March First Movement

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and February 1919 caused a spike in pro-independence activism; around this time, they were able to quickly secure a number of significant alliances. They found that some groups had already been independently planning protests. For example, Presbyterian leaders in Pyongyang reportedly had a plan to protest in the last week of January; these efforts were merged into the Cheondoist ones. They secured alliances from major Christian and Buddhist groups, as well as from several student organizations. They gained the support of several former government officials from the

643:. The movement grew and spread rapidly. Statistics on the protest are uncertain; there were around 1,500 to 1,800 protests with a total of around 0.8 to 2 million participants. The total population of Korea at the time was around 16 to 17 million. Despite the peaceful nature of the protests, they were frequently violently suppressed. One Korean estimate in 1920 claimed 7,509 deaths and 46,948 arrests. Japanese authorities reported much lower numbers, although there were instances where authorities were observed destroying evidence, such as during the 2684: 3815: 3509: 1013: 2856:. Chung gave dozens of talks on his book and, according to scholar Brandon Palmer, became a noted figure in American intellectual circles, with significant audiences at his talks. Some of their writings strategically focused on the disproportionate persecution of Korean Christians, which they knew would evoke sympathy from American audiences. They also placed Korea's situation in the context of increasing Japanese colonialism and aggression, particularly that in China. 1369: 818: 8919: 2798:, was in Seoul and witnessed Gojong's funeral and much of the early protests. He described Japanese investigators following him and searching his house in an apparent effort to stop him from leaking information about the protests. McClatchy would eventually leave Korea on March 17, but made a point of traveling around the peninsula and documenting what he saw before his departure. Upon his return, he dedicated the front page of the 2926: 2955:'s sympathy towards Korea reportedly increased after the protests. He became a significant voice in advocating for the protection of Korean art and architecture, although modern Korean nationalists have reportedly criticized his participation in what they view as the colonial government's subsequent superficial cultural appeasement efforts. Yanagi publicly condemned assimilation efforts and was eventually met with censorship. 2806: 1691:, reported that four nurses from his hospital were arrested for protesting in the winter of 1919. They were kept in conditions so cold that their hands, feet, and one of their faces froze. There are reports that prisoners were made to strip down in one building and run to another in the cold. One woman reportedly was made to walk from one prison barefoot through the snow to another in order to be processed for her release. 8833: 1709: 2723:, in which he argued that Koreans had been exaggerating or completely lying about the protests. He argued that Japan had "no other desire than to improve the condition of the Korean people". He claimed that he would create a government so good that Koreans would choose to abandon their identity in order to become Japanese. His administration published a number of texts in English about Korea, such as 3158: 1057:, a publisher affiliated with Cheondoism. On the morning of the 28th, they distributed these copies around the peninsula. They also coordinated the distribution of copies to members of the Korean diaspora, to U.S. President Wilson, and to participants in the Paris Peace Conference. That day, they held a final meeting at Son Byong-hi's house and reviewed their plans for the protests. 1763:) to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the movement. The compilation of the database began in 2016, and was reportedly the largest ever data gathering on the movement. It also represented the first time that the South Korean government promoted a single set of statistics on the movement. The database aggregates evidence and numbers from over 27,729 sources; these have been 6456: 3493:, both the North and South Korean governments have promoted differing analyses of Korean history. The scholar Dennis Hart argues that all nations participate in the curation of national histories in order to influence politics, and that the division and creation of rival states has created the need for two historical narratives from a single past. 8494: 1189:, their numbers had swelled to the tens of thousands. From there, a number of splinter groups marched in different directions throughout the city. News of the protests spread rapidly in Seoul, and marching and public demonstations continued for many hours afterwards. That day, around 3,000 copies of the declaration were distributed around Seoul. 1292:

played a larger role in regions with more developed transportation, and Cheondoists in regions with less developed transportation. According to one estimate, 17% of arrests made during the protests were of Christians, when they composed less than 1% of the population. 58.4% of arrests were of peasants, and 3.9% were of laborers.

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improvement to their socioeconomic conditions and civil rights as a result of these policies. Throughout the period of cultural rule, Japan continued violently suppressing the Korean independence movement. By the late 1930s, many of these concessions were retracted, and assimilation was enforced with greater intensity.

3707:. Social events, especially dinners (or if funds were insufficient, refreshments), and events such as sports festivals, also accompanied many ceremonies. Koreans are also attested to boarding cars decorated with nationalist symbols and driving around whilst distributing leaflets about the independence movement. 3806:(KPG) to celebrate these occasions. The KPG was the government-in-exile of Korea during the Japanese occupation, and a predecessor of the current government. North Korea refused to participate in the joint project of the anniversary due to "scheduling issues". The commission ceased its operation in June 2020. 3100: 2672:. Gotō argued that Japan was on a civilizing mission in Korea and that its intentions were noble. He blamed reported abuses on low-level colonial authorities. He argued that Korea's annexation was legal, and likened the legal arguments for the annexation to those used to justify the American occupations of 3547:

Under the leadership of the great and passionate anti-Japanese revolutionary Kang Jin Sok , the shout of "Long live Korean independence" spread like a wave throughout the country. From the outset the struggle had the characteristics of a riot and spread. At this time, our great and beloved leader Kim

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Due to the civil war, overall awareness of the movement was likely low amongst the general Russian public, although it was still covered in major papers. Reporting on it was also possibly relatively delayed compared to in other countries; a 2019 study on global coverage of the protests claimed that a

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Palmer argues that "the overwhelming response of the American public to the plight of Korea was apathy". The movement had occurred in the aftermath of World War I, and American attention was often focused on affairs in Europe. A number of non-politician Americans joined the League of Friends of Korea

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A number of churches argued that Japan should alter its policies in Korea, although they did not openly advocate for Korea's independence. The Commission on Relations with the Orient of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ conducted a three-month investigation of the protests and published a

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Japan had been conducting a public relations campaign in the U.S. for at least a decade prior to the movement. Information on Korea had previously largely reached the U.S. through well-funded Japanese media channels. These narratives deliberately portrayed Korea as in need of civilizing, and Japan as

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Japan attempted to stop information about the event from leaving the peninsula. Major Japanese newspapers made some initial reports on the event; they almost uniformly downplayed its scale and did not cover it as the main story. Eventually, the Japanese government issued restrictions on what could be

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The database intentionally provides conservative estimates on the protests; the database's curators suspect that actual numbers are much higher. Events and numbers are reportedly only included if there is known surviving evidence for them that is deemed sufficiently reliable. A significant portion of

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Japan began massacring in Korea. Over thousand unarmed people killed in Seoul during three hours' demonstration on the twenty-eighth. Japanese troops, fire brigades, and civilians are ordered people mercilessly throughout Korea. Killed several thousand since twenty-seventh. Churches, schools, homes

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was the last province to join the protests; they began on March 10. Its protests have been characterized as less intense than others, possibly due to transportation being less developed there, as well as security being tighter due to it being on the border with both Russia and China. In addition, the

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The March First Movement had some impact on other protest movements around this time, although the extent of the impact is actively debated. A number of historians have argued that the various protests occurred in differing political circumstances and with different causes, and are thus difficult to

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on August 23. The article described the colonial government's reform efforts, and did not explicitly mention the protests. Several South Korean scholars argued that, as a colonial power itself, Italy was incentivized to not incite anti-colonialist sentiment. In addition, Italy and Japan had signed a

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The government and press of the United Kingdom generally expressed negative views on the protest. Sympathy to Korea possibly increased after the April 15 Jeamni massacre. No officials advocated for Korea's independence, and many promoted views that were aligned with Japanese narratives. The U.K. and

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had published an article critical of the Korean independence movement just a month prior to the protest, but shifted to expressing sympathy soon afterwards. On June 15, the paper dedicated the entirety of one of its six pages to coverage of modern Korean history and the protests, with a full reprint

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they put Korean women in the question box—this, mind you, is before they are condemned at all—they are stripped absolutely naked... From here they have to walk across an open court where they can be seen by any one who pleases... Some women, who tried to cover themselves, had their hands tied behind

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The protests were decentralized and diverse. The diversity in the protests was influenced by local culture and religion. In some regions, Christians played a more significant role in organizing protests, and in others Cheondoists were more significant. The scholar Kim Jin-bong argued that Christians

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In North Korea, the event is taught as a turning point where the family of eight-year-old Kim Il Sung's took the lead of the independence movement. The epicenter of the movement is taught as being Pyongyang instead of Seoul, and the contributions of figures who became influential in the later South

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One Yonhap News Agency reporter argued that a letter from an anonymous Korean student to U.S. President Wilson was possibly significant in influencing Chinese public opinion on the protests. Although it is unknown if the U.S. ever received the letter, it was widely republished in Chinese papers and

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According to the analysis of one South Korean journalist, international publications became increasingly skeptical of Japan's narratives as time progressed. According to the analysis of Palmer, Korean public relations efforts continued into the early 1920s. They attempted to push for recognition at

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They dispatched representatives to negotiate and secure the cooperation of major politicians and groups in Korea. Some negotiations were strained and took months; they became so disheartened by these setbacks that they reportedly even considered abandoning their plan. However, the events of January

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proclaimed and publicly distributed a declaration of independence, which they sent to the Japanese government, attendees of the Paris Peace Conference, and to representatives of various countries. The students were arrested en masse by Japanese authorities, although news of their act reached Korea.

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Koreans used unrelated events, such as school concerts and union meetings, as covers for commemoration ceremonies and rallies. Police officers arrived to break up some rallies. On a number of occasions, Koreans held surprise mass demonstrations in the open. In 1921, Korean students held a rally in

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told their ambassador to Japan that "the consulate should be extremely careful not to encourage any belief that the United States will assist the Korean nationalists in carrying out their plans and that it should not do anything which may cause Japanese authorities to suspect American Government

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Many governments and media outlets learned of the movement within several weeks of its beginning. No major foreign governments challenged Japan's rule over Korea. This was largely due to each government determining that forwarding their policy goals with Japan outweighed offering support to Korea.

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published articles in Japanese and at least one in English, in which he described Japan's colonialism as a noble venture, but condemned the assimilation of and discrimination towards Koreans as causing humanitarian concerns. His writings reportedly attracted criticism from nationalists. Right-wing

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and agreed to a number of demilitarization and openness policies. Palmer theorizes that these concessions quelled American criticisms of Japan. Palmer argued that the pro-Korea media campaign had some lasting success in influencing American opinion of Japan and Korea. However, the overall American

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In response to the increasing numbers of foreign inquiries, various Japanese entities released public statements that promoted a range of narratives. Some denied that protests had occurred in Korea at all, some downplayed the scale of them, and some claimed that they had been fully suppressed much

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The Japanese Government-General of Chōsen was reportedly unaware that the protests would occur until they began, and was surprised by the scale and intensity of them. It rushed to recruit people from various backgrounds, including firemen and security guards at railroads, to stop the protests. The

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The Bolsheviks frequently expressed solidarity with the Koreans. Several South Korean and American scholars and journalists have since argued that the protesting Koreans were from across the political spectrum, and that Lenin and the Bolsheviks actively sought to link movements such as these with

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The U.S. did not take any significant action in favor of Korea as a result of the protests. The scholar Brandon Palmer argued that even if the U.S. did publicly support Korean independence, circumstances still made it unlikely that Korea would be liberated as result of this. Furthermore, he noted

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In Japan and abroad, the movement was widely seen as an embarrassment to the colonial government. Scholar Penny Bailey argues that the majority of Japanese opinions in publications supported the colonial government and Japanese colonialism. Others publicly debated what was dubbed "the Japan–Korea

2821:, who had previously served as a personal envoy of the Korean monarch Gojong, published articles and gave speeches on the Korean situation to large audiences in the U.S. On one occasion, he gave a speech to 1,200 people in Ohio. On March 1, 1921, he gave a speech to 1,300 people in New York City. 1729:

in Seoul and was arrested. Missionaries from her school negotiated her release. She then returned to her hometown of Cheonan, albeit with a smuggled copy of the Declaration of Independence. From there, she went from village to village, spreading the news of the protests and encouraging people to

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Koreans who arrived in Japan before 1945 (called "Zainichi Koreans") and their descendents have commemorated the movement on an annual basis. Commemorations were more possible in the countryside than in the cities, as pressure from Japanese authorities was lower there. On a number of occasions,

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anthem were widely associated with commemorations of the movement, but over time, these disappeared in both North Korean commemorations and historical writings on the movement. Choe theorizes that this is the result of these symbols becoming more associated with right-leaning Koreans over time.

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launched a fundraising campaign in response to the movement, and sent the raised funds to Korean independence activists in Shanghai. Despite the community living in significant poverty, one estimate claims the Koreans there donated an average of 20% of their income to the independence movement.

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In March, thirty foreign missionaries in Korea met and planned how they could draw international attention to Japan's acts in Korea; they reportedly adopted the slogan "No Neutrality for Brutality". Schofield and other foreign missionaries documented the protests and shared information with the

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being performed on Korean Christians; this is attested to in one photograph, which was reprinted in American newspapers and paired with expressions of outrage. Korean schoolgirls are attested to being stripped and publicly flogged. An anecdote attested to claims a girl had her hand cut off by a

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I heard that a large crowd of people gathered from all over to hear the news. After the noon bell finished ringing, a large flag celebrating Korea's independence was unfurled. Everyone raised their own flags and shouted "long live Korean independence". The flag blocked the sun, and the shouting

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on March 13. Estimates of the number of protestors vary, although some put the number of protestors at around 20,000 to 30,000. This was around 10% of the total Korean population of the region at the time. One person, who had sent her son to the protest, later recalled what she had heard of it:

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argued was an outsized role in the protests. Many of the movement's earliest protests were in the region, and a plurality of the signers were from there (11 of the 33). This region contained the second-largest city in Korea Pyongyang, was a center of Christianity, and produced a large number of

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Scholar Penny Bailey argues that while the extent of regulations on Japanese coverage of the movement is unclear, such regulation was typical at the time. Bailey also argues that self-regulation was possibly practiced because of how the Home Ministry's Police Bureau had previously censored and

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argues that colonial authority actually expanded during this period. Colonial expenditures doubled from 1919 to 1921, policies encouraged active management of Korean culture instead of passive punishment, and the police presence and intervention in Korea's economy increased. Koreans saw little

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This sum reflects the overall total, and does not equal the sum of the above cells in the column. A small number of reported events took place across regions; for these, the counts are not separated by region. Summing the rows would result in participants in these events being counted multiple

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By the mid-1910s, several hundred Korean students were studying in Japan as part of Japan's cultural assimilation efforts. While there, they were exposed to and developed a variety of ideas, which they discussed and debated. Of particular interest to them were ideas from the West, particularly

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and other prominent Japanese politicians and asked them to take action to stop the violent suppression of the protests. He gave a public lecture to hundreds of foreign missionaries in Japan, in which he strongly criticized colonial policies. The missionaries published a number of articles and

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Koreans believe that after the President of the United States established the League of Nations, even small and weak countries would avoid the domination of Great Powers, and be able to maintain their national independence. How foolish they are! Ah, pitiful Koreans! You are governed by evil

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in Seoul. However, they worried that if they were prominently arrested, angered Korean observers could possibly violently retaliate against authorities. In the interest of maintaining the non-violence of the protests, they decided to change the starting location to the less-visible restaurant

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Women both led and participated in many of the protests. A group of female students wrote a public letter entitled "From Korean School Girls" to world leaders that was reprinted in international newspapers. The role of women in the protests was hailed by international feminist observers, and

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Japanese colonial policies mandated that Koreans send increasingly significant portions of their economic output to Japan, for what was seen as inadequate compensation. This caused a significant decline in the quality of life for many farmers and laborers, who began publicly protesting their

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The French government, which was then hosting the Paris Peace Conference that Koreans were still petitioning to be represented at, reportedly cautiously monitored the movement's progression. A Yonhap reporter argued that the government was concerned that the movement would inspire similar

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Police Station. At the entrance of the police office twenty or more Japanese policemen, who stood in line, kicked me and struck me in the face so many times... I was made to kneel down with my legs bound together, and each question and answer was accompanied alternately by blows to the

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These protestors were reportedly consistently peaceful. The declaration contains the text "We entertain no spirit of vengeance towards Japan... et there be no violence". The protestors were often met with violent repression by Japanese authorities, which resulted in deaths and arrests.

