Woolly mammoth - Knowledge

2946: 2449:. The bases of the huts were circular, and ranged from 8 to 24 m (86 to 258 sq ft). The arrangement of dwellings varied, and ranged from 1 to 20 m (3.3 to 65.6 ft) apart, depending on location. Large bones were used as foundations for the huts, tusks for the entrances, and the roofs were probably skins held in place by bones or tusks. Some huts had floors that extended 40 cm (16 in) below ground. Some of the bones used for materials may have come from mammoths killed by humans, but the state of the bones, and the fact that bones used to build a single dwelling varied by several thousands of years in age, suggests that they were collected remains of long-dead animals. Woolly mammoth bones were made into various tools, furniture, and musical instruments. Large bones, such as shoulder blades, were used to cover dead human bodies during burial. 1898:

that would be relevant to Arctic survival, including development of skin and hair, storage and metabolism of adipose tissue, and perceiving temperature. Genes related to both sensing temperature and transmitting that sensation to the brain were altered. One of the heat-sensing genes encodes a protein, TRPV3, found in skin, which affects hair growth. When inserted into human cells, the mammoth's version of the protein was found to be less sensitive to heat than the elephant's. This is consistent with a previous observation that mice lacking active TRPV3 are likely to spend more time in cooler cage locations than wild-type mice, and have wavier hair. Several alterations in circadian clock genes were found, perhaps needed to cope with the extreme polar variation in length of daylight. Similar mutations are known in other Arctic mammals, such as reindeer.

3167: 3011: 1805:(female-led) family groups. This is supported by fossil assemblages and cave paintings showing groups, implying that most of their other social behaviours were likely similar to those of modern elephants. How many mammoths lived at one location at a time is unknown, as fossil deposits are often accumulations of individuals that died over long periods of time. The numbers likely varied by season and lifecycle events. Modern elephants can form large herds, sometimes consisting of multiple family groups, and these herds can include thousands of animals migrating together. Mammoths may have formed large herds more often, since animals that live in open areas are more likely to do this than those in forested areas. Trackways made by a woolly mammoth herd 11,300–11,000 years ago have been found in the 1515:. The woolly mammoth exhibited size variation throughout its range, with individuals from Western Europe being considerably larger (with adult males estimated to be on average 2.99–3.31 m (9 ft 10 in – 10 ft 10 in) tall and 5.2–6.9 t (11,000–15,000 lb) in weight) than those found in Siberia (with adult males of this population being estimated on average 2.66–2.94 m (8 ft 9 in – 9 ft 8 in) tall and 3.9–5.2 t (8,600–11,500 lb) in weight). One of the largest recorded woolly mammoths is the Siegsdorf specimen from Germany, with an estimated shoulder height of 3.49 m (11.5 ft) and an estimated body mass of 8.2 t (18,000 lb). A newborn calf would have weighed about 90 kg (200 lb). 2148: 3367: 269: 3125: 3358: 2729: 2008: 3176: 1999:

sharp enamel ridges thereby cut across each other, grinding the food. The ridges were wear-resistant to enable the animal to chew large quantities of food, which often contained grit. Woolly mammoths may have used their tusks as shovels to clear snow from the ground and reach the vegetation buried below, and to break ice to drink. This is indicated on many preserved tusks by flat, polished sections up to 30 cm (12 in) long, as well as scratches, on the part of the surface that would have reached the ground (especially at their outer curvature). The tusks were used for obtaining food in other ways, such as digging up plants and stripping off bark.

1756: 3340:, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. The time and resources required would be enormous, and the scientific benefits would be unclear, suggesting these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered. The ethics of using elephants as surrogate mothers in hybridisation attempts has been questioned, as most embryos would not survive, and knowing the exact needs of a hybrid elephant–mammoth calf would be impossible. Another concern is the introduction of unknown pathogens if de-extinction efforts were to succeed. In 2021, an Austin-based company raised funds to reintroduce the species in the 2976:(after a dog had noticed its smell), and the Russian authorities financed its excavation. The entire expedition took 10 months, and the specimen had to be cut to pieces before it could be transported to St. Petersburg. Most of the skin on the head as well as the trunk had been scavenged by predators, and most of the internal organs had rotted away. It was identified as a 35- to 40-year-old male, which had died 35,000 years ago. The animal still had grass between its teeth and on the tongue, showing that it had died suddenly. One of its shoulder blades was broken, which may have happened when it fell into a crevasse. It may have died of 1747:. A mammoth had six sets of molars throughout a lifetime, which were replaced five times, though a few specimens with a seventh set are known. The latter condition could extend the lifespan of the individual, unless the tooth consisted of only a few plates. The first molars were about the size of those of a human, 1.3 cm (0.51 in), the third were 15 cm (5.9 in) long, and the sixth were about 30 cm (12 in) long and weighed 1.8 kg (4.0 lb). The molars grew larger and contained more ridges with each replacement. The woolly mammoth is considered to have had the most complex molars of any elephant. 2839: 1543: 1683: 3545: 1470: 3154:, where it had been buried for 41,800 years. By cutting a section through a molar and analysing its growth lines, they found that the animal had died at the age of one month. The mummified calf weighed 50 kg (110 lb), was 85 cm (33 in) high and 130 cm (51 in) in length. At the time of discovery, its eyes and trunk were intact and some fur remained on its body. Its organs and skin are very well preserved. "Lyuba" is believed to have been suffocated by mud in a river that its herd was crossing. After death, its body may have been colonised by bacteria that produce 1607: 2357: 2594: 1877:, for times when food availability was insufficient during winter, and their first three molars grew more quickly than in the calves of modern elephants. The expansion identified on the trunk of "Yuka" and other specimens was suggested to function as a "fur mitten"; the trunk tip was not covered in fur, but was used for foraging during winter, and could have been heated by curling it into the expansion. The expansion could be used to melt snow if a shortage of water to drink existed, as melting it directly inside the mouth could disturb the thermal balance of the animal. As in 1716: 3302: 1479: 2955: 3527: 3452: 3443: 3116: 632: 2725:

did not. The Wrangel Island mammoths were isolated for 5,000 years by rising post-ice-age sea level, and resultant inbreeding in their small population of about 300 to 1,000 individuals led to a 20% to 30% loss of heterozygosity and a 65% loss in mitochondrial DNA diversity. The population seems to have subsequently been stable, without suffering further significant loss of genetic diversity. Genetic evidence thus implies the extinction of this final population was sudden, rather than the culmination of a gradual decline.

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second set of molars would be in the process of erupting, and the first set would be worn out at 18 months of age. The third set of molars lasted for 10 years, and this process was repeated until the final, sixth set emerged when the animal was 30 years old. When the last set of molars was worn out, the animal would be unable to chew and feed, and it would die of starvation. A study of North American mammoths found that they often died during winter or spring, the hardest times for northern animals to survive.

2749:, however, this has been contested by later analysis of the genomes of some of the last mammoths on Wrangel Island, which suggests that highly deleterious mutations had been significantly purged to levels lower than that in mainland populations, though the level of moderately deleterious mutations was elevated. The sudden disappearance of an apparently stable population may be more consistent with a catastrophic event, possibly related to climate (such as icing of the snowpack) or a human hunting expedition. 2993: 1281: 3057: 2434: 140: 437:. Males reached shoulder heights between 2.67 and 3.49 m (8 ft 9 in and 11 ft 5 in) and weighed between 3.9 and 8.2 t (3.8 and 8.1 long tons; 4.3 and 9.0 short tons). Females reached 2.3–2.6 m (7 ft 7 in – 8 ft 6 in) in shoulder heights and weighed between 2.8–4 t (2.8–3.9 long tons; 3.1–4.4 short tons). A newborn calf weighed about 90 kg (200 lb). The woolly mammoth was well adapted to the cold environment during the 2633: 1558:, and the tail was short for the same reason, only 36 cm (14 in) long in the "Berezovka mammoth". The tail contained 21 vertebrae, whereas the tails of modern elephants contain 28–33. Their skin was no thicker than that of present-day elephants, between 1.25 and 2.5 cm (0.49 and 0.98 in). They had a layer of fat up to 10 cm (3.9 in) thick under the skin, which helped to keep them warm. Woolly mammoths had broad flaps of skin under their tails which covered the 2366: 2905: 3255: 1991: 1574:

mammoth", which was preserved with a complete trunk tip. Unlike the trunk lobes of modern elephants, the upper "finger" at the tip of the trunk had a long pointed lobe and was 10 cm (3.9 in) long, while the lower "thumb" was 5 cm (2.0 in) and was broader. The trunk of "Dima" was 76 cm (30 in) long, whereas the trunk of the adult "Liakhov mammoth" was 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long. The well-preserved trunk of a juvenile specimen nicknamed "

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up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long and 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) in diameter. The hairs on the upper leg were up to 38 cm (15 in) long, and those of the feet were 15 cm (5.9 in) long, reaching the toes. The hairs on the head were relatively short, but longer on the underside and the sides of the trunk. The tail was extended by coarse hairs up to 60 cm (24 in) long, which were thicker than the guard hairs. The woolly mammoth likely

2477: 1839: 2673:, Alaska, well into the Holocene, with their extinction on the island being tightly constrained to around 5,600 years ago based on direct dating of bones and environmental proxies. This population is suggested to have gone extinct as a result of sea-level rise and increasing dryness of the island reducing freshwater availability, along with mammoth activity degrading the few freshwater sources on the island. The last population known from fossils remained on 2827:", as these sites were erroneously thought to be where old elephants went to die. Similar accumulations of woolly mammoth bones have been found; these are thought to be the result of individuals dying near or in the rivers over thousands of years, and their bones eventually being brought together by the streams. Some accumulations are thought to be the remains of herds that died together at the same time, perhaps due to flooding. Natural traps, such as 1859: 1830: 2139: 774: 2486: 10612: 1915: 119: 1850: 502: 2521:

unknown, since many other large herbivores were available. Many mammoth carcasses may have been scavenged by humans rather than hunted. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths in structures interpreted as pitfall traps. Few specimens show direct, unambiguous evidence of having been hunted by humans. A Siberian specimen with a spearhead embedded in its shoulder blade shows that a spear had been thrown at it with great force.

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heaviest tusk is 121 kg (267 lb), suggested to have been 125–130 kg (276–287 lb) when complete; 2.4–2.7 m (7 ft 10 in – 8 ft 10 in) and 45 kg (99 lb) was a more typical size. Female tusks were smaller and thinner, 1.5–1.8 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 11 in) and weighing 9 kg (20 lb). For comparison, the record for longest tusks of the

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correspond to summers, so determining the season in which a mammoth died is possible. The growth of the tusks slowed when foraging became harder, for example during winter, during disease, or when a male was banished from the herd (male elephants live with their herds until about the age of 10). Mammoth tusks dating to the harshest period of the last glaciation 25–20,000 years ago show slower growth rates.

2468:, are known. A 2019 study found that woolly mammoth ivory was the most suitable bony material for the production of big game projectile points during the Late Plesistocene. To be able to process the ivory, the large tusks had to be chopped, chiseled, and split into smaller, more manageable pieces. Some ivory artefacts show that tusks had been straightened, and how this was achieved is unknown. 2608:(130–116 kyr BP) suggest that woolly mammoths and associated steppe faunas were sensitive to contractions of steppe-tundra habitats since they were adapted to cold, dry, and open environments. Genetic results and climatic models both indicate that habitats suitable for the woolly mammoth in Eurasia contracted during the interglacial period, which would have caused population 3585:. Due to the large area of Siberia, the possibility that woolly mammoths survived into more recent times cannot be completely ruled out, but evidence indicates that they became extinct thousands of years ago. These natives had likely gained their knowledge of woolly mammoths from carcasses they encountered, which is likely the source of their legends of the animal. 1447:(1.1–1.65 million years old) belonged to new lineage. The study found that half of the ancestry of Columbian mammoths came from relatives of the Krestovka lineage (which probably represented the first mammoths that colonised the Americas) and the other half from the lineage of woolly mammoths, with the hybridisation happening more than 420,000 years ago, during the 1198:; primitive species had few ridges, and the number increased gradually as new species evolved to feed on more abrasive food items. The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this. At the same time, the skulls became shorter from front to back to minimise the weight of the head. The short and tall skulls of woolly and 2937:. This was one of the first attempts at reconstructing the skeleton of an extinct animal. Most of the reconstruction is correct, but Tilesius placed each tusk in the opposite socket, so that they curved outward instead of inward. The error was not corrected until 1899, and the correct placement of mammoth tusks was still a matter of debate into the 20th century. 1495:(9 ft 2 in – 10 ft 4 in) with a weight of 4.5–6 t (9,900–13,200 lb), with females being smaller like living elephants, with a shoulder height of 2.3–2.6 m (7 ft 7 in – 8 ft 6 in) and a weight of 2.8–4 t (6,200–8,800 lb). This size is comparable to the largest living elephant species, the 2616:

and other grasslands prevented them from spreading farther. Towards the end of the Last Glacial period, from around 15,000 years ago, the mammoth steppe that the woolly mammoth inhabited was gradually replaced across most of Siberia with wet tundra and boreal and temperate forest, which the woolly mammoth would have found to be unfavourable habitat.

2579:, which began 40,000 years ago and peaked between 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. Scientists are divided over whether hunting or climate change, which led to the shrinkage of its habitat, was the main factor that contributed to the extinction of the woolly mammoth, or whether it was due to a combination of the two. Evidence from tusk-derived 3536: 1578:" was described in 2015, and it was shown to possess a fleshy expansion a third above the tip. Rather than oval as the rest of the trunk, this part was ellipsoidal in cross section, and double the size in diameter. The feature was shown to be present in two other specimens, of different sexes and ages. 3297:

cells from a frozen woolly mammoth carcass. The resulting offspring would be an elephant–mammoth hybrid, and the process would have to be repeated so more hybrids could be used in breeding. After several generations of cross-breeding these hybrids, an almost pure woolly mammoth would be produced. The

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Between 1692 and 1806, a handful of reports of frozen mammoth remains with soft tissue were published reached Europe, though none were collected during that time. While frozen woolly mammoth carcasses had been excavated by Europeans as early as 1728, the first fully documented specimen was discovered

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DNA sequencing of remains of two mammoths, one from Siberia 44,800 years BP and one from Wrangel Island 4,300 years BP, indicates two major population crashes: one around 280,000 years ago, from which the population recovered, and a second about 12,000 years ago, near the ice age's end, from which it

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Different woolly mammoth populations did not die out simultaneously across their range, but gradually became extinct over time. The dynamics of different woolly mammoth populations varied as they experienced very different magnitudes of climatic and human impacts over time, suggesting that extinction

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The Last Glacial Period of the late Pleistocene is considered that of the maximum geographic distribution of the woolly mammoth, occupying most of Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America, although several barriers such as ice sheets, high mountain chains, deserts, year-round water surfaces,

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At a site in southern Poland that contains bones from over 100 mammoths, stone spear tips have been found embedded in bones, and many stone spear points in the site were damaged from impact against mammoth bones, indicating that mammoths were the major prey for people at the time. A specimen from the

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of its tusks when viewed in cross section, but this does not account for its early years, as these are represented by the tips of the tusks, which are usually worn away. In the remaining part of the tusk, each major line represents a year, and weekly and daily ones can be found in between. Dark bands

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alleles result in light hair. Mammoths born with at least one copy of the dominant allele would have had dark coats, while those with two copies of the recessive allele would have had light coats. A 2011 study showed that light individuals would have been rare. A 2014 study instead indicated that the

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and other mammoths have been proposed, but their validity is uncertain; depending on author, they are either considered primitive forms of an advanced species or advanced forms of a primitive species. Distinguishing and determining these intermediate forms has been called one of the most long-lasting

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Dehasque, Marianne; Morales, Hernán E.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Chacón-Duque, J. Camilo; Kanellidou, Foteini; Muller, Héloïse; Plotnikov, Valerii; Protopopov, Albert; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Danilov, Gleb K.; Giannì, Maddalena; van der Sluis, Laura; Higham, Tom (June

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Campbell, K. L.; Roberts, J. E. E.; Watson, L. N.; Stetefeld, J. R.; Sloan, A. M.; Signore, A. V.; Howatt, J. W.; Tame, J. R. H.; Rohland, N.; Shen, T. J.; Austin, J. J.; Hofreiter, M.; Ho, C.; Weber, R. E.; Cooper, A. (2010). "Substitutions in woolly mammoth hemoglobin confer biochemical properties

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were also reluctant to report mammoth finds to the authorities due to bad treatment of them in the past. In more recent years, scientific expeditions have been devoted to finding carcasses instead of relying solely on chance encounters. The most famous frozen specimen from Alaska is a calf nicknamed

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The molars were adapted to their diet of coarse tundra grasses, with more enamel plates and a higher crown than their earlier, southern relatives. The woolly mammoth chewed its food by using its powerful jaw muscles to move the mandible forwards and close the mouth, then backwards while opening; the

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sequences from three Asian elephants and two woolly mammoths were compared. About 1.4 million DNA nucleotide differences were found between mammoths and elephants, which affect the sequence of more than 1,600 proteins. Differences were noted in genes for a number of aspects of physiology and biology

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a few centimetres long at six months old, which were replaced by permanent tusks a year later. Tusk growth continued throughout life, but became slower as the animal reached adulthood. The tusks grew by 2.5–15 cm (0.98–5.91 in) each year. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths with small

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consisted of an outer layer of long, coarse "guard hair", which was 30 cm (12 in) on the upper part of the body, up to 90 cm (35 in) in length on the flanks and underside, and 0.5 mm (0.020 in) in diameter, and a denser inner layer of shorter, slightly curly under-wool,

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Díez-del-Molino, David; Dehasque, Marianne; Chacón-Duque, J. Camilo; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Tikhonov, Alexei; Protopopov, Albert; Plotnikov, Valeri; Kanellidou, Foteini; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Mortensen, Peter; Danilov, Gleb K.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Heintzman, Peter

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van der Valk, T.; Pečnerová, P.; Díez-del-Molino, D.; Bergström, A.; Oppenheimer, J.; Hartmann, S.; Xenikoudakis, G.; Thomas, J. A.; Dehasque, M.; Sağlıcan, E.; Fidan, F. Rabia; Barnes, I.; Liu, S.; Somel, M.; Heintzman, P. D.; Nikolskiy, P.; Shapiro, B.; Skoglund, P.; Hofreiter, M.; Lister, A. M.;

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The presence of undigested food in the stomach and seed pods still in the mouth of many of the specimens suggests neither starvation nor exposure is likely. The maturity of this ingested vegetation places the time of death in autumn rather than in spring, when flowers would be expected. The animals

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The woolly mammoth is the third-most depicted animal in ice age art, after horses and bison, and these images were produced between 35,000 and 11,500 years ago. Today, more than 500 depictions of woolly mammoths are known, in media ranging from cave paintings and engravings on the walls of 46 caves

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A 2008 genetic study showed that some of the woolly mammoths that entered North America through the Bering land bridge from Asia migrated back about 300,000 years ago and had replaced the previous Asian population by about 40,000 years ago, not long before the entire species became extinct. Fossils

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Yamagata, K.; Nagai, K.; Miyamoto, H.; Anzai, M.; Kato, H.; Miyamoto, K.; Kurosaka, S.; Azuma, R.; Kolodeznikov, I. I.; Protopopov, A. V.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Kobayashi, H.; Kawahara-Miki, R.; Kono, T.; Uchida, M.; Shibata, Y.; Handa, T.; Kimura, H.; Hosoi, Y.; Mitani, T.; Matsumoto, K.; Iritani, A.

