited the
Communists and praised them. He claimed that they were democratic reformers, likened them to European socialists, rather than Soviet Communists; and claimed that they were less corrupt and chaotic than the Nationalists.
185:
Immediately, Marshall drew both sides into negotiations, which occurred for more than a year. No significant agreements were reached, as both sides used the time to further prepare themselves for the ensuing conflict.
223:
charged that the post-war
Marshall Mission to China had been "one of the greatest blunders in American diplomatic history, for which the free world is now paying in blood and disaster" in a telegram to Senator
177:
Marshall arrived in China on 20 December 1945. His goal was to unify the
Nationalists and the Communists with the hope that a strong non-Communist China would act as a bulwark against the encroachment of the
244:
had prepared a wise plan that would keep China a valued ally but that it had been sabotaged; "only in treason can we find why evil genius thwarted and frustrated it." Specifically, McCarthy alleged:
196:
To assist in brokering a ceasefire between the
Nationalists and the Communists, US sales of weapons and ammunition to the Nationalists were suspended between 29 July 1946 to May 1947.
1355:
1297:
365:"John Service, Report No. 5, 8 March 1944, to Commanding General Fwd. Ech., USAF – CBI, APO 879. "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang." State Department, NARA, RG 59.
343:
John
Service, Report No. 5, 8 March 1944, to Commanding General Fwd. Ech., USAF – CBI, APO 879. "The Communist Policy Towards the Kuomintang." State Department, NARA, RG 59.
897:
1360:
352:
U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and the Other Internal Security Laws.
799:
Time Magazine article dated Monday, 21 May 1951. General Marshall responds to questions about the China Mission regarding both the political and military situation.
1293:
591:(1992): 191–217.; disagrees with Levine (1979); the mission was in fact an attempt to lay the groundwork for the establishment of a stable, democratic China.
1365:
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1153:
639:
296:
824:
1350:
1099:
942:
570:
Brazinsky, Gregg. "The Birth of a Rivalry: Sino‐American Relations during the Truman Administration" in Daniel S. Margolies, ed.,
149:
approached both groups and believed that their differences were comparable to the Republicans and Democrats in the United States.
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796:
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735:
629:
454:
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recommended for the United States to "pull up the plug and let the whole Chinese Government go down the drain." General
400:
605:
727:
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949
610:
Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria."
1282:
817:
134:
statistics) that Communists were doing more than the Nationalists, and he sought to cut off all US aid to China.
893:
1322:
1119:
1311:
1047:
962:
316:
970:
875:
471:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, the Far East: China, Volume VII – Office of the Historian"
810:
708:
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall. Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947.
446:
285:
123:
415:
Wesley Marvin Bagby, The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II, p.96
1061:
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94:
1307:
1109:
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1069:
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265:'s failures in Korea, campaigned alongside McCarthy, and refused to defend Marshall's policies.
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379:
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8:
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attacked the Marshall Mission and stated that Marshall was directly responsible for the "
225:
579:
The China tangle; the American effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall mission
253:
Public opinion on Marshall's record became bitterly divided along party lines. In 1952,
1089:
1027:
760:
718:
710:
Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds. Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2003. 822 pp.
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54:
49:; 20 December 1945 – January 1947) was a failed diplomatic mission undertaken by
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stalemated in heavy fighting between American and Chinese forces, Republican Senator
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146:
142:
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General Marshall with Zhang Zhizhong and Zhou Enlai (right) at Haokou in China, 1946
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138:
32:
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1200:
959:
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between the two factions had failed, notably the Hurley Mission. In 1944 General
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438:
393:
Stilwell's The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
190:
154:
115:
1344:
1164:
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The Road to Confrontation: American Policy Toward China and Korea, 1947–1950,
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The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
280:
237:
103:
161:
as his special presidential envoy to China to negotiate a unity government.
851:
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May, Ernest R. "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China."
258:
179:
107:
19:
723:
1037:
77:
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was among the KMT factions which strongly opposed the Marshall mission.
1243:
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The full story of Marshall's mission is told by Daniel Kurtz-Phelan in
229:
98:
86:
66:
333:
913:
679:
131:
82:
802:
587:
Homeyard, Illoyna. "Another Look at the Marshall Mission to China."
