Mammoth steppe - Knowledge

901: 856: 541: 330: 603: 511: 458: 253: 492: 778:, up until 3750 BC, and the small mammoths of Wrangel Island survived until 1650 BC. Bison in Alaska and the Yukon, and horses and muskox in northern Siberia, have survived the loss of the mammoth steppe. One study has proposed that a change of suitable climate caused a significant drop in the mammoth population size, which made them vulnerable to hunting from expanding human populations. The coincidence of both of these impacts in the Holocene most likely set the place and time for the extinction of the woolly mammoth. 473: 916:

environment. The environment of this region is thought to have been stable for the past 40,000 years. The Eastern part of the Altai-Sayan region forms a Last Glacial refugium. In both the Last Glacial and modern times, the eastern Altai-Sayan region has supported large herbivore and predator species adapted to the steppe, desert and alpine biomes where these biomes have not been separated by forest belts. None of the surviving Pleistocene mammals live in temperate forest, taiga, or tundra biomes. The areas of

571: 556: 526: 27: 89:, naturally created gorges, gulleys, or small glens. The continual glacial recession and advancement over millennia contributed more to the formation of larger valleys and different geographical features. Overall, however, the steppe is known to be flat and expansive grassland. The vegetation was dominated by palatable, high-productivity grasses, herbs and willow shrubs. 287:

mountains, and frozen seas. These kept rainfall low and created more days with clear skies than are seen today, which increased evaporation in the summer leading to aridity, and radiation of warmth from the ground into the night sky in winter leading to cold. This is thought to have been caused by seven factors:

794:) would have formed a mammoth steppe refugium. When the planet grew colder again, the mammoth steppe expanded. This ecosystem covered wide areas of the northern part of the globe, thrived for approximately 100,000 years without major changes, but then diminished to small regions around 12,000 years ago. 846:

into widespread wetlands that supported herbivore-resistant plants. The study proposes that moisture-driven environmental change led to the megafaunal extinctions, and that Africa's trans-equatorial position allowed rangeland to continue to exist between the deserts and the central forests; therefore

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Van Geel, Bas; Aptroot, André; Baittinger, Claudia; Birks, Hilary H.; Bull, Ian D.; Cross, Hugh B.; Evershed, Richard P.; Gravendeel, Barbara; Kompanje, Erwin J.O.; Kuperus, Peter; Mol, Dick; Nierop, Klaas G.J.; Pals, Jan Peter; Tikhonov, Alexei N.; Van Reenen, Guido; Van Tienderen, Peter H. (2008).

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Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Potapova, Olga R.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Plotnikov, Valery V.; Agenbroad, Larry D.; Kirikov, Konstantin S.; Pavlov, Innokenty S.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Belolyubskii, Innocenty N.; Tomshin, Mikhail D.; Kowalczyk, Rafal; Davydov, Sergey P.; Kolesov, Stanislav D.; Tikhonov,

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in the central Siberian Arctic. Two other sites in the Maksunuokha River valley to the south of the Shirokostan Peninsula, northeast Siberia, dated between 14,900 and 13,600 years ago showed the remains of mammoth hunting and the production of micro-blades similar to those found in northwest North

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The mammoth steppe was covered all winter with snow, which reflected sunlight into space and thus delayed the spring warming. With no more mammoths left to push trees down to get at their leaves to eat, the area became covered in tall forest sticking up above the snow all winter and catching the

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Climatic suitability for the woolly mammoths in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Increasing intensities of red represent increasing suitability of the climate and increasing intensities of green represent decreasing suitability. Black points are the records of mammoth presence for each of the

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commenced advancing from 33,000 years BP and reached their maximum positions 26,500 years BP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000 years BP, and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 years BP, which is consistent with evidence that it was the primary source for an

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The Ecosystem Hypothesis assumes that the vast mammoth ecosystem extended over a range of many regional climates and was not affected by climate fluctuations. Its highly productive grasslands were maintained by animals trampling any mosses and shrubs, and actively transpiring grasses and herbs

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mountains of Central Eurasia, with no significant changes occurring between the cold phase of the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Recent paleo-biome reconstruction and pollen analysis suggest that some present-day Altai-Sayan areas could be considered the closest analogue to the mammoth steppe

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During glacial periods, there is clear evidence for intense aridity due to water being held in glaciers and their associated effects on climate. The mammoth steppe was like a huge 'inner court' that was surrounded on all sides by moisture-blocking features: massive continental glaciers, high

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Rabanus-Wallace, M. Timothy; Wooller, Matthew J.; Zazula, Grant D.; Shute, Elen; Jahren, A. Hope; Kosintsev, Pavel; Burns, James A.; Breen, James; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan (2017). "Megafaunal isotopes reveal role of increased moisture on rangeland during late Pleistocene extinctions".