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Gilbert, M. T. P.; Drautz, D. I.; Lesk, A. M.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Qi, J.; Ratan, A.; Hsu, C. -H.; Sher, A.; Dalen, L.; Gotherstrom, A.; Tomsho, L. P.; Rendulic, S.; Packard, M.; Campos, P. F.; Kuznetsova, T. V.; Shidlovskiy, F.; Tikhonov, A.; Willerslev, E.; Iacumin, P.; Buigues, B.; Ericson, P. G. P.;

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Willerslev, E.; Davison, J.; Moora, M.; Zobel, M.; Coissac, E.; Edwards, M. E.; Lorenzen, E. D.; Vestergård, M.; Gussarova, G.; Haile, J.; Craine, J.; Gielly, L.; Boessenkool, S.; Epp, L. S.; Pearman, P. B.; Cheddadi, R.; Murray, D.; Bråthen, K. A.; Yoccoz, N.; Binney, H.; Cruaud, C.; Wincker, P.;

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Local dealers estimate that 10 million mammoths are still frozen in Siberia, and conservationists have suggested that this could help save the living species of elephants from extinction. Elephants are hunted by poachers for their ivory, but if this could instead be supplied by the already extinct

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The disappearance is relatively close in time with the first evidence of humans on the island, though other authors have suggested that woolly mammoths were almost certainly extinct for several centuries prior to the presence of humans on Wrangel Island (which dates to around 3,600 years ago). The

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age of Italy shows evidence of spear hunting by Neanderthals. The juvenile specimen nicknamed "Yuka" is the first frozen mammoth with evidence of human interaction. It shows evidence of having been killed by a large predator, and of having been scavenged by humans shortly after. Some of its bones

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suggest that these had metabolic adaptations related to extreme environments. A genetic study from 2023 found that the woolly mammoth had already acquired a broad range of genes associated with the development of skin and hair, fat storage, metabolism, and the immune system by the time the species

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In 2002, a well-preserved carcass was discovered near the Maxunuokha River in northern Yakutia, which was recovered during three excavations. This adult male specimen was called the "Yukagir mammoth" and is estimated to have lived around 18,560 years ago, been 2.829 m (9 ft 3.4 in)

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is 3.4 m (11 ft). The sheaths of the tusks were parallel and spaced closely. About a quarter of the length was inside the sockets. The tusks grew spirally in opposite directions from the base and continued in a curve until the tips pointed towards each other, sometimes crossing. In this

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Siberian mammoth ivory is reported to have been exported to Russia and Europe in the 10th century. The first Siberian ivory to reach western Europe was brought to London in 1611. When Russia occupied Siberia, the ivory trade grew and it became a widely exported commodity, with huge amounts being

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archipelago, a female between 50 and 60 years old at the time of death. The carcass contained well-preserved muscular tissue. When it was extracted from the ice, liquid blood spilled from the abdominal cavity. The finders interpreted this as indicating woolly mammoth blood possessed antifreezing

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By 1929, the remains of 34 mammoths with frozen soft tissues (skin, flesh, or organs) had been documented. Only four of them were relatively complete. Since then, about that many more have been found. In most cases, the flesh showed signs of decay before its freezing and later desiccation. Since

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The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and hunted the species for food. The population of woolly mammoths declined at the end of the Late Pleistocene, with the last populations on mainland Siberia persisting until around

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Van Geel, B.; Fisher, D. C.; Rountrey, A. N.; Van Arkel, J.; Duivenvoorden, J. F.; Nieman, A. M.; Van Reenen, G. B. A.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Buigues, B.; Gravendeel, B. (2011). "Palaeo-environmental and dietary analysis of intestinal contents of a mammoth calf (Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia)".

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Cappellini, E.; Jensen, L. J.; Szklarczyk, D.; Ginolhac, A. L.; Da Fonseca, R. A. R.; Stafford, T. W.; Holen, S. R.; Collins, M. J.; Orlando, L.; Willerslev, E.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Olsen, J. V. (2012). "Proteomic analysis of a Pleistocene mammoth femur reveals more than one hundred ancient bone

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of a female elephant and replacement with a nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing and inserted back into a female elephant. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth, although its fetal environment would be different. Most intact

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Woolly mammoths continued growing past adulthood, like other elephants. Unfused limb bones show that males grew until they reached the age of 40, and females grew until they were 25. The frozen calf "Dima" was 90 cm (35 in) tall when it died at the age of 6–12 months. At this age, the

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teeth), which were more curved than those of modern elephants. The longest known male tusk is 4.05 m (13.3 ft) long (measured along the outside curve) and weighs 115.5 kg (255 lb), with a historical report of a 4.30 m (14.1 ft) long tusk found in Siberia, while the

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Cherney, Michael D.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Auchus, Richard J.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Selcer, Perrin; Shirley, Ethan A.; Beld, Scott G.; Buigues, Bernard; Mol, Dick; Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Vartanyan, Sergey L.; Tikhonov, Alexei N. (2023). "Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth

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Stories abound about frozen woolly mammoth meat that was consumed once defrosted, especially that of the "Berezovka mammoth", but most of these are considered dubious. The carcasses were in most cases decayed, and the stench so unbearable that only wild scavengers and the dogs accompanying the

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heard about the frozen mammoth. Adams recovered the entire skeleton, apart from the tusks, which Shumachov had already sold, and one foreleg, most of the skin, and nearly 18 kg (40 lb) of hair. During his return voyage, he purchased a pair of tusks that he believed were the ones that

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while eating meat from a Siberian mammoth leg (thoroughly cooked and flavoured with salt) and told his audience it tasted bad and like soil. This triggered controversy and gained mixed reactions, but Xing stated he did it to promote science. In 2023, An Australian cultured meat start-up, Vow,

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Woolly mammoths were an important food source for both modern humans and Neanderthals. Several woolly mammoth specimens show evidence of being butchered by humans, which is indicated by breaks, cut marks, and associated stone tools. How much prehistoric humans relied on woolly mammoth meat is

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has also been identified in woolly mammoth remains. An extra number of cervical vertebrae has been found in 33% of specimens from the North Sea region, probably due to a drop in numbers and subsequent inbreeding. Vertebral lesions in woolly mammoths have been speculated to have resulted from

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of the back vertebrae decreasing in length from front to rear. These features were not present in juveniles, which had convex backs like Asian elephants. Another feature shown in cave paintings was confirmed by the discovery of a frozen specimen in 1924, an adult nicknamed the "Middle Kolyma

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The appearance of the woolly mammoth is probably the best known of any prehistoric animal due to the many frozen specimens with preserved soft tissue and depictions by contemporary humans in their art. The average shoulder height for males of the species has been estimated at 2.8–3.15 m

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was in decline while coexisting with humans, since far fewer tracks of juveniles were identified than would be expected in a normal herd. It has been suggested that human hunting exerted significant pressure on woolly mammoth populations for thousands of years across their range, making the

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Before their extinction, the Wrangel Island mammoths had accumulated numerous genetic defects due to their small population; in particular, a number of genes for olfactory receptors and urinary proteins became nonfunctional, possibly because they had lost their selective value on the island

2255:. The group that became extinct earlier stayed in the middle of the high Arctic, while the group with the later extinction had a much wider range. Recent stable isotope studies of Siberian and New World mammoths have shown there were differences in climatic conditions on either side of the 2112:

Distortion in the molars is the most common health problem found in woolly mammoth fossils. Sometimes, the replacement was disrupted, and the molars were pushed into abnormal positions, but some animals are known to have survived this. Teeth from Britain showed that 2% of specimens had

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Woolly mammoths had several adaptations to the cold, most noticeably the layer of fur covering all parts of their bodies. Other adaptations to cold weather include ears that are far smaller than those of modern elephants; they were about 38 cm (15 in) long and 18–28 cm

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Changes in climate shrank suitable mammoth habitat from 7,700,000 km (3,000,000 sq mi) 42,000 years ago to 800,000 km (310,000 sq mi), a roughly 90% decrease, by 6,000 years ago. Woolly mammoths survived an even greater loss of habitat at the end of the

2416:"Portable art" can be more accurately dated than cave art since it is found in the same deposits as tools and other ice age artefacts. The largest collection of portable mammoth art, consisting of 62 depictions on 47 plaques, was found in the 1960s at an excavated open-air camp near 2190:

was more diverse, abundant, and grew faster. Grasses, sedges, shrubs, and herbaceous plants were present, and scattered trees were mainly found in southern regions. This habitat was not dominated by ice and snow, as is popularly believed, since these regions are thought to have been

6890:

Debruyne, R.; Chu, G.; King, C. E.; Bos, K.; Kuch, M.; Schwarz, C.; Szpak, P.; Gröcke, D. R.; Matheus, P.; Zazula, G.; Guthrie, D.; Froese, D.; Buigues, B.; De Marliave, C.; Flemming, C.; Poinar, D.; Fisher, D.; Southon, J.; Tikhonov, A. N.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Poinar, H. N. (2008).

3034:

1860, Russian authorities have offered rewards of up to 1000 ₽ for finds of frozen woolly mammoth carcasses. Often, such finds were kept secret due to superstition. Several carcasses have been lost because they were not reported, and one was fed to dogs. Despite the rewards, native

3474:

excavated. From the 19th century and onwards, woolly mammoth ivory became a highly prized commodity, used as raw material for many products. Today, it is still in great demand as a replacement for the now-banned export of elephant ivory, and has been referred to as "white gold".

694:, was partially responsible for transforming the word "mammoth" from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a wheel of cheese (the " 6808:

Szpak, P.; Gröcke, D. R.; Debruyne, R.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Guthrie, R. D.; Froese, D.; Zazula, G. D.; Patterson, W. P.; Poinar, H. N. (2010). "Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe".

3513:

revealed a lab-grown "mammoth meatball" produced using a DNA sequence from the woolly mammoth. The meatball sparked conversations about the potential of cultured meat as a sustainable food source, highlighting its environmental benefits compared to traditional agriculture.

1786:

or mates. Display of the large tusks of males could have been used to attract females and to intimidate rivals. Because of their curvature, the tusks were unsuitable for stabbing, but may have been used for hitting, as indicated by injuries to some fossil shoulder blades.

2866:, in permafrost. Soft tissue apparently was less likely to be preserved between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago, perhaps because the climate was milder during that period. Most specimens have partially degraded before discovery, due to exposure or to being scavenged. This " 9764: 3079:

determined that "Dima" died about 40,000 years ago. Its internal organs are similar to those of modern elephants, but its ears are only one-tenth the size of those of an African elephant of similar age. A less complete juvenile, nicknamed "Mascha", was found on the

2307:

and already used mammoth bones for tool-making and building materials. Woolly mammoths were very important to ice age humans, and human survival may have depended on the mammoth in some areas. Evidence for such coexistence was not recognised until the 19th century.

1174:

was mapped. The analysis showed that the woolly mammoth and the African elephant are 98.55% to 99.40% identical. The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from

3494:

finders showed any interest in the flesh. Such meat apparently was once recommended against illness in China, and Siberian natives have occasionally cooked the meat of frozen carcasses they discovered. According to one of the more famous stories, members of the

3400:. Native Siberians believed woolly mammoth remains to be those of giant mole-like animals that lived underground and died when burrowing to the surface. Woolly mammoth tusks had been articles of trade in Asia long before Europeans became acquainted with them. 2773:. In contrast, the St. Paul Island mammoth population apparently died out before human arrival because of habitat shrinkage resulting from the post-ice age sea-level rise, perhaps in large measure as a result of a consequent reduction in the freshwater supply. 1939:, and tree matter. The composition and exact varieties differed from location to location. Woolly mammoths needed a varied diet to support their growth, like modern elephants. An adult of 6 tonnes would need to eat 180 kg (400 lb) daily, and may have 1634:

Since mammoth carcasses were more likely to be preserved, possibly only the winter coat has been preserved in frozen specimens. Modern elephants have much less hair, though juveniles have a more extensive covering of hair than adults. This is thought to be for

1403:

A 2011 genetic study showed that two examined specimens of the Columbian mammoth were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring. A North American type formerly referred to as

3404:, the 13th-century Khan of the Mongols, is reputed to have sat on a throne made from mammoth ivory. Inspired by the Siberian natives' concept of the mammoth as an underground creature, it was recorded in the 16th-century Chinese pharmaceutical encyclopedia, 2250:

of the woolly mammoth. A 2008 DNA study showed two distinct groups of woolly mammoths: one that became extinct 45,000 years ago and another one that became extinct 12,000 years ago. The two groups are speculated to be divergent enough to be characterised as

1794:, similar to the tail on modern elephants. As in modern elephants, the sensitive and muscular trunk worked as a limb-like organ with many functions. It was used for manipulating objects, and in social interactions. The well-preserved foot of the adult male " 1986:

and gradually changed to a diet of plants when they were 2–3 years old. This is later than in modern elephants and may be due to a higher risk of predator attack or difficulty in obtaining food during the long periods of winter darkness at high latitudes.

5446: 2051:

The best-preserved head of a frozen adult specimen, that of a male nicknamed the "Yukagir mammoth", shows that woolly mammoths had temporal glands between the ear and the eye. This feature indicates that, like bull elephants, male woolly mammoths entered

8738:

Graham, R. W.; Belmecheri, S.; Choy, K.; Culleton, B. J.; Davies, L. J.; Froese, D.; Heintzman, P. D.; Hritz, C.; Kapp, J. D.; Newsom, L. A.; Rawcliffe, R.; Saulnier-Talbot, É.; Shapiro, B.; Wang, Y.; Williams, J. W.; Wooller, M. J. (1 August 2016).

8014:

2019:

The lifespan of mammals is related to their size. Since modern elephants can reach the age of 60 years, the same is thought to be true for woolly mammoths, which were of a similar size. The age of a mammoth can be roughly determined by counting the

1530:

girdle, since the opening that functions as the birth canal is always wider in females than in males. Though the mammoths on Wrangel Island were smaller than those of the mainland, their size varied, and they were not small enough to be considered

1730:

teeth at a time—two in the upper jaw and two in the lower. About 23 cm (9.1 in) of the crown was within the jaw, and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) was above. The crown was continually pushed forwards and up as it wore down, comparable to a

576:. Sloane's paper was based on travellers' descriptions and a few scattered bones collected in Siberia and Britain. He discussed the question of whether or not the remains were from elephants, but drew no conclusions. In 1738, the German zoologist 1487:

Size of a large woolly mammoth (in red) compared to a human and other mammoths (left) and a skeletal diagram of a 3.5 m (11 ft) tall large European bull and a smaller 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) Siberian bull compared to a human

2620:

causes would have varied by population. Most populations disappeared between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. In Britain, woolly mammoths were still present between 14,500 and 14,000 BP. The youngest fossils of the mainland population are from the

3147:

tall at the shoulder, and weighed between 4 and 5 tonnes. It is one of the best-preserved mammoths ever found due to the almost complete head, covered in skin, but without the trunk. Some postcranial remains were found, some with soft tissue.

1922:

Food at various stages of digestion has been found in the intestines of several woolly mammoths, giving a good picture of their diet. Woolly mammoths sustained themselves on plant food, mainly grasses and sedges, which were supplemented with

4362:

Krause, J.; Dear, P. H.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Spriggs, H.; Barnes, I.; Lister, A. M.; Ebersberger, I.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2005). "Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae".

9916: 1951:, 2.58 million years ago to present) by wrapping around them, whereas modern elephants curl their trunks around the longer grass of their tropical environments. The trunk could be used for pulling off large grass tufts, delicately picking 1163:

and humans. A 2010 study confirmed these relationships and suggested the mammoth and Asian elephant lineages diverged 5.8–7.8 million years ago, while African elephants diverged from an earlier common ancestor 6.6–8.8 million years ago.

748:

further proposed the former should be considered the lectotype with the latter as paralectotype. Both molars were thought lost by the 1980s, and the more complete "Taimyr mammoth" found in Siberia in 1948 was therefore proposed as the

580:

argued that mammoth fossils represented some kind of elephant. He could not explain why a tropical animal would be found in such a cold area as Siberia, and suggested that they might have been transported there by the Great Flood.

9434: 6246:

Mol, D.; Shoshani, J.; Tikhonov, A.; van Geel, B.; Sano, S.; Lasarev, P.; Agenbroad, L. (2006). "The Yukagir mammoth: brief history, 14c dates, individual age, gender, size, physical and environmental conditions and storage".

2534:

in Siberia has revealed several specimens with evidence of human hunting, but the finds were interpreted to show that the animals were not hunted intensively, but perhaps mainly when ivory was needed. Two woolly mammoths from

1798:" shows that the soles of the feet contained many cracks that would have helped in gripping surfaces during locomotion. Like modern elephants, woolly mammoths walked on their toes and had large, fleshy pads behind the toes. 7625:

Dehasque, Marianne; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Muller, Héloïse; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Tsigankova, Valeriya I.; Danilov, Gleb K.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Vartanyan, Sergey; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M. (May 2021).

3335:

Some researchers question the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, not much habitat is left that would be suitable for elephant-mammoth hybrids. Because the species was social and

2790:

population abundance of woolly mammoths considerably lower than it would have been otherwise even prior to their range decline, and likely hastened the range collapse of woolly mammoths in response to climate change.

2420:

in Germany. A correlation between the number of mammoths depicted and the species that were most often hunted does not seem to exist, since reindeer bones are the most frequently found animal remains at the site. Two

7665:

Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021).

7537:

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Sablin, Mikhail; Sher, Andrei; Edmark, Veronica Nyström; Brandström, Mikael D.; Germonpré, Mietje; Barnes, Ian; Thomas, Jessica A. (2013).

1455:

from ancient DNA. The study also found that genetic adaptations to cold environments, such as hair growth and fat deposits, were already present in the steppe mammoth lineage and were not unique to woolly mammoths.