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The legacy of the March First Movement is still actively debated by scholars. While the movement did not secure Korea's liberation, it had a number of significant effects for Korea and a number of other countries. Independence activist sentiment amongst global Koreans flared. The 1926

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Historian Michael Shin views the movement as a turning point for Korean nationalism, from being spearheaded by the elite to popular action. The resulting cultural rule period also led to the proliferation of Korean print media, which in turn further bolstered nationalist sentiment.

728:: forced cultural assimilation. Land was confiscated from Koreans and given to Japanese people, and economic and administrative systems were created that were systemically discriminatory. Resistance was violently suppressed, and freedom of speech and press were tightly controlled. 3655:

The March First Movement has been commemorated for each year since its occurrence, in both Korea and amongst the Korean diaspora. Historically, both left- and right-leaning Korean groups have celebrated the occasion. For example, in China in the 1920s, the rivaling right-leaning

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their cause, as they stood to benefit from doing so. After the Soviet Union assumed control over territories with significant Korean populations in the Russian Far East, it allowed and sometimes encouraged Koreans to openly express support for the Korean independence movement.

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From March 1 to April 11, Japanese officials reported 553 people killed, and more than 12,000 arrested. They said that 8 policemen and military were killed, and 158 wounded. Japanese soldiers were harmed during the protests, with a number of deaths and over a hundred wounded.

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Commemorations have historically been funded by private donations, organization membership fees, and government grants. There are records of Koreans across the economic and social spectrum in Russia, China, the United States, and Cuba donating money for commemoration events.

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toured the U.S. and gave speeches and wrote articles promoting these narratives. In a June 24 article, he argued that Koreans were so incapable of self-governance, that if Japan granted them independence for a six-month trial period, they would request to be colonized again.

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A number of Japanese statements described the protests as the violent riots of extremist upstarts, highlighted Japanese casualties of the protests, and claimed any violence while suppressing the protests was done in self defense. Some statements, such as one published in the

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after hearing there was going to be an announcement made there. Around 2 p.m., an unidentified young man rose up before the crowd and began reading the Korean Declaration of Independence aloud. Near the end of the document's reading, cheers of "long live Korean independence"

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submitted into the Congressional Record dissents that cited Korea as an example of a nation the organization had failed to aid. Norris also served as vice-president of the League of Friends of Korea. A tabled resolution in support of Korean independence was rejected by the

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evidence used for the database comes from Japanese sources; the colonial government was known to alter its records for political reasons. The instability during and extrajudicial actions taken during the movement's suppression also reduced the amount of surviving evidence.

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Commemorations of the movement in the Soviet Union were allowed relative freedom. Koreans marched on streets and gave speeches in public venues. Buildings were also booked for ceremonies and rallies, and plays were performed by Korean theater companies. The Korean enclave

1641:, gatherings became treated with suspicion by Japanese authorities. In one instance, after a Korean attendee of a wedding was found to have documents linking him to the independence movement, Japanese authorities raided the wedding and conducted mass beatings and arrests. 3524:

mentions the movement in its first sentence: "We, the people of Korea, proud of a resplendent history and traditions dating from time immemorial, upholding the cause of the Provisional Republic of Korea Government born of the March First Independence Movement of 1919..."

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By early 1919, their ideas coalesced, and they also became angered by the rebuffing of the Korean representatives to the Paris Peace Conference, by the brutality of Japanese rule, and by the possibility that Gojong had been poisoned. On February 8, 600 students of the

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claimed prison conditions were like those of a health resort; Schofield published a rebuttal that ridiculed the claim and described in detail the methods of torture employed by the Japanese. In retaliation for his acts, Japan pressured him into leaving Korea in 1920.

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Foreigners sympathetic to Japan repeated claims that Koreans were uncivilized and incapable of self-governance; their statements were published in various newspapers internationally. Examples include Prof. Edmund Davison of Drew University (whom was born in Japan),

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on March 18, 1920. In 1921, Congress condemned the violent suppression of the movement, but affirmed Japan's authority over Korea. The statement claimed that Korea was "as fixedly a part of as California, Arizona, and New Mexico are a part of the United States".

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One Japanese police report claimed that there were 1,214 protests with 1.1 million participants; South Korean historian Kwon Tae-eok argued that Japanese sources were incentivized to artificially lower these numbers, and evaluated Park's estimate as plausible.

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from his house arrest in Korea, and eventually bring him to the conference. However, on January 21, 1919, Gojong suddenly died. Japan reported that Gojong had died from natural causes, but he had reportedly been healthy just until his death. Koreans widely

3923:, as Japanese influence over the region increased, open commemoration of the movement became increasingly met with repression. There, in 1932, an anti-Japanese insurgency arose that was dedicated to the March First Movement. Elsewhere in China, such as in 2763:

The English Church Mission (ECM) in Korea, unlike a significant majority of other missionaries in Korea, often expressed views more sympathetic to Japan. Their reports expressed doubt that Japanese authorities were intentionally killing Korean protestors.

3470:, had many similar protest actions take place. Amidst the violent repression of the protests and the hunt for its participants and leaders, numerous Koreans fled the peninsula. A number of them congregated in Shanghai, and in April 1919, they founded the 698:. The North Korean government initially celebrated it as a national holiday, but eventually demoted it and now does not evaluate the movement's significance similarly. It now promotes writings about the event that seek to emphasize the role of the ruling 3552:

While scholars in both the South and North are in relative consensus that the movement was unlikely to result in Korea's prompt liberation, North Korean textbooks reportedly argue that the movement failed because it lacked Kim's central leadership.

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from March 27 to mid-April. Protests often coincided with market days, and were often held at government offices. The protests were broadly supported across economic and religious spectrums, including groups such as merchants, noblemen, literati,

3373:, a 2019 South Korean examination did not find many newspapers articles about the movement. A Yonhap reporter theorized that this was possibly due to India being a British colony at the time. One article entitled "Korean Unrest" was published in 3781:), and ceremonies were designated to be organized by the federal and local governments. Each year, a reenactment of the reading of the declaration is held in Tapgol Park. In 1950, South Korea recognized a song about the movement by Jeong In-bo ( 2947:), reportedly welcomed the movement and saw it as signaling the end of colonial rule in Korea. He reportedly saw it as a part of the global trend of liberalization, and argued that Japan had previously treated Koreans extremely poorly. Japanese 2829:

compiled and published a report with its evidence of the protests' suppression. One of its foreign mission board secretaries wrote, "Mails and cables are censored and the World is kept in ignorance whilst Japan is posing as a civilized nation".

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sympathizes with the Korean nationalist movement". Leo A. Bergholz, American consul-general in Seoul, reportedly expressed some sympathy towards the Korean protestors and advocated for colonial reforms, but otherwise adopted a passive stance.

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Korean shop owners reportedly closed their doors in solidarity with the protests, with some reportedly refusing to reopen even after Japanese soldiers attempted to force them to. Some shop owners demanded the release of imprisoned protestors.

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Around noon on March 1, 1919, twenty-nine of the thirty-three signers of the declaration gathered in Taehwagwan to start the protest. The signers conducted a prominent reading of the declaration in the restaurant. The Korean restaurant owner

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on August 12, a public rally in support of the March First Movement was held, and was reportedly attended by around 200 people, including at least one Soviet politician. The rally was left-leaning; its speakers, including an ethnic Korean

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against Japan. The Japanese colonial government suppressed discussion of the Fourteen Points; for example, around this time it reportedly banned a foreign film from being screened in Korea because the film had images of President Wilson.

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Foreign witnesses in Korea played a significant role in documenting and photographing the movement, as well as sharing information on it abroad. The first communication on it to leave the Japanese empire was in English and went to

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earlier than in reality. There are records of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs requesting that the United States and Germany stop their newspapers from publishing claims about the protests that it deemed to be rumors.

3025:). These policies allowed several limited cultural freedoms and programs for Koreans. This included permission for several Korean newspapers to be founded, which resulted in the creation of the now newspapers of record 933: 1032: 9537: 3430:

on March 22, 1919, and consisted of two sentences: "The unrest in Korea has been suppressed. There is peace again". Subsequent coverage was reportedly often short, as much reporting was devoted to domestic issues.

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Yu Gwan-sun, a 16-year-old participant in the protests, has since become a symbol of March First Movement, and is now remembered in South Korea as a martyr. On the first day of the protests, Yu, then a student at

3722:(USAMGIK), right- and left-leaning groups held separate commemorations. Right-leaning groups continued to prominently display nationalist symbols. Ceremonies also came to involve Korean reunification sentiment. 3294:

The English Church Mission in Korea reportedly attempted to maintain a middle ground position between what it viewed as Korean terrorism after the protests and the oppression of the colonial government. Bishop

647:. Japanese authorities then conducted a global disinformation campaign on the protests. They promoted a wide range of narratives, including outright denial of any protests occurring, portraying them as violent 612:

beginning on March 1, 1919. Protests were largely concentrated in March and April, although related protests continued until 1921. In South Korea, the movement is remembered as a landmark event of not only the

3941:) and not necessarily by the Korean Provisional Government, and various Korean organizations in the city were invited. Koreans have been attested to commemorating the day in the streets and in the open in the 3333:

sympathetically mentioned the issue of Korea, and asked what could be done for it. In addition, a society that advocated for Korea's independence formed in both the U.K. and France called The Friends of Korea

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was asked to document the protests. Schofield's publicization of the protests proved so significant in influencing global public opinion, that he has since been described as the "Thirty-fourth Representative"

3843:) and demoted from the status of national holiday. Commemorations are reportedly mostly central, with few local celebrations. The events are geared towards inciting anti-American and anti-Japanese sentiment. 3174:

covered the protests on a daily basis for some time. One of its articles contained the line, "If the in front falls, the one behind continues marching forward. truly do not fear death". Chinese politician

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of leaders destroyed. Women made naked and beaten before crowds, especially leaders' family. The imprisoned being severely tortured. Doctors are forbidden caring wounded. Foreign Red Cross urgently needed.

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in order to conduct another rally, but found that Japanese police had already been stationed there in high concentrations. The Koreans reportedly conducted the protest regardless. In 1925, a rally at

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Public outrage at the possibility that Gojong had been murdered has since been evaluated as having a critical impact on the timing of, and even the altogether occurrence of, the March First Movement.

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Korean government are downplayed. The thirty-three national representatives are described as having surrendered immediately after reading their declaration. Hart printed this translated excerpt from

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A number of commentators have evaluated these policy changes as being largely cosmetic and intended to appease Koreans and international observers. An August 22, 1919 article in American newspaper

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In the USAMGIK, March 1 was made a holiday in February 1946. Various events were held in Seoul on that year's anniversary. Early on that day, a left-leaning group held a ceremony at the mountain

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in April, which was dedicated to publicizing the independence movement. The organization would eventually have branches in 19 cities and upwards of 10,000 members. In 1921, Henry Chung published

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government-general received more military police and police officers from Japan, as well as more army divisions. They equipped these groups with lethal weapons and distributed them around Korea.

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international press. In August, Schofield traveled to Japan on behalf of the missionaries in Korea. He conducted a range of activities to publicize what he had seen. He met with Prime Minister

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and turning international public opinion against Japan would be effective in advocating for Korea's independence. They also agreed that they needed assistance from other major groups in Korea.

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into suppressing the protest. This resulted in around 17 to 19 deaths. Like in Korea, the Koreans continued to hold protests for weeks afterwards; by mid-May they would host at least 50 more.

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The Chinese government did not openly advocate for Korea's independence, but Chinese politicians and press frequently voiced sympathy and praise for the movement. The prominent newspaper

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After experiencing poor treatment during her prison intake, one girl was reportedly let go the following day without ever being formally charged of any crimes, nor ever going to trial.

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There are reports that conditions were extremely cramped and dirty, and that some rooms were so cramped that people were unable to sit or lie down. William R. Giles, a reporter for the

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A Yonhap reporter argued that sentiment in Australia did not match that of the U.K., and claimed that articles often expressed skeptical criticism of Japan's handling of the movement.

3979:

have celebrated the anniversary of the movement with public events in recent years. Some celebrations have included reenactments of the reading of the declaration and public marches.

658:

The movement did not result in Korea's prompt liberation, but had a number of significant effects. It invigorated the Korean independence movement and resulted in the creation of the

287: 2937:

Some, especially those in the Japanese left wing, criticized the colonial government and argued that the movement began because colonial policies had been too repressive. Journalist

9456: 3481:

Since the occurrence of the movement, varying groups have interpreted its character and significance in a number of ways. Some left-leaning interpretations analyze the event using

2634:

in Korea, stated that he felt that Koreans in Shanghai had fabricated the story. He argued that Japan had been so repressive that such a large-scale protest was nearly impossible.

3383:

reports. This and another report on April 16 described the movement as a violent armed rebellion. Later coverage of Korean issues in the paper is reportedly infrequent and brief.

1733:

Yu was arrested and detained at Seodaemun Prison. She was reportedly unrepentant despite repeated beatings and torture. She eventually died of her injuries on September 28, 1920.

1513:

occurred, during which Japanese authorities entered a village at night, set it on fire, and killed people who attempted to put the fires out. On April 15, during the now infamous

3969:, have hosted annual March First Movement commemorations. In 2024, events were hosted in a range of countries, including Brazil, Mongolia, Kuwait, Taiwan, and the United States. 1730:

organize their own. On April 1, 3,000 protestors gathered in Cheonan. The Japanese military police opened fire on the protestors and killed 19; among the dead were Yu's parents.

1754: 1487:

A significant number of mass murders of Korean civilians occurred. There are numerous reports of Japanese authorities around the peninsula opening fire or conducting organized

3657: 3249:

is the earliest known Russian article on the protests. The article criticized Japan's violent suppression of the protests, as well as the subsequent disinformation campaign.

9474: 2839: 1625: 1020:

They decided to schedule their protest for March 1, the day of Gojong's public funeral, in order to capitalize on the significant number of people congregating in Seoul.

732:

treatment. In 1916, there were 6 strikes with 362 participants. In 1917, there were 8 strikes with 1,128, and by 1918 there were 50 strikes with 4,442. Historians of the

9543: 9295: 3762: 3299:

advocated for Japan's continued rule in Korea and praised the cultural rule reforms. The ECM's positions on these issues reportedly alienated potential Korean converts.

3207: 1575:

Japanese soldier because she was holding a copy of either the declaration. She then reportedly switched to holding the item in her other hand, and continued to protest.