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America's Retreat from Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall
23:
General Marshall with General Zhang Zhizhong and Zhou Enlai in 1946.
765:---. Volume VII. The Far East: China. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969.
653:
Roots of Tragedy: United States and the Struggle for Asia, 1945–53
540:
p. 191, from speech of March 14, 1951; see also Thomas C. Reeves,
50:
207:
The failure of the Marshall Mission signaled the renewal of the
907:
902:
884:
861:
786:. Volume VII. The Far East: China. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1947
777:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1946
770:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1946
757:
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945
40:
772:. Volume IX. The Far East: China. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
602:
The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945–1947
164:
122:
claimed that the Chinese Communists were not real communists.
985:
779:. Volume X. The Far East: China. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1972.
746:
Selected Executive Session Hearings of the Committee, 1943-50
58:
674:
The Battle for Manchuria and the Fate of China: Siping, 1946
744:
US Congress, House, Committee on International Relations.
81:
Committee of Three, from left, Nationalist representative
380:
http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4294994542
724:
Sharon Ritenour Stevens and Mark A. Stoler, ed. (2012).
277:, State Department defense of its actions issued in 1949
354:
The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China
328:
Kenneth E. Shewmaker, "The "Agrarian Reformer" Myth,"
1356:
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
691:
Decisive encounters: the Chinese civil war, 1946–1950
376:
The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War
214:
16:
1945-47 failed American diplomatic mission to China
1361:20th-century military history of the United States
356:. Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970), 406 – 407.
85:, George C. Marshall and Communist representative
1342:
428:(Ithaca, NY: Cornell U Press, 1973), 160 – 162.
818:
715:The Truman Administration and China 1945–1949
497:The speech was published as a 169-page book,
426:Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy
395:. Harvard University Press. p. 297,298.
1154:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
297:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
172:
825:
811:
660:Encyclopedia of Chinese-American Relations
69:) to create a unified Chinese government.
1366:History of the foreign relations of China
797:The MacArthur Hearing: The China Mission
589:Journal of American-East Asian Relations
163:
130:repeatedly claimed (in contradiction to
76:
72:
18:
748:(8 vols., Washington, 1976), Vol. VII:
636:George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959
61:in an attempt to negotiate between the
1343:
832:
806:
717:(1975) summary plus primary sources.
437:
390:
750:United States Policy in the Far East
693:(Stanford University Press, 2003).
684:America's Failure in China, 1941–50
431:
13:
730:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
700:
542:The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy
14:
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790:
676:(Indiana University Press, 2013).
257:, who was running for and became
1294:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
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378:, W.W. Norton & Co., 2018.
215:Attack by MacArthur and McCarthy
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572:A Companion to Harry S. Truman
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1298:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
890:Constitutional ROC Government
686:(1963), a view from the right
137:American attempts during the
1312:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1048:Chinese Communist Revolution
7:
1371:Foreign relations of Taiwan
908:Republic of China on Taiwan
876:National Revolutionary Army
844:Principal belligerents and
706:Marshall, George Catlett.
646:Harry Truman's China Policy
626:Journal of Military History
268:
10:
1387:
1120:Fujian People's Government
986:People's Republic of China
755:U.S. Department of State.
644:Purifoy, Lewis McCarroll.
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525:Major Speeches and Debates
512:Major Speeches and Debates
447:Cambridge University Press
445:. Cambridge New York, NY:
228:. On 14 June 1951, as the
157:in late 1945 sent General
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840:
648:. (Franklin Watts, 1976).
286:China Burma India Theater
173:Marshall arrives in China
124:China Burma India Theater
36:
971:People's Liberation Army
628:(2002) 66#4: 1001–1010.
302:
141:to end the intermittent
95:Second Sino-Japanese War
1110:Chinese Soviet Republic
1086:Autumn Harvest Uprising
114:US Ambassador to China
63:Chinese Communist Party
1308:Hainan Island campaign
1187:Double Tenth Agreement
1183:Chongqing Negotiations
1100:Encirclement campaigns
672:Tanner, Harold Miles.
