835:
498:
914:, or granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), has been shown to substantially improve health-related quality of life in pilot studies, measured by an increase in score on a 32-item IBD questionnaire. A recent Phase II trial showed that Sargramostim significantly decreased CD severity (48%, compared with 26% in the placebo group) and improved quality of life (40%, versus 19% for placebo).
122:
179:, which is typically dosed at 0.5 mg/kg for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Intravenous steroids, administered in a hospital setting, are used when oral steroids do not work or cannot be taken. Because corticosteroids reduce the body's ability to fight infection, care must be taken to ensure that there is no active infection, particularly an intra-abdominal
481:) to treat Crohn's disease in 2014. It is indicated for management of moderate-to-severe, active Crohn's disease patients and it works by inhibiting the trafficking of pro-inflammatory immune cells to the site of inflammation. Evidence from three randomized control trials, including an international, multi-center, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial,
230:
382:, like infliximab, is an antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor. It has been shown to reduce the signs and symptoms of, and is approved for treatment of, moderate to severe Crohn's disease in adults who have not responded well to conventional treatments and who have lost response to or are unable to tolerate infliximab.
198:, meaning that lower quantities of the drug enter the bloodstream. It has been shown to be useful in the treatment of mild to moderate Crohn's disease, and in maintaining remission. It is also effective when used in combination with antibiotics to treat active Crohn's disease. Budesonide is released in the
739:
is an ayurvedic (Indian traditional medicine) herb, used as a natural alternative to drugs. One study has found that the effectiveness of H-15 extract is not inferior to mesalazine: "Considering both safety and efficacy of
Boswellia serrata extract H15, it appears to be superior over mesalazine in
1264:
Sandborn, William J.; Lofberg, Robert; Feagan, Brian G.; Hanauer, Stephen B.; Campieri, Massimo; Greenberg, Gordon R. (2005). "Budesonide for
Maintenance of Remission in Patients with Crohn's Disease in Medically Induced Remission: A Predetermined Pooled Analysis of Four Randomized, Double-Blind,
441:
Also associated with a rare but serious risk of multifocal leukoencephalopathy (brain infection leading to death or severe disability). Therefore, a specific program exists in which prescribers must be enrolled, CD-TOUCH (Crohn's
Disease-Tysabri Outreach Unified Commitment to Health) Prescribing
385:
Adalimumab also has a number of serious, potentially fatal, safety concerns characteristic of the anti-TNFα drugs. It, too, has a black-box warning on its FDA label. Listed potential side effects include serious and sometimes fatal blood disorders; serious infections including tuberculosis and
92:
Once remission is induced, the goal of treatment becomes maintenance of remission: avoiding the return of active disease, or "flares". Because of side effects, the prolonged use of corticosteroids is avoided. Although some people are able to maintain remission spontaneously, many require
465:
suggest that ustekinumab is effective for induction of clinical remission and clinical improvement in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Based on these studies, ustekinumab appears to be safe, but the implications of longer-term drug administration needs to be studied.
2900:
Schreiber, Stefan; Rutgeerts, Paul; Fedorak, Richard N.; Khaliq–Kareemi, Munaa; Kamm, Michael A.; Boivin, Michel; Bernstein, Charles N.; Staun, Michael; et al. (2005). "A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of
Certolizumab Pegol (CDP870) for Treatment of Crohn's Disease".
643:
programs. Smoking can not only make Crohn's disease worse in people who do it, but also increase the risk of recurrence after surgery. If a Crohn's disease patient who undergoes surgery does not quit smoking, the disease is likely to recur more aggressively.
89:, or if the disease does not respond to drugs within a reasonable time. However, surgery cannot cure Crohn's disease. It involves removing the diseased part of the intestine and rejoining the healthy ends, but the disease tends to recur after surgery.
1570:
Hanauer, Stephen B; Feagan, Brian G; Lichtenstein, Gary R; Mayer, Lloyd F; Schreiber, S; Colombel, Jean
Frederic; Rachmilewitz, Daniel; Wolf, Douglas C; et al. (2002). "Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: The ACCENT I randomised trial".
281:
Azathioprine treatment may lead to rare but life-threatening side effects. The rare side effects include leukopenia or pancreatitis. There may also be an increased risk of lymphoma that is associated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine treatment.
2565:
Joos, Stefanie; Brinkhaus, Benno; Maluche, Christa; Maupai, Nathalie; Kohnen, Ralf; Kraehmer, Nils; Hahn, Eckhart G.; Schuppan, Detlef (2004). "Acupuncture and
Moxibustion in the Treatment of Active Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Study".
567:
usually requires adjustments by patients; if a patient finds that certain foods increase or decrease symptoms, they may adjust their diet accordingly. A food diary is recommended to see what positive or negative effects particular foods have. A
505:
Surgery is normally reserved for complications of Crohn's disease or when disease that resists treatment with drugs is confined to one location that can be removed. Surgery is often used to manage complications of Crohn's disease, including
538:). None of these surgeries cure or eliminate Crohn's disease, as the disease eventually comes back in healthy segments of the intestine, although when Crohn's disease recurs after surgery, it usually comes back at the site of the surgery.
777:
may be used to treat Crohn's disease with colonic or perianal involvement, although this usage has not been approved by the Food and Drug
Administration. They are also used to treat complications, including abscesses and other
1099:
Feuerstein, Joseph D.; Ho, Edith Y.; Shmidt, Eugenia; Singh, Harminder; Falck-Ytter, Yngve; Sultan, Shanaz; Terdiman, Jonathan P.; American
Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee (June 2021).
2609:
Gerhardt, H; Seifert, F; Buvari, P; Vogelsang, H; Repges, R (2001). "Therapie des aktiven Morbus Crohn mit dem
Boswellia-serrata-Extrakt H 15" [Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15].