3429:

believed the bones came from burrowing creatures, while other peoples associated them with primordial giants or "great beasts". Observers have interpreted legends from several Native American peoples as containing

1639:, helping them lose heat in their hot environments. Comparison between the over-hairs of woolly mammoths and extant elephants show that they did not differ much in overall morphology. Woolly mammoths had numerous 2930: 3786:"A Letter from John Phil. Breyne, M. D. F. R. S. To Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pres. R. S. With Observations, and a Description of Some Mammoth's Bones Dug up in Siberia, Proving Them to Have Belonged to Elephants" 2761:) had similarly died out about 13,300 years ago, soon (roughly 1.000 years) after the first appearance of humans in the area, which parallels the fate of all the other late Pleistocene proboscideans (mammoths, 2328:, France. The engraving was the first widely accepted evidence for the coexistence of humans with prehistoric extinct animals and is the first contemporary depiction of such a creature known to modern science. 7734:

Fordham, Damien A.; Brown, Stuart C.; Akçakaya, H. Reşit; Brook, Barry W.; Haythorne, Sean; Manica, Andrea; Shoemaker, Kevin T.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Blonder, Benjamin; Pilowsky, Julia; Rahbek, Carsten (2022).

1239:; it spread across Europe and China. Only its molars are known, which show that it had 8–10 enamel ridges. A population evolved 12–14 ridges, splitting off from and replacing the earlier type, becoming the 3272:

The existence of preserved soft tissue remains and DNA of woolly mammoths has led to the idea that the species could be resurrected by scientific means. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this.

2701:

supports the existence of small mainland populations that died out at around the same time as their island counterparts; two studies in 2021 found that based on environmental DNA, mammoths survived in the

7351:

1674:

colouration of an individual varied from nonpigmented on the overhairs, bicoloured, nonpigmented and mixed red-brown guard hairs, and nonpigmented underhairs, which would give a light overall appearance.

1451:. Later woolly and Columbian mammoths also interbred occasionally, and mammoth species may have hybridised routinely when brought together by glacial expansion. These findings were the first evidence of 9761: 2720:

sp.). However, ancient environmental DNA in cold environments can be reworked from older sediments into younger sediments that clearly post-date extinction, raising doubt about validity of these dates.

1889:

of the woolly mammoth was adapted to the cold, with three mutations to improve oxygen delivery around the body and prevent freezing. This feature may have helped the mammoths to live at high latitudes.

1816:

and Sr/Sr found in layers of the enamel correspond to seasonal variations and indicate that Polish woolly mammoths inhabited southern Poland during winter but grazed the Polish midlands during summer.

422:. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans in the 17th century. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate and often explained as being remains of 3425:

used woolly mammoth ivory and bone for tools and art. As in Siberia, North American natives had "myths of observation" explaining the remains of woolly mammoths and other elephants; the Bering Strait

1712:

or no tusks, but whether this reflected reality or was artistic license is unknown. Female Asian elephants have no tusks, but no fossil evidence indicates that any adult woolly mammoths lacked them.

9908: 4101:

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (2018).

2874:

may have fallen through ice into small ponds or potholes, entombing them. Many are certainly known to have been killed in rivers, perhaps through being swept away by floods. In one location, by the

765:

were also proposed. The paralectotype molar (specimen GZG.V.010.018) has since been located in the Göttingen University collection, identified by comparing it with Osborn's illustration of a cast.

3588:

In the late 19th century, rumours existed about surviving mammoths in Alaska. In 1899, Henry Tukeman detailed his killing of a mammoth in Alaska and his subsequent donation of the specimen to the

8075: 5619:

Kowalik, Nina; Anczkiewicz, Robert; Müller, Wolfgang; Spötl, Christoph; Bondioli, Luca; Nava, Alessia; Wojtal, Piotr; Wilczyński, Jarosław; Koziarska, Marta; Matyszczak, Milena (15 April 2023).

5463:

Boeskorov, G.; Tikhonov, A.; Shchelchkova, M.; Ballard, J. P.; Mol, D. (2020). "Big tuskers: Maximum sizes of tusks in woolly mammoths - Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach) - from East Siberia".

6051:

Metcalfe, J. Z.; Longstaffe, F. J.; Zazula, G. D. (2010). "Nursing, weaning, and tooth development in woolly mammoths from Old Crow, Yukon, Canada: Implications for Pleistocene extinctions".

2559:(including the Columbian mammoth) as well as the extinctions or extirpations of steppe-associated fauna of Eurasia that coexisted with the mammoth species (such as the woolly rhinoceros, the 1809:

in Canada, showing that in this case almost equal numbers of adults, subadults, and juveniles were found. The adults had a stride of 2 m (6.6 ft), and the juveniles ran to keep up.

6208:

Rountrey, A. N.; Fisher, D. C.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Lazarev, P. A.; Boeskorov, G.; Buigues, B. (2012). "Early tooth development, gestation, and season of birth in mammoths".

5376:

Workman, C.; Dalen, L.; Vartanyan, S.; Shapiro, B.; Kosintsev, P.; Sher, A.; Gotherstrom, A.; Barnes, I. (2011). "Population-level genotyping of coat colour polymorphism in woolly mammoth (

2425:

shaped as woolly mammoths have been found in France. Some portable mammoth depictions may not have been produced where they were discovered, but could have moved around by ancient trading.

4911:"Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany)" 7270:

Overstreet, D. F.; Kolb, M. F. (2003). "Geoarchaeological contexts for Late Pleistocene archaeological sites with human-modified woolly mammoth remains in southeastern Wisconsin, U.S.A".

2945: 2182:" or "tundra steppe". This environment stretched across northern Asia, many parts of Europe, and the northern part of North America during the last ice age. It was similar to the grassy 10505: 2445:

Woolly mammoth bones were used as construction material for dwellings by both Neanderthals and modern humans during the ice age. More than 70 such dwellings are known, mainly from the

1982:

necessary for digestion of vegetation, as is the case in modern elephants. An isotope analysis of woolly mammoths from Yukon showed that the young nursed for at least 3 years and were

9426: 1707:

The tusks were usually asymmetrical and showed considerable variation, with some tusks curving down instead of outwards and some being shorter due to breakage. Calves developed small

3324:, had some woolly mammoth genes edited into the genome of an Asian elephant; focusing on cold-resistance initially, the target genes are for the external ear size, subcutaneous fat, 1770:

Adult woolly mammoths could effectively defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks and size, but juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as

5771: 2862:, Poland. Frozen remains of woolly mammoths have been found in the northern parts of Siberia and Alaska, with far fewer finds in the latter. Such remains are mostly found above the 9266:

Debruyne, R. G.; Barriel, V. R.; Tassy, P. (2003). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b of the Lyakhov mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammalia): New data and phylogenetic analyses of Elephantidae".

717:, as he believed the former name to be invalidly published. Mammoth taxonomy was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards, all species were retained in the genus 3865: 3571:. In the 19th century, several reports of "large shaggy beasts" were passed on to the Russian authorities by Siberian tribesmen, but no scientific proof ever surfaced. A French 3482:

Conference, but dealers have been known to label it as mammoth ivory to get it through customs. Mammoth ivory looks similar to elephant ivory, but the former is browner and the

2604:

Whatever the cause, large mammals are generally more vulnerable than smaller ones due to their smaller population size and low reproduction rates. Climatic patterns during the

9683: 8225:

Nyström, V.; Humphrey, J.; Skoglund, P.; McKeown, N. J.; Vartanyan, S.; Shaw, P. W.; Lidén, K.; Jakobsson, M.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Angerbjörn, A.; Lister, A.; Dalén, L. (2012).

4661:(Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the late Middle Pleistocene of the southern Western and Central Siberia, Russia: the problem of intermediate elements in the mammoth lineage" 4070:

Shoshani, J.; Ferretti, M. P.; Lister, A. M.; Agenbroad, L. D.; Saegusa, H.; Mol, D.; Takahashi, K. (2007). "Relationships within the Elephantinae using hyoid characters".

2612:

that restricted its range to a few northern areas. As the climate favoured colder environments, however, woolly mammoth populations rebounded during later glacial periods.

4168:

Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022).

4910: 2823:, which was dry at times during the ice age. Such fossils are usually fragmentary and contain no soft tissue. Accumulations of modern elephant remains have been termed " 592:

was the first to identify the woolly mammoth remains not as modern elephants transported to the Arctic, but as an entirely new species. He argued this species had gone

9194:

Farrand, W. R. (1961). "Frozen Mammoths and Modern Geology: The death of the giants can be explained as a hazard of tundra life, without evoking catastrophic events".

8357:

Palkopoulou, E.; Mallick, S.; Skoglund, P.; Enk, J.; Rohland, N.; Li, H.; Omrak, A.; Vartanyan, S.; Poinar, H.; Götherström, A.; Reich, D.; Dalén, L. (23 April 2015).

5905:

Bocherens, H.; Fizet, M.; Mariotti, A.; Gangloff, R. A.; Burns, J. A. (1994). "Contribution of isotopic biogeochemistry (13C,15N,18O) to the paleoecology of mammoths (

3071:

In 1977, the well-preserved carcass of a seven- to eight-month-old woolly mammoth calf named "Dima" was discovered. This carcass was recovered near a tributary of the

2745:

environment. It is not clear whether these genetic changes contributed to their extinction. It has been proposed that these changes are consistent with the concept of

2219:(a group of herbaceous plants) were more important in the steppe-tundra than previously acknowledged, and that it was a primary food source for the ice-age megafauna. 1873:

The woolly mammoth was probably the most specialised member of the family Elephantidae. In addition to their fur, they had lipopexia (fat storage) in their neck and

9998: 8939: 5122:

Plotnikov, V. V.; Maschenko, E. N.; Pavlov, I. S.; Protopopov, A. V.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Petrova, E. A. (2015). "New data on trunk morphology in the woolly mammoth,

4327:

Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective".

2393:

has the most depictions, 159, and some of the drawings are more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. Other notable caves with mammoth depictions are the

2279:

and lived there simultaneously, or if the woolly mammoths may have entered these southern areas during times when Columbian mammoth populations were absent there.

10025:

Our lost explorers : the narrative of the Jeannette Arctic Expedition as related by the survivors, and in the records and last journals of Lieutenant De Long

3498:

dined on the meat of a frozen mammoth from Alaska in 1951. In 2016, a group of researchers genetically examined a sample of the meal, and found it to belong to a

1554:(7.1–11.0 in) across, and the ear of the 6- to 12-month-old frozen calf "Dima" was under 13 cm (5.1 in) long. The small ears reduced heat loss and 1526:

Few frozen specimens have preserved genitals, so the sex is usually determined through examination of the skeleton. The best indication of sex is the size of the

9125:

Tilesio, W. G. (1815). "De skeleto mammonteo Sibirico ad maris glacialis littora anno 1807 effosso, cui praemissae Elephantini generis specierum distinctiones".

3075:

in northeastern Siberia. This specimen weighed about 100 kg (220 lb) at death and was 104 cm (41 in) high and 115 cm (45 in) long.

1906:

appeared, and that these continued to evolve within the last 700,000 years, including a gene that resulted in mammoths of the Late Quaternary having small ears.

3843:

Reich, M.; Gehler, A.; Mohl, D.; van der Plicht, H.; Lister, A. M. (2007). "The rediscovery of type material of Mammuthus primigenius (Mammalia: Proboscidea)".

6174: 1955:

and flowers, and tearing off leaves and branches where trees and shrubs were present. The "Yukagir mammoth" had ingested plant matter that contained spores of

2710:

of Siberia until 3,900 to 4,100 years ago, roughly concurrent with the Wrangel population. The Taymyr Peninsula, with its drier habitat, may have served as a

7587:

Kahlke, Ralk-Dietrich (2015). "The maximum geographic extension of Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and its limiting factors".

5062:

Den Ouden, N.; Reumer, J. W. F.; Van Den Hoek Ostende, L. W. (2012). "Did mammoth end up a lilliput? Temporal body size trends in Late Pleistocene Mammoths,

8202: 6625:

Takahashi, K.; Wei, G.; Uno, H.; Yoneda, M.; Jin, C.; Sun, C.; Zhang, S.; Zhong, B. (2007). "AMS 14C chronology of the world's southernmost woolly mammoth (

4638: 1233:. The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms. Mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago. The earliest European mammoth has been named 5582:

McNeil, P.; Hills, L.; Kooyman, B.; Tolman, S. (2005). "Mammoth tracks indicate a declining Late Pleistocene population in southwestern Alberta, Canada".

3563:

There have been occasional claims that the woolly mammoth is not extinct and that small, isolated herds might survive in the vast and sparsely inhabited

3328:, and hair attributes. If any method is ever successful, a suggestion has been made to introduce the hybrids to a wildlife reserve in Siberia called the 3194:". Its skull and pelvis had been removed prior to discovery, but were found nearby. After being discovered, the skin of "Yuka" was prepared to produce a 10046: 3825:

Cuvier, G. (1796). "Mémoire sur les épèces d'elephans tant vivantes que fossils, lu à la séance publique de l'Institut National le 15 germinal, an IV".

10948: 8083: 7859:"Late-glacial mammoth skeletons ( Mammuthus primigenius ) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): anatomy, pathology, taphonomy and chronological significance" 457:, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. Its behaviour was similar to that of modern elephants, and it used its tusks and 1643:

in their skin, which secreted oils into their hair; this would have improved the wool's insulation, repelled water, and given the fur a glossy sheen.

1259:

evolved molars with 26 ridges 400,000 years ago in Siberia and became the woolly mammoth. The earliest identified forms of woolly mammoth date to the

4685: 2740:: red is increasing suitability, green is decreasing suitability. Black points are records of mammoths, black lines are the northern limit of humans 6749:

Germonpre, M.; Kosintsev, P.; Nikolaev, V.; Nowak-Kemp, M.; Knight, J. R.; Irzyk, G. P.; Perbost, C. S.; Fredrikson, K. M.; Harkins, T. T. (2008).

9817: 3936: 2882:

in Siberia, more than 8,000 bones from at least 140 mammoths have been found in a single spot, apparently having been swept there by the current.

10739: 10306: 3190:

In 2012, a juvenile was found in Siberia, which had man-made cut marks. Scientists estimated its age at death to be 2.5 years, and nicknamed it "

3084:

in 1988. It was 3–4 months old, and a laceration on its right foot may have been the cause of death. It is the westernmost frozen mammoth found.

1739:, which were themselves covered in "prisms" that were directed towards the chewing surface. These were quite wear-resistant and kept together by 5326:

Rompler, H.; Rohland, N.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Willerslev, E.; Kuznetsova, T.; Rabeder, G.; Bertranpetit, J.; Schöneberg, T.; Hofreiter, M. (2006).

3581:, M. Gallon, said in 1946 that in 1920, he had met a Russian fur-trapper who claimed to have seen living giant, furry "elephants" deep into the 1646:

Preserved woolly mammoth fur is orange-brown, but this is believed to be an artefact from the bleaching of pigment during burial. The amount of

820:, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved. The Asian elephant is the closest extant relative of the mammoths. The following 7980: 7491:"Paleoclimatic implications of oxygen isotopic variation in late Pleistocene and Holocene tusks of Mammuthus primigenius from northern Eurasia" 4028: 1186:

Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities, reconstructing the evolutionary history of the genus through

10423: 9872:

Rohwer, Y.; Marris, E. (2018). "An analysis of potential ethical justifications for mammoth de-extinction and a call for empirical research".

9403: 7235:

Nikolskiy, P.; Pitulko, V. (2013). "Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting".

2316:

skeleton in 1823, which was found in a cave alongside woolly mammoth bones, but he mistakenly denied that these were contemporaries. In 1864,

1299: 10918: 10898: 10752: 9971: 3754: 6429:"A preliminary review of bone and teeth abnormalities seen in recent Loxodonta and extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and suggested implications" 4492: 3905: 561:. Sloane turned to another biblical explanation for the presence of elephants in the Arctic, asserting that they had been buried during the 8425: 3286:

mammoths have had little usable DNA because of their conditions of preservation. There is not enough to guide the production of an embryo.

6976:

in the cave and portable art: An overview with a short account on the elephant fossil record in Southern Europe during the last glacial".

5763: 4702:

Enk, J.; Devault, A.; Debruyne, R.; King, C. E.; Treangen, T.; O'Rourke, D.; Salzberg, S. L.; Fisher, D.; MacPhee, R.; Poinar, H. (2011).

2056:", a period of heightened aggressiveness. The glands are used especially by males to produce an oily substance with a strong smell called 7964:

Yesner, D. R.; Veltre, D. W.; Crossen, K. J.; Graham, R. W. "5,700-year-old Mammoth Remains from Qagnax Cave, Pribilof Islands, Alaska".

3222:, Canada. The specimen is estimated to have died 30,000 years ago and was nicknamed "Nun cho ga", meaning "big baby animal" in the local 4414:

Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David (ed.).

10943: 7628:"Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia" 4170:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA" 3020: 3859: 10933: 3264: 3198:

mount. In 2019, a group of researchers managed to obtain signs of biological activity after transferring nuclei of "Yuka" into mouse

9680: 9654: 5279:

Repin, V. E.; Taranov, O. S.; Ryabchikova, E. I.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Pugachev, V. G. (2004). "Sebaceous Glands of the Woolly Mammoth,

10829: 10713: 10478: 9254: 8329:

Seeber, Pa; Batke, L; Dvornikov, Y; Schmidt, A; Wang, Y; Stoof-Leichsenring, Kr; Moon, Kl; Shapiro, B; Epp, Ls (1 September 2023).

1943:

as long as 20 hours every day. The two-fingered tip of the trunk was probably adapted for picking up the short grasses of the last

9719: 3596:. The museum denied the story. The Swedish writer Bengt Sjögren suggested in 1962 that the myth began when the American biologist 3166: 5419:"Megafaunal split ends: microscopical characterisation of hair structure and function in extinct woolly mammoth and woolly rhino" 4467: 3478:

mammoths, the demand could instead be met by these. Trade in elephant ivory has been forbidden in most places following the 1989

10027: 7470:

Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2007). "Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia".

7009:"Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine)" 596:

and no longer existed, a concept that was not widely accepted at the time. Following Cuvier's identification, German naturalist

10963: 10938: 10893: 1335:

Individuals and populations showing transitional morphologies between each of the mammoth species are known, and primitive and

5621:"Revealing seasonal woolly mammoth migration with spatially-resolved trace element, Sr and O isotopic records of molar enamel" 4937: 3316:

Several projects are working on gradually replacing the genes in elephant cells with mammoth genes. By 2015 and using the new

2870:" required the animal to have been buried rapidly in liquid or semisolids such as silt, mud, and icy water, which then froze. 1812:

Woolly mammoth dental enamel from Poland has demonstrated that woolly mammoths were seasonally migratory. Recurring shifts in

709:

was published, wherein he used various taxon names that had previously been proposed for mammoth species, including replacing

10570: 10539: 10239: 10130: 9947: 9372: 9159: 8922: 8722: 5711:

Lynch, V.; Bedoya-Reina, O. C.; Ratan, A.; Sulak, M.; Drautz-Moses, D. I.; Perry, G. H.; Miller, W.; Schuster, S. C. (2015).