251:
242:Albert Coady Wedemeyer
169:
90:
65:and the Nationalists (
24:
1197:Jiaochangkou Incident
263:Truman administration
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202:US Secretary of State
167:
80:
73:Historical background
22:
713:May, Ernest R. ed.
651:Rose, Lisle Abbott.
614:1979 3(4): 349–375.
598:Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel
332:34 (1968): 66–81.
1150:Second United Front
1070:Nanjing–Wuhan split
1018:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
867:National Government
665:Stueck, William W.
485:"Chinese Civil War"
391:Taylor, Jay (209).
330:The China Quarterly
292:Red Star Over China
226:William F. Knowland
1090:Guangzhou Uprising
1028:First United Front
689:Westad, Odd Arne.
638:(1987) pp 51–143.
612:Diplomatic History
424:Russel D. Buhite,
170:
159:George C. Marshall
91:
55:George C. Marshall
25:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
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1252:Liaoshen campaign
1234:Yu Zisan Incident
1201:Peiping rape case
1170:
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1082:Nanchang uprising
1078:Little Long March
1066:Shanghai massacre
856:Nationalist Party
834:Chinese Civil War
737:978-1-4214-0792-0
544:(1982) pp 371–74.
510:Joseph McCarthy,
456:978-1-009-29761-5
275:China White Paper
255:Dwight Eisenhower
221:Douglas MacArthur
209:Chinese Civil War
143:Chinese Civil War
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1266:Pingjin campaign
1262:Huaihai campaign
1211:Marshall Mission
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1058:Nanking incident
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752:pt. 1 and Pt 2.
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701:Primary sources
577:Feis, Herbert.
574:(2012): 484–97.
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527:(1951) pp. 264.
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532:
524:
519:
511:
506:
498:
493:
479:
465:
442:
433:
425:
420:
411:
392:
386:
375:
370:
361:
353:
348:
339:
329:
324:
311:
259:US President
252:
247:
218:
206:
198:
195:
188:
184:
180:Soviet Union
176:
151:
136:
113:
108:John Service
92:
44:
28:
26:
1038:Canton Coup
1345:Categories
1221:Operation
1130:Long March
680:Tsou, Tang
536:McCarthy,
523:McCarthy,
230:Korean War
200:appointed
126:Commander
99:Edgar Snow
87:Zhou Enlai
67:Kuomintang
1319:1950–1958
1258:1948–1949
1223:Beleaguer
1217:1945–1949
1207:1945–1947
1146:1937–1946
1126:1934–1936
1116:1933–1934
1106:1931–1934
1096:1930–1934
1044:1927–1949
1003:Post-1945
846:campaigns
620:0145-2096
315:Brady p.
132:Comintern
83:Zhang Qun
1290:Incident
1288:Amethyst
1279:Incident
1248:incident
999:Pre-1945
936:Red Army
593:in JSTOR
555:McCarthy
553:Reeves,
441:(2023).
269:See also
53:General
1246:Kiangya
695:excerpt
604:(2018)
581:(1965)
565:Sources
501:(1951).
89:. 1946.
51:US Army
33:Chinese
983:
761:online
734:
719:online
669:(1981)
662:(2009)
655:(1976)
630:online
618:
606:except
583:online
453:
399:
43::
41:pinyin
35::
782:---.
775:---.
768:---.
557:437-8
303:Notes
59:China
37:馬歇爾使華
1304:1950
1272:1949
1240:1948
1230:1947
1193:1946
1179:1945
1161:1944
1136:1936
1054:1927
1034:1926
1024:1924
1014:1923
960:etc.
732:ISBN
616:ISSN
451:ISBN
397:ISBN
189:The
27:The
1244:SS
182:.
57:to
1347::
973:)
958:,
954:,
938:)
920:/
896:)
878:)
858:/
759:.
682:.
600:.
449:.
317:47
211:.
204:.
39:;
1156:)
1152:(
975:→
963:→
945:(
940:→
929:(
898:→
892:(
880:→
869:(
826:e
819:t
812:v
740:.
487:.
473:.
459:.
405:.
319:.
31:(
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