2875:
113:, have shown to be of very little efficacy in the treatment of Crohn's disease, either for induction or for maintenance of remission. Current guidelines do not advise the use of 5-ASA compounds in Crohn's disease.
416:
monoclonal antibody that has shown utility as induction and maintenance treatment for moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Natalizumab may be appropriate in patients who do not respond to medications that block
1870:
Michetti, Pierre; Mottet, Christian; Juillerat, Pascal; Pittet, Valérie; Felley, Christian; Vader, John-Paul; Gonvers, Jean-Jacques; Froehlich, Florian (2007). "Severe and
Steroid-Resistant Crohn's Disease".
794:
may be used to treat Crohn's disease because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabis and cannabis-derived drugs may also help to heal the gut lining, and may reduce the need for surgery and other
258:
A Cochrane systematic review that included 13 randomized controlled trials, concluded that azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are not effective for inducing remission when a person has Crohn's disease.
727:, improving quality of life, general well-being and a small decrease in blood-bound inflammatory markers. This study however had a very small test set and did not reach the threshold for benefit.
2136:
1980:
Feagan, Brian G.; Sandborn, William J.; Hass, Steven; Niecko, Timothy; White, Jeffrey (2007). "Health-Related Quality of Life During Natalizumab Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease".
136:
are a class of anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat moderate to severe flares of Crohn's disease. However, they are used sparingly because they can cause serious side effects, including
265:
Maintenance therapy with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine may lead people with active Crohn's to take less steroid medication. This may lower side effects related to steroid treatments.
277:
A combination of azathioprine and infliximab treatment may be more effective than a single dose of infliximab to induce steroid-free remission for people with active Crohn's disease.
957:, a very inexpensive drug, helped patients with active Crohn's disease. In the study, 89% of patients exhibited a response to therapy, and 67% achieved remission within four weeks.
810:, can cause flares of inflammatory bowel disease in approximately 25% of patients. These flares tend to occur within one week after starting regular use of the NSAID. In contrast,
325:
that inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. It is administered intravenously and dosed per weight starting at 5 mg/kg and increasing according to character of disease.
1634:
Sands, Bruce E.; Anderson, Frank H.; Bernstein, Charles N.; Chey, William Y.; Feagan, Brian G.; Fedorak, Richard N.; Kamm, Michael A.; Korzenik, Joshua R.; et al. (2004).
1815:
Sandborn, William J.; Colombel, Jean Frédéric; Enns, Roberts; Feagan, Brian G.; Hanauer, Stephen B.; Lawrance, Ian C.; Panaccione, Remo; Sanders, Martin; et al. (2005).
534:
and anastomosis – the removal of the affected section of intestine and the rejoining of the healthy sections – is the surgery usually performed for Crohn's disease (e.g.,
3187:
Smith, Jill P.; Stock, Heather; Bingaman, Sandra; Mauger, David; Rogosnitzky, Moshe; Zagon, Ian S. (2007). "Low-Dose Naltrexone Therapy Improves Active Crohn's Disease".
664:
were available in 2020, with no clear overall evidence of higher remission nor lower adverse effects, in people with Crohn's disease receiving probiotic supplementation.
1746:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Sandborn, William J.; Rutgeerts, Paul; Fedorak, Richard N.; Lukas, Milan; MacIntosh, Donald; Panaccione, Remo; Wolf, Douglas; Pollack, Paul (2006).
1001:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Sandborn, William; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2001). "Management of Crohn's disease in adults".
2702:
Feagan, Brian G.; Fedorak, Richard N.; Irvine, E. Jan; Wild, Gary; Sutherland, Lloyd; Steinhart, A. Hillary; Greenberg, Gordon R.; Koval, John; et al. (2000).
1939:
Ghosh, Subrata; Goldin, Eran; Gordon, Fiona H.; Malchow, Helmut A.; Rask-Madsen, Jørgen; Rutgeerts, Paul; Vyhnálek, Petr; Zádorová, Zdena; et al. (2003).
3079:
1223:
Greenberg, Gordon R.; Feagan, Brian G.; Martin, Francois; Sutherland, Lloyd R.; Thomson, Alan; Williams, C. Noel; Nilsson, Lars-Goran; Persson, Tore (1994).
1036:
255:. They have a duration of action of months (slow-acting). Both drugs are dosed at 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, with literature supporting the use of higher doses.
3247:
680:
infections have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on hosts who have diseases linked to overactive immune systems. This may be explained by the
639:
Stress can influence the course of Crohn's disease. Smoking has also been associated with the disease, and smokers with Crohn's are encouraged to explore
3473:
3037:
Korzenik, Joshua R.; Dieckgraefe, Brian K.; Valentine, John F.; Hausman, Diana F.; Gilbert, Mark J.; Sargramostim in Crohn's Disease Study Group (2005).
2982:
Mannon, Peter J.; Fuss, Ivan J.; Mayer, Lloyd; Elson, Charles O.; Sandborn, William J.; Present, Daniel; Dolin, Ben; Goodman, Nancy; et al. (2004).
461:. Originally designed to treat psoriasis, ustekinumab was approved by the FDA for the treatment of Crohn's disease in 2016. Evidence from four quality
431:
have demonstrated that natalizumab is effective in increasing rates of remission and maintaining symptom-free status in patients with Crohn's disease.
3146:
Oyama, Yu; Craig, Robert M.; Traynor, Ann E.; Quigley, Kathleen; Statkute, Laisvyde; Halverson, Amy; Brush, Mary; Verda, Larissa; et al. (2005).
563:
Many diets have been proposed for the management of Crohn's disease, and many do improve symptoms, but none have been proven to cure the disease. The
3286:
967:
3504:
3499:
2792:
Cohen, LB (2004). "Re: Disappearance of Crohn's ulcers in the terminal ileum after thalidomide therapy. Can J Gastroenterol 2004; 18(2): 101-104".