767:), woolly rhinoceroses were common, while woolly mammoths were rare. Reindeer still live in the far north of Mongolia today and, historically, their southern boundary passed through Germany and along the steppes of eastern Europe, indicating they once covered much of the mammoth steppe. 841:

In 2017 a study looked at the environmental conditions across Europe, Siberia and the Americas from 25,000 to 10,000 YBP. The study found that prolonged warming events leading to deglaciation and maximum rainfall occurred just before the transformation of the rangelands that supported

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Chytrý, Milan; Horsák, Michal; Danihelka, Jiří; Ermakov, Nikolai; German, Dmitry A.; Hájek, Michal; Hájková, Petra; Kočí, Martin; Kubešová, Svatava; Lustyk, Pavel; Nekola, Jeffrey C.; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra; Preislerová, Zdenka; Resl, Philipp; Valachovič, Milan (31 July 2018).

751:, the remains of woolly mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, horse, bison and musk ox have been found. Reindeer (caribou) and smaller animal remains do not preserve well, but reindeer excrement has been found in sediment. However, small animals on the mammoth steppe included, for example, 833:

indicated that it was a pasture grazer in a habitat that was becoming dominated by shrub and tundra vegetation. Higher temperature and rainfall led to a decrease in its previous habitat during the early Holocene, and this led to population fragmentation followed by extinction.

85:. The mammoth steppe was cold and dry, and relatively featureless, though climate, topography, and geography varied considerably throughout. Certain areas of the biome—such as coastal areas—had wetter and milder climates than others. Some areas featured rivers which, through 876:, the decreasing density of the mammoth ecosystem animals was not enough to stop forest from spreading over the grasslands, leading to an increase in forests, shrubs and mosses with further animal reduction due to loss of feed. The mammoth continued to exist on isolated 165:

Although it was primarily a Eurasian and Beringian biome, an analog of the mammoth steppe existed on the southern edge of the Laurentide sheet in North America as well, and contained many of the same animals such as woolly mammoths, muskoxen, scimitar cats, and caribou.

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10,000 years ago, mossy forests, tundra, lakes and wetlands displaced mammoth steppe. It has been assumed that in contrast to other previous interglacials the cold dry climate switched to a warmer wetter climate that, in turn, caused the disappearance of the

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only a treeless steppe vegetation existed. At the onset of the Late Glacial Interstadial (15,000–11,000 BP), global warming resulted in shrub and dwarf birch in northeastern Siberia, which was then colonized by open woodland with birch and

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Frenzel B, Pécsi M, Velichko AA (1992) Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of the Northern Hemisphere. JenaNew York: Geographical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest and Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart. 153

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was a part of the mammoth steppe fauna in Europe, it did not range into the core high-latitude, northern Eurasian-Siberian reaches of the biome. Bird remains are rare because of their fragile structure, but there is some evidence for the

213:, uniting animals that previously inhabited the previously disparate northern tundra and Central Asian steppe biomes. The size of the steppe-tundra biome would repeatedly expand and contract as a result of subsequent glacial cycles. 2198:

Veltre, D. W.; Yesner, D. R.; Crossen, K. J.; Graham, R. W.; Coltrain, J. B. (2008). "Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska".

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and pine forests developed. Researchers had previously concluded that the mammoth steppe must have been very unproductive because they assumed that its soils had a very low carbon content; however, these soils

283:. This land bridge existed because more of the planet's water was locked up in ice than now, hence sea levels were lower. When the sea levels began to rise this bridge was inundated around 11,000 years BP. 2583:

Pitulko, V.V.; Pavlova, E.Y.; Basilyan, A.E. (2016). "Mass accumulations of mammoth (mammoth 'graveyards') with indications of past human activity in the northern Yana-Indighirka lowland, Arctic Siberia".

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Kuneš, P; Pelánková, B; Chytrý, M; Jankovská, V; Pokorný, P; et al. (2008). "Interpretation of the last-glacial vegetation of eastern-central Europe using modern analogues from southern Siberia".

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of Siberia and Alaska and are the largest reservoir of organic carbon known. It was a highly productive environment. The vegetation was dominated by palatable high-productivity grasses, herbs and

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Pitulko, V. V.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Nikolskiy, P. A.; Kuper, K. E.; Polozov, R. N. (2016). "Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains".