5536: 3652: 3490:

has made access to Siberian tusks easier, since the permafrost thaws more quickly, exposing the mammoths embedded within it.

2934: 2147: 808:

existed 6 million years ago in Africa and includes the modern elephants and the mammoths. Among many now-extinct clades, the

6100:"Mammoth ivory was the most suitable osseous raw material for the production of Late Pleistocene big game projectile points" 5787:"Signals of positive selection in mitochondrial protein-coding genes of woolly mammoth: Adaptation to extreme environments?" 2972:

The 1901 excavation of the "Berezovka mammoth" is the best documented of the early finds. It was discovered at the Siberian

2590:

O did not significantly vary in areas where woolly mammoths died out and where they persisted for longer into the Holocene.

2389:") made from ivory, antler, stone and bone. Cave paintings of woolly mammoths exist in several styles and sizes. The French 517:

Remains of various extinct elephants were known by Europeans for centuries but were generally interpreted as the remains of

8701:

Fiedel, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, G. (ed.).

3932:

Proboscidea: A monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world

8970: 7008: 6567:

Goslar, T.; Alsos, I. G.; Bellemain, E.; Brysting, A. K.; Elven, R.; Sønstebø, J. R. H.; Murton, J.; et al. (2014).

3422: 3366: 3298:

fact that sperm cells of modern mammals are viable for 15 years at most after deepfreezing makes this method unfeasible.

3184:

The frozen calf "Yuka" (left), and its skull and jaw which may have been extracted from the carcass by prehistoric humans

2964: 9491:

Mashchenko, E. N.; Protopopov, A. V.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Pavlov, I. S. (2013). "Specific characters of the mammoth calf (

6509:"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium" 3508:). The researchers concluded that the dinner had been a publicity stunt. In 2011, the Chinese palaeontologist Lida Xing 3010: 2032:

Examination of preserved calves shows that they were all born during spring and summer, and since modern elephants have

1155:). A 2015 DNA review confirmed Asian elephants as the closest living relative of the woolly mammoth. African elephants ( 10928: 10923: 10888: 3604:

trading mammoth tusks, asked if mammoths were still living in Alaska, and provided them with a drawing of the animal.

3024: 2913:

The "Adams mammoth" as illustrated in the 1800s (left) and on exhibit in Vienna; skin can be seen on its head and feet.

2815:

Woolly mammoth fossils have been found in many different types of deposits, including former rivers and lakes, and in "

2267:

of woolly mammoths and Columbian mammoths have been found together in a few localities of North America, including the

1326: 549:, or animals that had wandered north. The first woolly mammoth remains studied by European scientists were examined by 9930:

Loi, Pasqualino; Saragusty, Joseph; Ptak, Grazyna (2014). "Cloning the Mammoth: A Complicated Task or Just a Dream?".

268: 9659: 4753:

Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (13 November 2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere".

3091:

in Siberia, Russia. In 1999, this 20,380-year-old carcass and 25 tons of surrounding sediment were transported by an

1339:

species coexisted until the former disappeared. The different species and their intermediate forms have been termed "

6162: 1569:

include a large, high, single-domed head and a sloping back with a high shoulder hump; this shape resulted from the

1443:(1–1.3 million years old) belonged to a lineage that was ancestral to later woolly mammoths, whereas the other from 10913: 10257: 10191: 9541:"Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging" 9106:

Adams, M. (1808). "Some Account of a Journey to the Frozen-Sea, and of the Discovery of the Remains of a Mammoth".

8706: 7913:

Dale Guthrie, R. (2004). "Radiocarbon evidence of mid-Holocene mammoths stranded on an Alaskan Bering Sea island".

7489:

Fox, David L.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Tikhonov, Alexei N.; Mol, Dick; Buigues, Bernard (July 2007).

3124: 3039:"Effie", which was found in 1948. It consists of the head, the trunk, and a foreleg and is about 25,000 years old. 1598: 10757: 7213: 3357: 2263:

age, woolly mammoths briefly expanded into north-east Europe, whereafter the mainland populations became extinct.

824:

shows the placement of the woolly mammoth among Late Pleistocene and modern proboscideans, based on genetic data:

10678: 10616: 8164: 4629: 2060:. Their fur may have helped in spreading the scent further. This was confirmed by a 2023 study that compared the 5327: 3065:"Dima", a frozen calf, during excavation (left), and as exhibited in the Museum of Zoology; note fur on the legs 9309:

Kosintsev, P. A.; Lapteva, E. G.; Trofimova, S. S.; Zanina, O. G.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Van Der Plicht, J. (2012).

9071:

Tolmachoff, I. P. (1929). "The carcasses of the mammoth and rhinoceros found in the frozen ground of Siberia".

8910: 4416:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants" 4042:

Reich, M.; Gehler, A. (2008). "Giants' Bones and Unicorn Horns Ice Age Elephants Offer 21st Century Insights".

2728: 2048:, and indicates its gestation period was similar to that of a modern elephant, and that it was born in spring. 441:. It was covered in fur, with an outer covering of long guard hairs and a shorter undercoat. The colour of the 2781:

and the onset of the Last Interglacial, approximately 125,000 years ago. Studies of an 11,300–11,000-year-old

2291:

Woolly mammoth engraved on ivory found in 1864, the first known contemporary depiction of a prehistoric animal

2007: 568:

Others interpreted Sloane's conclusion slightly differently, arguing the flood had carried elephants from the

10908: 10860: 8798:

Nogués-Bravo, D.; Rodríguez, J. S.; Hortal, J. N.; Batra, P.; Araújo, M. B. (2008). Barnosky, Anthony (ed.).

3393: 3235: 2711: 701:

By the early 20th century, the taxonomy of extinct elephants was complex. In 1942, American palaeontologist

490: 10052: 7981:"5,700-Year-Old Mammoth Remains from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska: Last Outpost of North America Megafauna" 7737:"Process-explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern-oriented validation" 7411:

Nogués-Bravo, David; Rodríguez, Jesús; Hortal, Joaquín; Batra, Persaram; Araújo, Miguel B. (1 April 2008).

5987:

Fisher, D. C.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Rountrey, A. N.; Buigues, B.; Van Der Plicht, J. (2012).

3434:

of extinct elephants, though other scholars are skeptical that folk memory could survive such a long time.

2576: 1612: 1159:) branched away from this clade around 6 million years ago, close to the time of the similar split between 8331:

Mitochondrial genomes of Pleistocene megafauna retrieved from recent sediment layers of two Siberian lakes

7072: 3612:; while his book was a systematic investigation into possible unknown species, it became the basis of the 1790:

The very long hairs on the tail probably compensated for the shortness of the tail, enabling its use as a

1151:, which allowed them to confirm the close evolutionary relationship between mammoths and Asian elephants ( 10958: 10687: 4656: 3226:. It is the best preserved woolly mammoth mummy found in North America, and was the same size as Lyuba. 597: 533:

accounts. They were thought to be remains of modern elephants that had been brought to Europe during the

510: 258: 10692: 9745: 1755: 628:

for woolly mammoth fossils in his collection that he put up for sale, thereby coining a new genus name.

461:

for manipulating objects, fighting, and foraging. The diet of the woolly mammoth was mainly grasses and

10953: 9807: 5625: 5584: 5382: 3930: 3321: 3175: 2778: 2670: 2438: 2259:(Beringia), with Siberia being more uniformly cold and dry throughout the Late Pleistocene. During the 474: 10314: 6751:"Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes" 6376:"Extraordinary incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene mammoths" 6028: 2714:

for the mammoth steppe, supporting mammoths and other widespread Ice Age mammals such as wild horses (

1867:

Head and leg of the adult male "Yukagir mammoth" (the trunk is not preserved); note fur and small ears

139: 9311:"Environmental reconstruction inferred from the intestinal contents of the Yamal baby mammoth Lyuba ( 3992: 3290: 2980:, as indicated by its erect penis. One third of a replica of the mammoth in the Museum of Zoology of 2963:

The "Berezovka mammoth" during excavation in 1901 (left), and a model partially covered by its skin,

2799: 1255:) with 18–20 ridges, which evolved in eastern Asia around 1 million years ago. Mammoths derived from 9395: 8669:

Ackerman, R. E. (1998). "Early maritime traditions in the Bering, Chukchi, and East Siberian seas".

7992: 1435:

In 2021, DNA older than a million years was sequenced for the first time, from two mammoth teeth of

10903: 7495: 7077: 6433: 5465: 4566: 3597: 2838: 1542: 9628: 8227:"Microsatellite genotyping reveals end-Pleistocene decline in mammoth autosomal genetic variation" 4637:. The World of Elephants – Proceedings of the 1st International Congress. Rome. pp. 540–543. 3762: 9655:"'She's perfect and she's beautiful': Frozen baby woolly mammoth discovered in Yukon gold fields" 9596:

Wong, K. (2013). "Can a mammoth carcass really preserve flowing blood and possibly live cells?".

9427:"Baby mammoth Lyuba, pristinely preserved, offers scientists rare look into mysteries of Ice Age" 9245:

Mol, D. et al. (2001). "The Jarkov Mammoth: 20,000-Year-Old carcass of a Siberian woolly mammoth

7627: 7490: 6428: 6170: 5620: 4484: 3902: 3589: 2854:

Apart from frozen remains, the only soft tissue known is from a specimen that was preserved in a

2824: 2208: 2157: 1651: 1535:". The last woolly mammoth populations are claimed to have decreased in size and increased their 1215: 1183:

were confidently identified for the first time, collected from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth.

873: 695: 562: 371: 10122: 9310: 9151: 9145: 8417: 6893:"Out of America: Ancient DNA Evidence for a New World Origin of Late Quaternary Woolly Mammoths" 3644: 3573: 2299:

period when humans entered Europe from Africa between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Before this,

1720: 733: 10783: 10744: 10640: 8628:

Arppe, L.; Karhu, J. A.; Vartanyan, S.; Drucker, D. G.; Etu-Sihvola, H.; Bocherens, H. (2019).

7073:"Proboscidean isotopic compositions provide insight into ancient humans and their environments" 3396:

had long found what are now known to be woolly mammoth remains, collecting their tusks for the

3206: 1682: 1023: 780:'s 1796 comparison between the mandible of a woolly mammoth (bottom left and top right) and an 702: 620:

a few months later, but the former name was subsequently used. In 1828, the British naturalist

8914: 8904: 8359:"Complete Genomes Reveal Signatures of Demographic and Genetic Declines in the Woolly Mammoth" 5008:

Vartanyan, S. L.; Arslanov, K. A.; Karhu, J. A.; Possnert, G. R.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D. (2008).

2195:

at the time. The habitat of the woolly mammoth supported other grazing herbivores such as the

418:, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric 10793: 10778: 10507:

The Big Question: Are so-called 'extinct' species really extinct, and will we rediscover any?

7358: 7350: 5988: 5785:

Ngatia, J. N.; Lan, T. M.; Dinh, T. D.; Zhang, L.; Ahmed, Ahmed Khalid; Xu, Yan Chun (2019).

3526: 2925: 2867: 2686: 2586:

values suggests that climate change was not the direct cause of Eurasian woolly mammoths, as

2556: 2243: 1948: 1696: 1496: 1225: 577: 238: 10847: 8630:"Thriving or surviving? The isotopic record of the Wrangel Island woolly mammoth population" 7736: 6664:Álvarez-Lao, D. J.; García, N. (2012). "Comparative revision of the Iberian woolly mammoth ( 2593: 2356: 1190:

studies is possible. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges (or

10700: 10625:– three-minute video about the extinction of the woolly mammoth, presented by Adrian Lister 10350: 9786: 9552: 9504: 9457: 9329: 9275: 9203: 8752: 8641: 8372: 8285: 8238: 8176: 8121: 8028: 7922: 7872: 7831: 7748: 7679: 7639: 7596: 7367: 7322: 7279: 7244: 7179: 7019: 6981: 6904: 6864: 6818: 6762: 6723: 6677: 6638: 6583: 6568: 6520: 6442: 6285: 6217: 6060: 6007: 5954: 5918: 5798: 5713:"Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of Woolly Mammoth adaptations to the arctic" 5634: 5593: 5474: 5430: 5417:

Tridico, Silvana R.; Rigby, Paul; Kirkbride, K. Paul; Haile, James; Bunce, Michael (2014).

5391: 5194: 5135: 5075: 5028: 4820: 4764: 4571: 4372: 4181: 4114: 4075: 3797: 3722: 3681: 3310: 3210: 3138: 2690: 2504: 2457: 2398: 2321: 2313: 2268: 2064:

level in the dentine of an adult African elephant tusk with that of a male woolly mammoth.

2045: 1715: 1662: 1187: 9729: 7668:"Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA" 7354:"Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA" 3544: 8: 10602: 9909:"Woolly mammoth could be revived after scientists paste DNA into elephant's genetic code" 8900: 8671: 8165:"Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Mammoths on Wrangel Island, Arctic Ocean, until 2000 BC" 5296: 4340: 3568: 3464: 3460: 3317: 3103:". In October 2000, the careful defrosting operations in this cave began with the use of 2446: 2406: 2304: 2114: 2097: 729: 518: 438: 10482: 10354: 10337:

Glass, J. R.; Davis, M.; Walsh, T. J.; Sargis, E. J.; Caccone, A.; Fiorillo, A. (2016).

9556: 9508: 9461: 9333: 9279: 9207: 8756: 8645: 8376: 8289: 8242: 8180: 8125: 8032: 7926: 7876: 7835: 7811:

Stuart, A. J.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D.; Orlova, L. A.; Kuzmin, Y. V.; Lister, A. M. (2002).

7752: 7683: 7643: 7600: 7371: 7326: 7283: 7248: 7183: 7023: 6985: 6908: 6868: 6822: 6766: 6727: 6681: 6642: 6587: 6524: 6446: 6289: 6221: 6064: 6011: 5958: 5922: 5802: 5638: 5597: 5478: 5434: 5395: 5198: 5139: 5079: 5032: 4824: 4768: 4575: 4376: 4185: 4118: 4079: 3801: 3726: 3685: 3608:

included the possibility of residual populations of Siberian mammoths in his 1955 book,

2706:

until about 5,700 years ago, roughly concurrent with the St. Paul population and on the

2464:, were made from this material. Weapons made from ivory, such as daggers, spears, and a 753:

specimen in 1990. Resolutions to historical issues about the validity of the genus name

10559: 10397: 10373: 10338: 10274: 10208: 10115: 10096: 9889: 9609: 9573: 9540: 9520: 9473: 9345: 9088: 9048: 8877: 8850: 8826: 8799: 8775: 8740: 8680: 8563: 8527: 8500: 8473: 8448: 8393: 8358: 8330: 8306: 8145: 8051: 8016: 7946: 7863: 7790: 7708: 7667: 7564: 7539: 7447: 7412: 7388: 7353: 7295: 7141: 6930: 6785: 6750: 6704: 6607: 6543: 6508: 6404: 6375: 6349: 6309: 6126: 6099: 6033: 5821: 5786: 5693: 5490: 5358: 5308: 5265: 5217: 5182: 5151: 5044: 4849: 4808: 4788: 4730: 4703: 4442: 4415: 4396: 4304: 4277: 4253: 4226: 4202: 4169: 4145: 4102: 3973: 3637: 3605: 3495: 3214:

properties. In 2022, a complete female baby woolly mammoth was found by a miner in the

3076: 2954: 2609: 2296: 2256: 2192: 1956: 1806: 1783: 1448: 1260: 1199: 1066: 1048: 423: 369:

epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with the African

362: 296: 134: 28: 9287: 8226: 7858: 7843: 7160: 5009: 4464: 3301: 682:". The word was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to 126:

Largest European specimen, a male at Südostbayerisches Naturkunde- und Mammut-Museum,

10883: 10842: 10576: 10566: 10545: 10535: 10378: 10235: 10126: 10024: 9953: 9943: 9893: 9854: 9578: 9349: 9291: 9219: 9155: 9052: 8962: 8918: 8882: 8831: 8780: 8718: 8610: 8567: 8532: 8478: 8398: 8311: 8254: 8250: 8194: 8137: 8106: 8056: 7950: 7938: 7888: 7812: 7794: 7782: 7774: 7713: 7695: 7569: 7452: 7434: 7393: 7299: 7145: 6922: 6845: 6790: 6599: 6548: 6409: 6313: 6301: 6131: 5878: 5826: 5744: 5685: 5532: 5494: 5418: 5350: 5300: 5222: 5048: 4929: 4873: 4854: 4836: 4792: 4780: 4755: 4735: 4558: 4532: 4447: 4388: 4344: 4309: 4258: 4207: 4150: 4132: 3648: 2875: 2698: 2605: 2508: 2461: 2239: 2231: 2196: 2033: 1536: 1452: 1436: 1322: 1191: 1144: 918: 845: 667: 546: 526: 392: 9833:"Essays on Science and Society: Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem" 9613: 9524: 9477: 8654: 8629: 8447:

Nystrom, V.; Dalen, L.; Vartanyan, S.; Liden, K.; Ryman, N.; Angerbjorn, A. (2010).

7651: 7137: 6934: 6689: 6650: 6037: 5966: 5646: 5605: 5442: 5403: 5362: 5155: 4631:

Discreteness of evolution and variability in mammoth lineage: method for group study

4227:"Reading the Evolutionary History of the Woolly Mammoth in Its Mitochondrial Genome" 2317: 1763: 1412:

between the two species. A 2015 study suggested that the animals in the range where

1143:

Within six weeks from 2005–2006, three teams of researchers independently assembled

10820: 10368: 10358: 10339:"Was Frozen Mammoth or Giant Ground Sloth Served for Dinner at The Explorers Club?" 10266: 10200: 10169: 10091: 10086: 10078: 9935: 9881: 9844: 9791: 9601: 9568: 9560: 9512: 9465: 9448:

Fisher, Daniel C. (2014). "X-ray computed tomography of two mammoth calf mummies".