2327:
424:
In January 2008, the FDA approved natalizumab for both induction of remission and maintenance of remission for moderate to severe Crohn's disease.
1501:
Hanauer, Stephen B.; Korelitz, Burton I.; Rutgeerts, Paul; Peppercorn, Mark A.; Thisted, Ronald A.; Cohen, Russell D.; Present, Daniel H. (2004).
3023:
2936:
1856:
943:
2753:"A comparative study of metronidazole and sulfasalazine for active Crohn's disease: The cooperative Crohn's disease study in Sweden. II. Result"
3463:
2844:
Naftali, T; Lev, LB; Yablecovitch, D; Half, E; Konikoff, FM (2011). "Treatment of Crohn's disease with cannabis: An observational study".
879:
2137:"FDA Approves STELARA® (Ustekinumab) for Treatment of Adults With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease | Johnson & Johnson"
660:
has been researched recently to understand whether it may help to improve remission rate in people with Crohn's disease. However only 2
2105:
3240:
1102:"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Medical Management of Moderate to Severe Luminal and Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease"
2025:"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Complicating Treatment with Natalizumab and Interferon Beta-1a for Multiple Sclerosis"
489:), demonstrated that Vedolizumab is effective for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with active Crohn's disease.
477:
is a gut-selective, Alpha-4 Beta-7 anti-integrin, monoclonal antibody that was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (
3509:
2819:
826:, also appears to be safe, at least in short-term studies of patients in remission and on medication for their Crohn's disease.
3225:
2350:
1308:
Steinhart, A; Feagan, BG; Wong, CJ; Vandervoort, M; Mikolainis, S; Croitoru, K; Seidman, E; Leddin, DJ; et al. (2002).
3483:
2887:
925:
799:
3233:
2751:
Ursing, B; Alm, T; Bárány, F; Bergelin, I; Ganrot-Norlin, K; Hoevels, J; Huitfeldt, B; Järnerot, G; et al. (1982).
1000:
908:
for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease. Phase II trials showed promising results,
1503:"Postoperative maintenance of Crohn's disease remission with 6-mercaptopurine, mesalamine, or placebo: A 2-year trial"
3278:
982:
947:
696:
More than half of people with Crohn's disease have tried complementary or alternative therapy. These include diets,
2513:
Caprilli, R; Gassull, MA; Escher, JC; Moser, G; Munkholm, P; Forbes, A; Hommes, DW; Lochs, H; et al. (2006).
65:, it cannot be cured by medication or surgery. Treatment initially involves the use of medications to eliminate
3468:
2366:
Belluzzi, Andrea; Brignola, Corrado; Campieri, Massimo; Pera, Angelo; Boschi, Stefano; Miglioli, Mario (1996).
857:
have been recently completed or are ongoing for new therapies for Crohn's disease. They include the following:
2950:
1541:
3478:
905:
191:
2964:
1918:
1748:"Human Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Monoclonal Antibody (Adalimumab) in Crohn's Disease: The CLASSIC-I Trial"
478:
286:
3530:
2515:"European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Special situations"
438:). The label also recommends monitoring of liver enzymes due to concerns over possible damage or failure.
247:(6-MP) are the most commonly used immunosuppressants for maintenance therapy of Crohn's disease. They are
3535:
462:
428:
418:
314:
3402:
3354:
3256:
564:
1543:
1310:"Combined budesonide and antibiotic therapy for active Crohn's disease: A randomized controlled trial"
2655:"An old herbal medicine with a potentially new therapeutic application in inflammatory bowel disease"
2407:
Limketkai, Berkeley N.; Akobeng, Anthony K.; Gordon, Morris; Adepoju, Akinlolu Adedayo (2020-07-17).
541:
2064:
Langer-Gould, Annette; Atlas, Scott W.; Green, Ari J.; Bollen, Andrew W.; Pelletier, Daniel (2005).
2466:"A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors"
1361:
Chande, Nilesh; Townsend, Cassandra M; Parker, Claire E; MacDonald, John K; Chande, Nilesh (2016).
685:
608:
deficiency and may need supplementation. In cases with extensive small intestine involvement, the
3148:"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory Crohn's disease"
3412:
3255:
2704:"A Comparison of Methotrexate with Placebo for the Maintenance of Remission in Crohn's Disease"
946:, which may be a cause of Crohn's disease. This treatment, called Myoconda, is being tested by
519:
398:
340:
94:
1620:
3417:
3017:
2930:
2321:
1850:
1608:
1030:
976:
704:
and nutritional supplements. The benefit, if any, and risks of these therapies is uncertain.
549:
530:(expansion of the stricture) is sometimes performed. Otherwise, and for other complications,
137:
78:
386:
infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria; rare reports of lymphoma and solid tissue
3369:
3359:
871:
fragment of a humanized anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody that was found to have efficacy over
581:
552:
545:
54:
3407:
8:
1914:
1794:
1185:
Hanauer, SB (1991). "Sulfasalazine vs. Steroids in Crohn's disease: David vs. Goliath?".
954:
901:
865:
573:
531:
322:
251:
anti-metabolites, meaning that they interfere with the synthesis of purines required for
1454:"Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease"
1452:
Dejaco, C.; Harrer, M.; Waldhoer, T.; Miehsler, W.; Vogelsang, H.; Reinisch, W. (2003).
3443:
3264:
3260:
3212:
3123:
3098:
2733:
2679:
2654:
2635:
2591:
2539:
2514:
2490:
2465:
2464:
Croese, J; O'Neil, J; Masson, J; Cooke, S; Melrose, W; Pritchard, D; Speare, R (2006).