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During the Holocene, the arid-adapted species became extinct or were reduced to minor habitats. Cold and dry conditions similar to the last glacial period are found today in the eastern

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dominated. At the beginning of the Holocene the rise in precipitation was accompanied by increased temperature, and so its climatic aridity did not change substantially. As a result of

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Guthrie, R.D., Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia, Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 549-574

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periods. Black lines represent the northern limit of contemporary humans and black dotted lines indicate uncertainty in the limit of contemporary humans (D. Nogués-Bravo et al. 2008).

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covered wide areas of the northern part of the globe, and thrived for approximately 100,000 years without major changes, but then diminished to small regions around 12,000 years ago.

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Kuzmin, Y.A., Orlova, L.A., Zolnikov, I.D., Igolnikov, A.E., 2001. In: Rozanov, A.Yu. (Ed.), Mammoth and Its Environment: 200 Years of Investigations. GEOS, Moscow, pp. 124e138.

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until a few thousand years ago, and some of the other megafauna from that time still exist today, which indicates that something other than climate change was responsible for

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Sher, A.V., 1997. Nature restructuring in the East-Siberian Arctic at the Pleistocene Holocene boundary and its role in mammal extinction and emerging of modern ecosystems.

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Zazula, Grant D.; Froese, Duane G.; Schweger, Charles E.; Mathewes, Rolf W.; Beaudoin, Alwynne B.; Telka, Alice M.; Harington, C. Richard; Westgate, John A. (5 June 2003).

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Deflection of the larger portion of the Gulf Stream southward, past southern Spain onto the coast of Africa, reduced temperatures (hence moisture and cloud cover) that the

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Adams, J. M.; Faure, H.; Faure-Denard, L.; McGlade, J. M.; Woodward, F. I. (1990). "Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Present".

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Agadjanian AK, Serdyuk NV (2005) The history of mammalian communities and paleogeography of the Altai Mountains in the Paleolithic. Paleontological Journal 39: 645–821.

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Blinnikov, Mikhail S.; Gaglioti, Benjamin; Walker, Donald A.; Wooller, Matthew J.; Zazula, Grant D. (2011). "Pleistocene graminoid-dominated ecosystems in the Arctic".

2422:"The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia" 540: 472: 1764:

Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Buckle, L.H. (Eds.), 1995. Paleoclimate and Evolution With Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven.

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Lowered sea levels exposed a large continental shelf to the north and east producing a vast northern plain which increased the size of the continent to the north.

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Tarasov, PE; Guiot, J; Cheddadi, R; Andreev, AA; Bezusko, LG; et al. (1999). "Climate in northern Eurasia 6000 years ago reconstructed from pollen data".

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The Climatic Hypothesis assumes that the vast mammoth ecosystem could have only existed within a certain range of climatic parameters. At the beginning of the

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Pelánková, B; Chytrý, M (2009). "Surface pollen-vegetation relationships in the forest-steppe, taiga and tundra landscapes of the Russian Altai Mountains".

747:, are not known but they were likely common scavengers on the mammoth steppe, following the large herds and scavenging on predated or deceased animals. On 2318: 829:) survived across the northern region of central eastern Siberia until 8000 years ago. A study of the frozen mummy of a steppe bison found in northern 555: 2358: 2285: 1137:Álvarez-Lao, Diego J.; García, Nuria (2011). "Geographical distribution of Pleistocene cold-adapted large mammal faunas in the Iberian Peninsula". 2768:

Jankovská, V; Pokorný, P (2008). "Forest vegetation of the last full-glacial period in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia and Czech Republic)".

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Modern humans began to inhabit the biome following their expansion out of Africa, reaching the Siberian Arctic by around 45,000 years ago.

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Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Tikhonov, Alexei N.; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Kuper, Konstantin E.; Polozov, Roman N. (2016-01-15).

1293:"New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals" 2867: 2170:

Garrut, N.V., Boeskorov, G.G., 2001. In: Rozanov, Yu.A. (Ed.), Mammoth and Its Environment: 200 Years of Investigations. GEOS, Moscow.

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Andreev, Andrei A.; Siegert, Christine; Klimanov, Vladimir A.; Derevyagin, Aleksandr Yu.; Shilova, Galina N.; Melles, Martin (2002).

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Arslanov, K., Cook, G.T. , Gulliksen, S., Harkness, D.D., Kankainen, T., Scott, E.M., Vartanyan, S., and Zaitseva, G.I. (1998).

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Hopkins, D.M., Matthews, J.V., Schweger, C.E., Young, S.B., (Eds.), 1982. Paleoecology of Beringia. Academic Press, New York.