9337: 9283: 9211: 9080: 9040: 8954: 8872: 8862: 8821: 8811: 8770: 8760: 8710: 8649: 8600: 8555: 8522: 8512: 8468: 8460: 8388: 8380: 8334: 8301: 8293: 8246: 8184: 8149: 8129: 8046: 8036: 7930: 7880: 7839: 7764: 7756: 7703: 7687: 7647: 7604: 7559: 7551: 7500: 7442: 7424: 7383: 7375: 7330: 7287: 7252: 7187: 7133: 7086: 7035: 7027: 6989: 6912: 6872: 6826: 6780: 6770: 6731: 6685: 6646: 6611: 6591: 6538: 6528: 6450: 6399: 6389: 6293: 6225: 6121: 6111: 6068: 6023: 6015: 5962: 5926: 5868: 5858: 5816: 5806: 5734: 5724: 5697: 5677: 5642: 5601: 5482: 5438: 5399: 5342: 5312: 5292: 5261: 5212: 5202: 5143: 5083: 5036: 4970: 4921: 4881: 4844: 4828: 4772: 4725: 4715: 4704:"Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths" 4675: 4579: 4524: 4437: 4427: 4400: 4380: 4336: 4299: 4289: 4248: 4238: 4197: 4189: 4140: 4122: 4083: 4020: 3963: 3805: 3730: 3689: 3499: 3329: 3115: 3096: 3088: 2981: 2746: 2707: 2659: 2621: 2560: 2309: 1960: 1924: 1759: 1636: 1532: 1409: 1318: 1240: 1132: 687: 631: 434: 404: 280: 10174: 10157: 9934:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 753. pp. 489–502. 9885: 9364: 7121: 3451: 3442: 3392:

The woolly mammoth has remained culturally significant long after its extinction.

3087:

In 1997, a piece of mammoth tusk was discovered protruding from the tundra of the

2539:, the "Schaefer" and "Hebior mammoths", show evidence of having been butchered by 1978:". The faecal matter may have been eaten by "Lyuba" to promote development of the 10765: 10363: 10066: 10031: 9939: 9813: 9768: 9749: 9687: 9341: 9215: 8867: 8816: 8741:"Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska" 8517: 8363: 8017:"Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska" 7608: 7504: 7429: 7334: 7090: 7031: 6993: 6876: 6830: 6735: 6533: 6454: 6229: 6072: 6019: 5729: 5712: 5486: 5207: 5087: 4680: 4583: 4471: 4432: 4294: 4243: 4087: 3909: 3384: 3215: 3134: 3081: 3047: 2973: 2732:

Map showing climatic suitability for woolly mammoths in the Late Pleistocene and

2453: 2390: 2287: 2242:

of China and is 33,000 years old. The southernmost European remains are from the

1975: 1928: 1795: 1666: 1640: 1606: 1570: 1547: 1518: 977: 792:, which contains modern elephants, existed about 55 million years ago around the 781: 565:, and that Siberia had previously been tropical before a drastic climate change. 8714: 5040: 3223: 3150:

In 2007, the carcass of a female calf nicknamed "Lyuba" was discovered near the

2931:

Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

2641: 2551:

Most woolly mammoth populations disappeared during the late Pleistocene and mid-

2345: 2246:

in Spain and are of roughly the same age. DNA studies have helped determine the

1263:. Woolly mammoths entered North America about 100,000 years ago by crossing the 10663: 10051:, vol. I, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, pp. 123–124, archived from 9564: 8958: 8605: 8588: 8297: 7691: 7379: 6297: 6116: 4885: 4832: 4193: 3593: 3487: 3483: 3406: 3191: 3151: 3100: 3056: 2879: 2855: 2674: 2655: 2572: 2422: 2375: 2247: 2179: 2169: 2165: 2077: 1575: 1421: 1280: 1248: 777: 621: 609: 589: 534: 486: 478: 466: 427: 410:

The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any

388: 380: 10628: 10622: 9605: 9516: 9044: 9031:

Vereshchagin, N. K. (2009). "The mammoth "cemeteries" of north-east Siberia".

8559: 8384: 8274:"Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics" 8189: 8107:"Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth" 7256: 7191: 6917: 6892: 5930: 5863: 5846: 5147: 2417: 10877: 10580: 8273: 8198: 7892: 7778: 7699: 7438: 4933: 4840: 4805: 4720: 4136: 3613: 3554: 3341: 2992: 2863: 2716: 2694: 2540: 2402: 2260: 2200: 2093: 2089: 2037: 1971: 1782:. The tusks may have been used in intraspecies fighting, such as fights over 1732: 1727: 1623: 1566: 1340: 1264: 816:) is only a distant relative of the mammoths and part of the separate family 722: 691: 679: 585: 538: 506: 454: 442: 419: 415: 69: 10549: 10082: 9849: 9832: 8765: 8449:"Temporal genetic change in the last remaining population of woolly mammoth" 8041: 7313:

Joyce, D. J. (2006). "Chronology and new research on the Schaefer mammoth (?

6775: 5843: 5346: 4776: 4127: 2632: 2080:, found in 2% of specimens. One specimen from Switzerland had several fused 1801:

Like modern elephants, woolly mammoths were likely very social and lived in

1469: 721:, and many proposed differences between species were instead interpreted as 616:). This name is Latin for "the first-born elephant". Cuvier coined the name 10382: 9957: 9858: 9582: 9295: 9223: 8966: 8886: 8835: 8784: 8614: 8536: 8482: 8464: 8402: 8315: 8258: 8141: 8060: 7942: 7786: 7717: 7573: 7555: 7456: 7397: 6926: 6794: 6603: 6552: 6413: 6336:

Rothschild, Bruce M.; Wang, Xiaoming; Shoshani, Jeheskel (September 1994).

6305: 6135: 5882: 5830: 5748: 5689: 5354: 5304: 5226: 4975: 4958: 4858: 4784: 4739: 4597:

Ferretti, M. P. (2003). "Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel".

4536: 4451: 4392: 4348: 4313: 4262: 4211: 4154: 3810: 3785: 3735: 3710: 3694: 3669: 3509: 3278: 3072: 2977: 2828: 2682: 2678: 2597: 2394: 2386: 2365: 2300: 2275:

where their regions overlapped. It is unknown whether the two species were

2272: 2161: 2073: 2061: 2021: 2012: 1990: 1736: 1336: 1247:) about 2–1.7 million years ago. In turn, this species was replaced by the 1136: 887: 805: 758: 745: 744:

designation was not practised in Blumenbach's time. Soviet palaeontologist

276: 201: 9175:

Pfizenmayer, E. (1907). "A Contribution to the Morphology of the Mammoth,

8906:

Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America

8339: 4024: 3254: 2924:

in 1799 by Ossip Schumachov, a Siberian hunter. While in Yakutsk in 1806,

2433: 2320:

found an engraving of a woolly mammoth on a piece of mammoth ivory in the

1650:

varied from hair to hair and within each hair. A 2006 study sequenced the

1478: 1127: 493:

through various means, but none of the methods proposed are yet feasible.

10770: 10726: 10672: 9999:"Could Austin entrepreneur's company help bring back the woolly mammoth?" 8105:

Stuart, A. J.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Higham, T. F. G.; Lister, A. M. (2004).

6249:

Scientific Annals, School of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

5873: 4925: 3578: 3504: 3431: 3397: 3380: 3158:, which "pickled" it, preserving the mammoth in a nearly pristine state. 3155: 2762: 2336: 2227: 2085: 1886: 1802: 1657:(which influences hair colour in mammals) from woolly mammoth bones. Two 1230: 1160: 1148: 706: 550: 458: 400: 191: 44: 10479:"Henry Tukeman: Mammoth's Roar was Heard All The Way to the Smithsonian" 10158:"North American Indian traditions suggesting a knowledge of the mammoth" 8684: 8589:"Temporal dynamics of woolly mammoth genome erosion prior to extinction" 8133: 8076:"Mammoths still walked the earth when the Great Pyramid was being built" 7934: 7769: 7209: 6595: 6353: 6337: 4874:"Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA" 4384: 2904: 2895: 1352:

palaeontology. Regional and intermediate species and subspecies such as

1307: 646:

Where and how the word "mammoth" originated is unclear. According to the

481:

until 4,000 years ago. After its extinction, humans continued using its

10834: 10718: 10100: 9629:"Rare mummified baby woolly mammoth with skin and hair found in Canada" 9092: 8585: 8550:

Switek, B. (2017). "Dying woolly mammoths were in 'genetic meltdown'".

7039: 6098:

Pfeifer, S. J.; Hartramph, W. L.; Kahlke, R.-D.; Müller, F. A. (2019).

5739: 3977: 3879: 3861:

A catalogue of the anatomical & zoological museum of Joshua Brookes

3639:

Written in Stone: Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature

3401: 3337: 3325: 3306: 3104: 2921: 2847: 2832: 2816: 2568: 2531: 2526: 2476: 2252: 2102: 2084:

as a result of this condition. The "Yukagir mammoth" had suffered from

1902: 1838: 1791: 1775: 1708: 1349: 1235: 1176: 1168: 817: 793: 593: 462: 411: 89: 54: 10731: 10278: 10212: 9972:"Woolly mammoths are being brought back from extinction by scientists" 7760: 7540:"Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth" 7291: 6507:

Pavelková Řičánková, V.; Robovský, J.; Riegert, J. (13 January 2014).

6394: 5811: 4528: 3935:. Vol. 2. New York: J. Pierpont Morgan Fund. pp. 1116–1169. 3535: 1858: 1829: 1131:

Comparison between the lower molars of a woolly mammoth (above) and a

773: 465:. Individuals could probably reach the age of 60. Its habitat was the 9251:

The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress

7966:

Second World of Elephants Congress, (Hot Springs: Mammoth Site, 2005)

4809:"Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths" 3195: 3092: 2843: 2820: 2766: 2536: 2485: 2465: 2122: 1979: 1964: 1914: 1882: 1700:

way, most of the weight would have been close to the skull, and less

1555: 1444: 821: 797: 737: 636: 446: 151: 127: 118: 94: 38: 10634: 9181:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

9084: 7884: 5462: 3968: 3951: 666:

version of the biblical word "behemoth". Another possible origin is

445:

varied from dark to light. The ears and tail were short to minimise

10814: 10657: 10611: 10270: 10204: 9724: 9490: 9469: 7122:"The earliest direct evidence of mammoth hunting in Central Europe" 5681: 5325: 5061: 3479: 2859: 2782: 2770: 2733: 2662:(right), places where mammoths survived until about 4,000 years ago 2552: 2512: 2385:

in Russia, France, and Spain to engravings and sculptures (termed "

2325: 2276: 2138: 2106: 2081: 2057: 1878: 1740: 1628: 1220: 1180: 809: 741: 558: 542: 522: 501: 414:

animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and

376: 366: 288: 171: 84: 79: 64: 59: 49: 32: 10631:– two-minute video about mammoth tusk collecting in modern Siberia 8800:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 7413:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 6506: 6329: 5121: 4513: 3997:

Brookes, 1828 (Mammalia, Proboscidea): proposed conservation, and

2215:

most similar to the "mammoth steppe". A 2014 study concluded that

2096:, showing that the animals had survived these injuries. Likewise, 1849: 426:. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by 10855: 10705: 9179:

Blumenbach; With an Explanation of My Attempt at a Restoration".

8940:"Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact" 8501:"Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel Island" 7817:

Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: A review of the current evidence"

7165:

with lithic artifacts in the Upper Pleistocene of northern Italy"

4909:

Larramendi, Asier; Palombo, Maria Rita; Marano, Federica (2017).

4103:"A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants" 3426: 3274: 3199: 2804: 2737: 2222: 2183: 2044:

isotopic analysis of the teeth of "Lyuba" has demonstrated their

1944: 1940: 1874: 1779: 1744: 1691: 1686:

Skull from Poland with one broken and one downward spiralled tusk

1647: 801: 750: 569: 557:. Sloane was the first to recognise that the remains belonged to 554: 384: 358: 214: 99: 74: 10069:(1913), "Arabic and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhal Ivory", 9127:

Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg

8797: 7410: 5014:) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia" 3245: 2580: 2494: 2076:

has been found in woolly mammoths. The most common of these was

2041: 1813: 1522:

Size comparison of average-sized male and female woolly mammoths

9308: 7624: 7536: 6569:"Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet" 6207: 5986: 5943: 5278: 5181:

Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012).

4100: 4069: 3752: 3564: 3035: 2835:, and mud, have trapped mammoths in separate events over time. 2754: 2651: 2212: 2118: 1983: 1894: 1771: 1701: 1658: 1591: 1527: 1440: 1424:

of hybrids with varying morphology. It suggested that Eurasian

1195: 663: 639: 573: 181: 161: 10255:

Lankford, G. E. (1980). "Pleistocene Animals in Folk Memory".

10189:

Lankford, G. E. (1980). "Pleistocene Animals in Folk Memory".

8224: 7810: 6709:

in Europe and its southern spread during the Late Pleistocene"

5904: 5764:"Mammoth Genomes Provide Recipe for Creating Arctic Elephants" 5761: 5666: 5007: 3001: 10291: 10289: 9742: 8703:

American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene

8356: 7523: 7521: 6380: 5618: 3842: 3601: 3582: 3376: 3294: 3219: 2809: 2758: 2703: 2564: 2452:

Woolly mammoth ivory was used to create art objects. Several

2374:

Various prehistoric depictions of woolly mammoths, including

2204: 2187: 2053: 2011:

Cross sections of African elephant and woolly mammoth tusks;

1932: 789: 651: 605: 530: 482: 469:, which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America. 8737: 8013: 6097: 5375: 5328:"Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths" 4167: 3670:"An Account of Elephants Teeth and Bones Found under Ground" 3023:(left), a stuffed leg (middle), and the calf "Effie" at the 2685:

and several centuries subsequent to the construction of the

2092:

is known from some specimens. Several specimens have healed

1762:

of fauna during the Pleistocene epoch in northern Spain, by

489:

for the mammoth completed in 2015, it has been proposed the

485:

as a raw material, a tradition that continues today. With a

473:

10,000 years ago, although isolated populations survived on

9809:

Woolly Mammoth DNA Successfully Spliced Into Elephant Cells

8999: 8997: 8328: 8104: 7806: 7804: 6565: 6274: 6245: 6147: 6145: 5710: 5240:

Valente, A. (1983). "Hair structure of the woolly mammoth,

4557:

Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V.; Van Essen, H.; Wei, G. (2005).

3282: 2238:

The southernmost woolly mammoth specimen known is from the

2216: 1936: 1559: 450: 399:) lived alongside the woolly mammoth in North America, and 10286: 9537: 8627: 8446: 8272:

Wang, Y; Pedersen, M.W.; Alsos, I.g.; et al. (2021).

7518: 7488: 6807: 6484: 6482: 6480: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5416: 5167: 5165: 3711:"Of Fossile Teeth and Bones of Elephants. Part the Second" 7733: 7664: 7210:"Woolly mammoth carcass may have been cut into by humans" 6705:"The Padul mammoth finds — On the southernmost record of 6374:

Reumer, J. W. F.; Ten Broek, C. M. A.; Galis, F. (2014).

5531:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 348–354. 4559:"The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia" 3790:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2530:

had been removed, and were found nearby. A site near the

1952: 1631:

seasonally, and the heaviest fur was shed during spring.

1171: 796:. The closest known relatives of the Proboscidea are the 553:

in 1728 and consisted of fossilised teeth and tusks from

10424:"This massive meatball was made With woolly mammoth DNA" 8994: 7801: 6203: 6201: 6142: 6050: 5581: 5522: 5520: 5518: 4413: 4361: 4326: 2984:

is covered in skin and hair of the "Berezovka mammoth".

2555:, coinciding with the extinction of most North American 2295:

Modern humans coexisted with woolly mammoths during the

9302: 8453:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6477: 6163:"A Mammoth Find: Clues to the Past, Present and Future" 5989:"Anatomy, death, and preservation of a woolly mammoth ( 5501: 5162: 4908: 2600:

projectile points made from mammoth ivory, Pekárna cave

433:

The woolly mammoth was roughly the same size as modern

9762:

Can scientists bring mammoths back to life by cloning?

7007:

Demay, L.; Péan, S.; Patou-Mathis, M. (October 2012).

6955: 6953: 6335: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5847:"Genomics of adaptive evolution in the woolly mammoth" 4701: 4556: 10336: 10234:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 97. 9704: 9702: 9700: 9531: 9387: 8987: 8985: 8983: 7963: 7006: 6624: 6198: 5937: 5515: 5180: 4959:"Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape" 2933:, and the task of mounting the skeleton was given to 2765:, and mastodons), as well as most of the rest of the 804:(an order of small, herbivorous mammals). The family 10592: 10561:

How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction

9265: 9011: 9009: 6702: 6373: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 4614: 4612: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 2681:

until 4,000 years ago, well into the start of human

1019: 935: 914: 869: 841: 10117:

The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History

9147:

The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History

8352: 8350: 6950: 6747: 5973: 3864:. Vol. 1. London: Richard Taylor. p. 73. 3783: 788:The earliest known members of the Proboscidea, the 10623:Natural History Museum: "The last of the mammoths" 10558: 10114: 9697: 9073:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9066: 9064: 9062: 8980: 8498: 6889: 5784: 5010:"Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths ( 4880:. Vol. 590, no. 7847. pp. 537–538. 4063: 3990: 3956:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3636: 2669:A small population of woolly mammoths survived on 10629:National Geographic: "Mammoth tusk treasure hunt" 9356: 9006: 8791: 8705:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. 8499:Barsh, G. S.; Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). 8418:"Lonely end for the world's last woolly mammoths" 8271: 6811:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6716:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6663: 6427:Haynes, Gary; Klimowicz, Janis (27 August 2015). 6053:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5094: 4609: 4543: 3991:Garutt, W. E.; Gentry, A.; Lister, A. M. (1990). 3761:. The Academy of Natural Sciences. Archived from 1179:and another that died 60,000 years ago. In 2012, 686:tusks discovered in Siberia. American president 10875: 9929: 8347: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 7234: 4918:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 3916:, Oxford University Press. Accessed 5 June 2009. 3107:to keep the hair and other soft tissues intact. 1503:), but is considerably smaller than the earlier 379:. The woolly mammoth began to diverge from the 10448: 10446: 10444: 9787:"Scientist takes mammoth-cloning a step closer" 9059: 8745:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8156: 8080:HeritageDaily – Heritage & Archaeology News 8021:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7729: 7727: 6755:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6426: 5066:(Blumenbach, 1799) inferred from dental data". 4107:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4005:): proposed designation as the type species of 3784:Breyne, J. P.; s., T.; Wolochowicz, M. (1737). 3205:In 2013, a well-preserved carcass was found on 2178:The habitat of the woolly mammoth is known as " 2109:were identified in the gut of the calf "Dima". 1270: 8937: 7346: 7344: 7269: 6093: 6091: 5526: 4952: 4950: 3924: 3922: 2503:Artifacts made from woolly mammoth ivory; The 1970:Scientists identified milk in the stomach and 1690:Woolly mammoths had very long tusks (modified 728:Osborn chose two molars (found in Siberia and 9755: 9108:The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal 8662: 8494: 8492: 8209: 6160: 5762:Ewen Callaway, Nature magazine (4 May 2015). 5117: 5115: 5113: 4627: 3486:are coarser in texture. In the 21st century, 2929:Shumachov had sold. Adams brought all to the 2850:"), at Celtic and Prehistoric Museum, Ireland 2658:(left) and a skeleton being excavated on the 1735:. The teeth had up to 26 separated ridges of 1669:(partially active) one. In mammals, recessive 1439:age found in eastern Siberia. One tooth from 600:gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name, 10441: 9932:Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation 9900: 9871: 9743:The Long Now Foundation – Revive and Restore 9711: 9674: 9030: 8440: 8007: 7912: 7724: 7469: 6971: 5755: 5174: 3880:"Mammoth entry in Oxford English Dictionary" 3845:International Mammoth Conference IV (Poster) 3838: 3836: 3277:would involve removal of the DNA-containing 2753:woolly mammoths of eastern Beringia (modern 10298: 9805: 9620: 9174: 9015: 8731: 8543: 8073: 7341: 7203: 7201: 6500: 6154: 6088: 5993:) calf, Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia" 5845:D.; van der Valk, Tom; Dalén, Love (2023). 5577: 5575: 4947: 4474:, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 November 2008 4041: 3919: 3708: 3667: 2282: 2128: 1300:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart 9070: 9020:. London: Blackie and Son. pp. 46–61. 8696: 8694: 8621: 8489: 7472:CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 7158: 6703:Diego J. Alvarez-Lao; et al. (2009), 6241: 6239: 6029:11370/a3961dcc-4eaf-47fb-9ad7-904d79a0f4f8 5458: 5456: 5110: 4956: 4752: 4746: 4465:Will findings recreate the woolly mammoth? 3952:"Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae" 3929:Osborn, H. F. (1942). Percy, M. R. (ed.). 3263:Models of an adult and the calf "Dima" in 3021:National Museum of Natural History, France 2697:. However some studies have asserted that 1565:Other characteristic features depicted in 1539:, but this was dismissed in a 2012 study. 267: 117: 10949:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 10372: 10362: 10225: 10223: 10173: 10151: 10149: 10090: 10048:Die lrtysch-Ostjaken und ihre Volkspoesie 9848: 9736: 9572: 9396:"Baby mammoth find promises breakthrough" 8876: 8866: 8825: 8815: 8774: 8764: 8653: 8604: 8526: 8516: 8472: 8392: 8338: 8305: 8188: 8162: 8050: 8040: 7906: 7768: 7707: 7563: 7446: 7428: 7387: 7317:) site, Kenosha County, Wisconsin, USA". 6916: 6784: 6774: 6542: 6532: 6403: 6393: 6125: 6115: 6027: 5872: 5862: 5820: 5810: 5738: 5728: 5704: 5216: 5206: 4974: 4848: 4799: 4729: 4719: 4679: 4441: 4431: 4303: 4293: 4252: 4242: 4201: 4144: 4126: 4044:Collections – Wisdom, Insight, Innovation 3967: 3833: 3818: 3809: 3777: 3734: 3693: 3265:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 2437:Reconstructed bone hut based on finds in 1963:shows that woolly mammoths fed mainly on 1562:; this is also seen in modern elephants. 10503: 10254: 10188: 10121:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 10044: 9778: 9393: 8668: 7198: 7070: 5837: 5572: 4871: 4654: 4596: 3753:The Academy of Natural Sciences (2007). 3630: 3628: 3415: 3347: 3320:DNA editing technique, one team, led by 3300: 3095:heavy lift helicopter to an ice cave in 2837: 2803: 2727: 2624:of Siberia and date to 9,650 years ago. 2592: 2432: 2286: 2226:Mural depicting a herd walking near the 2221: 2006: 1989: 1913: 1754: 1714: 1681: 1541: 1517: 1206:) were the culmination of this process. 1126: 772: 740:specimens for the woolly mammoth, since 630: 500: 10534:(3 ed.). London: Frances Lincoln. 10504:McCarthy, Michael (28 September 2009), 10481:. Tacoma Public Library. Archived from 10452: 10398:"'Lucky Hands' in pursuit of dinosaurs" 10330: 9919:from the original on 25 September 2015. 9906: 9784: 9626: 9193: 9150:. University of Chicago Press. p. 9124: 8848: 8691: 7978: 6236: 5778: 5453: 5319: 5239: 3868:from the original on 24 September 2015. 3857: 3502:(it had also been claimed to belong to 2303:had coexisted with mammoths during the 1974:in the intestines of the mammoth calf " 1719:Molar from Font de Champdamoy, France, 1432:in areas where their range overlapped. 658:, "earth-horn". It may be a version of 10876: 10476: 10395: 10304: 10220: 10155: 10146: 10065: 9652: 9447: 9362: 9253:( 16–20 October 2001, Rome): 305–309. 9137: 8899: 8700: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8549: 8415: 8163:Vartanyan, S. L.; et al. (1995). 7856: 7620: 7618: 7586: 7119: 6972:Braun, I. M.; Palombo, M. R. (2012). " 6967: 6965: 6843: 6338:"Spondyloarthropathy in Proboscideans" 6161:Herbert, B.; Fisher, D. (5 May 2010). 4628:Foronova, I. V.; Zudin, A. N. (2001). 4275: 3949: 3928: 3824: 3634: 2575:). This extinction formed part of the 1819: 1704:would occur than with straight tusks. 1167:In 2008, much of the woolly mammoth's 10639: 10638: 10232:Fossil Legends of the First Americans 10229: 10112: 9830: 9717: 9424: 9268:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9143: 9105: 7312: 7207: 6268: 5449:from the original on 2 November 2017. 4904: 4902: 4644:from the original on 24 October 2014. 4224: 3748: 3746: 3625: 2842:Skull discovered by fishermen in the 1918:Mandibles and lower molars, Barcelona 1286:Cast of an intermediate form between 1209:The first known members of the genus 387:. Its closest extant relative is the 10919:Extinct animals of the United States 10899:Pleistocene mammals of North America 10861:5E8B0ADF-A307-463E-A93D-032FF331D113 10455:Farliga djur och djur som inte finns 10421: 9595: 9495:) from the Khroma River (Yakutia)". 9437:from the original on 15 August 2009. 8265: 7514:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 7100:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 7071:Metcalfe, Jessica Z. (2 July 2017). 6464:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 6342:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5656:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 5529:Pleistocene Mammals of North America 4495:from the original on 11 January 2011 4341:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838 4269: 3643:. Bellevue Literary Press. pp. 2785:in south-western Canada showed that 2040:probably was from summer to autumn. 1726:Woolly mammoths had four functional 1147:profiles of the woolly mammoth from 1027:(European straight-tusked elephant) 9996: 9720:"Mammoth genome sequence completed" 9375:from the original on 11 August 2007 8574: 7615: 6962: 6846:"The extinction of woolly mammoth ( 6668:) record into a European context". 6177:from the original on 18 August 2016 5183:"What is the use of elephant hair?" 4807:Götherström, A.; Dalén, L. (2021). 4329:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 4094: 4013:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 3939:from the original on 13 March 2016. 3895: 3553:Woolly mammoths represented on the 3516: 3423:indigenous peoples of North America 3229: 2965:Museum of Zoology in St. Petersburg 2885: 2793: 1901:A 2019 study of the woolly mammoth 1139:ridges in the older species (below) 449:and heat loss. It had long, curved 13: 10457:(in Swedish). Prisma. p. 168. 9820:from the original on 26 March 2015 9771:Jackson Landers. 9 February 2015. 8428:from the original on 26 April 2015 8205:from the original on 2 April 2012. 7857:Lister, Adrian M. (18 June 2009). 7544:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5297:10.1023/B:DOBS.0000046662.43270.66 5266:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02095.x 4899: 4691:from the original on 4 March 2016. 4031:from the original on 13 July 2015. 3743: 3099:. The specimen was nicknamed the " 3025:American Museum of Natural History 2413:, the "straight-tusked elephant". 2067: 1343:". Many taxa intermediate between 1327:American Museum of Natural History 732:) from Blumenbach's collection at 604:, in 1799, placing it in the same 505:Copy of an interpretation of the " 14: 10975: 10944:Cenozoic animals of North America 10588: 9660:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 9406:from the original on 13 July 2007 9365:"Baby mammoth discovery unveiled" 8947:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8938:Burney, D.; Flannery, T. (2005). 8851:"What Killed the Woolly Mammoth?" 7902:– via Wiley Online Library. 7237:Journal of Archaeological Science 7216:from the original on 6 April 2012 7172:Journal of Archaeological Science 5527:Kurten, B.; Anderson, E. (1980). 4485:"Woolly-Mammoth Genome Sequenced" 509:" carcass from around 1800, with 10934:Extinct mammals of North America 10610: 10595: 10532:Mammoths – Giants of the Ice Age 10497: 10470: 10461: 10415: 10389: 10321: 10258:The Journal of American Folklore 10248: 10192:The Journal of American Folklore 10182: 10106: 10059: 10038: 10016: 9990: 9964: 9923: 9874:Ethics, Policy & Environment 9865: 9824: 9799: 9646: 9589: 9484: 9441: 9418: 9259: 9239: 9230: 9187: 9168: 9118: 9099: 9024: 8931: 8893: 8842: 8409: 8322: 8251:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05525.x 8098: 8067: 7972: 7957: 7850: 7658: 7580: 7530: 7482: 7463: 7404: 7306: 7263: 7228: 7152: 7113: 7104: 7064: 7055: 6850:) and straight-tusked elephant ( 5774:from the original on 5 May 2015. 3914:Oxford English Dictionary Online 3557:of regions in Russia and Ukraine 3543: 3534: 3525: 3450: 3441: 3365: 3356: 3253: 3244: 3174: 3165: 3123: 3114: 3055: 3046: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2953: 2944: 2903: 2894: 2640: 2631: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2364: 2355: 2344: 2335: 2146: 2137: 2117:, with half of these containing 1857: 1848: 1837: 1828: 1750: 1605: 1599:Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna 1590: 1477: 1468: 1428:had a similar relationship with 1306: 1279: 138: 42: 10523: 9718:Ghosh, Pallab (23 April 2015). 9653:Proulx, Michel (24 June 2022). 8655:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105884 7652:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106913 7138:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.004 7046: 7000: 6941: 6883: 6837: 6801: 6741: 6696: 6690:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.004 6657: 6651:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.001 6618: 6559: 6491: 6468: 6420: 6367: 6320: 6259: 6189: 6079: 6044: 5967:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.009 5898: 5889: 5660: 5647:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108036 5612: 5606:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.019 5563: 5554: 5545: 5443:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.032 5410: 5404:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.020 5369: 5283:Blum.: Histological Evidence". 5272: 5233: 5055: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4865: 4695: 4648: 4621: 4590: 4507: 4477: 4458: 4407: 4355: 4320: 4218: 4161: 4054: 4035: 4009:, and designation of a neotype" 3984: 3943: 3886: 3827:Magasin Encyclopédique, 2e Anée 3610:On The Track Of Unknown Animals 2428: 2312:published his discovery of the 2002: 1313:Specimen (formerly assigned to 800:(dugongs and manatees) and the 705:'s posthumous monograph on the 698:") given to Jefferson in 1802. 10565:. Princeton University Press. 10557:Shapiro, Beth (5 April 2015). 10295:Lister, 2007. pp. 137–139 9785:Webster, Ben (23 March 2015). 8911:University of California Press 7527:Lister, 2007. pp. 146–148 7110:Lister, 2007. pp. 151–155 7061:Lister, 2007. pp. 131–137 7052:Lister, 2007. pp. 128–132 6959:Lister, 2007. pp. 118–125 6947:Lister, 2007. pp. 116–117 6497:Lister, 2007. pp. 108–109 6326:Lister, 2007. pp. 108–111 6265:Lister, 2007. pp. 102–103 6195:Lister, 2007. pp. 104–105 6151:Lister, 2007. pp. 83–107. 5668:adaptive for cold tolerance". 4998:Lister, 2007. pp. 174–175 3872: 3851: 3702: 3661: 2072:Evidence of several different 1893:In a 2015 study, high-quality 1615:magnified image of an overhair 1459: 291:), inferred from fossil finds 1: 10964:Taxa with lost type specimens 10939:Fossil taxa described in 1799 10894:Pleistocene first appearances 10530:Lister, A.; Bahn, P. (2007). 10175:10.1525/aa.1934.36.1.02a00060 10022:Newcomb, Raymond Lee (1888). 9907:Griffin, A. (23 March 2015). 9886:10.1080/21550085.2018.1448043 9806:Sarah Fecht (24 March 2014), 9394:Solovyov, D. (11 July 2007). 9288:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00292-0 7985:Geological Society of America 7844:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00026-4 7813:"The latest woolly mammoths ( 7159:Mussi, M.; Villa, P. (2008). 5560:Lister, 2007. pp. 95–105 4963:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4668:Russian Journal of Theriology 4599:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3619: 3394:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 3236:Revival of the woolly mammoth 3019:Leg with skin and fur at the 2546: 877:(South American gomphothere) 690:, who had a keen interest in 477:until 5,600 years ago and on 16:Extinct elephant-like species 10422:Chun, Alex (30 March 2023). 10364:10.1371/journal.pone.0146825 9940:10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_19 9708:Lister, 2007. pp. 42–43 9342:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.027 9236:Lister, 2007. pp. 57–58 9216:10.1126/science.133.3455.729 9003:Lister, 2007. pp. 50–53 8991:Lister, 2007. pp. 45–75 8868:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060099 8817:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 8518:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601 8416:Dunham, W. (24 April 2015). 7609:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.023 7505:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.001 7430:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 7335:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.004 7091:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.003 7032:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019 6994:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.010 6877:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.021 6831:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.12.009 6736:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.04.011 6534:10.1371/journal.pone.0085056 6488:Lister, 2007. pp. 88–89 6455:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.001 6230:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.006 6085:Lister, 2007. pp. 92–95 6073:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.032 6020:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.040 5895:Lister, 2007. pp. 88–91 5730:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.027 5569:Lister, 2007. pp. 62–63 5512:Lister, 2007. pp. 94–95 5487:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.12.023 5208:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018 5171:Lister, 2007. pp. 83–84 5107:Lister, 2007. pp. 82–87 5088:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.038 4681:10.15298/rusjtheriol.13.2.03 4618:Lister, 2007. pp. 12–43 4584:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.014 4517:Journal of Proteome Research 4433:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 4295:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040078 4244:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040074 4088:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003 4060:Lister, 2007. pp. 18–21 4001:Blumenbach, 1799 (currently 3209:, one of the islands in the 2808:Mounted "family group" from 2577:Late Pleistocene extinctions 2015:can be used to determine age 1994:Male tusk with signs of wear 1967:, unlike horses and rhinos. 1677: 1348:and complicated problems in 1271:Subspecies and hybridisation 768: 365:until its extinction in the 7: 9425:Smith, O. (21 April 2009). 9363:Rincon, P. (10 July 2007). 9016:Pfizenmayer, E. W. (1939). 8715:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 5285:Doklady Biological Sciences 5041:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.005 1325:and woolly mammoths at the 1135:; note the lower number of 784:(top left and bottom right) 642:; the left one is now lost. 598:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 511:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 496: 383:about 800,000 years ago in 357:) is an extinct species of 10: 10980: 9681:Bringing them Back to Life 9565:10.1038/s41598-019-40546-1 8959:10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022 8634:Quaternary Science Reviews 8606:10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.033 8298:10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x 7824:Quaternary Science Reviews 7692:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6 7632:Quaternary Science Reviews 7380:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6 7208:Aviss, B. (4 April 2012). 7126:Quaternary Science Reviews 6670:Quaternary Science Reviews 6631:Quaternary Science Reviews 6298:10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9 6117:10.1038/s41598-019-38779-1 5947:Quaternary Science Reviews 5626:Quaternary Science Reviews 5585:Quaternary Science Reviews 5423:Quaternary Science Reviews 5383:Quaternary Science Reviews 5244:and the modern elephants, 4957:Larramendi, Asier (2015). 4886:10.1038/d41586-021-00436-x 4833:10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9 4194:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 3715:Philosophical Transactions 3674:Philosophical Transactions 3379:carvings of scenes on the 3293:an elephant egg cell with 3233: 2797: 2779:Penultimate Glacial Period 2186:of modern Russia, but the 2121:. The teeth sometimes had 1052:(African forest elephant) 635:1930s illustration of the 10929:Extinct mammals of Europe 10924:Extinct animals of Canada 10889:Pleistocene proboscideans 10804: 10647: 10305:Larmer, B. (April 2013). 