694:

The anniversary of the movement's start has been celebrated since, although this was largely done in secret in Korea until its liberation in 1945. In South Korea, it is

3876:

in Tokyo. The police were reportedly surprised by its occurrence, and rushed to gather officers in order to disperse it. In 1923, around 300 Korean students approached

2616:. This led to the first international article on the movement being published there on March 4. News of the protests first reached the United States on March 10, via a 3062: 1300: 884: 100: 8069:"March 1st Independence Movement and Korean Provisional Government >Memories & Gratitude>March 1st Independence Movement>March 1st Independence Movement" 3693:(flag). A number of songs have been written and performed for these meetings, with several attested to in Shanghai and Manchuria in the 1920s. Scholar Choe Seon-ung ( 3424:

Germany reportedly had little coverage of the movement, possibly due to instability after its loss in World War I. The first known mention of the protest appeared in

1502:, Japanese authorities reportedly burnt 276 private homes down, killed 29, and arrested around 2,000 people. Many Koreans were tortured and executed. On April 6, the 8808:

Kwon, Tae-eok. "Imperial Japan's 'civilization' rule in the 1910s and Korean sentiments: the causes of the national-scale dissemination of the March First Movement"

4161:저녁 때 들으니 사방에서 인사들이 소식을 듣고 모여 인산인해를 이루었다고 한다. 정오 종소리에 맞춰 용정 부근 서전대야에 큰 조선독립 깃발을 세우고 사람마다 태극기를 들고 조선독립만세를 부르며 독립을 선언했다. 깃발은 해를 가리고 함성은 우레와 같았다. 이를 본 왜인의 얼굴색이 잿빛으로 변했다. 3045:. Access to print materials and the arts significantly expanded. In addition, while the colonial government had previously been more consistently dismissive towards 3626:. Historian Youngseo Baik argues that it can be, as the movement advocated for significant political change and has had lasting impact on Korean political thought. 793:. Koreans who learned of Wilson's vision were inspired, and interpreted it as signaling support for their independence movement. Their sympathy to the U.S. and the 856: 409: 3489:

frameworks, with some reportedly interpreting the movement as a failed proletariat revolution, and something only to be remembered but not celebrated. Since the

3287:, described the movement as "riots" and the protestors as violent mobs that attacked authorities and burned down buildings. One article on the movement, titled " 337: 841: 280: 3392:

anti-colonial protests in its own territories. The movement received wide coverage in French newspapers. Left-leaning and anti-colonialist newspapers such as

800:

The sincerity behind Wilson's advocacy for self-determination is debated. Some scholars argue his advocacy was limited to the former colonies of the defeated

2593: 1503: 5149: 3539: 3356: 4827: 3322:" and "outrivalling Germans in war". A number of British officials advocated for degrees of self-governance in Korea, although this was opposed by Japan. 8864: 3201: 2844: 1517:, Japanese authorities lured 20 to 30 Korean civilians into a church, opened fire on them, then burned the church down to hide evidence of the killings. 4501:"The Centenary of Korea's Sam-il (March First) Independence Movement: Remembering Japanese Art Critic Yanagi Sōetsu's Solidarity with Colonized Koreans" 3687:

Commemorations typically involve readings of the declaration, speeches, nationalist music, and the displaying of nationalist symbols, particularly the

3528:

In South Korea, the event's link to the establishment of the Korean Provisional Government is promoted, so as to bolster that government's legitimacy.

2848:, a book that criticized Japanese colonialism and advocated for Korean independence. Japan attempted to halt the book's publication. In spite of this, 2151:

Each event has lower and upper bound estimates for its various statistics. Upper bounds still reflect the conservative methodology reportedly employed.

1428:, and had signed agreements to suppress the Korean independence movement. Inspired by the Ussuriysk protest, the Koreans of the enclave Sinhanch'on in 3144:

The movement did receive coverage in the American press, although often sporadically and not as the main story. A South Korean journalist claims that

967: 8620:"Imperial Japan's 'Civilization' Rule in the 1910s and Korean Sentiments: The Causes of the National-Scale Dissemination of the March First Movement" 2661:

uprisings, and portrayed Japan as attempting to halt the spread of communism. Many statements blamed Christian missionaries for inciting the unrest.

2631: 273: 2603:

published a number of articles that were about the violent suppression of the movement, with the latter covering the events of the Jeamni massacre.

789:

announced his vision for establishing peace and the new world order. This vision was dubbed the Fourteen Points, and included the right of national

6635: 4220:

reports also initially influenced coverage in France. A number of French articles cited the reports while describing the protests as violent riots.

3834: 3581:

cited the March First Movement as one of their inspirations. That protest has since been evaluated as a critical moment in modern Chinese history.

2296: 2569:

argues it is possible that the numbers are even higher, as Japanese authorities continued pursuing and arresting protestors for years afterwards.

9305: 8520: 3719: 3471: 3311: 3303: 2976: 2838:

Korean-American independence activists attempted to sway U.S. public opinion on the protests through writings and speeches. They established the

1767:

and are available on the website. The database has been updated on at least one occasion to reflect the NIKH's ongoing research on the movement.

1217:. Despite Japanese repression of information, news of the protest in Seoul reached these cities quickly, as they were connected to Seoul via the 667: 174: 2624:. By the following day, the story appeared in American papers. Some articles questioned the veracity of the story; in the March 11 issue of the 9427: 6631: 3767: 3548:

II Sung, who was eight years old, participated in the anti-Japanese demonstration and traveled to Bongťongdae Gate, which was about 30 li away.

1684: 1668:

of prisoners. There, women were stripped naked in front of male guards. An April 22, 1919 pamphlet by the Presbyterian Church in America read:

777: 9549: 1121: 1624:

was sentenced to hard labor for allegedly harboring demonstrators. An American woman was reportedly attacked in Pyongyang. According to the

1047: 9480: 8095: 2694:

Japanese diplomats published statements in which they claimed Koreans were uncivilized and incapable of self-governance. Japanese academic

1649: 1260:

Various locations often hosted multiple protests for weeks afterwards. Numerous small villages hosted three or four protests. For example,

1066: 629: 8531:

The case of Korea; a collection of evidence on the Japanese domination of Korea, and on the development of the Korean inependence movement

8068: 3187:), praised the protests and advocated for Chinese people to follow the Korean example. Other prominent figures in modern China, including 9350: 8902: 3837:

made the occasion a national holiday. This later changed; the holiday was renamed to "The People's Anti-Japanese Uprising Memorial Day" (

1621: 2922:, while not advocating for granting Koreans independence, reportedly promoted granting Korea some degree of "domestic self-governance". 3596: 3565:

Chinese protestors of the May 4 Movement. The protest's organizers reportedly were in part inspired by the March First Movement. (1919)

3318:

pressed the Japanese government to quell the violence. Alston reportedly told Japan that the Japanese authorities were "outhunning the

9402: 6178: 3667:

and left-leaning KNRP made a point of hosting a joint ceremony to bridge their political divide and demonstrate unity to observers.

2975:

The colonial government enacted a number of concessions after the protests. Many of these efforts have been grouped under the name "

874:

Chinese leaders, hoping to embarrass Japan, attempted to put a discussion of Korea's sovereignty on the agenda, but did not succeed.

9625: 9595: 9087: 3662: 3589: 3505:

In South Korea, the movement is widely considered to be a landmark moment in the formation of the modern Korean national identity.

3262:; the U.K. had previously advocated for Korea's annexation by Japan, and blocked Korea's attempts to protest the annexation at the 1508: 3088:

and violently suppressing its own subjects, and that expressing support for Korean independence would have appeared hypocritical.

2778:

rebuttals in Korea, Japan, and abroad about the protest. For example, a report in the colonial government–backed English-language

9422: 8857: 3360:

argued that Japan would not be able to stop the unrest through violence. A response to a reader question in the April 2 issue of

439: 364: 3042: 750:

Japan had been successfully rapidly industrializing since the late 19th century. Around this time, Western theories surrounding

7809: 3670:

During the colonial period, independence activists scheduled speeches, rallies, and protests for the day. In Korea and amongst

3199:

similarly wrote favorably of the protests. These sentiments were echoed by English-language newspapers in China, including the

906: 826: 9335: 3354:, while still generally in line with reporting in the U.K., shared information about Japan's violent response. One article of 1448:), interpreted the movement in a socialist framework and advocated for Koreans to ally with the Soviet Union and fight Japan. 9610: 9580: 9300: 9179: 8837: 8815:

Lee, Timothy S. "A political factor in the rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement."

8650: 8608: 8587: 8504: 6810: 5110: 3588:

read of the peaceful protests while in South Africa. He reportedly decided to return to India soon afterwards and launch the

3291:

in Korea", repeated Japanese claims that leftist Koreans in Shanghai were attempting to cause a violent revolution in Korea.

2713:

thoughts... Awake! Awake! ...If you do not have an understanding of the situation of the world, you will be doomed to perish.

9233: 8046: 6546: 6480: 6461: 6170: 5029: 4990: 4921: 4257: 2910:), and presented a range of opinions on what caused the protests, how serious they were, and how to prevent future unrest. 2669: 1750: 1459:

organized an impromptu meeting upon hearing of the protests that was attended by around 600. A followup meeting dubbed the

733: 352: 3561: 9077: 8820: 4180:

Palmer argues that much of this audience was likely non-Korean, as there were around 100 Koreans in New York at the time.

3892: 3700: 5646: 9630: 9590: 9280: 8850: 3607: 2963: 1467:, which they viewed as "the cradle of liberty" in the U.S. They sent statements to President Wilson, but were ignored. 1043: 625: 404: 394: 3949:

in 1938, Korean members of the Korean National Revolutionary Party are attested to celebrating the day by singing the

3802:'s administration established the Commission on the Centennial Anniversary of March 1st Independence Movement and the 3416:

Mexican newspapers began publishing on the movement on March 13, and reportedly widely condemned Japan's actions. The

8731: 6607: 5973: 3092: 1988: 1046:. From 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. on February 27, they printed 21,000 copies of the declaration at the printing facilities of 67: 2135:

A number of protest actions in some places occurred in quick succession; some of these are counted as single events.

9392: 9197: 4023: 4016: 3120: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1363: 1274: 1261: 1169: 8316: 3107:

A small number of individual American politicians expressed sympathy for Korea and the protests. Missouri Senator

9650: 9417: 9412: 9055: 5361:"[Newsmaker] Handwritten English translation of Feb. 8 Declaration of Independence found after 104 years" 5139: 4952:"The 1919 Independence Movement in Korea and Interconnected East Asia: The Incremental Unfolding of a Revolution" 4195:, which was de facto operated by the colonial government. Previous papers were pressured to close or were banned. 2718: 1037: 1317:) and Chūseinan-dō, some radical groups attacked and destroyed Japanese government offices and police stations. 1137: 724:. Japanese rule was initially especially tight. Japan took control over Korea's economy, and began a process of 663: 210: 9397: 8115: 7921: 7224: 7193: 7133: 6573: 6140: 5869: 5393: 5015: 4976: 4907: 4837: 4587: 4404: 3905:

in Vladivostok commemorated the anniversary of the movement each year from 1920 until its dissolution in 1937.

2565: 1222: 721: 695: 342: 8579:

The Cross and the Rising Sun, Volume 2,: The British Protestant Missionary Movement in Japan, Korea and Taiwan

8545:"Proclaiming Identity, Claiming the Past: National Identity and Modernity in North and South Korean Education" 6802:

The Cross and the Rising Sun, Volume 2,: The British Protestant Missionary Movement in Japan, Korea and Taiwan

3754:, the author of the declaration; in the years succeeding the movement, he had collaborated with the Japanese. 9575: 8985: 5625: 3884:

led to violent clashes with police, the involvement of the military to suppress the unrest, and ten arrests.

3803: 3232: 2826: 2031: 1475: 1218: 889: 659: 369: 203: 157: 105: 36: 8898: 6354: 3703:

in the 1930s, efforts were made to reduce the number of nationalist symbols in ceremonies, so as to promote

3366:

attempted to justify why Korea's sovereignty was not approved for discussion at the Paris Peace Conference.

1411: 9270: 9031: 5024: 4985: 4916: 3704: 1456: 1089: 861: 715: 666:

to grant some limited cultural freedoms to Koreans under a series of policies that have since been dubbed "

614: 545: 297: 28: 9371: 9021: 9016: 6505: 6393: 3398:

praised the movement. A number of French newspapers published an anecdote about female Korean students in

3075:

Journalists and some individual politicians voiced criticism towards Japan's suppression of the protests.

1143: 655:

of Japan. These narratives were publicly challenged by sympathetic foreigners and by the Korean diaspora.

9605: 9290: 8409: 3822: 3521: 3513: 3426: 3307: 2870: 2422: 1896: 1608: 833: 496: 5045:""Awakening Asia": Korean Student Activists in Japan, The Asia Kunglun, and Asian Solidarity, 1910–1923" 4863: 4189:

Previously, from 1915 to early 1920, the only Korean newspaper allowed for publication in Korea was the

3787:), one of several written and performed about the movement, as the official song for its commemorations. 832:

Koreans made a number of unsuccessful attempts to be represented at the conference. The Korean-American

9615: 9600: 9462: 8141: 5938: 5654: 5277: 3942: 1326: 1314: 1246: 8719:

Korean National Identity under Japanese Colonial Rule: Yi Gwangsu and the March First Movement of 1919

7847: 2591:

published of the protests, and coverage on them significantly slowed. The English-language newspapers

1432:

launched their own that same day, which was also suppressed. They launched another the following day.

1257:

held their first protest. All but seven of the 218 administrative districts in Korea hosted protests.

8873: 8120: 7926: 7682: 7229: 7198: 7138: 7084: 6578: 6538: 6145: 5993: 5874: 5502: 5398: 4592: 4409: 3881: 3772:(opposition of the Allied occupation of Korea) was linked to the spirit of the March First Movement. 3475: 2878:

public remained apathetic about Korea, and no significant policy changes occurred as a result of it.

2653: 711: 605: 466: 424: 327: 62: 8692: 8661: 8619: 8469: 9407: 8951: 8945: 8747: 7165: 4249: 3946: 3611: 3263: 3008: 2985: 2900: 911: 699: 676: 555: 419: 183: 8933: 8793:

The March First Movement: A Study of the Rise of Korean Nationalism under the Japanese Colonialism

8642:

The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism

6994:"Marketing Assimilation: The Press and the Formation of the Japanese-Korean Colonial Relationship" 6827: 3038: 2968: 2802:'s April 6 issue to the protests, and criticized Japan for manipulating information on the event. 1042:

from these various groups held a series of secret meetings in Seoul, during which they signed the

9645: 9640: 9513: 9450: 3642:

for nine months, visited Seodaemun Prison and apologized for how the prisoners had been treated.

3639: 3603:

held a pro-independence protest in June 1919, and cited the March First Movement as inspiration.

3434:

Italy reportedly had limited coverage of the movement, with the first known article being in the

3259: 3049:, it began conceding that Korea had some unique traditions worthy of protection and development. 2981: 1305: 1097: 672: 461: 456: 179: 9097: 3790: 3058:

described one such concession as "merely one of those face-saving diplomatic schemes of Japan".

9635: 9620: 9585: 9531: 9161: 8289: 8072: 5902: 3115:. On July 15 and in August, in the context of opposing the ratification of the articles of the 2852:

published an abridged version of the book, and the entire book was submitted into the American

2789: 2626: 429: 414: 399: 8370: 1140:, which caused the signers to be arrested by around eighty Japanese military police officers. 681:". Furthermore, the movement went on to inspire other movements abroad, including the Chinese 9525: 9501: 9260: 9185: 7535: 5534: 4979:[March First Movement: Increasing Inequity and Impoverishment During Colonial Rule]. 3684:

openly commemorated the day in Korea on a number of occasions and was punished for doing so.