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climate had prevailed there. In 1982, the scientist R. Dale Guthrie coined the term "mammoth steppe" for this paleoregion.

525: 1713:

Elias, Scott A.; Short, Susan K.; Nelson, C. Hans; Birks, Hilary H. (1996). "Life and times of the Bering land bridge".

992:"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium" 790:, forests of trees and shrubs expanded northward into the mammoth steppe, when northern Siberia, Alaska and the Yukon ( 448:. Herbs were far more widespread than they are today, and were the main food source of the large plant eating mammals. 1837:

Dale Guthrie, R. (2006). "New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions".

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Chersky, I.D. (1891). "Description of the post-Tertiary mammal collection found byNew Siberian expedition 1885–1886".

686:) also lived in Europe. Notable carnivores found across the whole range of the mammoth steppe included the cave lion ( 666:

also lived in different regions of the steppe. In what-is-today Siberia were the relatives of extant animals like the

519:(willow), Taymyr lowlands 24,000–10,300 YBP, Yakutia 22,500 YBP, Alaska and the Yukon 15,000-11,500 YBP 2112: 1963: 1623: 1108: 2102: 350:

The paleo-environment changed across time, a proposal that is supported from mammoth dung samples found in northern

904: 81:; from north-to-south, the steppe reached from the Arctic southward to southern Europe, Central Asia and northern 2373: 1213:

Zimov, S.A.; Zimov, N.S.; Tikhonov, A.N.; Chapin, F.S. (2012). "Mammoth steppe: A high-productivity phenomenon".

504:), Taymyr lowlands 24,000–10,300 YBP, Yakutia 22,500 YBP, Alaska and the Yukon 15,000-11,500 YBP 329: 2728:(2000) Last glacial maximum biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from northern Eurasia" 236:

epoch. This arctic environment was very cold and dry and probably dusty, resembling mountaintop environments (

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located on the border of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva is one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppe

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Bocherens, Hervé (June 2015). "Isotopic tracking of large carnivore palaeoecology in the mammoth steppe".

682:. Not long before the last glacial maximum (roughly 40,000 years ago), an extinct paleospecies of argali ( 881: 466:, Taymyr lowlands 24,000–10,300 YBP, Yakutia 22,500 YBP, Alaska and the Yukon 15,000-11,500 YBP 291:

The driving force for the core Asian steppe was an enormous and stable high-pressure system north of the

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Nogués-Bravo, David; Rodríguez, Jesús; Hortal, Joaquín; Batra, Persaram; Araújo, Miguel B (2008).

1377:"The impact of climate change on the structure of Pleistocene food webs across the mammoth steppe" 1292: 2244:"Phylogeographic analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnaxˆ Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska" 1337: 775: 763:. In the most arid regions of the mammoth steppe (that were to the south of Central Siberia and 864: 650:, among other mammals, and was the center for the evolution of the Pleistocene “woolly” fauna. 299: 2421: 2053:"Late Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation and Climate on the Taymyr Lowland, Northern Siberia" 321:

These physical barriers to moisture flow created a vast arid basin spanning three continents.

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lived in extreme conditions and survived by hunting mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceroses.

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Animal biomass and plant productivity of the mammoth steppe were similar to today's African

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North American glaciers shielded interior Alaska and the Yukon Territory from moisture flow.

2831: 2696: 2593: 2541: 2436: 2385: 2286:"Comparative analysis of the mammoth populations on Wrangel Island and the Channel Islands" 2258: 2208: 2137: 2067: 1920: 1846: 1722: 1671: 1549: 1349: 1307: 1222: 1146: 1058: 1003: 371: 280: 257: 241: 206: 1432: 8: 2872: 2374:"Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Mammoths on Wrangel Island, Arctic Ocean, until 2000 BC" 308:

Icing over of the North Atlantic sea surface with reduced flow of moisture from the east.

217: 186: 2835: 2640: 2597: 2545: 2440: 2389: 2262: 2212: 2141: 2071: 1924: 1850: 1726: 1675: 1662:; Mitrovica, J. X.; Hostetler, S. W.; McCabe, A. M. (2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum". 1553: 1353: 1311: 1226: 1150: 1062: 1007: 2804: 2750: 2565: 2496: 2452: 2243: 2224: 2083: 1936: 1870: 1805: 1778: 1738: 1695: 1409: 1376: 1238: 1074: 1026: 991: 912: 732: 272: 210: 2708: 1459: 1375:

Yeakel, Justin D.; Guimarães, Paulo R.; Bocherens, Hervé; Koch, Paul L. (2013-07-07).

