357:. Service wrote a series of reports over the next four months that praised Mao and the Chinese Communist Party, and described its leaders as "progressive" and "democratic." He wrote, "The Communists are in China to stay and China's destiny is not Chiang's but theirs." He continued to write that the Nationalists under Chiang were corrupt and incompetent. Service and the other American political officers advocated a policy of relations with the Communists and the Nationalists. They believed a civil war was inevitable and that the Communists would triumph. If the US supported the CPC in a coalition with the nationalists, they felt that the US could steer the Communists out of the Soviet orbit to which the Communists might be pushed if they were antagonized.
364:, also tried to bring unity between the Communists and the Nationalists. Hurley initially accepted a five-point plan that would have brought both into a power-sharing arrangement. Chiang rejected this plan and countered with a three-point plan that would leave the Communists with no real power in a government run by him and his supporters. Hurley came to support Chiang's view exclusively and rejected the recommendations of Service and the other Foreign Service officers to accept the Communists' growing power and to accommodate it. Hurley had Service and the rest of the political officers recalled from China and blamed them for US diplomatic failures in China.
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Mao's troops." Mirsky observed to
Service that some people might consider that treason, and Service replied that he knew that. Service also stated, "I want to get this off my chest" and "I was gullible, and trusting, and foolish." Service also said he had purposely ignored Mao's persecutions and executions of his perceived enemies in the Yan'an period. He gave his reason. "I wanted them to win. I thought they were better than the Nationalists and that if we always opposed them we would have no access to the next Chinese government."
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427:: "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence." In China, Service had established a reputation for meeting with Communists, reporters, and anyone who might provide information for his duty. Former ambassador to China, Clarence Gauss testified later during the McCarthy era:
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rose–colored or incomplete. Mao's implementation of his economic plans was harsh and undemocratic. Service hoped that the
Communists would adopt free market and democratic reforms if they were pushed in the right direction with US support. Later, Service wrote that he believed an American relationship with the Communists might have prevented the
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supposed to know anything.... He went to the
Kuomintang headquarters... he went to the Communist headquarters. He associated with everybody and anybody in Chungking that could give him information, and he pieced together this puzzle that we had constantly before us as to what was going on in China and he did a magnificent job at it.
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in 1946, Service had predicted that the
Communists would prevail because of their ability to stamp out corruption, gain popular support, and organize grassroots organizations. The scenarios that Service envisioned in his reports from Dixie Mission about the Communists' future management of China were
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of the 2009 biography of
Service by Lynne Joiner states, "In two phone interviews with me shortly before he died a decade ago, Service admitted that in the 1940s he had given Jaffe a top-secret document revealing the Nationalist Order of Battle, which showed the exact disposition of the forces facing
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matter in 1945 and his dismissal in 1950, Service had three overseas assignments. He was briefly posted to
Douglas MacArthur's staff in Tokyo. He served in New Zealand from October 1946 to early 1949. Finally, he was assigned to India, but he never made it to the post with his family. In March 1950,
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case was reprehensible and has brought serious discredit upon the
Foreign Service..,." Henderson's qualified approval allowed Service to continue his career, but prevented him from ever being promoted again. To avoid a Senate fight over a Service confirmation, the State Department decided to assign
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Lynne Joiner, the biographer, responded to these allegations in a letter to the editor: "I conducted extensive interviews with
Service during the last year of his life and he never mentioned this to me or to others who knew him well." Joiner added, "Service was never able to see the evidence being
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Beginning in 1952, Service appealed his dismissal from the State
Department. Service was eventually hired by Sarco International, a steam trap company. In 1955, Clement Wells, the owner who had hired Service, appointed him president of the company. Meanwhile, Service's case eventually came to the
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In
Chungking, Mr. Service was a political officer of the Embassy.... His job was to get every bit of information that he possibly could... he would see the foreign press people. He saw the Chinese press people. He saw anybody in any of the embassies or legations that were over there that were
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launched an attack against Service, which led to investigations of the reports that Service had written while he was stationed in China. Numerous loyalty boards cleared Service, but a final one suggested there was "reasonable doubt" as to his loyalty. That opinion forced Secretary of State
494:, the authors Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh state, "Any lingering doubts about Service's true position are erased by the evidence of the FBI surveillance. If he had been a secret Communist, much less a spy, some better evidence would likely have surfaced in the transcripts."