2441:
2408:
2309:
2195:
2162:
2005:
1896:
1706:
1596:
1483:
1410:
1387:
1362:
1290:
1134:
1101:
1076:
1051:
861:
723:. Evidence has been put forth suggesting that acupuncture can have benefits beyond the
681:
673:
435:
364:
161:
62:
58:
2769:
2752:
2219:
2161:
MacDonald, John K.; Nguyen, Tran M.; Khanna, Reena; Timmer, Antje (25 November 2016).
2112:
1584:
1414:
1014:
766:. It is useful in maintenance of remission for those no longer taking corticosteroids.
593:
Because the terminal ileum is the most common site of involvement and is the site for
482:
293:. However, it confers considerably less morbidity and mortality than corticosteroids.
3374:
3314:
3204:
3200:
3169:
3128:
3080:"Improving Mucosal Barrier Function—A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Crohn's Disease"
3060:
3005:
2918:
2853:
2823:
2820:""Cannabis-based drugs could offer new hope for inflammatory bowel disease patients""
2801:
2774:
2725:
2684:
2666:
2653:
Li, Richard; Alex, Philip; Ye, Mei; Zhang, Ting; Liu, Ling; Li, Xuhang (2011-10-29).
2639:
2627:
2583:
2544:
2495:
2446:
2428:
2389:
2346:
2301:
2296:
2279:
2239:
2200:
2182:
2087:
2046:
1997:
1993:
1962:
1888:
1838:
1769:
1698:
1693:
1676:
1657:
1588:
1524:
1475:
1470:
1453:
1434:
1392:
1331:
1282:
1278:
1246:
1202:
1198:
1139:
1121:
1081:
1018:
661:
640:
629:
511:
344:
310:
195:
24:
2737:
1900:
1710:
1677:"Review article: Infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease - seven years on"
1542:
National Toxicology Program, United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1487:
1294:
3319:
3216:
3196:
3159:
3118:
3110:
3050:
2995:
2910:
2764:
2715:
2674:
2619:
2595:
2575:
2534:
2526:
2485:
2477:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2379:
2313:
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2190:
2178:
2174:
2077:
2036:
2009:
1989:
1952:
1880:
1828:
1759:
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1600:
1580:
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1426:
1382:
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1374:
1321:
1274:
1236:
1194:
1129:
1113:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1010:
922:
is a pig whipworm that been shown in one study to improve Crohn's disease symptoms.
791:
569:
434:
Natalizumab has also been linked to PML (though only when used in combination with
348:
244:
169:
2066:"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient Treated with Natalizumab"
1787:
1724:
3164:
3147:
2914:
2368:"Effect of an Enteric-Coated Fish-Oil Preparation on Relapses in Crohn's Disease"
2277:
1764:
1747:
1519:
1502:
1117:
886:
chemokine receptor antagonist intended to modulate immune response. It failed in
854:
823:
527:
203:
50:
2720:
2703:
2384:
2367:
2235:
1363:"Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
1241:
1224:
887:
3309:
972:
935:
897:
834:
724:
594:
486:
458:
454:
360:
236:, shown here in tablet form, is a first line steroid-sparing immunosuppressant.
218:
133:
82:
544:
are becoming less experimental, but are still mainly performed in response to
3524:
3422:
3344:
2670:
2530:
2432:
2257:
2186:
1125:
811:
774:
770:
743:
720:
609:
395:
110:
85:). Surgery may be required for complications such as obstructions, fistulae,
3114:
3097:
Summers, R W; Elliott, DE; Urban Jr, JF; Thompson, R; Weinstock, JV (2005).
2481:
1326:
1309:
1163:
1052:"Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease"
656:
supplements to modify the composition and behaviour of the gastrointestinal
3438:
3364:
3208:
3173:
3132:
3064:
3009:
2922:
2857:
2805:
2729:
2688:
2631:
2587:
2548:
2499:
2450:
2305:
2204:
2163:"Anti-IL-12/23p40 antibodies for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
2091:
2050:
2001:
1966:
1892:
1842:
1773:
1702:
1661:
1592:
1528:
1479:
1438:
1396:
1335:
1286:
1143:
1085:
1022:
911:
763:
755:
688:. Due to the unconventional nature of this therapy, it is not widely used.
633:
515:
356:
343:
class, can be serious and potentially fatal, and infliximab carries an FDA
240:
233:
157:
149:
74:
2778:
2393:
2243:
1250:
1206:
36:
3055:
3038:
3000:
2983:
2623:
2082:
2065:
2041:
2024:
1957:
1940:
1833:
1816:
1652:
1635:
1430:
939:
781:
712:
590:
may be effective in reducing the chance of relapse in less severe cases.
474:
450:
409:
2899:
1162:
Gopal, Latha; Nachimuthu, Senthil (June 16, 2011). Katz, Julian (ed.).
849:
or pig whipworm has been investigated for treatment of Crohn's disease.
697:
657:
621:
572:
may be used to reduce the volume of stools excreted daily. People with
379:
306:
290:
187:
176:
106:
70:
2579:
1884:
332:
Induction and maintenance of remission for people with Crohn's disease
3349:
3329:
931:
819:
803:
785:
736:
701:
653:
625:
617:
535:
252:
221:
and budesonide liquid and foam enemas are marketed for this purpose.
165:
66:
3379:
3036:
1817:"Natalizumab Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease"
918:
868:
842:
807:
677:
587:
523:
413:
368:
318:
261:
Azathioprine and 6-MP may be useful for the following indications:
206:, and therefore has a topical effect against disease in that area.