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During the peak of the last glacial maximum, a vast mammoth steppe stretched from the

252: 2877: 2800: 2746: 2662: 2569: 2557: 2488: 2456: 2297: 2228: 2153: 2108: 2010: 2002: 1959: 1862: 1810: 1687: 1659: 1592: 1479: 1414: 1396: 1104: 1031: 744: 679: 675: 651: 631: 611: 597: 531: 463: 421: 264: 240:), and was very different from today's swampy tundra. It reached its peak during the 117: 58: 2808: 2754: 2723: 2149: 2087: 1940: 1561: 1361: 1319: 1242: 1234: 2843: 2839: 2796: 2742: 2704: 2654: 2645: 2601: 2549: 2500: 2480: 2444: 2393: 2332: 2266: 2216: 2145: 2075: 1992: 1928: 1874: 1854: 1800: 1790: 1742: 1730: 1699: 1679: 1557: 1471: 1460:"Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains" 1404: 1388: 1357: 1315: 1230: 1154: 1078: 1066: 1021: 1011: 954: 771: 716: 688: 615: 142: 2641:"A modern analogue of the Pleistocene steppe‐tundra ecosystem in southern Siberia" 2242:

Enk, J. M.; Yesner, D. R.; Crossen, K. J.; Veltre, D. W.; O'Rourke, D. H. (2009).

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Growth of the Scandinavian ice sheet created a barrier to North Atlantic moisture.

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The winter (January) storm track seems to have swept across Eurasia on this axis.

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Remains of mammoth that had been hunted by humans 45,000 YBP have been found at

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Varying slightly by geographical location, the mammoth steppe was dominated (in

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Vartanyan, S. L.; Arslanov, Kh. A.; Tertychnaya, T. V.; Chernov, S. B. (1995).

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Syroechkovskii, V.E., 1986. Severnii Olen’ Agropromizdat. Moscow (in Russian).

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Engraving of a mammoth on a slab of mammoth ivory, from the Upper Paleolithic

2856: 2666: 2301: 2157: 2006: 1483: 1400: 1338:"The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta Faunal Complex)" 888: 843: 760: 728: 671: 380: 237: 66: 2553: 2484: 1954:

Keith Kirby; Charles Watkins (2015). "The Forest Landscape before Farming".

1683: 1475: 2561: 2492: 2079: 2014: 1866: 1814: 1691: 1418: 1392: 1035: 925: 917: 822: 787: 736: 724: 635: 355: 109: 30: 1617: 2052: 752: 655: 627: 576: 437: 233: 182: 147: 137: 54: 2515:"Genetic Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Group of Ancient Siberians" 1956:

Europe's Changing Woods and Forests: From Wildwood to Managed Landscapes

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Sher, A.V.; Kuzmina, S.A.; Kuznetsova, T.V.; Sulerzhitsky, L.D. (2005).

957:– a project to restore a small part of what once was the mammoth steppe. 2283: 707: 639: 564:

Taymyr lowlands 48,000–25,000 YBP, then later 9,400-2,900 YBP

546: 485:), Yakutia 22,500 YBP, Alaska and the Yukon 15,000-11,500 YBP 478: 441: 433: 417: 393: 129: 125: 113: 2658: 1734: 1658:

Clark, P. U.; Dyke, A. S.; Shakun, J. D.; Carlson, A. E.; Clark, J.;

1070: 860: 815: 811: 720: 712: 694: 497: 383:(12,900–11,700 YBP). By the Holocene (10,000 YBP), patches of closed 245: 190: 159: 155: 2418: 1997: 1980: 2371: 933: 806: 791: 764: 647: 445: 409: 205:

The steppe-tundra biome first emerged during the glacial period of

151: 97: 70: 1779:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 989: 2469: 1290: 663: 623: 501: 413: 339: 268: 93: 86: 62: 2050: 1776: 797:

There are two theories about the decline of the mammoth steppe.

2531: 1906:"The ecological implications of a Yakutian mammoth's last meal" 1576:

Mammals of the mammoth steppe as paleoenvironmental indicators.

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Pavelková Řičánková, Věra; Robovský, Jan; Riegert, Jan (2014).

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until the Holocene. A small population of mammoths survived on

667: 482: 425: 397: 389: 376: 194: 101: 78: 74: 26: 1902: 1539: 220:, commonly referred to as the 'Ice Age', spanned from 126,000 2786: 1048: 561: 516: 384: 363: 359: 276: 185:(Iwan Dementjewitsch Chersky, 1891) proposed that during the 82: 46: 2637: 2284:

Tikhonov, Alexei; Larry Agenbroad; Sergey Vartanyan (2003).