168:. Service correctly predicted that the Communists would defeat the Nationalists in a civil war. He and other diplomats were blamed for the "loss" of China in the domestic political turmoil after the 1949 Communist triumph in China. In June 1945, Service was arrested in the
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The two main themes of Service's reporting were the Nationalists were incompetent and likely to lose in a power struggle with the Communists, and the Communists seemed to be worthy successors with whom the US should try to establish relations. Prior to the outbreak of the
618:. Tuchman forecast that the "inflexible verdict of history" would be that if American policy makers had heeded Service's advice in the 1940s both Asia and America could have been spared "immeasurable, and to some degree irreparable, harm."
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Service returned to active duty in the State Department in 1957. Firstly, he was assigned to its transportation division. In 1959, he was given a security clearance after a new internal hearing. Undersecretary of State for Administration
567:'s visit to China, Service was one of a handful of Americans invited back to the country, as relations with the US were normalized. He met with Zhou Enlai again during his visit, and he and his wife, Caroline, appeared on the cover of
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accused Service of being a Communist sympathizer in the State Department. Service was cleared of the charges by the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, also known as the
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Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor unanimously. The Court held that Service's dismissal had violated State Department procedures because its Loyalty Security Board found no evidence of Service being disloyal or a security risk.
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wrote that he thought he had an "airtight case" against Service. However, when the Justice Department submitted its evidence to a federal grand jury, they elected to indict Jaffe but, by a vote of 20–0, refused to indict Service.
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ordered his reinstatement in a unanimous decision and found that Acheson's action had been illegal because "it violated Regulations of the Department of State which were binding on the Secretary."
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declined to indict Service and found that the materials were not sensitive and were of a kind commonly released to journalists. Five years later, he was dismissed from the State Department after
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John Service, Report No. 1, 7/28/1944., to Commanding General Fwd. Ech., USAF – CBI, APO 879. "First Formal Impressions of Northern Shensi Communist Base". State Department, NARA, RG 59.
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Because the invasion of Japan was planned to launch from China, there was great interest in enlisting support from all Chinese factions. The US Army Observation Group, also known as the
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and to establish contact with the Communists as a power in North China. Davies selected Service to represent the State Department, the first to visit the Communist headquarters.
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Service was subject to loyalty and security hearings every year from 1946 to 1951, with the exception of 1948. In each hearing, he was cleared of disloyalty or other wrongdoing.
287:. When Gauss was promoted to ambassador, he made Service Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Chungking. As time progressed, Service was promoted to Second Secretary.
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Though Service continued to get excellent performance reviews in every position that he held, the State Department refused to promote him. He retired in 1962 and pursued a
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Service had numerous meetings with Jaffe. Adrian Fisher, who was the senior legal officer at the State Department, later commented, "It was like a scene out of
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212:. Service spent his childhood in Sichuan Province. By the age of eleven, Service had mastered the local Chinese dialect, and then attended the
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FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to Peyton Ford, Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950
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Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, appendix, p. 2051
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in 1945. The prosecution sought an indictment for espionage, but a federal grand jury unanimously declined to indict him.
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at the age of fifteen. Those who knew him say that he always went by "Jack" and that he never used his middle name.
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paid tribute to Jack Service's career in a talk to the Foreign Service Association that was later published in the
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Service arrived in Yan'an on July 22, 1944. There Service met and interviewed top leaders of the Communists like
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ruled in his favor, and he was reinstated at the State Department. In between his initial legal success in the
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Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies
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Case. He was accused of passing confidential US materials from his time in China to the editors of the
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John Stewart Service and Charles Edward Rhetts Papers. Truman Presidential Museum and Library
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accused him of being a communist. Service challenged the dismissal in court. Ultimately, the
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Honorable Survivor: Mao's China, McCarthy's America, and the Persecution of John S. Service
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was one of the State Department officials and friends who testified on Service's behalf.