145:
2280:"Intestinal transplantation: Current status and future directions"
1915:"FDA Approves Tysabri to Treat Moderate-to-Severe Crohn's Disease"
1500:
3339:
3324:
872:
815:
613:
577:
507:
352:
339:
Side effects of infliximab, like other immunosuppressants of the
268:
180:
153:
86:
1636:"Infliximab Maintenance Therapy for Fistulizing Crohn's Disease"
497:
1745:
1222:
759:
453:(CNTO 1275) is a monoclonal antibody that suppresses cytokines
387:
248:
214:
3096:
2608:
1569:
1307:
3334:
2406:
1869:
1360:
716:
391:
210:
199:
141:
126:
2365:
2063:
1451:
1263:
121:
2659:
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
2463:
2160:
2022:
883:
229:
2965:"GSK's Crohn's disease treatment fails in Phase III trial"
2843:
2564:
2512:
2409:"Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn's disease"
2343:
Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Intestinal Health Through Diet
2278:
Garg M., Jones R. M., Vaughan R. B., Testro A. G. (2011).
1814:
1633:
684:. Hookworm therapy is currently in the trial stage at the
636:
who do not simultaneously receive folate supplementation.
274:
Maintenance of remission after surgery for Crohn's disease
213:
can also be used to treat symptoms in the lower colon and
2984:"Anti–Interleukin-12 Antibody for Active Crohn's Disease"
1544:"Azathioprine. Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition"
602:
absorption, people with Crohn's disease are at risk for B
224:
3186:
3145:
2023:
Kleinschmidt-Demasters, B.K.; Tyler, Kenneth L. (2005).
1979:
1938:
580:-containing foods. Patients who cannot eat may be given
2750:
2701:
2260:. Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. March 2006
1674:
1098:
576:
due to small bowel disease may benefit from avoiding
309:(trade name Remicade, among others) is a mouse-human
129:
can be used for treatment of rectal disease symptoms.
2981:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1727:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
168:. Corticosteroids should not be confused with the
2271:
2218:Wood, Alastair J.J.; Hanauer, Stephen B. (1996).
1343:
1035:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
968:Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
3522:
3505:List of people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis
3474:National Society for Colitis and Crohn's Disease
2876:What should patients with Crohn's disease avoid?
1675:Rutgeerts, P.; Assche, G.; Vermeire, S. (2006).
401:disorders; and rare reports of cardiac failure.
1161:
715:is used to treat inflammatory bowel disease in
1043:
3500:List of people diagnosed with Crohn's disease
3241:
2652:
2098:
175:The most commonly prescribed oral steroid is
2326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2250:
1932:
1225:"Oral Budesonide for Active Crohn's Disease"
285:Azathioprine is listed by the United States
3099:"Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease"
3084:US Gastroenterology & Hepatology Review
3077:
3022:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2935:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2413:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2217:
2211:
2167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1855:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
944:mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
762:anti-metabolite drug that is also used for
584:(TPN), a source of vitamins and nutrients.
335:Maintenance for fistulizing Crohn's disease
3248:
3234:
2457:
2340:
2284:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
994:
647:
347:on the label. Listed side effects include
53:symptoms of the disease, then maintaining
3464:Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
3163:
3122:
3054:
3039:"Sargramostim for Active Crohn's Disease"
2999:
2768:
2719:
2678:
2538:
2489:
2440:
2383:
2295:
2194:
2081:
2057:
2040:
2016:
1956:
1832:
1763:
1692:
1651:
1518:
1469:
1386:
1325:
1240:
1133:
1075:
328:Infliximab has found utility as follows:
3189:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2871:
2869:
2867:
1982:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1941:"Natalizumab for Active Crohn's Disease"
1717:
1681:Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1458:Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1409:
1403:
1267:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1003:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
890:, showing no improvement over a placebo.
833:
496:
228:
120:
2560:
2558:
1563:
1367:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1218:
1216:
1184:
1056:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1049:
900:monoclonal antibody being developed by
719:, and is being used more frequently in
691:
3523:
2846:The Israel Medical Association Journal
1157:
1155:
1153:
321:in the inflammatory response. It is a
225:Mercaptopurine immunosuppressing drugs
172:used to enhance athletic performance.
3229:
2864:
2791:
800:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
667:
558:
296:
183:, before the initiation of steroids.
3484:World Inflammatory Bowel Disease Day
2888:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
2794:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
2555:
1213:
749:
740:terms of a benefit-risk-evaluation."
632:is a risk for patients treated with
355:reactions, risk of re-activation of
2106:"Tysabri product information sheet"
1150:
942:are antibiotics designed to attack
367:. Serious side effect also include
190:(trade name Entocort), has limited
100:
13:
2880:Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program
501:Resected ileum for Crohn's disease
116:
14:
3547:
2612:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Gastroenterologie
1015:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.3671_c.x
983:Essential fatty acid interactions
19:Management of Crohn's disease
3201:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01045.x
2297:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06783.x
1994:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01508.x
1694:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02786.x
1471:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01793.x
1279:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41992.x
1050:Lim, Wee-Chian; Wang, Y (2016).
926:Autologous stem cell transplants
784:has shown efficacy in reversing
3180:
3139:
3090:
3071:
3043:New England Journal of Medicine
3030:
2988:New England Journal of Medicine
2975:
2957:
2943:
2893:
2837:
2812:
2785:
2744:
2708:New England Journal of Medicine
2695:
2646:
2602:
2506:
2400:
2372:New England Journal of Medicine
2359:
2334:
2224:New England Journal of Medicine
2154:
2129:
2070:New England Journal of Medicine
2029:New England Journal of Medicine
1973:
1945:New England Journal of Medicine
1907:
1863:
1821:New England Journal of Medicine
1808:
1780:
1739:
1668:
1640:New England Journal of Medicine
1627:
1535:
1494:
1445:
1419:New England Journal of Medicine
1229:New England Journal of Medicine
672:In an experimental idea called
3469:Digestive Disorders Foundation
3279:Crohn's Disease Activity Index
2425:10.1002/14651858.CD006634.pub3
2179:10.1002/14651858.CD007572.pub3
1379:10.1002/14651858.CD000545.pub5
1301:
1257:
1178:
1092:
1068:10.1002/14651858.CD008870.pub2
707:
469:
445:
404:
1:
3078:Dieckgraefe, Brian K (2006).