1665: 1460: 1425: 1338: 1322: 986: 794: 511: 132: 6828:"[Korea Encounters] Frank Schofield, 'a most dangerous man' and an 'eternal Korean'" 5535:"선교사열전 ㉙ 3·1운동의 34번째 민족대표 캐나다 프랭크 윌리엄 스코필드 선교사〔Frank William Schofield: 석호필(石虎弼) 1889~1970〕" 5018:[March First Movement: The Emergence of Ideals of Self-determination and Equality]. 3829:

flag is flying above Kim; both the north and south used the design from 1946 to 1948. (1946)

3449: 2188:, as well as events hosted in the U.S. with representatives from elsewhere in North America. 894:; these theories were in part motivated by knowledge of previous attempts on Gojong's life. 758:

gained significant traction in Japan. These theories were often used to justify and promote

9149: 9136: 8908: 5658: 4864:"In North Korea, March 1st is distortedly taught as being caused by the Kim Il-sung family" 3976: 3330: 3133: 3085: 2919: 2853: 2757: 2677: 2599: 2444: 1918: 1725:, participated in the protest in Seoul. On March 5, she participated in another protest at 1583: 759: 9361: 6427: 6355:"Overlooked No More: Yu Gwan-sun, a Korean Independence Activist Who Defied Japanese Rule" 3478:, and holds an important place in the independence movement and in South Korean identity. 2861: 1023: 766:

was a shock to many, and motivated intellectuals in Korea and around the world to discuss

736:

argue that this reflected increasing discontent in Korea around the time of the movement.

8: 9218: 9173: 5703: 5699:

First Korean congress, held in the Little theatre, and Delancey streets, April 14, 15, 16

5360: 3574: 3463: 3454: 3436: 3054: 2488: 2185: 1962: 1210: 682: 491: 476: 8472:[Formation of protocols for celebrating the March First Movement, and changes]. 2739: 2717:

In January 1920, Governor-General Saitō published a four-page statement in the magazine

1741:

Statistics on the March First Movement are uncertain, and are a subject of controversy.

1620:

Foreigners were also reportedly persecuted by Japanese authorities. American missionary

925: 587: 9468: 9325: 9191: 9142: 8764: 8564: 8514: 8443: 7842: 7740:"Eight-year-old boy Kim Il Sung gathered the independence movement and travelled 30 li" 7570: 7511: 7429: 7296: 7021: 6664: 6625: 6111: 6042: 5837: 5767: 5735: 5593: 5576: 5066: 4782: 4727: 4670: 4011: 4006: 3228: 2794: 1688: 1679: 1310: 1250: 1071: 1052: 972: 846: 790: 755: 652: 634: 572: 481: 389: 317: 96: 8529: 3775:

On October 1, 1949, South Korea designated March 1 as the national holiday Samiljeol (

2683: 1390:

echoed like thunder. When the Japanese authorities saw this, their faces turned ashen.

9432: 9285: 8939: 8756: 8727: 8700: 8675: 8646: 8604: 8583: 8556: 8500: 8477: 7817: 7065: 7013: 6806: 6613: 6603: 6362: 5969: 5598: 5106: 5070: 4062: March First Movement. The South Korean name is sometimes transliterated as the 3715: 3490: 3417: 3407: 3362: 3235:

consulted with Japan in March, then officially took a neutral stance on the protest.

3224: 3196: 3116: 3108: 2888: 2400: 2356: 2334: 1874: 1830: 1808: 1242: 1234: 921: 533: 374: 332: 9167: 5697: 2914: 1345:

described as a milestone in their changing social status, especially in contrast to

1111:), effectively equating his significance to that of the signers of the declaration. 851:

to the conference, but the U.S. government denied them permission to go. A group of

347: 9438: 9376: 9118: 9061: 8535: 8410:"New York State to institute official day to honor Yu Gwan-sun and Mar. 1 movement" 7055: 7005: 6751: 5588: 5365: 5056: 4124: 4001: 3989: 3914: 3866: 3675: 3671: 3467: 3128: 3124: 2938: 2930: 2874: 2704: 2378: 1852: 1661: 1653: 1416:

Koreans in Russia also learned of the protests, and began organizing their own. In

1377: 1330: 1296: 852: 771: 751: 582: 434: 8041: 7565: 7506: 7424: 7291: 6659: 6106: 6037: 5832: 5762: 5730: 5577:""The arch agitator:" Dr. Frank W. Schofield and the Korean independence movement" 4777: 4722: 4665: 3394: 2952: 1060:

They initially planned to start the protest by inviting thousands of observers to

9255: 9130: 8962: 8883: 8640: 8598: 8577: 8438: 8321: 7160: 7089: 6832: 6800: 6739: 6510: 6398: 5998: 5507: 5282: 5100: 4832: 4526: 3982: 3972: 3731: 3680: 3403: 3335: 3170: 3033: 3027: 2780: 2466: 1940: 1514: 1407: 1381: 1346: 1249:). Protests continued to spread in this fashion, until by March 19, all thirteen 1201:

That same day, similar protests were held in other cities in Korea, including in

1174: 1101: 879: 873: 870: 745: 644: 609: 471: 9366: 9340: 8956: 5617: 4098: 4095: 2893: 2695: 2687: 2665: 2172: 1318: 1088:

Foreigners also played a role in the planning of the protests. In mid-February,

662:. It also caused some damage to Japan's international reputation and caused the 9519: 9248: 9238: 9155: 9082: 9026: 9000: 8110: 7916: 7219: 7188: 7128: 6568: 6135: 5864: 5388: 5144: 4582: 4399: 3962: 3902: 3814: 3635: 3585: 3351: 3046: 1629: 1488: 1421: 878:

Koreans in China also created a plan to secretly extract former Korean emperor

825:

After the conclusion of the war, various nations participated in the 1919–1920

801: 786: 577: 560: 379: 72: 8803:

Korea Under Colonialism: The March First Movement and Anglo-Japanese Relations

5928: 3718:, ceremonies reflected the increasing political polarization. In the southern 1660:

There are numerous reports of prison conditions being extremely poor. Seoul's

1334: 1271:, laborers, monks, Christians, Cheondoists, Buddhists, students, and farmers. 1162:) erupted continually from the crowd, and they filed out onto the main street 9569: 9508:

The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan

9491: 9345: 9330: 9051: 8760: 8704: 8679: 8666: 8560: 8481: 8414: 7821: 7069: 7017: 6617: 6366: 5662: 3761:

on March 1, 1947, a rally with 30,000 people in attendance was held in which

3751: 3508: 3370: 3326: 3315: 3296: 2818: 2810: 2753: 2744: 2621: 1206: 1002: 994: 523: 451: 9538:

Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery

8842: 7047: 3794:

Centennial celebration of the movement, with President Moon in center (2019)

1012: 9243: 8990: 8967: 8662:"The March First Movement in America: The Campaign to Win American Support" 6597: 5602: 3739: 3277: 2859:

In Russia, Korean journalists published writings in newspapers such as the

2774: 2302: 1764: 1722: 1579: 1464: 1445: 1395: 1238: 1092:

allowed secret meetings about the protests to be conducted in his house in

1006: 982: 837: 805: 725: 550: 528: 501: 322: 7009: 5061: 5044: 4152:

The remaining signers were reportedly in the countryside during this time.

3610:, students of Cairo University held a pro-independence protest amidst the 3215:

was followed by a shift towards more sympathetic reporting towards Korea.

1775:

March First Movement Database summary statistics (March 1 – May 31, 1919)

1368: 265: 9092: 8693:"Ch'ondogyo's(天道敎) Preparation for the March First Independence Movement" 8600:

Korea 1905–1945: From Japanese Colonialism to Liberation and Independence

8096:"Korea Commemorates 100th Anniversary of March 1st Independence Protests" 4191: 3873: 3818: 3799: 3758: 3578: 3192: 2805: 2673: 1703: 1571: 1429: 1309:

ratio of Japanese security forces to civilians was lower in the area. In

1254: 1152: 1061: 867: 763: 640: 384: 8768: 8742: 8568: 8544: 7025: 6993: 5935:

March 13, a large Manse Movement protest breaks out in Longjing, Jiandao

3821:

speaking at the first public celebration of the March First Movement in

3099: 1230: 817: 9223: 9102: 8995: 6173:[Independence activist of the month: Frank William Schofield]. 3747: 3623: 3288: 3188: 3176: 3161: 2658: 2630:, judge John Albert Matthewman, who had previously volunteered for the 1595: 1186: 978: 963: 767: 687: 648: 506: 6755: 6740:"The Korean Student Movement in Japan and Japanese Anxiety, 1910–1923" 4910:[March First Movement: Pressures and Pains of Colonial Rule]. 2690:

argued that Koreans were uncivilized and incapable of self-governance.

915:

A copy of the first page of the February 8 Declaration of Independence

9444: 8743:"Background to the March First Movement: Koreans in Japan, 1905–1919" 8723: 7060: 3966: 3920: 3877: 3848: 3689: 3486: 3474:(KPG). This government is now considered a predecessor to the modern 3375: 3271: 2948: 2617: 1726: 1591: 1417: 1202: 1182: 1077: 829:, during which the sovereignty of a number of nations was discussed. 173:

Colonial government granted limited cultural freedoms as part of its

5094: 5092: 3002:); this was in contrast to the previous era, which has been dubbed " 9228: 9208: 8146: 7744: 6970: 4868: 4531: 4500: 3735: 3103:

American Senator and Korean independence activist Selden P. Spencer

2925: 2613: 2288:

Many sources cite the statistics provided in the 1920 history book

1713: 1637: 1441: 1093: 774:, and ideals that would serve to discourage future such conflicts. 9355: 6476: 4207:

partially reversed course on its reporting on Korea in late April.

9457:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea

5950: 5089: 4951: 4828:"Why Did Mao, Nehru and Tagore Applaud the March First Movement?" 3950: 3928: 3924: 3853: 3482: 3399: 3283: 1984: 1499: 1267: 1226: 812: 739: 8785:

The March First Movement: Korean Challenge and Japanese Response

3573:

Several weeks after the March First Movement, organizers of the

8918: 8832: 7052:

Cipango - French Journal of Japanese Studies. English Selection

6680: 3932: 3743: 3600: 3302:

Some British officials expressed sympathy for Korea, including

3245: 1708: 1599: 1436: 1214: 1163: 998: 2734: 1083: 101:

theories that former Emperor Gojong had been poisoned by Japan

8708: 8683: 8631: 8485: 7406: 7404: 7254: 6960: 6958: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6779: 6777: 3441:

number of friendly treaties and agreements around this time.

3157: 2168: 1495: 621: 6253: 6251: 6063: 6061: 5142:[Son Sae-il's Comparative Critical Biography (64)], 4610: 4608: 3992:

designated March 1 as Yu Gwan-sun Day on February 27, 2024.

3622:

There is debate over where the movement can be considered a

3141:

and expressed support for the Korean independence movement.

2865:

about the protests that were quoted by Russian journalists.

1582:

gave a testimony that was later submitted into the American

821:

Western leaders at the Paris Peace Conference (May 27, 1919)

9544:

United States House of Representatives House Resolution 121

7714: 7712: 3319: 2873:, but were rebuffed. At the conference, Japan relinquished 9475:

Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property

7401: 7389: 7292:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑬ 중남미 언론 "코레아, 해방 원한다"…日 대량학살 고발(끝)" 6955: 6943: 6900: 6868: 6847: 6774: 6762: 6692: 6600:

East Asia : a cultural, social, and political history

6295: 6293: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5833:"[외신속 3·1운동] ⑦ WP "선언문 든 소녀의 손 잘라내"…日편들던 워싱턴 '충격'" 4890: 4888: 4886: 3678:, these events were often hosted in secret. The newspaper 3543:, a North Korean history textbook used from 1984 to 1990: 1635:

According to an August 15 article in the Soviet newspaper

1278:

Korean shops closing in solidarity with the protest (1919)

785:

After the end of the war in 1918, United States President

608:

that was held throughout Korea and internationally by the

50:

Mostly March and April 1919, continued possibly until 1921

7791: 7789: 7759: 7507:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑫ '식민굴레' 동남아 언론의 동병상련…"계층넘어 韓人 단결"" 7329: 7327: 6721: 6719: 6248: 6058: 5212: 5175: 4605: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4052: March First People's Rebellion; South Korean name: 3342:). None of these efforts resulted in significant action. 2971:, created as a part of the cultural rule policies. (1922) 2825:

125-page report that concured with Korean reporting. The

1341:), students often played a significant role in protests. 900: 8259: 8257: 8220: 8218: 8205: 8203: 8166: 8164: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7709: 7651: 7639: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7122: 7120: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6451: 6449: 6329: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6038:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑧ 러 프라우다·이즈베스티야도 주목…"조선여성 영웅적 항쟁"" 5479: 5477: 5452: 5450: 5260: 5258: 5256: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4691: 4689: 3614:, and cited the March First Movement as an inspiration. 3037:, as well as the establishment of institutions like the 2881: 7776: 7774: 7347:

United States Policy Regarding Korea, Part I: 1834–1941

6290: 5887: 5330: 5328: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5102:

Korea: Division, Reunification, and U.S. Foreign Policy

4883: 3379:

on March 27, and included synthesized information from

3223:

At the time of the movement, Russia was engaged in the

3149:

of the text of the Korean Declaration of Independence.

2747:

advocated for Japan's continued rule over Korea. (1919)

2668:

gave a speech at a luncheon attended by U.S. Treasurer

2657:

on April 15, 1919, portrayed the protests as left-wing

338:

Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts

8534:. New York, Chicago Fleming H. Revell Co – via 7786: 7586: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7377: 7353: 7324: 7312: 6931: 6919: 6805:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 205–207. 6716: 6704: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6192: 5903:"[아! 만주⑰] 용정 3.13반일의사릉: 만주에서 울린 그 날의 함성을 기억하다" 5195:

The Koreans in Hawai'i: A Pictorial History, 1903–2003

4422: 3020: 2997: 2905: 2291:

The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement

1380:

learned of the movement. They held a large protest in

1225:

railway lines. On March 2, more protests were held in

8254: 8230: 8215: 8200: 8176: 8161: 8002: 7990: 7978: 7939: 7897: 7863: 7610: 7117: 6890: 6888: 6526: 6446: 6204: 6165: 6163: 6161: 5858: 5856: 5807: 5783: 5763:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ③ 상하이서 첫 '타전'…은폐 급급하던 日, 허 찔렸다" 5710: 5695: 5677: 5474: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5253: 5119: 5077: 5049:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

4743: 4686: 4666:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ① 그 날 그 함성…통제·조작의 '프레임' 뚫고 세계로" 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 2833: 2702:

Articles in the colonial government–backed newspaper

2620:

sent by Korean independence activists in Shanghai to

1590:

It was on the 5th of March that I procession at the

1420:, a protest was held and suppressed on March 17. The 1151:

Meanwhile, around 4,000 to 5,000 people assembled at

1136:) rushed over and reported the event to the Japanese 1096:. Protests in Sŏngjin went on to become the first in 8021: 7968: 7966: 7887: 7885: 7771: 7663: 7627: 7598: 7566:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑪ 獨·伊언론 '짤막' 보도…'내코가 석자'·日 눈치" 7425:"[외신속 3·1운동] ④ 韓人 여학생이 띄운 편지, '대륙의 심금'을 울리다" 7266: 7105: 6987: 6985: 6598:

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Walthall, Anne (1947).