10003:Austin American-Statesman 9606:10.1038/nature.2013.13103 9517:10.1134/S1062359013070042 9045:10.1017/S0032247400031296 8560:10.1038/nature.2017.21575 8385:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.007 8190:10.1017/S0033822200014703 7257:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020 7192:10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.014 6918:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.061 5931:10.1080/10292389409380453 5864:10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.084 5148:10.1134/S0031030115020070 4278:"The year of the mammoth" 3600:travelled in Alaska, saw 3291:artificially inseminating 3289:A second method involves 2935:Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius 2800:List of mammoth specimens 1063: 1045: 1038: 1017: 1010: 974: 967: 933: 912: 905: 898: 891: 867: 860: 839: 832: 648:Oxford English Dictionary 302: 295: 275: 266: 244: 237: 135:Scientific classification 133: 125: 116: 23: 9627:Reardon, Sophie (2022). 9322:Quaternary International 9018:Siberian Man and Mammoth 7589:Quaternary International 7496:Quaternary International 7319:Quaternary International 7078:Quaternary International 7016:Quaternary International 6978:Quaternary International 6861:Quaternary International 6434:Quaternary International 6210:Quaternary International 6000:Quaternary International 5466:Quaternary International 5068:Quaternary International 4721:10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r51 4567:Quaternary International 4470:11 February 2009 at the 4072:Quaternary International 3709:Sloane, H. (1727–1728). 3668:Sloane, H. (1727–1728). 3598:Charles Haskins Townsend 2283:Relationship with humans 2129:Distribution and habitat 1213:are the African species 1070:(African bush elephant) 491:species could be revived 10914:Extinct animals of Asia 10283:{subscription required} 10217:{subscription required} 10162:American Anthropologist 10092:2027/hvd.32044009725912 10083:10.1163/156853213X00213 9850:10.1126/science.1113442 9450:Journal of Paleontology 8766:10.1073/pnas.1604903113 8042:10.1073/pnas.1604903113 7979:Crossen, K. S. (2005). 6776:10.1073/pnas.0802315105 6171:Northwestern University 5551:Lister, 2007. pp. 92–93 5347:10.1126/science.1128994 5128:Paleontological Journal 4989:Lister, 2007. pp. 82–87 4777:10.1126/science.aac5660 4655:Foronova, I.V. (2014). 4128:10.1073/pnas.1720554115 3590:Smithsonian Institution 3467:carved in mammoth ivory 2926:Michael Friedrich Adams 2209:Altai-Sayan assemblages 2158:Altai-Sayan assemblages 1909: 1581: 1216:Mammuthus subplanifrons 874:Notiomastodon platensis 696:Cheshire Mammoth Cheese 650:, it comes from an old 372:Mammuthus subplanifrons 10311:nationalgeographic.com 10307:"Mammoth Tusk Hunters" 10156:Strong, W. D. (1934). 9767:8 October 2017 at the 8465:10.1098/rspb.2010.0301 7556:10.1098/rspb.2013.1910 7120:Wojtal, Piotr (2019). 6852:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 6844:Stuart, A. J. (2005). 5768:scientificamerican.com 4976:10.4202/app.00136.2014 3950:Maglio, V. J. (1973). 3811:10.1098/rstl.1737.0026 3736:10.1098/rstl.1727.0048 3695:10.1098/rstl.1727.0042 3414:, "the hidden rodent". 3313: 3207:Maly Lyakhovsky Island 2920:near the delta of the 2851: 2812: 2741: 2601: 2442: 2378:(above) and sculptures 2292: 2235: 2168:, are similar to the " 2088:in two vertebrae, and 2036:of 21–22 months, the 2016: 1995: 1919: 1767: 1723: 1687: 1550: 1523: 1509:Mammuthus trogontherii 1505:Mammuthus meridionalis 1140: 1024:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 785: 703:Henry Fairfield Osborn 643: 514: 330:Mammonteus primigenius 10779:Paleobiology Database 10679:Mammuthus primigenius 10649:Mammuthus primigenius 10617:Mammuthus primigenius 10045:Patkanov, S. (1897), 10030:17 March 2016 at the 9831:Zimov, S. A. (2005). 9748:24 April 2015 at the 9493:Mammuthus primigenius 9313:Mammuthus primigenius 9249:(Blumenbach, 1799)". 9247:Mammuthus primigenius 8599:(14): 3531–3540.e13. 8340:10.7554/elife.89992.1 7991:: 463. Archived from 7815:Mammuthus primigenius 7672:Nature Communications 7366:(7120 (2021)): 2031. 7359:Nature Communications 7315:Mammuthus primigenius 7163:Mammuthus primigenius 6974:Mammuthus primigenius 6848:Mammuthus primigenius 6707:Mammuthus primigenius 6666:Mammuthus primigenius 6627:Mammuthus primigenius 5991:Mammuthus primigenius 5907:Mammuthus primigenius 5791:Ecology and Evolution 5378:Mammuthus primigenius 5281:Mammothus primigenius 5242:Mammuthus primigenius 5124:Mammuthus primigenius 5064:Mammuthus primigenius 5012:Mammuthus primigenius 4943:on 30 September 2023. 4872:Callaway, E. (2021). 4659:Mammuthus intermedius 4025:10.5962/bhl.part.2651 4003:Mammuthus primigenius 3903:Word Stories: Mammoth 3901:Simpson, J. (2009). " 3829:(in French): 440–445. 3757:Mammuthus primigenius 3348:Cultural significance 3305:Elephants are highly 3304: 3234:Further information: 3133:The calf "Lyuba", in 2868:natural mummification 2841: 2825:elephants' graveyards 2807: 2798:Further information: 2731: 2654:remains displayed on 2596: 2557:Pleistocene megafauna 2436: 2405:. A depiction in the 2290: 2244:Depression of Granada 2225: 2010: 1993: 1949:Quaternary glaciation 1917: 1758: 1718: 1697:African bush elephant 1685: 1665:(fully active) and a 1545: 1521: 1511:and the contemporary 1497:African bush elephant 1130: 940:Mammuthus primigenius 776: 634: 578:Johann Philipp Breyne 504: 354:Mammuthus primigenius 251:Mammuthus primigenius 10909:Holocene extinctions 10453:Sjögren, B. (1962). 10428:Smithsonian Magazine 8849:Sedwick, C. (2008). 7830:(14–15): 1559–1569. 7499:. 169–170: 154–165. 7018:. 276–277: 212–226. 6863:. 126–128: 171–177. 5953:(27–28): 3935–3946. 5592:(10–11): 1253–1259. 5390:(17–18): 2304–2308. 4926:10.4435/BSPI.2017.29 4491:. 20 November 2008. 4074:. 169–170: 174–185. 3858:Brookes, J. (1828). 3796:(445–451): 124–138. 3765:on 27 September 2007 3721:(399–406): 497–514. 3680:(399–406): 457–471. 3375:A mammoth tusk with 3311:Sri Lankan elephants 3309:, as shown by these 3211:New Siberian Islands 2505:Venus of Brassempouy 2458:Venus of Brassempouy 2441:, exhibited in Japan 2399:Les Combarelles Cave 2322:Abri de la Madeleine 2314:Red Lady of Paviland 2269:Hot Springs sinkhole 2101:nutritional stress. 2046:prenatal development 1721:Musée Georges-Garret 1420:overlapped formed a 1400:have been proposed. 1317:) suggested to be a 1145:mitochondrial genome 922:(Columbian mammoth) 849:(American mastodon) 734:Göttingen University 361:that lived from the 289:was land at the time 287:in blue (light blue 10806:Elephas primigenius 10603:Paleontology portal 10477:Murray, M. (1960). 10467:Lister, 2007. p. 55 10396:Weiyun, T. (2011). 10355:2016PLoSO..1146825G 10327:Lister, 2007. p. 54 9978:. 17 September 2021 9773:The Washington Post 9692:National Geographic 9557:2019NatSR...9.4050Y 9509:2013BioBu..40..626M 9462:2014JPal...88..664F 9334:2012QuInt.255..231K 9280:2003MolPE..26..421D 9208:1961Sci...133..729F 9177:Elephas Primigenius 8757:2016PNAS..113.9310G 8672:Arctic Anthropology 8646:2019QSRv..22205884A 8459:(1692): 2331–2337. 8377:2015CBio...25.1395P 8290:2021Natur.600...86W 8243:2012MolEc..21.3391N 8181:1995Radcb..37....1V 8134:10.1038/nature02890 8126:2004Natur.431..684S 8033:2016PNAS..113.9310G 7935:10.1038/nature02612 7927:2004Natur.429..746D 7877:2009GeolJ..44..447L 7836:2002QSRv...21.1559S 7753:2022EcolL..25..125F 7684:2021NatCo..12.7120M 7644:2021QSRv..25906913D 7601:2015QuInt.379..147K 7372:2007QSRv...26.2031B 7327:2006QuInt.142...44J 7284:2003Gearc..18...91O 7249:2013JArSc..40.4189N 7184:2008JArSc..35.2606M 7161:"Single carcass of 7024:2012QuInt.276..212D 6986:2012QuInt.276...61B 6909:2008CBio...18.1320D 6869:2005QuInt.126..171S 6823:2010PPP...286...88S 6767:2008PNAS..105.8327G 6728:2009PPP...278...57A 6682:2012QSRv...32...64A 6643:2007QSRv...26..954T 6596:10.1038/nature12921 6588:2014Natur.506...47W 6525:2014PLoSO...985056P 6474:Lister, 2007. p. 87 6447:2015QuInt.379..135H 6290:2023Natur.617..533C 6222:2012QuInt.255..196R 6065:2010PPP...298..257M 6012:2012QuInt.255...94F 5959:2011QSRv...30.3935V 5923:1994HBio....7..187B 5857:(9): 1753–1764.e4. 5803:2019EcoEv...9.6821N 5639:2023QSRv..30608036K 5598:2005QSRv...24.1253M 5479:2020QuInt.537...88B 5435:2014QSRv...83...68T 5396:2011QSRv...30.2304W 5199:2012PLoSO...747018M 5140:2015PalJ...49..200P 5080:2012QuInt.255...53D 5033:2008QuRes..70...51V 5021:Quaternary Research 4825:2021Natur.591..265V 4769:2015Sci...350..805L 4576:2005QuInt.126...49L 4385:10.1038/nature04432 4377:2006Natur.439..724K 4276:Cooper, A. (2006). 4186:2022iSci...25j3559B 4119:2018PNAS..115E2566P 4113:(11): E2566–E2574. 4080:2007QuInt.169..174S 3999:Elephas primigenius 3908:22 May 2013 at the 3892:Lister, 2007. p. 49 3802:1737RSPT...40..124P 3727:1727RSPT...35..497S 3686:1727RSPT...35..457S 3635:Switek, B. (2010). 3569:Northern Hemisphere 3465:Elizabeth of Russia 3418:, pp. 123–124 2650:Woolly mammoth and 2447:East European Plain 2407:Cave of El Castillo 2305:Middle Palaeolithic 2193:high-pressure areas 2115:periodontal disease 2098:spondyloarthropathy 1980:intestinal microbes 1820:Adaptations to cold 674:means "earth", and 602:Elephas primigenius 519:legendary creatures 424:legendary creatures 312:Elephas primigenius 230:M. primigenius 10959:Symbols of Vermont 10485:on 18 January 2012 10230:Mayor, A. (2005). 10113:Cohen, C. (2002). 10055:on 7 November 2018 9686:2017-03-29 at the 9545:Scientific Reports 9315:Blumenbach, 1799)" 9144:Cohen, C. (2002). 8709:. pp. 21–37. 7864:Geological Journal 7321:. 142–143: 44–57. 6980:. 276–277: 61–76. 6104:Scientific Reports 5911:Historical Biology 5254:Journal of Zoology 5250:Loxodonta africana 4570:. 126–128: 49–64. 4225:Gross, L. (2006). 3606:Bernard Heuvelmans 3314: 3077:Radiocarbon dating 2852: 2813: 2742: 2610:bottleneck effects 2602: 2443: 2297:Upper Palaeolithic 2293: 2257:Bering land bridge 2236: 2017: 1996: 1920: 1807:St. Mary Reservoir 1768: 1724: 1688: 1551: 1524: 1501:Loxodonta africana 1449:Middle Pleistocene 1378:M. p. leith-adamsi 1261:Middle Pleistocene 1200:Columbian mammoths 1157:Loxodonta africana 1141: 1067:Loxodonta africana 1049:Loxodonta cyclotis 786: 644: 626:Mammuthus borealis 618:Elephas mammonteus 537:, for example the 515: 403:show that the two 363:Middle Pleistocene 318:Elephas mammonteus 29:Middle Pleistocene 10954:Symbols of Alaska 10871: 10870: 10843:Open Tree of Life 10641:Taxon identifiers 10572:978-1-4008-6548-2 10541:978-0-520-26160-0 10241:978-0-691-11345-6 10132:978-0-226-11292-3 10073:, Second Series, 9949:978-1-4939-0819-6 9843:(5723): 796–798. 9732:on 24 April 2015. 9202:(3455): 729–735. 9161:978-0-226-11292-3 8924:978-0-520-23141-2 8724:978-1-4020-8792-9 8371:(10): 1395–1400. 8333:(Report). elife. 8237:(14): 3391–3402. 8231:Molecular Ecology 8120:(7009): 684–689. 8074:Markus Milligan. 7921:(6993): 746–749. 7761:10.1111/ele.13911 7292:10.1002/gea.10052 7243:(12): 4189–4197. 6903:(17): 1320–1326. 6761:(24): 8327–8332. 6395:10.7717/peerj.318 6284:(7961): 533–539. 5812:10.1002/ece3.5250 5797:(12): 6821–6832. 5538:978-0-231-03733-4 4819:(7849): 265–269. 4763:(6262): 805–809. 4529:10.1021/pr200721u 4371:(7077): 724–727. 3755:"Woolly Mammoth ( 3654:978-1-934137-29-1 3574:chargé d'affaires 2876:Byoryolyokh River 2699:environmental DNA 2606:Last Interglacial 2509:Venus of Moravany 2462:Venus of Lespugue 2409:may instead show 2240:Shandong province 2232:Charles R. Knight 2197:woolly rhinoceros 2034:gestation periods 1925:herbaceous plants 1571:spinous processes 1537:sexual dimorphism 1513:Mammuthus columbi 1453:hybrid speciation 1437:Early Pleistocene 1382:M. p. hydruntinus 1362:M. p. primigenius 1204:Mammuthus columbi 1124: 1123: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 999: 998: 990: 989: 981:(Asian elephant) 956: 955: 919:Mammuthus columbi 846:Mammut americanum 547:Pyrrhus of Epirus 435:African elephants 407:with each other. 397:Mammuthus columbi 393:Columbian mammoth 345: 344: 314:Blumenbach, 1799 37:0.40–0.0037 10971: 10864: 10863: 10851: 10850: 10838: 10837: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10797: 10796: 10787: 10786: 10774: 10773: 10761: 10760: 10748: 10747: 10735: 10734: 10722: 10721: 10709: 10708: 10696: 10695: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10636: 10635: 10615:Data related to 10614: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10584: 10564: 10553: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10450: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10376: 10366: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10317:on 2 April 2013. 10313:. Archived from 10302: 10296: 10293: 10284: 10282: 10265:(369): 293–304. 10252: 10246: 10245: 10227: 10218: 10216: 10199:(369): 294–296. 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10120: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10094: 10067:Laufer, Berthold 10063: 10057: 10056: 10042: 10036: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9852: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9792:The Sunday Times 9782: 9776: 9759: 9753: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9728:. Archived from 9715: 9709: 9706: 9695: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9576: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9497:Biology Bulletin 9488: 9482: 9481: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9319: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9263: 9257: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9068: 9057: 9056: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9013: 9004: 9001: 8992: 8989: 8978: 8977: 8976:on 10 June 2010. 8975: 8969:. Archived from 8944: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8870: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8819: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8778: 8768: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8608: 8583: 8572: 8571: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8530: 8520: 8496: 8487: 8486: 8476: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8396: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8309: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8222: 8207: 8206: 8192: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8111: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8082:. Archived from 8071: 8065: 8064: 8054: 8044: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7821: 7808: 7799: 7798: 7772: 7731: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7622: 7613: 7612: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7567: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7450: 7432: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7178:(9): 2606–2613. 7169: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7013: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6969: 6960: 6957: 6948: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6920: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6858: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6778: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6713: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6637:(7–8): 954–957. 6622: 6616: 6615: 6573: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6536: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6407: 6397: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6205: 6196: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6095: 6086: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6059:(3–4): 257–270. 6048: 6042: 6041: 6031: 5997: 5984: 5971: 5970: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5866: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5814: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5732: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5579: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5524: 5513: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5291:(1–6): 382–384. 5276: 5270: 5269: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5220: 5210: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5119: 5108: 5105: 5092: 5091: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4936:. Archived from 4915: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4723: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4683: 4665: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4636: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4563: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4481: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4435: 4426:(12): e1000564. 4411: 4405: 4404: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4297: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4246: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4130: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3926: 3917: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3642: 3632: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3517:Alleged survival 3500:green sea turtle 3454: 3445: 3383:, 19th century, 3369: 3360: 3330:Pleistocene Park 3257: 3248: 3230:Possible revival 3178: 3169: 3127: 3118: 3089:Taymyr Peninsula 3059: 3050: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2957: 2948: 2907: 2898: 2886:Frozen specimens 2794:Fossil specimens 2747:genomic meltdown 2708:Taymyr Peninsula 2660:Taymyr Peninsula 2644: 2635: 2622:Kyttyk Peninsula 2497: 2488: 2479: 2456:, including the 2368: 2359: 2348: 2339: 2310:William Buckland 2150: 2141: 1961:Isotope analysis 1929:flowering plants 1861: 1852: 1841: 1832: 1760:Life restoration 1641:sebaceous glands 1637:thermoregulation 1609: 1594: 1481: 1472: 1398:M. p. alaskensis 1394:M. p. compressus 1390:M. p. americanus 1310: 1283: 1241:southern mammoth 1133:southern mammoth 1041: 1040: 1021: 1013: 1012: 970: 969: 937: 916: 908: 907: 901: 900: 894: 893: 871: 863: 862: 843: 835: 834: 828: 827: 688:Thomas Jefferson 324:Mammuthus boreus 283:distribution of 281:Late Pleistocene 271: 253: 249: 213: 143: 142: 121: 111: 41: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 10979: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10904:Holarctic fauna 10874: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10859: 10854: 10846: 10841: 10833: 10828: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10800: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10777: 10769: 10766:Observation.org 10764: 10756: 10751: 10743: 10738: 10730: 10725: 10717: 10712: 10704: 10699: 10691: 10686: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10643: 10601: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10573: 10556: 10542: 10529: 10526: 10521: 10512: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10488: 10486: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10451: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10394: 10390: 10349:(2): e0146825. 10335: 10331: 10326: 10322: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10287: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10228: 10221: 10187: 10183: 10154: 10147: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10111: 10107: 10064: 10060: 10043: 10039: 10032:Wayback Machine 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 9997:Carlson, Kara. 9995: 9991: 9981: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9950: 9928: 9924: 9913:The Independent 9905: 9901: 9870: 9866: 9829: 9825: 9814:Popular Science 9804: 9800: 9783: 9779: 9769:Wayback Machine 9760: 9756: 9750:Wayback Machine 9741: 9737: 9716: 9712: 9707: 9698: 9690:. Carl Zimmer, 9688:Wayback Machine 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9633:www.cbsnews.com 9625: 9621: 9594: 9590: 9536: 9532: 9489: 9485: 9446: 9442: 9423: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9361: 9357: 9317: 9307: 9303: 9264: 9260: 9244: 9240: 9235: 9231: 9192: 9188: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9142: 9138: 9123: 9119: 9104: 9100: 9085:10.2307/1005437 9069: 9060: 9029: 9025: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8995: 8990: 8981: 8973: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8898: 8894: 8847: 8843: 8796: 8792: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8699: 8692: 8667: 8663: 8626: 8622: 8584: 8575: 8548: 8544: 8511:(3): e1006601. 