2951:"GSK IBD Drug Fails in Trial"
2770:10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80189-3
2258:"Surgery for Crohn's Disease"
1585:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08512-4
988:
906:Cambridge Antibody Technology
374:
301:
186:Another oral corticosteroid,
47:Management of Crohn's disease
3165:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.051
2915:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.064
2800:(6): 419, author reply 419.
2345:. Baltimore: Kirkton Press.
2220:"Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1919:Food and Drug Administration
1765:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.030
1520:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.002
1415:"Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1265:Placebo-Controlled Trials".
1199:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90746-8
1118:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.022
429:randomized controlled trials
394:injury; and rare reports of
81:anti-inflammatory drugs and
49:involves first treating the
7:
3510:Deaths from Crohn's disease
2721:10.1056/NEJM200006013422202
2385:10.1056/NEJM199606133342401
2341:Gottschall, Elaine (1994).
2236:10.1056/NEJM199603283341307
1242:10.1056/NEJM199409293311303
961:
878:Traficet-EN/CCX282/GSK'786/
829:
542:Small intestine transplants
419:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
315:tumor necrosis factor alpha
10:
3552:
3479:Crohn's and Colitis Canada
3403:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
3355:Protein losing enteropathy
3257:Inflammatory bowel disease
1788:"Medication guide: Humira"
582:total parenteral nutrition
565:specific carbohydrate diet
492:
390:; rare reports of serious
3492:
3456:
3431:
3395:
3388:
3302:
3271:
953:A pilot study found that
928:have also been evaluated.
888:Phase III clinical trials
730:
463:randomized control trials
105:5-ASA compounds, such as
33:
23:
18:
2884:Digestive Disease Center
2531:10.1136/gut.2005.081950c
686:University of Nottingham
3375:Small bowel obstruction
3115:10.1136/gut.2004.041749
2482:10.1136/gut.2005.079129
1758:(2): 323–33, quiz 591.
1327:10.1053/gast.2002.34225
1017:(inactive 2024-09-12).
648:Microbiome Modification
371:and severe infections.
95:immunosuppressive drugs
63:immune system condition
3413:Thomas Kennedy Dalziel
2890:. Retrieved March 2014
850:
548:due to a high rate of
520:small intestine cancer
502:
421:, such as infliximab.
399:central nervous system
237:
130:
3418:Burrill Bernard Crohn
977:Bile acid sequestrant
837:
700:, fish oil and other
536:ileocolonic resection
500:
232:
196:first-pass metabolism
124:
3370:Short bowel syndrome
3360:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3056:10.1056/NEJMoa041109
3001:10.1056/NEJMoa033402
2624:10.1055/s-2001-10708
2083:10.1056/NEJMoa051847
2042:10.1056/NEJMoa051782
1958:10.1056/NEJMoa020732
1834:10.1056/NEJMoa043335
1653:10.1056/NEJMoa030815
1431:10.1056/NEJMra020831
904:in conjunction with
788:evidence of disease.
692:Alternative medicine
546:short bowel syndrome
194:and a high level of
2525:(Suppl 1): i36–58.
2143:. 26 September 2016
1795:Abbott Laboratories
1411:Podolsky, Daniel K.
955:Low-dose naltrexone
902:Abbott Laboratories
875:in one large trial.
818:appear to be safe.
574:lactose intolerance
427:A total of 3 large
323:monoclonal antibody
3536:Medical treatments
3444:William Hale-White
3287:Biological therapy
3265:ulcerative colitis
2118:on August 22, 2007
1619:has generic name (
1464:(11–12): 1113–20.
851:
814:(paracetamol) and
802:(NSAIDs), such as
682:hygiene hypothesis
674:helminthic therapy
668:Helminthic therapy
628:may be deficient.
559:Diet and lifestyle
522:and fibrostenotic
503:
436:interferon beta-1a
365:multiple sclerosis
297:Biologic therapies
253:inflammatory cells
238:
162:avascular necrosis
138:Cushing's syndrome
131:
3518:
3517:
3452:
3451:
3408:Antoni Leśniowski
2580:10.1159/000078151
2352:978-0-9692768-1-4
1885:10.1159/000111023
1551:ntp.niehs.nih.gov
750:Other medications
662:controlled trials
641:smoking cessation
630:Folate deficiency
606:
599:
512:bowel obstruction
345:black-box warning
311:chimeric antibody
170:anabolic steroids
44:
43:
3543:
3393:
3392:
3320:Erythema nodosum
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3152:Gastroenterology
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3049:(21): 2193–201.
3034:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2926:
2903:Gastroenterology
2897:
2891:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2822:. Archived from
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2757:Gastroenterology
2748:
2742:
2741:
2723:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2299:
2290:(8): 1221–1228.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2173:(11): CD007572.
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2111:. Archived from
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1836:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1752:Gastroenterology
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1579:(9317): 1541–9.
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1507:Gastroenterology
1498:
1492:
1491:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1373:(10): CD000545.
1358:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1314:Gastroenterology
1305:
1299:
1298:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1187:Gastroenterology
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1112:(7): 2496–2508.
1106:Gastroenterology
1096:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1062:(12): CD008870.
1047:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1026:
998:
896:is a human anti-
769:The antibiotics
652:The use of oral
604:
597:
570:low residue diet
349:hypersensitivity
245:6-mercaptopurine
101:Aminosalicylates
37:edit on Wikidata
29:gastroenterology
16:
15:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3531:Crohn's disease
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3488:
3448:
3427:
3384:
3298:
3292:Crohn's disease
3267:
3261:Crohn's disease
3254:
3224:
3185:
3181:
3144:
3140:
3095:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3035:
3031:
3015:
3014:
2994:(20): 2069–79.