6317: 6305: 6226: 6224: 5325: 5236: 4778:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑥ 美 타임스스퀘어에 울려퍼진 독립선언…세계가 눈뜨다" 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 3195:, also voiced their support. Student journalists of 962:

In late 1918, leaders of the native Korean religion

7365: 7242: 6819: 6660:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑩ 일제 치하서 울려퍼진 佛혁명가 '라 마르세예즈'" 6380: 6263: 6107:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑤ 샌프란發 대서특필…美서 대일여론전 '포문' 열다" 5795: 5575:Legault, Barbara; Prescott, John F. (August 2009). 5411: 5340: 4723:"[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑨ '영일동맹' 허울에 英언론 日 '받아쓰기' 그쳐" 4576: 4574: 3516:, with mention of the March First Movement visible. 2585: 1394:Japanese authorities pressured the Chinese warlord 7810:"Opinion | May Fourth, the Day That Changed China" 7697: 7445: 6885: 6499: 6497: 6158: 5853: 5298: 4441: 4123:; named for the year the movement occurred in the 3325:In the early 1920s, British members of parliament 1479:Japanese authorities blockading Tapgol Park (1919) 1347:their status during the conservative Joseon period 41:A march during one of the protests in Seoul (1919) 8389: 8269: 8242: 8188: 7963: 7951: 7882: 6982: 6236: 6221: 5639: 5462: 5224: 5200: 5163: 4272: 4233: 3466:, which was sparked by the death of Gojong's son 1607:An April 12 cablegram, sent from Shanghai to the 950: 936: 9567: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 5941:역사저널 그날. February 6, 2019. Event occurs at 1:30 4571: 4559: 4547: 3570:directly attribute to the March First Movement. 2708:echoed these narratives. One such article read: 1744: 1027:A copy of the Korean Declaration of Independence 8133: 7559: 7557: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7285: 7283: 7281: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6494: 5574: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 3720:United States Army Military Government in Korea 3617: 3556: 1412:Sinhanch'on § Korean independence movement 934:Korean Young People's Independence Organization 924:, which they received in part via the Japanese 9428:List of war apology statements issued by Japan 6100: 6098: 6096: 5098: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 3014: 2991: 2942: 813:Paris Peace Conference and the death of Gojong 740:Fourteen Points and philosophical developments 163:Inspiration for other protest movements abroad 8872: 8858: 7724: 7675: 6825: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5756: 5754: 4821: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 3835:Provisional People's Committee of North Korea 3444: 3231:. The foreign ministry of the anti-Bolshevik 3086:U.S. had been engaging in its own colonialism 2933:reportedly welcomed the March First Movement. 1424:and the Empire of Japan had been part of the 281: 9490: 9481:Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea 8142:"Kim Tu Bong and the Flag of Great Extremes" 7554: 7493: 7278: 6642: 5987: 5985: 5968:(in Korean). 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소. p. 173. 5036: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4138: 4132: 4118: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4053: 4043: 3936: 3838: 3782: 3776: 3694: 2767: 2283: 1758: 1372:The Longjing Manse Movement (March 13, 1919) 1286: 1157: 1131: 1125: 1106: 945: 939: 147:No official support from foreign governments 9351:Japanese General Government Building, Seoul 9296:List of militant independence organizations 8519:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7807: 7048:"Criticising Colonialism in pre‑1945 Japan" 7046:Souyri, Pierre-François (January 1, 2015). 6634:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6428:"잘못된 '3·1운동 참가 인원' 통계...호남지역 15분의 1축소 '유감'" 5278:"Did you know that ...(22) The coffee plot" 4857: 4855: 4620: 4104: 4067: 4059: 4049: 3985:are also attested to holding celebrations. 2735:Statements from foreign supporters of Japan 1352: 1262:Hoengseong County held a series of protests 1084:Role of foreigners in planning the protests 1016:Gojong's funeral procession (March 1, 1919) 295: 8865: 8851: 8798:(Seoul) 14, no. 1–2 (1972) pp. 14–33. 8796:Koreana Quarterly: A Korean Affairs Review 8349:Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Mexico 8139: 6630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6073: 6014: 5819: 5751: 4760: 4701: 4453: 3650: 3069: 1753:(NIKH) of South Korea published an online 1181:By the time the marchers reached the gate 651:uprisings, and claiming that Koreans were 288: 274: 35: 9550:Japan–South Korea Comfort Women Agreement 9403:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 7349:. US Department of State. pp. 35–36. 7059: 6479:[March First Movement Database]. 6348: 6346: 6344: 6179:Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs 5982: 5647:"Department History: Dr. Frank Schofield" 5592: 5060: 4798: 3896:Anniversary marches in Vladivostok (1920) 2941:, as part of his "Small Japan" ideology ( 2756:, and former diplomatic advisor to Japan 1664:became infamous for the mistreatment and 9009: 8493:한국역사연구회 3·1운동100주년기획위원회 (June 3, 2019). 6737: 5358: 5099:Hart-Landsberg, Martin (December 1998). 4852: 3891: 3813: 3789: 3560: 3507: 3448: 3156: 3098: 2962: 2924: 2804: 2738: 2682: 2196: 2194: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 1707: 1656:, where many arrestees were kept. (1945) 1648: 1521:Photographs of the protests' suppression 1474: 1367: 1273: 1168: 1142: 1100:. On February 28th, Canadian missionary 1022: 1011: 910: 816: 776: 410:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 9423:Japanese history textbook controversies 8782: 7808:Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. (May 4, 2019). 7683:"Constitution of the Republic of Korea" 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5042: 3243:May 3 article in the leftist newspaper 2643:a positive influence on the peninsula. 928:movement and Wilson's Fourteen Points. 762:. The devastation during the 1914–1918 9568: 8659: 8638: 8290:"대만, 브라질, 쿠웨이트, 몽골 등 해외 곳곳에서 3.1절 기념식" 8093: 7685:. Korea Legislation Research Institute 7410: 7395: 7333: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 6991: 6976: 6964: 6949: 6913: 6879: 6862: 6826:VanVolkenburg, Matt (April 20, 2021). 6794: 6792: 6783: 6768: 6725: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6341: 6257: 6215: 6067: 5789: 5319: 5264: 5247: 5218: 5181: 5083: 4754: 4695: 4614: 4498: 4269:To download dataset, click "다운로드 출력수". 3734:. A major celebration was held at the 2809:American Korean independence activist 2637: 2572: 907:February 8 Declaration of Independence 901:February 8 Declaration of Independence 9180:Gwangju Student Independence Movement 9088:Korean Women's Volunteer Labour Corps 8846: 8740: 8527: 8492: 8437:Hwang, Seok-Joo (February 29, 2024). 8436: 7371: 6738:Yoshiaki, Ishiguro (March 30, 2004). 6421: 6419: 6417: 6394:"3·1운동 103만명 참가·934명 사망… 첫 공식 집계 나왔다" 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6284: 6272: 6198: 5994:"두만강 건너간 한인들이 세운 '신한촌'… 해외 독립운동 상징으로" 5528: 5526: 5503:"구례선 목사 사택서 시작된 '독립열망'… 日帝 도끼-총으로 탄압" 5496: 5494: 5492: 5417: 5334: 5307: 5197:. University of Hawaii Press, p. 100. 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4956:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4505:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 3406:, which is often associated with the 3269:Early on, British newspapers such as 3111:wrote the foreword for Henry Chung's 2882:Japanese reactions and policy changes 2191: 2154: 2138: 885:suspected that Japan had poisoned him 269: 99:, discontent with colonial rule, and 9234:Korean History Compilation Committee 8805:(Royal Asiatic Society, Seoul, 1985) 8715: 8617: 8582:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 8542: 8140:Tertitskiy, Fyodor (June 20, 2014). 8047:Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture 8027: 7780: 7765: 7738:Han, Yeong-jin (February 28, 2006). 7718: 7703: 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7604: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7111: 6547:National Institute of Korean History 6481:National Institute of Korean History 6462:National Institute of Korean History 6352: 5813: 5801: 5553: 5346: 5105:. Monthly Review Press. p. 30. 5030:National Institute of Korean History 4991:National Institute of Korean History 4949: 4922:National Institute of Korean History 4894: 4825: 4565: 4447: 4435: 4258:National Institute of Korean History 3738:pavilion. Present at the event were 3043:Government-General of Chōsen Library 1751:National Institute of Korean History 1644: 781:U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (1919) 734:National Institute of Korean History 16:1919 anti-colonial protests in Korea 9336:Government-General Museum of Chōsen 9078:Aso Mining forced labor controversy 8575: 8407: 7737: 7032: 6798: 6789: 6506:"3·1운동 당시 시위 1716건… 日帝 통계보다 2배 많았다" 5359:Hae-yeon, Kim (February 23, 2023). 5152:from the original on March 20, 2023 5137: 4950:Baik, Youngseo (November 1, 2021). 4862:Kim, Hyeon-gyeong (March 1, 1997). 4861: 4826:Shin, Yong-ha (February 27, 2009). 4107: Ten-thousand Year Movement), 3701:Korean National Revolutionary Party 2664:In April 1919, Japanese politician 2606: 1333:conflicts. In this province and in 150:Damaged Japan's international image 13: 8810:Journal of Northeast Asian History 8776: 8690: 8624:Journal of Northeast Asian History 8596: 7795: 7592: 7564:현, 윤경; 이, 광빈 (February 22, 2019). 7563: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7451: 7383: 7359: 7318: 6937: 6925: 6894: 6414: 6242: 6230: 5716: 5683: 5616:김, 진흥; 박, 미선 (February 28, 2019). 5615: 5523: 5489: 5483: 5468: 5456: 5441: 5429: 5230: 5206: 5187: 5169: 5125: 4997: 4928: 4900: 4553: 3846:Before the division of Korea, the 3699:) wrote that for the left-leaning 3386: 3078: 2834:Rebuttals from the Korean diaspora 2309:1920 statistics from Park Eun-sik 1253:had hosted protests. On March 21, 1044:Korean Declaration of Independence 626:Korean Declaration of Independence 14: 9662: 8826: 8812:15#1 (Win 2018) pp. 113–142. 8691:Ra, Dong-Kwang (September 2003). 8660:Palmer, Brandon (December 2020). 8467: 8439:"New York enacts Yu Gwan-sun Day" 8395: 8314: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8248: 8236: 8224: 8209: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8015: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7957: 7945: 7903: 7891: 7876: 7621: 7533: 7504: 7422: 7289: 7082: 6657: 6503: 6457:"3.1운동 100주년 기념 "삼일운동 데이터베이스" 공개" 6425: 6391: 6104: 6035: 5991: 5963: 5900: 5830: 5760: 5728: 5532: 5500: 5028:] (in Korean). Vol. 47. 4989:] (in Korean). Vol. 47. 4920:] (in Korean). Vol. 47. 4775: 4720: 4663: 4524: 4499:Bailey, Penny (August 15, 2019). 3645: 3345: 3252: 3164:praised the March First Movement. 1237:). On March 3, more were held in 997:, although they were rebuffed by 604:was a series of protests against 153:Invigorated independence activism 9393:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea 9198:Korean Language Society Incident 8917: 8831: 8430: 8408:Cho, Il-joon (January 2, 2019). 8401: 8363: 8337: 8308: 8281: 8102: 8087: 8061: 8033: 7909: 7835: 7801: 7527: 7416: 7339: 7211: 7180: 7152: 7085:"[동아일보 속의 근대 100景]미술전람회" 7076: 6731: 6591: 6353:Kang, Inyoung (March 29, 2018). 5043:Neuhaus, Dolf-Alexander (2017). 4252:[Incident information]. 4210: 4198: 4183: 4174: 4164: 4024:National Liberation Day of Korea 4017:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea 3956: 3809: 3725: 2958: 2731:, that promoted these messages. 2586:Japanese disinformation campaign 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1451: 1364:March First Movement in Longjing 617:, but of all of Korean history. 9626:Massacres of protesters in Asia 9596:1919 in international relations 8618:Kwon, Tae-eok (December 2018). 8371:"한복 입고 3·1절 기념행사 참석한 멕시코 한인후손들" 8094:Gibson, Jenna (March 1, 2019). 6560: 6469: 6127: 5957: 5921: 5722: 5689: 5609: 5581:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5380: 5352: 5270: 5131: 4969: 4155: 4146: 3887: 3638:, who had previously served as 2178: 2129: 957: 9398:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan 9301:List of independence activists 8639:Manela, Erez (July 23, 2007). 8116:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7922:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7225:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7194:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7134:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 7126: 6574:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 6141:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 5930:3월 13일, 간도 용정에서 대규모 만세시위가 벌어지다 5870:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 5696:First Korean Congress (1919). 5394:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 4588:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 4518: 4405:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 4139: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4094: 4088: 4054: 4044: 4036: 3937: 3839: 3783: 3777: 3695: 3531: 3500: 2566:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 1759: 1697: 1470: 1158: 1132: 1126: 1107: 946: 940: 797:reportedly greatly increased. 653:in need of the benevolent rule 624:, with public readings of the 1: 8108: 8039: 7217: 7186: 7158: 6998:The Journal of Korean Studies 6566: 6133: 5862: 5626:Seoul Metropolitan Government 5386: 4977:"3·1운동: 식민지 지배의 모순 격화와 민생 피폐" 4580: 4397: 4227: 3804:Korean Provisional Government 3750:. Absent at the ceremony was 3584:Indian independence activist 3472:Korean Provisional Government 2827:Presbyterian Church in Canada 1755:March First Movement Database 1745:March First Movement Database 1736: 705: 660:Korean Provisional Government 260:46,948 (1920 Korean estimate) 204:Korean independence activists 158:Korean Provisional Government 9611:Massacres committed by Japan 9581:Korean independence movement 9032:Oriental Development Company 8787:. Columbia University Press. 8317:"105주년 3.1절, 워싱턴 동포들도 '한마음'" 6979:, pp. 207–208, 213–214. 5731:"횡성 4·1만세운동 공원 호국 성지화 사업 추진" 5138:Son, Sae-il (July 2, 2007), 5025:Korean History (New Edition) 4986:Korean History (New Edition) 4917:Korean History (New Edition) 4171:punished critical reporting. 3705:proletarian internationalism 3618:The movement as a revolution 3557:Other independence movements 3281:, based on information from 1357: 1138:Government-General of Chōsen 1114: 1033:thirty-three representatives 871:with the Chinese delegation. 756:colonial civilizing missions 722:Japan formally annexed Korea 716:Korean independence movement 664:Japanese colonial government 615:Korean independence movement 211:Government-General of Chōsen 29:Korean independence movement 7: 9418:Japan–South Korea relations 9413:Japan–North Korea relations 9291:Korean National Association 9281:Declaration of Independence 9098:Slavery during World War II 8645:. Oxford University Press. 