33:
684:
46:
732:
711:
to the countries (and regions) of Assam, Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Senegal, (island of)
1086:
Weeks, A., Daly, D.C. and B.B. Simpson. 2005. "The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data".
771:
grow in harsh, arid regions beset by poverty and conflict. Harvesting and selling the tree's resin is one of the only sources of income for the inhabitants, resulting in overtapping.
755:
within the next two decades. This species, found mainly in
Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan, accounts for about two-thirds of global frankincense production. The paper warns that all
1101:
498:
338:
376:
446:
548:
707:. The distributions of the species are primarily associated with the tropics. The greatest diversity of species presently is in Africa and India. They are
466:
476:
436:
538:
1293:
724:
1319:
1345:
1241:
1306:
1254:
1109:
1311:
1033:
740:
1422:
1043:
817:, produce true frankincense, and each type of resin is available in various grades. The grades depend on the time of
850:
1324:
1280:
32:
1363:
1417:
1194:
1189:
293:
that occur in one or two whorls and in numbers equaling or twice the number of petals; the tricolporate
1358:
357:
45:
1259:
1035:
CRC World
Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
866:
906:
1350:
150:
1132:
1001:, and comments on the tribal classification of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae)"
1298:
862:
406:
1337:
1215:
508:
8:
1170:
992:
991:
Thulin, Mats; Beier, Björn-Axel; Razafimandimbison, Sylvain G.; Banks, Hannah I. (2008).
583:
528:
486:
396:
1059:
1412:
1384:
594:
518:
491:
426:
416:
321:
with axile placentation that are anatropous to campylotropous. The one- to five-pitted
317:, and one stigma that is head-like to lobed. Each locule of the superior ovary has two
246:
170:
40:
1332:
1202:
1039:
1017:
568:
386:
281:, or hermaphroditic. The flowers may have four or five faintly connate but imbricate
1389:
1012:
977:
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., and M.J. Donoghue. 2008.
947:
764:
683:
366:
146:
1207:
1181:
290:
558:
314:
255:
240:
224:
83:
733:
Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
708:
576:
456:
70:
751:
were becoming hard to find. In 2019, a new paper predicted a 50% reduction in
1406:
1102:"Frankincense trees—of biblical lore—are being tapped out for essential oils"
342:
1376:
1155:
780:
760:
739:
species meet the criteria for protection. In a 2006 study, an ecologist at
289:. Also, the stamens, that may contain nectar discs, have distinct glabrous
235:
1267:
1164:
129:
870:
329:
that opens at maturity. The endosperm is usually lacking in the embryo.
1246:
951:
227:
119:
1272:
1228:
306:
278:
1126:
348:
The genus was first published in Asiat. Res. 9 on page 379 in 1807.
1371:
1149:
715:, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, West Himalaya and Yemen.
96:
1233:
731:, is "near threatened". Frankincense trees are not covered by the
990:
818:
786:
748:
712:
201:
Endl. in S.L.Endlicher & E.Fenzl, Nov. Stirp. Dec.: 38 (1839)
1285:
700:
310:
302:
298:
294:
109:
1220:
326:
322:
318:
286:
282:
263:
231:
216:
57:
981:
3rd ed. Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
911:
Roxb. ex Colebr. | Plants of the World Online | Kew
Science"
727:(IUCN) warned that one of the primary frankincense species,
704:
259:
220:
193:
Colebr. in Asiat. Res. 9: 382 (1807), not validly publ.
1404:
1052:
997:, a new genus from Madagascar, the position of
725:International Union for Conservation of Nature
938:Tucker, A. (1986). "Frankincense and myrrh".
185:Stackh. in De Liban: 13 (1814), nom. superfl.
1082:
1080:
821:, and the resin is hand sorted for quality.
285:with an equal number of distinct, imbricate
1031:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
699:The genus is native to tropical regions of
341:, 1710–1780 (incidentally, uncle of writer
1093:
979:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
937:
305:that open longitudinally along slits. The
31:
1077:
1016:
238:is an extract from the resin of the tree
958:
933:
931:
844:, were first described and published in
682:
337:The genus name honors Scottish botanist
1405:
901:
899:
897:
895:
1131:
1130:
1099:
1088:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
928:
741:Wageningen University & Research
718:
892:
830:
13:
1100:Fobar, Rachel (13 December 2019).