2980:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2928:
2927:
2898:
2894:
2874:
2865:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2790:
2786:
2749:
2745:
2714:(22): 1627–32.
2700:
2696:
2651:
2647:
2607:
2603:
2563:
2556:
2511:
2507:
2462:
2458:
2419:(7): CD006634.
2405:
2401:
2378:(24): 1557–60.
2364:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2335:
2319:
2318:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2216:
2212:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2062:
2058:
2021:
2017:
1988:(12): 2737–46.
1978:
1974:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1868:
1864:
1848:
1847:
1827:(18): 1912–25.
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1673:
1669:
1632:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1499:
1495:
1450:
1446:
1408:
1404:
1359:
1344:
1306:
1302:
1262:
1258:
1221:
1214:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1164:"Crohn Disease"
1160:
1151:
1097:
1093:
1048:
1044:
1028:
1027:
999:
995:
991:
964:
855:clinical trials
832:
824:cox-2 inhibitor
752:
733:
721:Western society
710:
694:
670:
650:
607:
600:
561:
528:strictureplasty
495:
472:
448:
407:
377:
304:
299:
227:
134:Corticosteroids
119:
117:Corticosteroids
103:
83:corticosteroids
79:aminosalicylate
59:Crohn's disease
40:
12:
11:
5:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Abdominal pain
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3179:
3138:
3089:
3070:
3029:
2974:
2956:
2942:
2892:
2863:
2836:
2811:
2784:
2743:
2694:
2665:(4): 309–319.
2645:
2601:
2554:
2505:
2456:
2399:
2358:
2351:
2333:
2270:
2249:
2210:
2153:
2128:
2097:
2056:
2015:
1972:
1931:
1906:
1862:
1807:
1779:
1738:
1716:
1667:
1626:
1617:|first12=
1562:
1534:
1493:
1444:
1402:
1342:
1300:
1256:
1235:(13): 836–41.
1212:
1177:
1149:
1091:
1042:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
980:
973:Cholestyramine
970:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
936:clarithromycin
929:
923:
919:Trichuris suis
915:
909:
891:
876:
847:Trichuris suis
840:Trichuris spp.
831:
828:
822:(Celebrex), a
797:
796:
789:
779:
767:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
732:
729:
725:placebo effect
709:
706:
693:
690:
669:
666:
649:
646:
603:
596:
560:
557:
494:
491:
471:
468:
447:
444:
406:
403:
376:
373:
363:, and risk of
361:serum sickness
337:
336:
333:
303:
300:
298:
295:
279:
278:
275:
272:
266:
226:
223:
219:Hydrocortisone
118:
115:
102:
99:
42:
41:
34:
31:
30:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3548:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:Organizations
3455:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3423:Leon Ginzburg
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Malabsorption
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:Complications
3301:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3158:(3): 552–63.
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
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2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2971:. 2013-08-23.
2970:
2966:
2960:
2953:. 2013-08-23.
2952:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:(3): 807–18.
2908:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2885:
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2877:
2872:
2870:
2868:
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2826:on 2010-01-12
2825:
2821:
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2788:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2763:(3): 550–62.
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2747:
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2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
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2614:(in German).
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2038:
2035:(4): 369–74.
2034:
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2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
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1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
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1964:
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1946:
1942:
1935:
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1916:
1910:
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1894:
1890:
1886:
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825:
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817:
813:
812:acetaminophen
809:
805:
801:
793:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:ciprofloxacin
772:
771:Metronidazole
768:
765:
761:
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744:Yunnan Baiyao
742:
738:
735:
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611:
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589:
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439:
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432:
430:
425:
422:
420:
415:
411:
402:
400:
397:
396:demyelinating
393:
389:
383:
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372:
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366:
362:
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354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
331:
330:
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326:
324:
320:
316:
313:that targets
312:
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294:
292:
288:
283:
276:
273:
270:
267:
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263:
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254:
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242:
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201:
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182:
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159:
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152:, high blood
151:
147:
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123:
114:
112:
111:sulfasalazine
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73:) and reduce
72:
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3439:Samuel Wilks
3365:Sacroiliitis
3315:Anal abscess
3291:
3195:(4): 820–8.
3192:
3188:
3182:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3109:(1): 87–90.
3106:
3102:
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3083:
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3046:
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3032:
3018:cite journal
2991:
2987:
2977:
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2945:
2931:cite journal
2906:
2902:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2852:(8): 455–8.
2849:
2845:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:the original
2814:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2711:
2707:
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2662:
2658:
2648:
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2611:
2604:
2574:(3): 131–9.
2571:
2567:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2476:(1): 136–7.
2473:
2469:
2459:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2342:
2336:
2322:cite journal
2287:
2283:
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2252:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2100:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1951:(1): 24–32.
1948:
1944:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1921:. 2008-01-14
1909:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:cite journal
1824:
1820:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1797:. 2008-02-01
1782:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:"Infliximab"
1719:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1609:cite journal
1576:
1572:
1565:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1537:
1513:(3): 723–9.
1510:
1506:
1496:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1370:
1366:
1320:(1): 33–40.
1317:
1313:
1303:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1232:
1228:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1109:
1105:
1094:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1031:cite journal
1006:
1002:
996:
917:
912:Sargramostim
893:
862:Certolizumab
852:
846:
839:
798:
795:medications.
764:chemotherapy
756:Methotrexate
711:
695:
671:
651:
638:
634:methotrexate
592:
586:
562:
540:
516:colon cancer
504:
473:
449:
440:
433:
426:
423:
408:
384:
378:
357:tuberculosis
338:
327:
305:
284:
280:
260:
257:
241:Azathioprine
239:
234:Azathioprine
208:
185:
174:
158:osteoporosis
150:hypertension
132:
104:
91:
75:inflammation
46:
45:
3086:(1): 19–22.
2618:(1): 11–7.