8476:(in Korean) (74): 203–234. 8042:"3·1절 기념 시위 사건 - 디지털제주문화대전" 7536:"쿠바의 한인, 우리가 알지 못했던 독립운동가들" 7505:황, 철환 (February 23, 2019). 7423:차, 대운 (February 15, 2019). 7290:국, 기헌 (February 24, 2019). 7083:김, 동근 (December 31, 2009). 6658:김, 용래 (February 21, 2019). 6036:유, 철종 (February 19, 2019). 5831:임, 주영 (February 18, 2019). 5761:차, 병섭 (February 14, 2019). 4776:이, 준서 (February 17, 2019). 4721:박, 대한 (February 20, 2019). 4664:김, 상훈 (February 14, 2019). 4525:윤, 호창 (February 19, 2019). 3995: 3714:Choe argues that after the 3522:constitution of South Korea 3514:constitution of South Korea 3427:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 3308:William Grenfell Max Muller 3218: 3021: 2998: 2906: 2871:Washington Naval Conference 2213:# protests by month (1919) 1609:Korean National Association 1185:of the former royal palace 985:, reached a consensus that 834:Korean National Association 497:Turkish War of Independence 119:Secure Korea's independence 10: 9667: 9463:Independence Hall of Korea 8899:Governor-General of Chōsen 8741:Wells, Kenneth M. (1989). 8461: 8377:(in Korean). March 4, 2024 6602:(Third ed.). Boston. 6105:옥, 철 (February 16, 2019). 5992:안, 영배 (January 18, 2020). 5655:Ontario Veterinary College 5533:이, 국희 (January 31, 2023). 5016:"3·1운동: 해방과 평등의 새로운 사조 등장" 4527:"3.1혁명 100년, 이젠 복지국가 혁명이다" 4109:Gimi Independence Movement 3943:Shanghai French Concession 3912: 3908: 3864: 3763:anti-trusteeship sentiment 3629: 3445:Legacy and interpretations 3418:Korean community in Mexico 2840:League of Friends of Korea 1701: 1626:League of Friends of Korea 1494:During an intense raid on 1408:Koryo-saram § History 1405: 1361: 1327:Donghak Peasant Revolution 1315:North Chungcheong Province 1247:South Chungcheong Province 904: 743: 709: 122:Gain international support 9631:1919 in the United States 9591:Anti-imperialism in Korea 9385: 9372:Keijō Imperial University 9318: 9269: 9207: 9111: 9070: 9044: 9022:Chōsen Government Railway 9017:Chōsen Anthracite Company 8986:Bank of Korea (1909–1950) 8978: 8926: 8915: 8891: 8880: 8874:Korea under Japanese rule 8630:(1): 115–142 – via 8345:"메리다 3.1운동 100주년 만세운동 재현" 8121:Academy of Korean Studies 7927:Academy of Korean Studies 7534:남, 문희 (October 3, 2021). 7230:Academy of Korean Studies 7199:Academy of Korean Studies 7139:Academy of Korean Studies 6579:Academy of Korean Studies 6171:"이달의 독립운동가: 프랭크 윌리엄 스코필드" 6146:Academy of Korean Studies 5875:Academy of Korean Studies 5865:"3·13반일시위운동 (三·一三反日示威運動)" 5729:김, 영인 (January 3, 2019). 5618:"우리가 몰랐던 '34번째 민족대표' 이야기" 5501:성, 동기 (August 31, 2019). 5399:Academy of Korean Studies 4593:Academy of Korean Studies 4410:Academy of Korean Studies 3882:Tokyo Imperial University 3599:, university students in 3597:U.S.-occupied Philippines 3476:government of South Korea 3208:Peking and Tientsin Times 3184: 3015: 2992: 2943: 2892: 2768:Rebuttals from foreigners 2654:Great Falls Daily Tribune 2284:Park Eun-sik's statistics 2124: 1463:was symbolically held in 1401: 1287:Character of the protests 1196: 712:Korea under Japanese rule 467:Irish War of Independence 343:Australian general strike 307: 256: 248: 243: 226: 221: 197: 192: 169: 138: 128: 113: 91: 63:Korea under Japanese rule 54: 46: 34: 26: 21: 8952:Office of the Yi Dynasty 8946:Colored Clothes Campaign 7263:, pp. 115, 117–119. 7166:Korean Newspaper Archive 6992:Caprio, Mark E. (2011). 6541:[Introduction]. 5901:안, 상경 (March 11, 2022). 4848:– via Korea Focus. 4029: 3947:Second Sino-Japanese War 3860: 3612:1919 Egyptian revolution 3590:non-cooperation movement 3402:singing the French song 3264:Hague Convention of 1907 3152: 2875:its holdings in Shandong 1611:in San Francisco, read: 1353:Korean diaspora protests 1031:From February 25 to 27, 556:Uprising in West Hungary 370:German strike of January 9514:Wednesday demonstration 9451:Treaty of San Francisco 8783:Baldwin, Frank (1972). 8576:Ion, A. Hamish (1990). 8499:(in Korean). Humanist. 8468:최, 선웅 (December 2009). 8315:김, 윤미 (March 6, 2024). 8288:이, 석호 (March 2, 2024). 7848:Encyclopædia Britannica 6799:Ion, A. Hamish (1990). 6689:, p. 204; 213–214. 6569:"한국독립운동지혈사 (韓國獨立運動之血史)" 6504:유, 석재 (July 18, 2020). 6426:이, 화구 (March 1, 2023). 6392:김, 성현 (July 18, 2020). 6136:"수원 수천리 참변 (水原狩川里慘變)" 5193:Chang, Roberta (2003). 4908:"3·1운동: 식민지 지배의 압박과 고통" 4583:"수원 제암리 참변 (水原堤岩里慘變)" 3651:History and description 3640:Prime Minister of Japan 3410:, during the protests. 3260:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 3258:Japan were then in the 3070:International reactions 1491:on unarmed protestors. 1306:North Hamgyong Province 1098:North Hamgyong Province 440:Greater Poland uprising 365:Austro-Hungarian strike 232:Around 0.8 to 2 million 9651:Disinformation in Asia 9306:Provisional Government 9162:Shinano River incident 8819:69.1 (2000): 116–142. 8716:Shin, Michael (2018). 4129:March First Revolution 3988:In the United States, 3897: 3830: 3795: 3608:British-occupied Egypt 3566: 3550: 3517: 3512:The first page of the 3458: 3339: 3165: 3104: 2972: 2934: 2814: 2790:Valentine S. McClatchy 2748: 2715: 2691: 2627:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1717: 1675: 1666:extrajudicial killings 1657: 1618: 1605: 1578:One female student of 1480: 1392: 1373: 1299:played what historian 1279: 1178: 1148: 1028: 1017: 916: 857:New Korean Youth Party 827:Paris Peace Conference 822: 782: 620:The protests began in 606:Japanese colonial rule 430:1918 protest in Zagreb 400:Canadian Labour Revolt 395:British police strikes 353:Brazil strike movement 9502:Futsukaichi Rest Home 9319:Places and structures 9272:Independence movement 9186:Hongkou Park Incident 8934:Chōsen Art Exhibition 8840:at Wikimedia Commons 8603:. Renaissance Books. 8543:Hart, Dennis (2000). 8528:Chung, Henry (1921). 8496:3·1운동 100년 2 사건과 목격자들 8470:"3ㆍ1운동 기념 의례의 창출과 변화" 7843:"May Fourth Movement" 7010:10.1353/jks.2011.0006 6744:国際基督教大学学報 3-A,アジア文化研究 5665:on September 25, 2009 5062:10.1353/ach.2017.0021 4840:on September 28, 2011 3895: 3817: 3793: 3658:Korean National Party 3564: 3545: 3511: 3452: 3160: 3102: 3093:U.S. State Department 3039:Chōsen Art Exhibition 2969:Chōsen Art Exhibition 2966: 2928: 2808: 2742: 2710: 2686: 1711: 1670: 1652: 1613: 1588: 1570:There are reports of 1478: 1461:First Korean Congress 1426:Allies of World War I 1387: 1371: 1339:South Jeolla Province 1323:North Jeolla Province 1277: 1172: 1146: 1026: 1015: 987:nonviolent resistance 914: 820: 780: 512:Luton Peace Day Riots 133:Nonviolent resistance 9576:March First Movement 9408:Japan–Korea disputes 9150:Battle of Qingshanli 9137:Battle of Fengwudong 9125:March First Movement 8909:Japanese Korean Army 8838:March First Movement 8597:Ku, Daeyeol (2021). 7161:"경남일보[慶南日報]" 6465:. February 20, 2019. 6175:e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr 5659:University of Guelph 5622:mediahub.seoul.go.kr 5389:"2·8독립선언서 (二八獨立宣言書)" 3340:Les Amis de la Corée 3331:Thomas Walter Grundy 2929:Japanese journalist 2913:Public intellectual 2854:Congressional Record 2817:American missionary 2788:American journalist 2758:George Trumbull Ladd 2600:The Japan Advertiser 1584:Congressional Record 1378:Koreans in Manchuria 770:reforms, especially 760:Japanese colonialism 602:March First Movement 546:Mongolian Revolution 487:March First Movement 425:Swiss general strike 328:French Army mutinies 22:March First Movement 9219:Five Eulsa Traitors 9174:June Tenth Movement 8266:, pp. 215–216. 8239:, pp. 209–212. 8227:, pp. 209–210. 8212:, pp. 223–224. 8185:, pp. 211–212. 8173:, pp. 229–230. 8018:, pp. 227–228. 7999:, pp. 226–227. 7987:, pp. 213–215. 7948:, pp. 220–221. 7906:, pp. 208–212. 7879:, pp. 208–209. 7798:, pp. 107–108. 7768:, p. 144; 154. 7721:, pp. 151–152. 7660:, pp. 210–211. 7648:, pp. 140–141. 7624:, pp. 206–207. 7595:, pp. 106–107. 7490:, pp. 115–116. 7478:, pp. 114–117. 7466:, pp. 114–115. 7413:, pp. 204–205. 7398:, pp. 212–213. 7386:, pp. 135–136. 7362:, pp. 126–128. 7321:, pp. 131–132. 7220:"국립중앙도서관 (國立中央圖書館)" 7189:"조선미술전람회 (朝鮮美術展覽會)" 6967:, pp. 213–214. 6952:, pp. 201–202. 6940:, pp. 133–134. 6928:, pp. 132–133. 6916:, pp. 199–201. 6882:, pp. 206–207. 6865:, pp. 205–206. 6786:, pp. 211–212. 6771:, pp. 209–210. 6701:, pp. 210–211. 6338:, pp. 102–103. 6260:, pp. 202–203. 6070:, pp. 199–200. 5937:] (in Korean). 5719:, pp. 168–169. 5704:Library of Congress 5686:, pp. 179–181. 5486:, pp. 179–180. 5444:, pp. 176–177. 5432:, pp. 173–176. 5286:. September 9, 2011 5221:, pp. 196–197. 5184:, pp. 129–130. 5128:, pp. 125–126. 4897:, pp. 153–154. 4617:, pp. 208–209. 4438:, pp. 115–116. 4082:). Alternate names 4042:North Korean name: 3798:In 2018, President 3575:May Fourth Movement 3464:June Tenth Movement 3455:June Tenth Movement 3437:Corriere della Sera 3171:Republic Daily News 3091:In April 1919, the 2918:expansionist group 2743:Westerners such as 2638:Japanese statements 2594:The Japan Chronicle 2573:Japanese statistics 2310: 2214: 2186:Territory of Hawaii 1776: 1594:. As we neared the 1504:Sucheon-ri massacre 1166:for a public march. 683:May Fourth Movement 492:May Fourth Movement 477:La Canadenca strike 420:Egyptian Revolution 252:Around 798 to 7,509 144:Violent suppression 9606:Massacres in Korea 9526:Asian Women's Fund 9469:Murayama Statement 9326:Altteureu Airfield 9192:Battle of Pochonbo 9143:Battle of Samdunja 8699:. 14·15: 167–183. 8444:Yonhap News Agency 7814:The New York Times 7571:Yonhap News Agency 7512:Yonhap News Agency 7430:Yonhap News Agency 7297:Yonhap News Agency 6665:Yonhap News Agency 6359:The New York Times 6302:, pp. 99–100. 6112:Yonhap News Agency 6043:Yonhap News Agency 5838:Yonhap News Agency 5768:Yonhap News Agency 5736:Yonhap News Agency 5459:, p. 177–178. 5032:– via 우리역사넷. 4993:– via 우리역사넷. 4924:– via 우리역사넷. 4783:Yonhap News Agency 4728:Yonhap News Agency 4671:Yonhap News Agency 4077:three-one movement 4012:June 10th Movement 4007:Korean nationalism 3898: 3831: 3796: 3567: 3518: 3459: 3357:The Malaya Tribune 3229:Russian Revolution 3179:, in his magazine 3166: 3146:The New York Times 3105: 2973: 2951:and art historian 2935: 2850:The New York Times 2815: 2795:The Sacramento Bee 2749: 2692: 2678:of the Philippines 2563:An article in the 2308: 2301:by Korean scholar 2212: 2184:Includes the U.S. 1774: 1718: 1689:Severance Hospital 1680:Chicago Daily News 1658: 1481: 1374: 1280: 1251:provinces of Korea 1179: 1149: 1147:Tapgol Park (1968) 1029: 1018: 917: 866:, managed to send 836:attempted to send 823: 791:self-determination 783: 696:a national holiday 628:in the restaurant 573:September Uprising 482:Kinmel Park mutiny 462:Southampton mutiny 318:Russian Revolution 97:self-determination 9616:Conflicts in 1919 9601:Protests in Korea 9563: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9532:Shimonoseki Trial 9433:Division of Korea 9362:Keijō Post Office 9314: 9313: 9286:Independence Club 9040: 9039: 8940:Chosun Exhibition 8927:Cultural policies 8886:from 1910 to 1945 8836:Media related to 8652:978-0-19-803915-0 8610:978-1-912961-21-4 8589:978-0-88920-218-4 8549:Asian Perspective 8506:979-11-6080-262-7 8111:"우리의 건설 (우리의 建設)" 6812:978-0-88920-218-4 6756:10.34577/00002705 6287:, pp. 92–93. 6201:, pp. 94–96. 5816:, pp. 21–23. 5706:. pp. 80–82. 5140:"孫世一의 비교 傳記 (64)" 5112:978-0-85345-928-6 3716:division of Korea 3577:in China such as 3491:division of Korea 3408:French Revolution 3363:The Straits Times 3225:Russian Civil War 3202:Peking Daily News 3197:Peking University 3181:The Weekly Review 3117:League of Nations 3113:The Case of Korea 3109:Selden P. Spencer 2904: 2845:The Case of Korea 2729:Educational Korea 2561: 2560: 2281: 2280: 2210: 2209: 1645:Prison conditions 1457:Koreans in Hawaii 1235:Gyeonggi Province 1001:-era politicians 922:liberal democracy 702:in the protests. 597: 596: 534:Patagonia Rebelde 405:German Revolution 375:Finnish Civil War 264: 263: 239: 238: 217: 216: 9658: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9439:Koreans in Japan 9377:Seodaemun Prison 9273: 9211: 9119:105-Man Incident 9068: 9067: 9062:Sakhalin Koreans 9007: 9006: 8921: 8920: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8844: 8843: 8835: 8791:Ko, Seung Kyun. 8788: 8772: 8737: 8722:(1st ed.). 8712: 8687: 8656: 8635: 8614: 8593: 8572: 8539: 8536:Internet Archive 8524: 8518: 8510: 8489: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8213: 8207: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8075:on June 16, 2020 8071:. 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Archived from 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5572: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5498: 5487: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5366:The Korea Herald 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5251: 5245: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5096: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5012: 4995: 4994: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4926: 4925: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4836:. Archived from 4823: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4773: 4758: 4752: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4718: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4661: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4578: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4395: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4246: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4125:sexagenary cycle 4122: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4091: 4090: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4002:History of Korea 3940: 3939: 3915:Koreans in China 3867:Zainichi Koreans 3842: 3841: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3698: 3697: 3672:Koreans in Japan 3666: 3634:In August 2015, 3186: 3129:George W. Norris 3125:Miles Poindexter 3055:The Evening Star 3024: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2946: 2945: 2939:Tanzan Ishibashi 2931:Tanzan Ishibashi 2909: 2899: 2897: 2607:Information leak 2311: 2307: 2300: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2165: 2152: 2149: 2136: 2133: 1777: 1773: 1762: 1761: 1662:Seodaemun Prison 1654:Seodaemun Prison 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1512: 1444:officer (likely 1161: 1160: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1110: 1109: 1075: 1056: 1041: 976: 952: 949: 948: 943: 942: 938: 926:Taishō Democracy 893: 875: 872: 865: 853:Koreans in China 850: 772:anti-colonialism 752:social Darwinism 680: 638: 583:Hamburg Uprising 435:Darwin rebellion 302: 290: 283: 276: 267: 266: 228: 227: 199: 198: 187: 156:Creation of the 109: 39: 19: 18: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9555: 9492: 9486: 9381: 9310: 9271: 9265: 9256:Song Byeong-jun 9209: 9203: 9131:Jeamri Massacre 9107: 9066: 9036: 9005: 8974: 8963:Shinto in Korea 8922: 8913: 8887: 8884:Empire of Japan 8876: 8871: 8829: 8779: 8777:Further reading 8734: 8653: 8611: 8590: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8464: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8406: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8351:. March 6, 2019 8343: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8322:The Korea Daily 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8262: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8138: 8134: 8125: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8038: 8034: 8030:, pp. 1–3. 