14:
1434:
743:claimed that, by the late-1990s,
481:Thulin, DeCarlo & S.P.Johnson
1018:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00245.x
244:, and is now produced also from
44:
774:
694:
309:contains three to five connate
1364:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:5117-1
1025:
984:
269:
1:
1032:Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999).
824:
7:
503:N.P.Balakr. & A.N.Henry
332:
254:species are moderate-sized
10:
1439:
915:Plants of the World Online
778:
759:species are threatened by
358:Plants of the World Online
351:
1139:
867:Missouri Botanical Garden
735:, but experts argue that
597:only accepts 20 species;
230:, known for its fragrant
176:
169:
162:
157:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
1423:Plants described in 1807
1005:Nordic Journal of Botany
297:is contained within two
234:. The biblical incense
691:
499:B. ovalifoliolata
863:Saint Louis, Missouri
686:
1112:on December 13, 2019
1064:worldfloraonline.org
753:Boswellia papyrifera
745:Boswellia papyrifera
377:B. asplenifolia
1106:National Geographic
883:Type Specimens: T:
688:Boswellia dalzielii
447:B. microphylla
407:B. dioscoridis
1418:Burseraceae genera
952:10.1007/bf02859654
846:Asiatic Researches
692:
595:World Flora Online
549:B. ruspoliana
509:B. papyrifera
1400:
1399:
1333:Open Tree of Life
1133:Taxon identifiers
885:Boswellia serrata
842:Boswellia serrata
719:Ecological status
650:B. ovalifoliolata
589:
584:B. socotrana
574:
564:
554:
544:
534:
529:B. popoviana
524:
514:
504:
494:
487:B. ogadensis
472:
462:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
402:
397:B. dalzielii
392:
372:
258:, including both
208:
207:
153:
1430:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1097:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1060:"Boswellia Roxb"
1056:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1011:(3–4): 218–229.
988:
982:
975:
956:
955:
935:
926:
925:
923:
921:
903:
890:
889:
887:Roxb. ex Colebr.
880:
878:
873:on July 17, 2017
869:. Archived from
855:Roxb. ex Colebr"
834:
765:overexploitation
611:
587:
573:Roxb. ex Colebr.
572:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
519:B. pirottae
512:
502:
490:
482:
470:
467:B. neglecta
460:
450:
440:
430:
427:B. frereana
420:
417:B. elongata
410:
400:
390:
382:
381:(Balf.f.) Thulin
370:
256:flowering plants
202:
194:
186:
145:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1030:
1026:
989:
985:
976:
959:
940:Economic Botany
936:
929:
919:
917:
905:
904:
893:
876:
874:
849:
840:, and the type
835:
831:
827:
803:B. bhaw-dajiana
783:
777:
729:Boswellia sacra
721:
697:
609:
592:
569:B. serrata
480:
477:B. occulta
437:B. globosa
387:B. bullata
380:
356:As accepted by
354:
335:
272:
241:Boswellia sacra
200:
192:
184:
144:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:wfo-4000005070
1381:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1161:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1092:
1076:
1051:
1044:
1024:
983:
957:
946:(4): 425–433.
927:
891:
848:9: 379. 1807.
828:
826:
823:
785:The four main
779:Main article:
776:
773:
720:
717:
696:
693:
634:B. microphylla
618:B. dioscoridis
591:
590:
580:
565:
555:
545:
535:
525:
515:
513:(Del.) Hochst.
505:
495:
483:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
373:
367:B. ameero
362:
353:
350:
334:
331:
271:
268:
206:
205:
204:
203:
195:
187:
174:
173:
167:
166:
160:
159:
155:
154:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1090:, 35: 85–101.
1089:
1083:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1045:9780849326738
1041:
1038:. CRC Press.