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The mammoth steppe had a cold, dry climate. During the past

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a major part of northern Europe had been populated by large

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early sunlight and thus causing an early spring warming.

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shrubs. The herbaceous flora included graminoids such as

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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trees survived in northern Siberia, however during the

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and the now submerged land between them) and northwest

73:(the region including the far northwest of Siberia and 2582: 2241: 1657: 1578:

In: Hopkins, D.M., Schweger, C.E., Young, S.B. (ed.):

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inhabited the mammoth steppe during the Pleistocene.

579:(dwarf birch) Taymyr lowlands 48,000–25,000 YBP 128:, in turn, were followed and preyed upon by various 2721: 2182: 2321:"Consensus Dating of Remains from Wrangel Island" 2251:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1433:"Pleistocene Biomes in the Midwest-Steppe Tundra" 1136: 2854: 2767: 1618:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UN). 1535: 1533: 1531: 781: 33:, one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppe 2821: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 2622: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2029:"Woolly mammoths died for want of a few herbs" 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1272: 847:fewer megafauna species became extinct there. 2815: 2761: 2365: 1772: 1770: 1582:. Academic Press, New York 1982, pp. 307–329. 1528: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 2722:Tarasov, PE; Volkova, VS; Webb, III (2000). 2420:Alexey N.; Van Der Plicht, Johannes (2016). 2357:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2312: 2277: 1981:"Ice-age steppe vegetation in east Beringia" 1836: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1103:. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 972: 232:which occurred during the last years of the 2715: 2680: 2612: 2463: 2035: 1881: 1821: 1749: 1568: 1509: 1490: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 892:America, suggesting a cultural connection. 249:abrupt rise in the sea level at that time. 2191: 2173: 2164: 1767: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1249: 1130: 1085: 2780: 2397: 2336: 2127: 1996: 1947: 1804: 1794: 1706: 1651: 1408: 1025: 1015: 324: 209:12, around 460,000 years ago, during the 1758: 1611: 1597:Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy 1165: 1042: 899: 854: 601: 328: 251: 25: 2235: 2101:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (23 May 2018). 1585: 1515: 1279: 1117: 2855: 2100: 1622:. The Nobel Foundation. Archived from 1335: 342:. There is no comparison to it today. 45:, was once the Earth's most extensive 932:) in western Mongolia have supported 1331: 1329: 549:(cinquefoil) Yakutia 22,500 YBP 534:(cloudberry) Yakutia 22,500 YBP 224:–11,700 YBP and was the most recent 57:it stretched east-to-west, from the 1518:Notes of Russian Academy of Science 1336:Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich (July 2014). 13: 1101:Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe 863:deposits at Lake Baikal, Siberia. 850: 731:. Other bird species included the 14: 2899: 2868:Montane grasslands and shrublands 2676:– via Wiley Online Library. 1958:. CAB International. p. 34. 1326: 800: 420:, and also diverse forbs such as 96:was dominated by species such as 2801:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01974.x 2747:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00429.x 905:Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve 895: 569: 554: 539: 524: 509: 490: 471: 456: 256:Vegetation types at the time of 177:At the end of the 19th century, 2631: 2576: 2525: 2507: 2412: 2150:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.018 2121: 2094: 2021: 1972: 1637: 1562:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.002 1451: 1425: 1368: 1362:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.012 1320:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.007 1235:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.005 2844:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.05.005 2473:Nature Ecology & Evolution 61:in the west of Europe, across 1: 2709:10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00171-5 966: 782:Decline of the mammoth steppe 2606:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.039 2449:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.084 2271:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.019 1796:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 1503:In: F. Dümmler, Berlin 1890 1159:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.017 1017:10.1371/journal.pone.0085056 279:where it was stopped by the 7: 2221:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.006 1933:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.004 1437:Explore the Ice Age Midwest 961:Quaternary extinction event 943: 606:Many giant mammals such as 146:(the cave or steppe-lion), 10: 2904: 2130:Quaternary Science Reviews 1542:Quaternary Science Reviews 1342:Quaternary Science Reviews 1300:Quaternary Science Reviews 1215:Quaternary Science Reviews 940:since the glacial period. 