8026: 8022: 8014: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7931: 7929: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7883: 7875: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7736: 7725: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7562: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7503: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7288: 7279: 7275:, pp. 3–4. 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7234: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7203: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7090:The Dong-a Ilbo 7081: 7077: 7044: 7033: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6901: 6893: 6886: 6878: 6869: 6861: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6833:The Korea Times 6824: 6820: 6813: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6669: 6656: 6643: 6623: 6622: 6610: 6596: 6592: 6583: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6537: 6536: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6511:The Chosun Ilbo 6502: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6455: 6454: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6424: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6399:The Chosun Ilbo 6390: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6351: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6169: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6103: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6034: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5999:The Dong-a Ilbo 5990: 5983: 5976: 5962: 5958: 5944: 5942: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5899: 5888: 5879: 5877: 5861: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5829: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5759: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5651:ovc.uoguelph.ca 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5614: 5610: 5573: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5531: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5508:The Dong-A Ilbo 5499: 5490: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337:, pp. 8–9. 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5283:The Korea Times 5276: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5254: 5246: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5041: 5037: 5014: 5013: 4998: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4948: 4929: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4860: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4833:The Chosun Ilbo 4824: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4774: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4719: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4662: 4621: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4423: 4414: 4412: 4396: 4273: 4262: 4260: 4248: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4064:Sam-il Movement 4041: 4037: 4032: 3998: 3983:Koreans in Cuba 3973:Korean Mexicans 3963:ethnic enclaves 3959: 3951:national anthem 3917: 3911: 3890: 3869: 3863: 3812: 3765: 3728: 3681:The Dong-A Ilbo 3660: 3653: 3648: 3632: 3620: 3559: 3534: 3503: 3447: 3404:La Marseillaise 3389: 3387:Other countries 3348: 3255: 3221: 3155: 3081: 3072: 3034:The Chosun Ilbo 3028:The Dong-A Ilbo 3006: 2979: 2961: 2884: 2836: 2792:, publisher of 2781:The Seoul Press 2770: 2737: 2725:Pictorial Korea 2720:The Independent 2640: 2609: 2588: 2575: 2320:# participants 2294: 2286: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2179: 2166: 2155: 2150: 2139: 2134: 2130: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1747: 1739: 1706: 1700: 1647: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1515:Jeamni massacre 1506: 1489:bayonet charges 1473: 1454: 1414: 1404: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1329:and subsequent 1304:intellectuals. 1289: 1199: 1175:Seoul City Hall 1117: 1102:Frank Schofield 1090:Robert Grierson 1086: 1069: 1050: 1035: 970: 960: 909: 903: 887: 859: 844: 815: 764:First World War 748: 746:Fourteen Points 742: 718: 708: 670: 645:Jeamni massacre 632: 610:Korean diaspora 598: 593: 592: 472:First Red Scare 303: 299: 296: 294: 233: 213: 206: 177: 103: 87: 86: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9664: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9646:1919 in Mexico 9643: 9641:1919 in Russia 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9520:Kono Statement 9517: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9496: 9485: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9249:Park Jung-yang 9241: 9239:Park Yeong-hyo 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9215: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9168:Kantō Massacre 9165: 9159: 9156:Gando Massacre 9153: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9134: 9128: 9122: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9083:Hashima Island 9080: 9074: 9072: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9027:Chosen Railway 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8882:Colony of the 8881: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8847: 8828: 8827:External links 8825: 8824: 8823: 8817:Church History 8813: 8806: 8801:Ku, Dae-yeol. 8799: 8789: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8748:Korean Studies 8738: 8732: 8713: 8688: 8674:(4): 194–216. 8657: 8651: 8636: 8615: 8609: 8594: 8588: 8573: 8555:(3): 135–158. 8540: 8525: 8505: 8490: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8429: 8400: 8398:, p. 215. 8388: 8362: 8336: 8307: 8280: 8278:, p. 214. 8268: 8253: 8251:, p. 209. 8241: 8229: 8214: 8199: 8197:, p. 211. 8187: 8175: 8160: 8132: 8101: 8086: 8060: 8032: 8020: 8001: 7989: 7977: 7975:, p. 222. 7962: 7960:, p. 227. 7950: 7938: 7908: 7896: 7894:, p. 226. 7881: 7862: 7834: 7800: 7785: 7783:, p. 154. 7770: 7758: 7723: 7708: 7696: 7674: 7672:, p. 139. 7662: 7650: 7638: 7636:, p. 138. 7626: 7609: 7607:, p. 206. 7597: 7585: 7553: 7526: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7456: 7454:, p. 115. 7444: 7415: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7338: 7336:, p. 208. 7323: 7311: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7210: 7179: 7151: 7127:정, 진석; 최, 진우. 7116: 7114:, p. 115. 7104: 7075: 7031: 6981: 6969: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6899: 6897:, p. 132. 6884: 6867: 6846: 6818: 6811: 6788: 6773: 6761: 6730: 6728:, p. 195. 6715: 6713:, p. 209. 6703: 6691: 6679: 6641: 6608: 6590: 6559: 6525: 6493: 6468: 6445: 6413: 6379: 6340: 6328: 6326:, p. 101. 6316: 6314:, p. 100. 6304: 6289: 6277: 6262: 6247: 6245:, p. 127. 6235: 6233:, p. 129. 6220: 6218:, p. 203. 6203: 6191: 6157: 6126: 6072: 6057: 6013: 5981: 5974: 5964:윤, 병석 (2008). 5956: 5920: 5886: 5852: 5818: 5806: 5804:, p. 141. 5794: 5792:, p. 202. 5782: 5750: 5721: 5709: 5688: 5676: 5638: 5608: 5587:(8): 865–872. 5552: 5522: 5488: 5473: 5471:, p. 179. 5461: 5446: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5379: 5351: 5349:, p. 211. 5339: 5324: 5322:, p. 125. 5312: 5297: 5269: 5267:, p. 132. 5252: 5235: 5233:, p. 124. 5223: 5211: 5209:, p. 125. 5199: 5186: 5174: 5172:, p. 109. 5162: 5145:Monthly Chosun 5130: 5118: 5111: 5088: 5086:, p. 131. 5076: 5055:(2): 608–638. 5035: 4996: 4968: 4927: 4899: 4882: 4851: 4797: 4759: 4757:, p. 210. 4742: 4700: 4698:, p. 204. 4685: 4619: 4604: 4570: 4558: 4556:, p. 108. 4546: 4517: 4452: 4450:, p. 151. 4440: 4421: 4400:"3·1운동 (三一運動)" 4271: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4209: 4197: 4182: 4173: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4084:Manse Movement 4034: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 3997: 3994: 3990:New York state 3958: 3955: 3910: 3907: 3889: 3886: 3862: 3859: 3823:northern Korea 3811: 3808: 3727: 3724: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3646:Commemorations 3644: 3636:Yukio Hatoyama 3631: 3628: 3619: 3616: 3586:Mahatma Gandhi 3558: 3555: 3533: 3530: 3502: 3499: 3446: 3443: 3388: 3385: 3352:British Malaya 3347: 3346:British Empire 3344: 3254: 3253:United Kingdom 3251: 3220: 3217: 3154: 3151: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3047:Korean culture 2967:The inaugural 2960: 2957: 2915:Sakuzō Yoshino 2883: 2880: 2869:the 1921–1922 2835: 2832: 2769: 2766: 2736: 2733: 2639: 2636: 2608: 2605: 2587: 2584: 2574: 2571: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2481: 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1877: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1803:(upper bound) 1799: 1798:(lower bound) 1794: 1793:(upper bound) 1791:# participants 1789: 1788:(lower bound) 1786:# participants 1784: 1781: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1702:Main article: 1699: 1696: 1646: 1643: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1472: 1469: 1453: 1450: 1422:Russian Empire 1403: 1400: 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1331:righteous army 1297:Pyongan region 1288: 1285: 1198: 1195: 1116: 1113: 1085: 1082: 959: 956: 905:Main article: 902: 899: 814: 811: 802:Central Powers 787:Woodrow Wilson 741: 738: 707: 704: 595: 594: 591: 590: 585: 580: 578:German October 575: 569: 568: 564: 563: 561:Rand Rebellion 558: 553: 548: 542: 541: 537: 536: 531: 526: 520: 519: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 448: 447: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 380:Cattaro mutiny 377: 372: 367: 361: 360: 356: 355: 350: 348:Étaples mutiny 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 298:Revolutions of 293: 292: 285: 278: 270: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 241: 240: 237: 236: 234: 231: 224: 223: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 207: 202: 195: 194: 190: 189: 171: 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 154: 151: 148: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 124: 123: 120: 115: 111: 110: 93: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 73:Russian Empire 70: 65: 59: 58: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 40: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9663: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9636:1919 in Japan 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9621:1919 protests 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9586:1919 in Korea 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9551: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493:Comfort women 9489: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Hyochang Park 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9331:Gyeongbokgung 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210:Collaborators 9206: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9053: 9052:Comfort women 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045:Controversies 9043: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8839: 8834: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8733:9780367438654 8729: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8667:Korea Journal 8663: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8433: 8417: 8416: 8415:The Hankyoreh 8411: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8265: 8260: 8258: 8250: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8226: 8221: 8219: 8211: 8206: 8204: 8196: 8191: 8184: 8179: 8172: 8167: 8165: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8122: 8119:(in Korean), 8118: 8117: 8112: 8105: 8097: 8090: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7928: 7925:(in Korean), 7924: 7923: 7918: 7917:"동아일보 (東亞日報)" 7912: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7886: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7838: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7767: 7762: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7720: 7715: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7684: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7558: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7348: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7251:, p. 69. 7250: 7245: 7231: 7228:(in Korean), 7227: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7200: 7197:(in Korean), 7196: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7140: 7137:(in Korean). 7136: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7121: 7113: 7108: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6795: 6793: 6785: 6780: 6778: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6609:9781133606475 6605: 6601: 6594: 6580: 6577:(in Korean), 6576: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6477:"삼일운동 데이터베이스" 6472: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6275:, p. 96. 6274: 6269: 6267: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6147: 6144:(in Korean), 6143: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5975:9788993026658 5971: 5967: 5966:북간도지역 한인 민족운동 5960: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5873:(in Korean), 5872: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5857: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5627: 5624:(in Korean). 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5420:, p. 14. 5419: 5414: 5400: 5397:(in Korean), 5396: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5372:September 28, 5368: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5250:, p. 29. 5249: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5151: 5148:(in Korean), 5147: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4591:(in Korean), 4590: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4408:(in Korean), 4407: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4259: 4256:(in Korean). 