1037:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
987:
980:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
916:
912:
910:
902:
900:
898:
896:
888:
886:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
847:
843:
839:
833:
829:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:B. papyrifera
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:In 1998, the
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:B. papyrifera
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
585:
581:
578:
571:
570:
566:
561:
560:
559:B. sacra
556:
551:
550:
546:
541:
540:
539:B. rivae
536:
531:
530:
526:
521:
520:
516:
511:
510:
506:
501:
500:
496:
493:
489:
488:
484:
479:
478:
474:
469:
468:
464:
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
404:
399:
398:
394:
389:
388:
384:
379:
378:
374:
369:
368:
364:
363:
361:
359:
349:
346:
344:
343:James Boswell
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
199:
196:
191:
188:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1140:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1105:
1095:
1087:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1034:
1027:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
986:
978:
943:
939:
918:. Retrieved
914:
908:
884:
882:
877:November 24,
875:. Retrieved
871:the original
858:
852:
845:
841:
837:
832:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
781:Frankincense
775:Frankincense
768:
761:habitat loss
756:
752:
744:
736:
728:
722:
698:
695:Distribution
687:
678:B. socotrana
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:B. popoviana
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:B. ogadensis
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:B. dalzielii
613:
606:
602:
598:
593:
582:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
485:
475:
465:
457:B. nana
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
347:
339:John Boswell
336:
277:species are
274:
273:
251:
245:
239:
236:frankincense
211:
210:
209:
197:
189:
181:
177:
163:
140:
139:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1268:iNaturalist
1165:Wikispecies
1116:16 December
1069:16 November
920:16 November
807:B. frereana
658:B. pirottae
642:B. neglecta
626:B. frereana
622:B. elongata
270:Description
247:B. frereana
130:Burseraceae
84:Angiosperms
1407:Categories
836:The genus
825:References
819:harvesting
815:B. serrata
799:B. carteri
797:(synonyms
674:B. serrata
630:B. globosa
607:B. carteri
603:B. bullata
228:Sapindales
120:Sapindales
1413:Boswellia
1171:Boswellia
1141:Boswellia
995:Ambilobea
909:Boswellia
853:Boswellia
838:Boswellia
791:Boswellia
769:Boswellia
757:Boswellia
747:trees in
737:Boswellia
599:B. ameero
307:gynoecium
291:filaments
279:dioecious
275:Boswellia
252:Boswellia
212:Boswellia
198:Ploesslia
182:Libanotus
164:see Text
141:Boswellia
54:Kingdom:
25:Boswellia
1377:40029741
1372:Tropicos
1150:Wikidata
999:Aucoumea
859:Tropicos
851:"Name -
795:B. sacra
670:B. sacra
666:B. rivae
492:Vollesen
333:Taxonomy
171:Synonyms
158:Species
126:Family:
97:Eudicots
1299:1307840
1247:3190439
787:species
767:. Most
749:Eritrea
713:Socotra
638:B. nana
588:Balf.f.
563:Flueck.
471:S.Moore
421:Balf.f.
371:Balf.f.
352:Species
311:carpels
303:anthers
301:of the
299:locules
223:in the
190:Libanus
151:Colebr.
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1346:PLANTS
1338:733734
1312:500748
1286:5117-1
1273:184575
1195:419361
1182:188755
1179:APDB:
1156:Q46006
1042:
813:, and
709:native
701:Africa
610:Birdw.
533:Hepper
523:Chiov.
461:Hepper
451:Chiov.
441:Thulin
431:Birdw.
411:Thulin
401:Hutch.
391:Thulin
319:ovules
313:, one
295:pollen
287:petals
283:sepals
264:shrubs
110:Rosids
1351:BOSWE
1325:80276
1294:IRMNG
1234:1BSWG
1221:61103
553:Engl.
543:Engl.
327:drupe
325:is a
323:fruit
315:style
260:trees
232:resin
225:order
221:trees
217:genus
215:is a
147:Roxb.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1359:POWO
1320:NCBI
1307:ITIS
1281:IPNI
1260:1604
1255:GRIN
1242:GBIF
1229:EPPO
1208:3BSX
1190:BOLD
1118:2019
1071:2023
1040:ISBN
922:2023
879:2012
801:and
763:and
705:Asia
703:and
690:bark
676:and
577:type
262:and
1385:WFO
1216:EoL
1203:CoL
1013:doi
948:doi
805:),
789:of
656:,
345:).
219:of
149:ex
1409::
1387::
1374::
1361::
1348::
1335::
1322::
1309::
1296::
1283::
1270::
1257::
1244::
1231::
1218::
1205::
1192::
1167::
1152::
1104:.
1079:^
1062:.
1009:26
1007:.
1003:.
960:^
944:40
942:.
930:^
913:.
894:^
881:.
865::
861:.
857:.
809:,
793:,
680:.
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
605:,
601:,
360:;
266:.
250:.
106::
93::
80::
67::
1120:.
1073:.
1048:.
1021:.
1015::
993:"
954:.
950::
924:.
907:"
579:)
575:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