591: 587: 18: 2724:"T, Guiot J, Andreev AA, 2399:10.1017/S0033822200014703 2338:10.1017/S0033822200018166 2107:. BoD – Books on Demand. 770:Mammoths survived on the 345: 302:brings to Western Europe. 200: 172: 2586:Quaternary International 2429:Quaternary International 2104:Men of the Old Stone Age 1580:Paleoecology of Beringia 1139:Quaternary International 392:) were preserved in the 19:Not to be confused with 2701:1999E&PSL.171..635T 2554:10.1126/science.aad0554 2485:10.1038/s41559-017-0125 1684:10.1126/science.1172873 1476:10.1126/science.aad0554 1439:. Illinois State Museum 865:Ancient North Eurasians 776:St. Paul Island, Alaska 152:giant short-faced bears 2080:10.1006/qres.2001.2302 1393:10.1098/rspb.2013.0239 1099:Guthrie, R.D. (1990). 908: 882:megafaunal extinctions 868: 702:) and the brown bear ( 619: 354:. During Pleniglacial 335: 325:Environment (or biota) 300:North Atlantic Current 260: 34: 2824:Rev Palaeobot Palynol 2689:Earth Planet Sci Lett 950:Pleistocene megafauna 903: 858: 788:interglacial warmings 739:. Vultures, like the 605: 592:Further information: 332: 255: 158:, among others. This 29: 2883:Last Glacial Maximum 1548:(21–22): 2906–2929. 814:and their dependent 372:Last Glacial Maximum 281:Wisconsin glaciation 275:into Alaska and the 258:Last Glacial Maximum 242:last glacial maximum 207:Marine Isotope Stage 154:(in east Beringia), 2836:2009RPaPa.157..253P 2598:2016QuInt.406..202P 2546:2016Sci...351..260P 2441:2016QuInt.406...94B 2390:1995Radcb..37....1V 2263:2009PPP...273D...5. 2213:2008QuRes..70...40V 2201:Quaternary Research 2142:2015QSRv..117...42B 2072:2002QuRes..57..138A 2060:Quaternary Research 1925:2008QuRes..69..361V 1913:Quaternary Research 1859:10.1038/nature04604 1851:2006Natur.441..207D 1727:1996Natur.382...60E 1676:2009Sci...325..710C 1554:2011QSRv...30.2906B 1354:2014QSRv...96...32K 1312:2005QSRv...24..533S 1227:2012QSRv...57...26Z 1151:2011QuInt.233..159A 1063:1990Natur.348..711A 1008:2014PLoSO...985056P 612:woolly rhinoceroses 218:last glacial period 187:last glacial period 1574:Guthrie, R. Dale: 1387:(1762): 20130239. 909: 869: 692:), the wolverine ( 620: 336: 273:Bering land bridge 261: 211:Middle Pleistocene 35: 2795:(12): 2223–2236. 2659:10.1111/bor.12338 1593:"Major Divisions" 1470:(6270): 260–263. 1057:(6303): 711–714. 745:cinereous vulture 680:Mongolian gazelle 676:Siberian roe deer 652:Woolly rhinoceros 598:Woolly rhinoceros 532:Rubus chamaemorus 422:fringed sagebrush 265:Iberian Peninsula 118:woolly rhinoceros 59:Iberian Peninsula 16:Prehistoric biome 2895: 2848: 2847: 2830:(3–4): 253–265. 2819: 2813: 2812: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2732: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2426: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2304:. Archived from 2281: 2275: 2274: 2257:(1–2): 184–190. 2248: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2057: 2048: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2000: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1910: 1900: 1879: 1878: 1834: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1798: 1774: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1735:10.1038/382060a0 1710: 1704: 1703: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1589: 1583: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1537: 1526: 1525: 1513: 1507: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1412: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1333: 1324: 1323: 1306:(5–6): 533–569. 1297: 1288: 1277: 1274: 1247: 1246: 1210: 1163: 1162: 1134: 1128: 1127:1 (3e11), 21e29. 1125:Earth Cryosphere 1121: 1115: 1114: 1096: 1083: 1082: 1071:10.1038/348711a0 1046: 1040: 1039: 1029: 1019: 987: 955:Pleistocene Park 920:in the southern 772:Taimyr Peninsula 757:ground squirrels 717:willow ptarmigan 689:Panthera spelaea 573: 558: 543: 528: 513: 494: 475: 460: 143:Panthera spelaea 41:, also known as 2903: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2820: 2816: 2785: 2781: 2766: 2762: 2730: 2720: 2716: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2581: 2577: 2540:(6270): 260–3. 2530: 2526: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2468: 2464: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2370: 2366: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2317: 2313: 2282: 2278: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2055: 2049: 2036: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1998:10.1038/423603a 1977: 1973: 1966: 1952: 1948: 1908: 1901: 1882: 1845:(7090): 207–9. 1835: 1822: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1721:(6586): 60–63. 1711: 1707: 1670:(5941): 710–4. 