4255: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4130: 4126: 4110: 4100: 4097: 4085: 4065: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3965:, especially 3964: 3957:Other regions 3954: 3952: 3948: 3945:. Amidst the 3944: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3833:In 1946, the 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3752:Choe Nam-seon 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3563: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3540:Chosŏn Ryŏksa 3529: 3526: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3371:British India 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3327:Arthur Hayday 3323: 3321: 3317: 3316:Beilby Alston 3314:. Curzon and 3313: 3312:George Curzon 3309: 3305: 3304:William Royds 3300: 3298: 3297:Mark Trollope 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233:Russian State 3230: 3226: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3079:United States 3076: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3010: 3005: 3004:military rule 3000: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2977:cultural rule 2970: 2965: 2959:Cultural rule 2956: 2954: 2953:Yanagi Sōetsu 2950: 2940: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2907:Nissen mondai 2902: 2895: 2890: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2820: 2819:Homer Hulbert 2812: 2811:Homer Hulbert 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2754:Sidney Gulick 2746: 2745:Sidney Gulick 2741: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622:San Francisco 2619: 2615: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2032:Russian State 2030: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1749:In 2019, the 1742: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452:United States 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1365: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Chūseihoku-dō 1307: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1123: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003:Park Yung-hyo 1000: 996: 995:Korean Empire 990: 988: 984: 980: 974: 969: 968:Kwŏn Tong-jin 965: 955: 935: 929: 927: 923: 913: 908: 898: 895: 891: 886: 881: 876: 869: 863: 858: 854: 848: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 819: 810: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 747: 737: 735: 729: 727: 723: 717: 713: 703: 701: 697: 692: 690: 689: 684: 678: 674: 669: 668:cultural rule 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 636: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 611: 607: 603: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 539: 538: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Ruhr uprising 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Biennio Rosso 450: 449: 445: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 306: 301: 291: 286: 284: 279: 277: 272: 271: 268: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 235: 230: 229: 225: 220: 212: 208: 205: 201: 200: 196: 191: 185: 181: 176: 175:cultural rule 172: 168: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 121: 118: 117: 116: 112: 107: 102: 98: 94: 90: 82: 79: 77:United States 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 38: 33: 30: 25: 20: 9367:Keijō Shrine 9341:Heijō Shrine 9244:Refrain Club 9124: 9071:Forced labor 8991:Hwacheon Dam 8968:State Shinto 8957:Sōshi-kaimei 8830: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8792: 8784: 8752: 8746: 8718: 8707:– via 8696: 8682:– via 8671: 8665: 8641: 8627: 8623: 8599: 8578: 8552: 8548: 8530: 8495: 8484:– via 8473: 8448:. Retrieved 8442: 8432: 8420:. Retrieved 8413: 8403: 8391: 8379:. Retrieved 8374: 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8348: 8339: 8327:. Retrieved 8320: 8310: 8298:. Retrieved 8293: 8283: 8271: 8244: 8232: 8190: 8178: 8151:. Retrieved 8145: 8135: 8124:, retrieved 8114: 8104: 8089: 8077:. Retrieved 8073:the original 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8045: 8035: 8023: 7992: 7980: 7953: 7941: 7930:, retrieved 7920: 7911: 7899: 7853:. Retrieved 7846: 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7813: 7803: 7761: 7749:. Retrieved 7743: 7706:, p. 1. 7699: 7687:. Retrieved 7677: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7600: 7588: 7576:. Retrieved 7569: 7544:. Retrieved 7539: 7529: 7517:. Retrieved 7510: 7483: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435:. Retrieved 7428: 7418: 7391: 7379: 7374:, p. 7. 7367: 7355: 7346: 7341: 7314: 7302:. Retrieved 7295: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7233:, retrieved 7223: 7213: 7202:, retrieved 7192: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7164: 7154: 7144:February 11, 7142:. Retrieved 7132: 7107: 7095:. 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Retrieved 4253: 4217: 4212: 4205:The Guardian 4204: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4176: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4128: 4108: 4083: 4063: 4038: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3960: 3918: 3899: 3888:Soviet Union 3870: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3826: 3797: 3774: 3756: 3740:Syngman Rhee 3729: 3713: 3709: 3688: 3686: 3679: 3676:in Manchuria 3669: 3654: 3633: 3621: 3605: 3594: 3583: 3572: 3568: 3551: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3504: 3495: 3480: 3460: 3435: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3412: 3393: 3390: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3324: 3301: 3293: 3282: 3278:The Guardian 3276: 3270: 3268: 3256: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3180: 3169: 3167: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3082: 3073: 3063:Michael Shin 3060: 3053: 3051: 3032: 3026: 2974: 2936: 2912: 2885: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2823: 2816: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2779: 2775:Hara Takashi 2771: 2762: 2750: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2696:Nitobe Inazō 2693: 2688:Nitobe Inazō 2666:Gotō Shinpei 2663: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2625: 2610: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2564: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2303:Park Eun-sik 2290: 2287: 2180: 2175:on March 19. 2173:Tennōji Park 2131: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 1769: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1723:Ewha Haktang 1719: 1716:of Yu (1919) 1693: 1685:Jessie Hirst 1678: 1676: 1671: 1659: 1636: 1634: 1622:Eli M. Mowry 1619: 1614: 1606: 1589: 1580:Ewha Haktang 1577: 1572:crucifixions 1569: 1493: 1486: 1482: 1465:Philadelphia 1455: 1446:Yi Ouitjyong 1434: 1415: 1396:Zhang Zuolin 1393: 1388: 1376:On March 7, 1375: 1343: 1319:Zenrahoku-dō 1301:Michael Shin 1294: 1290: 1281: 1266: 1259: 1243:Chūseinan-dō 1200: 1191: 1180: 1177:(March 1919) 1150: 1118: 1087: 1059: 1030: 1019: 991: 983:Son Byong-hi 966:, including 961: 958:Organization 930: 918: 896: 877: 838:Syngman Rhee 831: 824: 806:World War II 799: 784: 749: 730: 726:Japanization 719: 693: 686: 657: 619: 601: 599: 551:March Action 529:Iraqi Revolt 502:Sette Giugno 486: 333:Potato riots 323:Pistolerismo 27:Part of the 9504:(1946–1947) 9261:Yi Yun-yong 9158:(1920–1921) 9093:Sado Island 9001:Sup'ung Dam 8959:(1939–1945) 8948:(1920–1945) 8936:(1922–1944) 8418:(in Korean) 8325:(in Korean) 8296:(in Korean) 7574:(in Korean) 7542:(in Korean) 7515:(in Korean) 7433:(in Korean) 7411:Palmer 2020 7396:Palmer 2020 7334:Palmer 2020 7300:(in Korean) 7172:February 2, 7093:(in Korean) 6977:Palmer 2020 6965:Palmer 2020 6950:Palmer 2020 6914:Palmer 2020 6880:Palmer 2020 6863:Palmer 2020 6784:Palmer 2020 6769:Palmer 2020 6726:Palmer 2020 6711:Palmer 2020 6699:Palmer 2020 6687:Palmer 2020 6668:(in Korean) 6543:삼일운동 데이터베이스 6514:(in Korean) 6434:(in Korean) 6402:(in Korean) 6258:Palmer 2020 6216:Palmer 2020 6115:(in Korean) 6068:Palmer 2020 6046:(in Korean) 6002:(in Korean) 5909:(in Korean) 5841:(in Korean) 5790:Palmer 2020 5771:(in Korean) 5739:(in Korean) 5541:(in Korean) 5511:(in Korean) 5320:Manela 2007 5265:Manela 2007 5248:Manela 2007 5219:Palmer 2020 5182:Manela 2007 5084:Manela 2007 4786:(in Korean) 4755:Palmer 2020 4731:(in Korean) 4696:Palmer 2020 4674:(in Korean) 4615:Palmer 2020 4535:(in Korean) 4254:삼일운동 데이터베이스 4192:Maeil Sinbo 3903:Sinhanch'on 3874:Hibiya Park 3819:Kim Il Sung 3810:North Korea 3800:Moon Jae-in 3766: [ 3759:Jeju Island 3726:South Korea 3661: [ 3579:Fu Ssu-nien 3532:North Korea 3501:South Korea 3193:Fu Ssu-nien 3022:budan seiji 3007: [ 2999:bunka seiji 2980: [ 2862:Hanin Sinbo 2705:Keijō Nippō 2674:Puerto Rico 2445:Chungcheong 2326:# injuries 2317:# protests 2295: [ 2167:Protest in 1919:Chungcheong 1783:# protests 1760:삼일운동 데이터베이스 1704:Yu Gwan-sun 1698:Yu Gwan-sun 1507: [ 1471:Suppression 1430:Vladivostok 1335:Zenranan-dō 1255:Jeju Island 1153:Tapgol Park 1122:An Sun-hwan 1070: [ 1062:Tapgol Park 1051: [ 1036: [ 1007:Han Kyu-sŏl 971: [ 888: [ 868:Kim Kyu-sik 860: [ 845: [ 842:Henry Chung 685:and Indian 671: [ 641:Tapgol Park 633: [ 588:Kraków riot 457:Tragic Week 385:Arab Revolt 178: [ 170:Concessions 139:Resulted in 104: [ 9570:Categories 9224:Hong Sa-ik 9103:Utoro, Uji 8996:Korean yen 8892:Government 8153:August 10, 7372:Chung 1921 6336:Chung 1921 6324:Chung 1921 6312:Chung 1921 6300:Chung 1921 6285:Chung 1921 6273:Chung 1921 6199:Chung 1921 5515:January 1, 5418:Wells 1989 5335:Wells 1989 5308:Wells 1989 4228:References 3967:Koreatowns 3913:See also: 3865:See also: 3748:O Se-chang 3624:revolution 3395:L'Humanité 3350:Papers in 3289:Bolshevism 3189:Mao Zedong 3177:Chen Duxiu 3162:Chen Duxiu 3121:Republican 3061:Historian 2920:Kokuryūkai 2887:problem" ( 2670:John Burke 2489:Gyeongsang 2329:# arrests 2236:September 1963:Gyeongsang 1737:Statistics 1687:, head of 1592:South Gate 1406:See also: 1207:Chinnamp'o 1187:Deoksugung 1173:Crowds at 1067:Taehwagwan 979:O Se-chang 964:Cheondoism 744:See also: 710:See also: 706:Background 700:Kim family 691:protests. 688:satyagraha 630:Taehwagwan 507:Epsom riot 390:Rice riots 244:Casualties 95:Ideals of 9445:Hibakusha 9010:Companies 8761:0145-840X 8724:Routledge 8705:1226-6140 8680:0023-3900 8561:0258-9184 8515:cite book 8482:1225-6919 8381:April 29, 8355:April 29, 8079:March 14, 8028:Shin 2018 7855:April 30, 7827:April 30, 7822:0362-4331 7781:Hart 2000 7766:Hart 2000 7719:Hart 2000 7704:Shin 2018 7670:Hart 2000 7658:Shin 2018 7646:Hart 2000 7634:Hart 2000 7605:Shin 2018 7546:April 30, 7304:April 30, 7273:Shin 2018 7261:Shin 2018 7249:Shin 2018 7235:March 12, 7204:March 12, 7129:"신문 (新聞)" 7112:Shin 2018 7097:March 12, 7070:2268-1744 7018:0731-1613 6750:: 94–95. 6626:cite book 6618:811729581 6584:April 29, 6372:April 30, 6367:0362-4331 5814:Shin 2018 5802:Shin 2018 5775:April 30, 5743:April 29, 5404:April 29, 5347:Shin 2018 5071:148778883 4895:Hart 2000 4678:April 30, 4598:April 30, 4566:Shin 2018 4448:Hart 2000 4436:Kwon 2018 4415:April 29, 3921:Manchuria 3878:Ueno Park 3852:flag and 3849:taegeukgi 3840:반일인민봉기기념일 3827:taegeukgi 3690:taegeukgi 3487:socialist 3376:The Hindu 3272:The Times 3123:senators 3084:that the 2949:Koreanist 2901:romanized 2659:Bolshevik 2632:Red Cross 2618:cablegram 2541:2,023,098 2510:Overseas 2323:# deaths 2245:December 2242:November 2109:1,065,172 1765:digitized 1727:Namdaemun 1418:Ussuriysk 1358:Manchuria 1223:Gyeongwon 1203:Pyongyang 1183:Daehanmun 1115:Beginning 1078:Insa-dong 720:In 1910, 649:Bolshevik 300:1917–1923 92:Caused by 9229:Iljinhoe 8769:23717806 8755:: 5–21. 8569:42704275 8147:Daily NK 7932:March 9, 7751:March 8, 7745:Daily NK 7026:41490268 6006:April 1, 5945:April 3, 5913:April 3, 5880:April 3, 5603:19881928 5539:고신뉴스 KNC 5150:archived 4961:June 16, 4875:March 8, 4869:MBC News 4844:June 27, 4532:Pressian 3996:See also 3736:Bosingak 3041:and the 2889:Japanese 2614:Shanghai 2496:154,498 2474:294,800 2452:120,850 2401:Hamgyong 2386:514,670 2357:Hwanghae 2342:665,900 2335:Gyeonggi 2239:October 1973:174,467 1970:129,695 1929:133,431 1926:103,355 1875:Hamgyong 1863:213,863 1860:166,430 1831:Hwanghae 1819:297,380 1816:217,009 1809:Gyeonggi 1801:# deaths 1796:# deaths 1714:mug shot 1638:Izvestia 1442:Red Army 1382:Longjing 1231:Keiki-dō 1219:Gyeongui 1108:민족대표 34인 1048:Posŏngsa 415:Red Week 257:Arrested 249:Death(s) 188:policies 160:in exile 55:Location 9516:(1992–) 9510:(1990–) 9483:(2018–) 9465:(1987–) 9447:(1945–) 9441:(1945–) 9435:(1945–) 9358:(Seoul) 9139:(1920) 8979:Economy 8462:Sources 8294:월드코리안뉴스 8109:이, 명자, 8053:June 8, 8040:김, 동만. 7796:Ku 2021 7689:May 16, 7593:Ku 2021 7488:Ku 2021 7476:Ku 2021 7464:Ku 2021 7452:Ku 2021 7384:Ku 2021 7360:Ku 2021 7319:Ku 2021 7218:강, 주진, 7187:이, 경성, 7159:김, 덕영. 6938:Ku 2021 6926:Ku 2021 6895:Ku 2021 6567:송, 병기, 6243:Ku 2021 6231:Ku 2021 6134:김, 진봉, 5951:YouTube 5907:월드코리안뉴스 5863:김, 광재, 5717:Ra 2003 5684:Ra 2003 5594:2711476 5484:Ra 2003 5469:Ra 2003 5457:Ra 2003 5442:Ra 2003 5430:Ra 2003 5387:박, 성수, 5231:Ku 2021 5207:Ku 2021 5170:Ku 2021 5126:Ku 2021 4581:김, 진봉, 4554:Ku 2021 4539:May 14, 4398:김, 진봉, 4218:Reuters 4127:), and 4071: 3961:Korean 3929:Nanjing 3925:Tianjin 3854:Aegukga 3630:Apology 3595:In the 3483:Marxist 3468:Sunjong 3400:Kaesong 3381:Reuters 3284:Reuters 2903:: 2516:48,700 2430:99,510 2423:Gangwon 2408:59,850 2395:11,610 2379:Pyongan 2364:92,670 2314:Region 2233:August 2125:Notes: 2104:823,702 2073:Mexico 2042:26,050 2039:25,500 2000:52,875 1997:46,715 1985:Jiandao 1951:21,626 1948:13,693 1907:25,629 1904:20,376 1897:Gangwon 1885:60,453 1882:51,667 1853:Pyongan 1841:57,179 1838:46,943 1780:Region 1630:warrant 1603:face... 1600:Chongno 1500:Anseong 1268:kisaeng 1227:Kaesong 1159:대한독립 만세 1094:Sŏngjin 947:朝鮮靑年獨立團 941:조선청년독립단 768:liberal 639:and in 193:Parties 129:Methods 9552:(2015) 9546:(2007) 9540:(2000) 9534:(1998) 9528:(1994) 9522:(1993) 9477:(2005) 9471:(1995) 9459:(1965) 9453:(1952) 9386:Legacy 9200:(1942) 9194:(1937) 9188:(1932) 9182:(1929) 9176:(1926) 9170:(1923) 9164:(1922) 9152:(1920) 9133:(1919) 9127:(1919) 9121:(1911) 9112:Events 8942:(1929) 8821:online 8767: 8759: 8730: 8703: 8678: 8649: 8607: 8586: 8567: 8559: 8503: 8480: 8450:May 2, 8422:May 2, 8396:최 2009 8375:재외동포신문 8329:May 2, 8300:May 2, 8276:최 2009 8264:최 2009 8249:최 2009 8237:최 2009 8225:최 2009 8210:최 2009 8195:최 2009 8183:최 2009 8171:최 2009 8126:May 3, 8016:최 2009 7997:최 2009 7985:최 2009 7973:최 2009 7958:최 2009 7946:최 2009 7904:최 2009 7892:최 2009 7877:최 2009 7820: 7622:최 2009 7578:May 2, 7519:May 3, 7437:May 1, 7068: 7024: 7016: 6839:May 2, 6809: 6672:May 2, 6616: 6606: 6552:May 7, 6518:May 7, 6486:May 6, 6438:May 7, 6406:May 7, 6365: 6184:May 2, 6151:May 5, 6119:May 1, 6050:May 1, 5972: 5845:May 1, 5631:May 5, 5601: 5591: 5545:May 7, 5156:May 1, 5109: 5069: 5020:신편 한국사 4981:신편 한국사 4912:신편 한국사 4790:May 1, 4735:May 1, 4510:May 4, 4263:May 7, 4250:"사건정보" 4216:These 4137:; 4134:3.1 혁명 4120:己未獨立運動 4117:; 4114:기미독립운동 4103:; 4092:; 4058:; 4055:3·1 운동 4048:; 4045:삼일인민봉기 3977:Mérida 3933:Hankou 3931:, and 3746:, and 3744:Kim Ku 3732:Namsan 3601:Manila 3457:(1926) 3336:French 3310:, and 3246:Pravda 3219:Russia 3134:Senate 2556:46,948 2551:15,961 2505:1,085 2502:5,295 2499:2,470 2483:2,900 2467:Jeolla 2461:5,233 2458:1,116 2439:1,360 2417:6,215 2392:3,665 2389:2,042 2373:4,218 2351:4,680 2348:3,124 2345:1,472 2250:1,067 2221:April 2218:March 2201:times. 2062:2,550 2059:2,550 2011:Japan 1941:Jeolla 1596:Palace 1437:Moscow 1410:, and 1402:Russia 1215:Wonsan 1213:, and 1197:Spread 1164:Jongno 1130:; 999:Joseon 981:, and 944:; 880:Gojong 855:, the 795:Allies 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