8497: 8490: 8445: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8414: 8410: 8364:Current Biology 8355: 8348: 8327: 8323: 8284:(7887): 86–92. 8270: 8266: 8223: 8210: 8161: 8157: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8086:on 30 June 2015 8072: 8068: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7995:on 3 March 2016 7977: 7973: 7962: 7958: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7885:10.1002/gj.1162 7855: 7851: 7819: 7809: 7802: 7741:Ecology Letters 7732: 7725: 7663: 7659: 7623: 7616: 7585: 7581: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7487: 7483: 7468: 7464: 7409: 7405: 7349: 7342: 7311: 7307: 7268: 7264: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7206: 7199: 7167: 7157: 7153: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6897:Current Biology 6888: 6884: 6856: 6842: 6838: 6806: 6802: 6746: 6742: 6711: 6701: 6697: 6662: 6658: 6623: 6619: 6582:(7486): 47–51. 6571: 6564: 6560: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6425: 6421: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6244: 6237: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6049: 6045: 5995: 5985: 5974: 5942: 5938: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5851:Current Biology 5842: 5838: 5783: 5779: 5760: 5756: 5709: 5705: 5670:Nature Genetics 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5617: 5613: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5525: 5516: 5511: 5502: 5461: 5454: 5415: 5411: 5374: 5370: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5277: 5273: 5246:Elephas maximus 5238: 5234: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5126:(Blumenbach)". 5120: 5111: 5106: 5095: 5060: 5056: 5016: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4913: 4907: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4870: 4866: 4804: 4800: 4751: 4747: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4663: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4595: 4591: 4561: 4555: 4544: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4472:Wayback Machine 4463: 4459: 4412: 4408: 4360: 4356: 4325: 4321: 4274: 4270: 4223: 4219: 4166: 4162: 4099: 4095: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4040: 4036: 3989: 3985: 3969:10.2307/1379357 3948: 3944: 3927: 3920: 3910:Wayback Machine 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3744: 3707: 3703: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3519: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3385:De Young Museum 3372: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3350: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3218:gold fields of 3188: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3135:Royal BC Museum 3130: 3129: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3082:Yamal Peninsula 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2974:Berezovka River 2970: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2949: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2802: 2796: 2671:St. Paul Island 2668: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2636: 2549: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2454:Venus figurines 2431: 2391:Rouffignac Cave 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2285: 2211:are the modern 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2131: 2070: 2068:Palaeopathology 2005: 1912: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1833: 1822: 1796:Yukagir mammoth 1753: 1680: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1548:Royal BC Museum 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1430:M. trogontherii 1370:M. p. sibiricus 1333: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1288:M. trogontherii 1284: 1273: 1257:M. trogontherii 1253:M. trogontherii 1245:M. meridionalis 1192:lamellar plates 1153:Elephas maximus 1125: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1000: 991: 978:Elephas maximus 957: 782:Indian elephant 771: 761:designation of 614:Elephas maximus 499: 475:St. Paul Island 341: 308: 307: 262: 255: 247: 246: 233: 211: 137: 112: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 36: 35: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10977: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10852: 10839: 10826: 10810: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10775: 10762: 10749: 10736: 10723: 10710: 10697: 10684: 10669: 10653: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10633: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10619:at Wikispecies 10607: 10606: 10590: 10589:External links 10587: 10586: 10585: 10571: 10554: 10540: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10496: 10469: 10460: 10440: 10414: 10388: 10329: 10320: 10297: 10285: 10271:10.2307/540573 10247: 10240: 10219: 10205:10.2307/540573 10181: 10145: 10131: 10105: 10058: 10037: 10015: 9989: 9963: 9948: 9922: 9899: 9880:(1): 127–142. 9864: 9823: 9798: 9777: 9754: 9735: 9710: 9696: 9673: 9645: 9619: 9588: 9530: 9503:(7): 626–641. 9483: 9470:10.1666/13-092 9456:(4): 664–675. 9440: 9417: 9386: 9369:news.bbc.co.uk 9355: 9301: 9274:(3): 421–434. 9258: 9238: 9229: 9186: 9167: 9160: 9136: 9117: 9098: 9058: 9023: 9005: 8993: 8979: 8953:(7): 395–401. 8930: 8923: 8892: 8841: 8790: 8751:(33): 9310–4. 8730: 8723: 8690: 8679:(1): 247–262. 8661: 8620: 8573: 8542: 8488: 8439: 8408: 8346: 8321: 8264: 8208: 8155: 8097: 8066: 8027:(33): 9310–4. 8006: 7971: 7956: 7905: 7871:(4): 447–479. 7849: 7800: 7747:(1): 125–137. 7723: 7657: 7614: 7579: 7550:(1770): 1–10. 7529: 7517: 7481: 7462: 7403: 7340: 7305: 7272:Geoarchaeology 7262: 7227: 7197: 7151: 7112: 7103: 7063: 7054: 7045: 6999: 6961: 6949: 6940: 6882: 6836: 6817:(1–2): 88–96. 6800: 6740: 6722:(1–4): 57–70, 6695: 6656: 6617: 6558: 6499: 6490: 6476: 6467: 6419: 6366: 6348:(3): 360–366. 6328: 6319: 6267: 6258: 6235: 6197: 6188: 6153: 6141: 6087: 6078: 6043: 5972: 5936: 5917:(3): 187–202. 5897: 5888: 5836: 5777: 5754: 5723:(2): 217–228. 5703: 5682:10.1038/ng.574 5676:(6): 536–540. 5659: 5611: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5537: 5514: 5500: 5452: 5409: 5368: 5318: 5271: 5260:(2): 271–274. 5232: 5193:(10): e47018. 5173: 5161: 5134:(2): 200–210. 5109: 5093: 5054: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4946: 4920:(3): 299–317. 4898: 4864: 4798: 4745: 4708:Genome Biology 4694: 4647: 4620: 4608: 4589: 4542: 4523:(2): 917–926. 4506: 4476: 4457: 4406: 4354: 4335:(1): 139–167. 4319: 4268: 4217: 4160: 4093: 4062: 4053: 4034: 3983: 3942: 3918: 3894: 3885: 3871: 3850: 3832: 3817: 3776: 3742: 3701: 3660: 3653: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3594:Washington, DC 3552: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3496:Explorers Club 3488:global warming 3484:Schreger lines 3459: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3407:Ben Cao Gangmu 3374: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3132: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3101:Jarkov mammoth 3064: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3018: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2982:St. Petersburg 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2856:petroleum seep 2795: 2792: 2787:M. primigenius 2675:Wrangel Island 2656:Wrangel Island 2649: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2573:steppe lemming 2548: 2545: 2502: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2430: 2427: 2423:spear throwers 2376:cave paintings 2373: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2318:Édouard Lartet 2284: 2281: 2248:phylogeography 2230:in France, by 2180:mammoth steppe 2170:mammoth steppe 2166:Ukok-Sailiugem 2155: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2094:bone fractures 2078:osteoarthritis 2069: 2066: 2004: 2001: 1911: 1908: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1764:Mauricio Antón 1752: 1749: 1679: 1676: 1661:were found: a 1611: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1567:cave paintings 1486: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1426:M. primigenius 1422:metapopulation 1418:M. primigenius 1406:M. jeffersonii 1386:M. p. astensis 1366:M. p. jatzkovi 1354:M. intermedius 1345:M. primigenius 1315:M. jeffersonii 1312: 1305: 1304: 1292:M. primigenius 1285: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1249:steppe mammoth 1226:M. africanavus 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 992: 988: 987: 984: 983: 973: 968: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 954: 953: 950: 949: 945:woolly mammoth 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 911: 906: 904: 899: 897: 892: 890: 884: 883: 880: 879: 866: 861: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 838: 833: 831: 826: 778:Georges Cuvier 770: 767: 763:E. primigenius 624:used the name 622:Joshua Brookes 610:Asian elephant 590:Georges Cuvier 535:Roman Republic 513:'s handwriting 498: 495: 487:genome project 479:Wrangel Island 467:mammoth steppe 428:Georges Cuvier 420:cave paintings 389:Asian elephant 381:steppe mammoth 349:woolly mammoth 343: 342: 340: 339: 336:Elephas boreus 333: 327: 326:Brookes, 1828 321: 315: 305: 304: 303: 300: 299: 293: 292: 285:M. primigenius 273: 272: 264: 263: 256: 242: 241: 235: 234: 226: 224: 220: 219: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 131: 130: 123: 122: 114: 113: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 26: 24:Woolly mammoth 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10976: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10862: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10642: 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4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4489:Science Daily 4486: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180:(1): 103559. 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3614:cryptozoology 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3555:coats of arms 3546: 3537: 3528: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3416:Patkanov 1897 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3359: 3345: 3343: 3342:Arctic tundra 3339: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322:George Church 3319: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3256: 3247: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152:Yuribey River 3148: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2906: 2897: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2864:Arctic Circle 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2695:ancient Egypt 2692: 2688: 2687:Great Pyramid 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2541:Paleo-Indians 2538: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2411:Palaeoloxodon 2408: 2404: 2403:Font-de-Gaume 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2377: 2367: 2358: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2261:Younger Dryas 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2140: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090:osteomyelitis 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:bone diseases 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:mating season 2035: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2014: 2009: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:faecal matter 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1860: 1851: 1840: 1831: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751:Palaeobiology 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733:conveyor belt 1729: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1600: 1593: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1546:Model at the 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533:island dwarfs 1529: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1480: 1471: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:M. chosaricus 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341:chronospecies 1338: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1268: 1266: 1265:Bering Strait 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:morphological 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 995: 994: 986: 985: 982: 980: 979: 972: 971: 965: 964: 961: 960: 952: 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286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 260: 254: 252: 243: 240: 239:Binomial name 236: 232: 231: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 132: 129: 124: 120: 115: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 40: 34: 30: 22: 19: 10805: 10648: 10560: 10531: 10524:Bibliography 10511:, retrieved 10506: 10499: 10487:. 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Retrieved 3763:the original 3756: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3638: 3609: 3587: 3572: 3562: 3510:livestreamed 3503: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3391: 3334: 3315: 3288: 3271: 3224:Hän language 3204: 3189: 3149: 3145: 3086: 3073:Kolyma River 3070: 3032: 2978:asphyxiation 2971: 2918: 2872: 2853: 2829:kettle holes 2814: 2786: 2775: 2763:gomphotheres 2751: 2743: 2723: 2715: 2683:civilization 2679:Arctic Ocean 2667: 2618: 2614: 2603: 2598:Palaeolithic 2587: 2581: 2563:, reindeer, 2550: 2523: 2519: 2451: 2444: 2429:Exploitation 2415: 2410: 2395:Chauvet Cave 2387:portable art 2383: 2301:Neanderthals 2294: 2273:South Dakota 2265: 2237: 2177: 2162:Khar-Us Nuur 2111: 2071: 2062:testosterone 2050: 2031: 2027: 2022:growth rings 2018: 2013:growth rings 2003:Life history 1997: 1969: 1921: 1900: 1892: 1872: 1811: 1800: 1789: 1778:, and large 1769: 1725: 1706: 1689: 1670: 1652: 1648:pigmentation 1645: 1633: 1621: 1564: 1552: 1525: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374:M. p. fraasi 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1334: 1314: 1296:M. p. fraasi 1295: 1291: 1287: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1185: 1166: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1065: 1064: 1047: 1046: 1022: 1018: 976: 975: 944: 939: 938: 934: 917: 913: 888:Elephantidae 872: 868: 844: 840: 813: 806:Elephantidae 787: 762: 759:type species 754: 746:Vera Gromova 727: 718: 714: 710: 700: 683: 675: 671: 659: 655: 647: 645: 625: 617: 613: 601: 583: 567: 516: 471: 439:last ice age 432: 409: 396: 370: 353: 352: 348: 346: 335: 329: 323: 317: 311: 284: 279:showing the 277:Dymaxion map 250: 245: 229: 228: 215: 202:Elephantidae 18: 10727:iNaturalist 10673:Wikispecies 9551:(1): 4050. 9402:. Reuters. 9400:reuters.com 9328:: 231–238. 8913:. pp. 8424:. Reuters. 8422:ABC Science 8169:Radiocarbon 7999:13 February 7678:(1): 7120. 7595:: 147–154. 7132:: 162–166. 7096:8 September 7085:: 147–159. 7040:2268/190618 6441:: 135–146. 6276:episodes". 6216:: 196–205. 6110:(1): 2303. 5740:10220/38768 4891:17 February 4515:proteins". 3579:Vladivostok 3577:working in 3505:Megatherium 3432:folk memory 3398:ivory trade 3381:Yukon River 3156:lactic acid 3105:hair dryers 2418:Gönnersdorf 2228:Somme River 2201:wild horses 2086:spondylitis 1957:dung fungus 1887:haemoglobin 1803:matriarchal 1776:cave hyenas 1460:Description 1231:Pleistocene 1194:) on their 1169:chromosomal 1161:chimpanzees 1149:ancient DNA 725:variation. 707:Proboscidea 563:Great Flood 551:Hans Sloane 529:, based on 412:prehistoric 401:DNA studies 192:Proboscidea 10878:Categories 10821:Q109647275 10489:17 January 10077:(3): 329, 10071:T'oung Pao 9666:8 November 9431:Daily News 9183:: 326–334. 9133:: 406–514. 9114:: 120–137. 8861:(4): e99. 8810:(4): e79. 8640:: 105884. 8175:(1): 1–6. 7968:: 200–203. 7638:: 106913. 7478:: 289–299. 7423:(4): e79. 6255:: 299–314. 6006:: 94–105. 5633:: 108036. 4878:nature.com 4714:(5): R51. 4605:: 383–396. 4288:(3): e78. 4237:(3): e74. 3620:References 3616:movement. 3338:gregarious 3326:hemoglobin 3307:gregarious 2922:Lena River 2848:Doggerland 2833:sink holes 2817:Doggerland 2571:, and the 2569:Arctic fox 2547:Extinction 2532:Yana River 2527:Mousterian 2511:, and the 2253:subspecies 2160:, such as 2105:flies and 1903:mitogenome 1792:flyswatter 1709:milk tusks 1414:M. columbi 1350:Quaternary 1236:M. rumanus 1177:permafrost 818:Mammutidae 794:Tethys Sea 715:Mammonteus 588:biologist 405:hybridised 338:Hay, 1924 259:Blumenbach 10581:965621402 10168:: 81–88. 10138:10 August 9894:158056898 9350:129303118 9053:129654739 8568:184732688 8199:0033-8222 7951:186242235 7893:0072-1050 7795:243762825 7779:1461-0248 7700:2041-1723 7439:1545-7885 7300:129431648 7146:149647112 6676:: 64–74. 6629:Blum.)". 6314:258485513 5495:213262363 5473:: 88–96. 5429:: 68–75. 5074:: 53–58. 5049:111383180 4934:0375-7633 4841:1476-4687 4793:206639522 4137:0027-8424 4019:: 38–44. 4007:Mammuthus 3995:Mammuthus 3461:Peter III 3196:taxidermy 2844:North Sea 2821:North Sea 2819:" in the 2769:, of the 2767:megafauna 2561:cave lion 2537:Wisconsin 2466:boomerang 2439:Mezhyrich 2277:sympatric 2125:growths. 2123:cancerous 2103:Parasitic 2082:vertebrae 1965:C3 plants 1883:musk oxen 1784:territory 1678:Dentition 1667:recessive 1556:frostbite 1445:Krestovka 1408:may be a 1323:Columbian 1229:from the 1219:from the 1211:Mammuthus 822:cladogram 798:sirenians 769:Evolution 755:Mammuthus 738:lectotype 719:Mammuthus 711:Mammuthus 637:lectotype 584:In 1796, 559:elephants 523:behemoths 453:and four 447:frostbite 430:in 1796. 223:Species: 216:Mammuthus 158:Kingdom: 152:Eukaryota 128:Siegsdorf 10884:Mammoths 10815:Wikidata 10745:11017929 10706:55636399 10664:Q3699044 10658:Wikidata 10550:30155747 10513:5 August 10433:24 March 10383:26840445 10343:PLOS ONE 10028:Archived 9976:euronews 9958:25091921 9917:Archived 9859:15879196 9818:archived 9765:Archived 9746:Archived 9725:BBC News 9684:Archived 9614:87298066 9583:30858410 9539:(2019). 9525:16675371 9478:28393815 9435:Archived 9404:Archived 9373:Archived 9296:12644401 9224:17777646 8967:16701402 8903:(2005). 8887:20076709 8836:18384234 8785:27482085 8707:Springer 8685:40316468 8615:38942016 8537:28253255 8483:20356891 8432:24 April 8426:Archived 8403:25913407 8316:34671161 8259:22443459 8203:Archived 8142:15470427 8061:27482085 7943:15201907 7787:34738712 7718:34880234 7574:24026825 7457:18384234 7398:34880234 7214:Archived 6935:18663366 6927:18771918 6795:18541911 6604:24499916 6553:24454791 6513:PLOS ONE 6460:19 April 6414:24711969 6388:: e318. 6359:17 April 6354:20095389 6306:37138076 6181:1 August 6175:Archived 6136:30783179 6038:35667021 5883:37030294 5831:31380018 5772:Archived 5749:26146078 5690:20436470 5447:Archived 5363:20153467 5355:16825562 5305:15587793 5227:23071700 5187:PLOS ONE 5156:84849714 4859:33597750 4785:26564853 4740:21627792 4686:Archived 4639:Archived 4537:22103443 4493:Archived 4468:Archived 4452:21203580 4393:16362058 4349:25493538 4314:16448215 4263:20076539 4212:34988402 4174:iScience 4155:29483247 4050:: 44–50. 4029:Archived 3937:Archived 3906:Archived 3866:Archived 3480:Lausanne 3283:egg cell 3216:Klondike 3139:IFC Mall 3097:Khatanga 2860:Starunia 2783:trackway 2771:Americas 2734:Holocene 2712:refugium 2553:Holocene 2513:Lion-Man 2460:and the 2326:Dordogne 2324:cave in 2107:protozoa 2058:temporin 1879:reindeer 1741:cementum 1663:dominant 1321:between 1221:Pliocene 1181:proteins 810:mastodon 757:and the 742:holotype 730:Osterode 684:maimanto 670:, where 668:Estonian 543:Hannibal 531:biblical 521:such as 497:Taxonomy 377:Pliocene 367:Holocene 297:Synonyms 198:Family: 182:Mammalia 172:Chordata 168:Phylum: 162:Animalia 148:Domain: 33:Holocene 10856:ZooBank 10835:5816436 10794:7064103 10719:4825833 10374:4740485 10351:Bibcode 10101:4526349 10035:. p. 96 9837:Science 9638:26 June 9574:6411884 9553:Bibcode 9505:Bibcode 9458:Bibcode 9410:13 July 9379:13 July 9330:Bibcode 9276:Bibcode 9204:Bibcode 9196:Science 9093:1005437 8915:165–173 8878:2276526 8827:2276529 8776:4995940 8753:Bibcode 8642:Bibcode 8587:2024). 8528:5333797 8474:2894910 8394:4439331 8373:Bibcode 8307:8636272 8286:Bibcode 8239:Bibcode 8177:Bibcode 8150:4415073 8122:Bibcode 8052:4995940 8029:Bibcode 7923:Bibcode 7898:10 June 7873:Bibcode 7832:Bibcode 7749:Bibcode 7709:8654998 7680:Bibcode 7640:Bibcode 7597:Bibcode 7565:3779339 7448:2276529 7389:8654998 7368:Bibcode 7323:Bibcode 7280:Bibcode 7245:Bibcode 7220:9 April 7212:. 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