1656: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1573: 1569: 1538: 1529: 1514: 1510: 1495: 1491: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1373: 1369: 1334: 1327: 1295: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1250: 1211: 1166: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1097: 1086: 1047: 1043: 988: 973: 969: 946: 898: 853: 851:Human predation 803: 784: 684:Ovis argaloides 626:) primarily by 608:woolly mammoths 600: 590: 585: 584: 583: 580: 574: 565: 559: 550: 544: 535: 529: 520: 514: 505: 495: 486: 476: 467: 461: 348: 327: 293:Tibetan Plateau 230:current ice age 203: 175: 51:glacial periods 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2901: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2850: 2849: 2814: 2779: 2760: 2714: 2695:(4): 635–645. 2679: 2630: 2621: 2611: 2575: 2524: 2521:. 7 June 2019. 2506: 2462: 2411: 2364: 2331:(1): 289–294. 2311: 2308:on 2012-06-11. 2276: 2234: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2163: 2120: 2113: 2093: 2066:(1): 138–150. 2034: 2020: 1971: 1964: 1946: 1919:(3): 361–376. 1880: 1820: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1705: 1650: 1636: 1610: 1584: 1567: 1527: 1508: 1489: 1450: 1424: 1367: 1325: 1278: 1248: 1164: 1145:(2): 159–170. 1129: 1116: 1109: 1084: 1041: 970: 968: 965: 964: 963: 958: 952: 945: 942: 938:saiga antelope 930:Ubsunur Hollow 928:and Uvs Nuur ( 922:Altai Republic 918:Ukok-Sailiugem 897: 894: 878:Wrangel Island 852: 849: 844:megaherbivores 802: 801:Climate change 799: 783: 780: 749:Wrangel Island 660:saiga antelope 644:woolly mammoth 594:Woolly mammoth 589: 586: 582: 581: 575: 568: 566: 560: 553: 551: 545: 538: 536: 530: 523: 521: 515: 508: 506: 496: 489: 487: 477: 470: 468: 462: 455: 452: 451: 450: 347: 344: 326: 323: 319: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 296: 226:glacial period 202: 199: 179:Alfred Nehring 174: 171: 122:woolly mammoth 106:saiga antelope 39:mammoth steppe 21:Steppe mammoth 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2900: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2634: 2625: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2354: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2114:9783732687862 2110: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1991:(6940): 603. 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1967: 1965:9781780643373 1961: 1957: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Wohlfarth, B. 1654: 1646: 1640: 1626:on 2015-10-30 1625: 1621: 1614: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1120: 1112: 1110:9780226159713 1106: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002:(1): e85056. 1001: 997: 993: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 971: 962: 959: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 906: 902: 896:Last remnants 893: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:human hunting 866: 862: 857: 848: 845: 839: 835: 832: 828: 827:Bison priscus 824: 819: 817: 813: 808: 798: 795: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 761:alpine marmot 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:golden eagles 734: 730: 729:great bustard 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 706:). While the 705: 701: 697: 696: 691: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 617: 613: 609: 604: 599: 595: 578: 572: 567: 563: 557: 552: 548: 542: 537: 533: 527: 522: 518: 512: 507: 503: 499: 493: 488: 484: 480: 474: 469: 465: 459: 454: 453: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 382: 381:Younger Dryas 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:interstadials 353: 343: 341: 331: 322: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 297: 294: 290: 289: 288: 284: 282: 278: 274: 271:and over the 270: 266: 259: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 238:alpine tundra 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 170: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148:scimitar cats 145: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67:North America 64: 60: 56: 53:in the later 52: 48: 44: 43:steppe-tundra 40: 32: 28: 22: 2888:Paleoecology 2827: 2823: 2817: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2717: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2670:. Retrieved 2653:(1): 36–56. 2650: 2644: 2633: 2624: 2614: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2432: 2428: 2414: 2403:. Retrieved 2381: 2377: 2367: 2353:cite journal 2342:. Retrieved 2328: 2324: 2314: 2306:the original 2293: 2289: 2279: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2207:(1): 40–50. 2204: 2200: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2103: 2096: 2063: 2059: 2023: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1955: 1949: 1916: 1912: 1842: 1838: 1786: 1783:PLOS Biology 1782: 1760: 1751: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1639: 1628:. Retrieved 1624:the original 1613: 1601:. Retrieved 1596: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1545: 1541: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1500: 1492: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1441:. 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