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FBI recording summary, May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945–April 19, 1946
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for language study. In 1938, he was assigned to the Shanghai Consulate General under
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used against him during his lifetime—and so it continues a decade after his death."
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Service returned to Washington in 1945 and was soon arrested as a suspect in the
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During the early war years, Service wrote increasingly-critical reports on the
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The China Hands : America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them
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Province of China, the son of Grace Josephine (Boggs) and Robert Roy Service,
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into the 1970s, and then served as editor for the center's publications.
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The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US-China Relations
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The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US-China Relations
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The story of the Dixie Mission was the basis for a World War II novel,
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Lost Chance in China: The World War II: Despatches of John S. Service
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Lost Chance in China: The World War II Despatches of John S. Service,
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Service was first assigned to a clerkship position in the American
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Stalin's Secret Agents: The Subversion of Roosevelt's Government
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Biography of Service by Oberlin College via John Service Papers.
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approved the clearance, but noted that Service's "action in the
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in 1933. In 1977, Oberlin awarded him an honorary degree.
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Barbara W. Tuchman, "Why Policy-Makers Do Not Listen," in
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U.S. Supreme Court: Service v. Dulles, 354 U.S. 363 (1957)
830:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996)
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Eventually, FBI investigators broke into the offices of
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John Service was born on August 3, 1909, in the city of
1177:. Center for Chinese Studies, University of California.
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The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China
693:. Oxford University Press. p. 284 (arrest, vote).
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World War II era American diplomat to China (1909–1999)
1285:(with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)
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Oberlin College biography of John Service and spouse.
407:, where he would answer charges leveled against him.
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McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning
905:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 216.
318:Last Page from Service's First Report from Yan'an.
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581:On February 3, 1999, John Stewart Service died in
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1060:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), pp. 287–293.
415:FBI surveillance recorded that Service met with
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1250:Evans, M. Stanton; Romerstein, Herbert (2013).
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338:, was formed to travel the headquarters of the
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1138:The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism
903:The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism
828:The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism
804:(New York: Random House, 1974), pp. xvi–xvii.
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492:The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism
216:for high school. The Service family moved to
156:. Considered one of the State Department's "
1160:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
275:. Two years later, Service was promoted to
1073:Colorado Springs, CO; Bondfire Books, 2014.
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521:Consulate of the United States in Liverpool
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1136:Radosh, Ronald, and Klehr, Harvey (1996).
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800:Esherick, Joseph W., ed., Introduction,
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1071:Two Sons of China (ISBN 978-1629213736)
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1140:. University of North Carolina Press.
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926:Mirsky, Jonathan (December 21, 2009).
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901:Klehr, Harvey; Radosh, Ronald (1996).
745:, January 26, 1970, pp. 577, 592, 1015
650:. University of North Carolina Press.
646:Klehr, Harvey; Radosh, Ronald (1996).
497:Jonathan Mirsky, in his review in the
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231:In the fall of 1927, Service entered
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1058:Practicing History: Selected Essays
741:Senate Internal Security Committee,
690:Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War
1324:Guide to the John S. Service papers
1294:Photo of Service in his later years
757:, pp. 406, 410, 577, 579, 589, 1014
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1398:United States consuls in Liverpool
945:Joiner, Lynne (January 10, 2010).
554:University of California, Berkeley
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136:Grace Service (née Boggs) (mother)
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1309:Interview of John Service by CNN.
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981:Kifner, John (February 4, 1999).
947:"Service Was No Fellow Traveller"
850:(FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)
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1304:A short biography of Service.
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563:In 1971, preceding President
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152:in China prior to and during
30:For the British swimmer, see
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1289:An obituary for John Service
220:, where John graduated from
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607:or lessened their gravity.