2141:www.jnj.com
940:clofazimine
782:Thalidomide
778:infections.
713:Acupuncture
708:Acupuncture
676:, moderate
610:fat-soluble
487:NCT00783692
475:Vedolizumab
470:Vedolizumab
451:Ustekinumab
446:Ustekinumab
412:is an anti-
410:Natalizumab
405:Natalizumab
289:as a human
269:Fistulizing
77:(generally
71:antibiotics
69:(generally
3525:Categories
3283:Treatment
2830:2008-06-12
2264:2006-06-08
2147:2018-04-05
2122:2008-03-13
1925:2008-03-09
1801:2008-03-25
1573:The Lancet
1556:2017-06-17
989:References
786:endoscopic
698:probiotics
658:microbiome
550:transplant
524:strictures
380:Adalimumab
375:Adalimumab
317:(TNFα), a
307:Infliximab
302:Infliximab
291:carcinogen
202:and right
192:absorption
188:budesonide
177:prednisone
166:long bones
107:mesalazine
67:infections
3350:Proctitis
3330:Granuloma
2671:1940-5901
2640:260344280
2568:Digestion
2433:1469-493X
2187:1469-493X
1873:Digestion
1126:1528-0012
932:Rifabutin
880:vercirnon
866:PEGylated
820:Celecoxib
804:ibuprofen
737:Boswellia
654:probiotic
612:vitamins
595:vitamin B
553:rejection
532:resection
442:Program.
87:abscesses
55:remission
25:Specialty
3380:Stenosis
3209:17222320
3174:15765390
3133:15591509
3065:15917384
3010:15537905
2923:16143120
2858:21910367
2806:15230268
2738:78637617
2730:10833208
2689:22140602
2632:11215357
2588:15114043
2549:16481630
2500:16344586
2451:32678465
2306:21595748
2205:27885650
2092:15947078
2051:15947079
2002:18042106
1967:12510039
1901:23223340
1893:18239400
1843:16267322
1774:16472588
1711:36914194
1703:16441465
1662:14985485
1593:12047962
1529:15362027
1488:28389098
1480:14653831
1439:12167685
1413:(2002).
1397:27783843
1336:12105831
1295:32797185
1287:16086715
1144:34051983
1086:27372735
1023:11280528
962:See also
948:Giaconda
843:whipworm
830:Research
808:naproxen
792:Cannabis
678:hookworm
588:Fish oil
510:, small
508:fistulae
483:GEMINI 2
414:integrin
369:lymphoma
353:allergic
319:cytokine
209:Steroid
146:insomnia
125:Steroid
57:. Since
3389:History
3340:Ileitis
3325:Fistula
3217:7371107
3124:1774382
2969:Reuters
2882:at the
2878:, from
2779:6124474
2680:3228586
2596:7852406
2540:1859996
2491:1856386
2442:7389339
2394:8628335
2314:9067167
2244:8596552
2196:6464484
2010:5790970
1601:1905194
1388:6464152
1251:8078529
1207:1679735
1170:July 7,
1166:. WebMD
1135:8988893
1077:6457996
894:ABT-874
873:placebo
838:Egg of
816:aspirin
578:lactose
526:, when
493:Surgery
388:cancers
271:disease
181:abscess
154:glucose
3493:People
3396:Crohns
3215:
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2203:
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2049:
2008:
2000:
1965:
1899:
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1841:
1772:
1731:Aug 1,
1709:
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1334:
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1249:
1205:
1142:
1132:
1124:
1084:
1074:
1021:
760:folate
731:Herbal
702:herbal
249:purine
215:rectum
211:enemas
160:, and
127:enemas
61:is an
3335:Ileum
3213:S2CID
2734:S2CID
2636:S2CID
2592:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2116:(PDF)
2109:(PDF)
2006:S2CID
1897:S2CID
1791:(PDF)
1707:S2CID
1597:S2CID
1547:(PDF)
1484:S2CID
1291:S2CID
898:IL-12
882:is a
864:is a
853:Many
758:is a
717:China
459:IL-23
455:IL-12
392:liver
204:colon
200:ileum
142:mania
51:acute
35:[
3272:Main
3263:and
3205:PMID
3170:PMID
3129:PMID
3061:PMID
3024:link
3006:PMID
2937:link
2919:PMID
2854:PMID
2802:PMID
2775:PMID
2726:PMID
2685:PMID
2667:ISSN
2628:PMID
2584:PMID
2545:PMID
2496:PMID
2447:PMID
2429:ISSN
2417:2020
2390:PMID
2347:ISBN
2328:link
2302:PMID
2240:PMID
2201:PMID
2183:ISSN
2171:2016
2088:PMID
2047:PMID
1998:PMID
1963:PMID
1889:PMID
1857:link
1839:PMID
1770:PMID
1733:2015
1699:PMID
1658:PMID
1621:help
1589:PMID
1525:PMID
1476:PMID
1435:PMID
1393:PMID
1332:PMID
1283:PMID
1247:PMID
1203:PMID
1172:2012
1140:PMID
1122:ISSN
1082:PMID
1037:link
1019:PMID
938:and
884:CCR9
806:and
773:and
624:and
457:and
351:and
243:and
109:and
3197:doi
3193:102
3160:doi
3156:128
3119:PMC
3111:doi
3103:Gut
3051:doi
3047:352
2996:doi
2992:351
2911:doi
2907:129
2886:at
2765:doi
2716:doi
2712:342
2675:PMC
2620:doi
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2535:PMC
2527:doi
2519:Gut
2486:PMC
2478:doi
2470:Gut
2437:PMC
2421:doi
2380:doi
2376:334
2292:doi
2232:doi
2228:334
2191:PMC
2175:doi
2078:doi
2074:353
2037:doi
2033:353
1990:doi
1986:102
1953:doi
1949:348
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479:FDA
341:TNF
287:FDA
164:of
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