133:Robert Roy Service (father)
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1378:Dixie Mission participants
1235:. Crown Publishing Group.
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558:Center for Chinese Studies
512:Return to State Department
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1169:Service, John S. (1971).
1111:Service, John S. (1974).
1094:. Naval Institute Press.
1034:Service, John S. (1971).
891:, SCOTUS Opinion of case.
625:(Bondfire Book, 2013) by
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423:on April 19, 1945 at the
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438:Heaven's My Destination
340:Chinese Communist Party
277:Foreign Service Officer
206:missionaries to Sichuan
1388:Victims of McCarthyism
1383:Oberlin College alumni
1254:. Threshold Editions.
1211:. Regnery Publishing.
1088:Joiner, Lynne (2009).
539:consulate in Liverpool
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32:John Service (swimmer)
953:. Wall Street Journal
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861:Lost Chance in China,
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235:. He majored in both
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537:Service to head the
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226:Berkeley, California
222:Berkeley High School
146:John Stewart Service
62:John Stewart Service
1368:People from Chengdu
1205:Buckley, William F.
932:Wall Street Journal
928:"In Whose Service?"
610:In 1973, historian
583:Oakland, California
500:Wall Street Journal
101:Oakland, California
1314:Extended Interview
951:www.online.wsj.com
729:2006-09-12 at the
685:Beisner, Robert L.
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411:Disloyalty charges
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267:in the capital of
186:U.S. Supreme Court
1242:978-1-4000-8105-9
1227:Evans, M. Stanton
1189:. Penguin Books.
1101:978-1-59114-423-6
887:Service v. Dulles
623:Two Sons of China
596:Chinese Civil War
550:political science
473:Tydings Committee
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285:Clarence E. Gauss
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1069:Lam, Andrew.
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769:, pp. 112–113
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336:Dixie Mission
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162:Dixie Mission
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477:Dean Acheson
463:
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457:Charles Yost
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421:Philip Jaffe
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368:Later career
359:
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289:
279:and sent to
262:
230:
195:
182:Dean Acheson
174:
154:World War II
145:
144:
96:(1999-02-03)
36:
18:John Service
1393:China Hands
1358:1999 deaths
1353:1909 births
605:Vietnam War
237:art history
158:China Hands
121:China Hands
1347:Categories
1316:hosted at
1183:Kahn, E.J.
994:August 13,
706:August 10,
633:References
627:Andrew Lam
601:Korean War
548:degree in
384:grand jury
355:Zhou Enlai
351:Mao Zedong
292:Kuomintang
271:province,
218:California
192:Early life
107:Occupation
84:Qing China
68:1909-08-03
1156:cite book
481:Red Scare
294:, led by
265:consulate
241:economics
1229:(2007).
1207:(1954).
1185:(1975).
1010:Page One
957:July 14,
872:Carter,
863:p., xix.
838:, p. 131
778:Carter,
727:Archived
687:(2006).
534:Amerasia
464:Amerasia
445:Amerasia
417:Amerasia
401:Yokohama
396:Amerasia
379:Amerasia
374:Amerasia
320:Page One
1081:Sources
1044:191–192
817:p. 166.
552:at the
419:editor
281:Beijing
273:Kunming
202:Sichuan
200:in the
198:Chengdu
127:Parents
80:Sichuan
76:Chengdu
1258:
1239:
1215:
1193:
1144:
1123:
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1020:, and
909:
876:, 215.
834:
813:Kahn,
782:, 131.
697:
654:
589:Legacy
344:Yan'an
269:Yunnan
166:Yan'an
1018:Three
755:Ibid.
577:Death
330:here.
328:Three
1256:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1162:link
1142:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1022:Four
996:2008
959:2014
907:ISBN
832:ISBN
708:2022
695:ISBN
652:ISBN
603:and
353:and
326:and
247:and
239:and
210:YMCA
91:Died
58:Born
1326:at
1014:Two
490:In
342:in
324:Two
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