Woolly rhinoceros - Knowledge

1651:, with one long horn reaching forward and a smaller horn between the eyes. The front horn would have measured 1–1.35 metres (3.3–4.4 ft) long for individuals at 25 to 35 years of age, while the second horn would have measured up to 47.5 centimetres (1.56 ft) long. Unlike in modern rhinos, the large nasal horn was often flattened in cross-section, and abrasion patterns on the horn indicate it's possible use in brushing away snow when grazing. Compared to other rhinoceroses, the woolly rhinoceros had a longer head and body, and shorter legs. Its shoulder was raised with a powerful hump, used to support the animal's massive front horn. The hump also contained a fat reserve to aid survival through the desolate winters of the mammoth steppe. 2202: 1788: 1631: 2397: 388: 2497: 1713: 127: 109: 1979:

in length and 72 centimetres (2.36 ft) tall at the shoulder. The most intensive growth in woolly rhinos occurred during the juvenile stage around 3 to 4 years of age with a shoulder height of 1.3 metres (4.3 ft). At 7 to 10 years of age, woolly rhinos became young adults with a shoulder height of 1.4–1.5 metres (4.6–4.9 ft). By more than 14 years of age, woolly rhinos became fully mature, old adults with a shoulder height of 1.6 metres (5.2 ft).

2331: 1988: 2450:, Russia. Its head and horns, fur, and soft tissues were recovered. Some parts had been thawed and eaten since they were not covered by permafrost. The body was handed over to the Yakutia Academy of Sciences, where it was named “Sasha” after one of its discoverers. Dental analysis shows that the calf was about seven months old at the time of its death. With its well-intact preservation, scientists proceeded to undergo DNA analysis. 2453:

In August 2020, a rhinoceros was found, after being revealed by melting permafrost, close to the site of the 2014 discovery. The rhino was between three and four years old and it is thought that the cause of death was drowning. It is one of the best-preserved animals recovered from the region, having

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in Central Europe), which were not the natural habitat of either rhinos or humans, and large predators such as hyenas may have carried rhinoceros parts there. Sometimes, only individual teeth or bone fragments are uncovered, which usually came from only one animal. Most rhinoceros remains in Western

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It is estimated that woolly rhinoceroses could reach around 40 years of age, like their modern relatives. In 2014, Shpansky analysed the growth of woolly rhinoceros from its early life stages based on several lower jaw fragments and limb bones. A one-month-old calf was about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft)

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season. Fossil skulls indicate damage from the front horns of other rhinos, and lower jaws and back ribs show signs of being broken and re-formed, which may have also come from fighting. The apparent frequency of intraspecific combat, compared to recent rhinos, was likely a result of

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Bayger, J.A., Hoyer, H., Kiernik, E., Kulczyński, W., Łomnicki, M., Łomnicki J., Mierzejewski, W., Niezabitowski, E., Raciborski, W., Szafer, W. & Schille, F., 1914. Wykopaliska staruńskie. Słoń mamut (Elephas primigenius Blum.) i nosorożec włochaty (Rhinoceros antiquitatis Blum. s. tichorhinus

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Willerslev E, Davison J, Moora M, Zobel M, Coissac E, Edwards ME, Lorenzen ED, Vestergård M, Gussarova G, Haile J, Craine J, Gielly L, Boessenkool S, Epp LS, Pearman PB, Cheddadi R, Murray D, Bråthen KA, Yoccoz N, Binney H, Cruaud C, Wincker P, Goslar T, Alsos IG, Bellemain E, Brysting AK, Elven R,

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and river valleys, with dry to arid climates, and migrated to higher elevations in favourable climate phases. It avoided mountain ranges, due to heavy snow and steep terrain that the animal could not easily cross. The rhino's main habitat was the mammoth steppe, a large, open landscape covered with

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An adult woolly rhinoceros typically measured 3.2 to 3.6 metres (10.5 to 11.8 ft) from head to tail, stood 1.45–1.6 metres (4.8–5.2 ft) tall at the shoulder, and weighed up to 1.5–2 metric tons (1.7–2.2 short tons) (with some sources placing the body mass of the species as high as 2.4–2.9

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depict woolly rhinoceroses. The animal's defining features are prominently drawn, complete with the raised back and hump, contrasting with its low-lying head. Two curved lines represent the ears. The animal's horns are drawn with their long curvature, and in some cases, the coat is also indicated.

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region of Northeast Siberia dating to 9,800 ± 200 years ago. However, it has been demonstrated that ancient DNA in permafrost can be reworked into sediment layers dating to well after the extinction of the originating species, though other authors have argued that this specific environmental DNA

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in specimens from the Netherlands may have been due to inbreeding or harsh environmental conditions. A genetic study of the woolly rhinoceros remains in northeast Siberia, dating to around 18,500 years ago, a few thousand years before its extinction, found that the population size was stable and

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Lord, Edana; Dussex, Nicolas; Kierczak, Marcin; Díez-del-Molino, David; Ryder, Oliver A.; Stanton, David W.G.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima; Zhang, Guojie; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Willerslev, Eske; Protopopov, Albert; Shidlovskiy, Fedor; Fedorov, Sergey

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Analysis of the nuclear genome suggests that the woolly rhinoceros experienced a population expansion beginning around 30,000 years ago. The end of the last glacial period shows a progressive contraction of the range of the woolly rhinoceros, with the species disappearing from Europe during the

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record is unlikely to have been reworked. Low level human hunting may have played a decisive role in the extinction by reducing the ability of woolly rhinoceros populations to colonise newly suitable habitat, thereby exacerbating the population fragmentation brought on by environmental change.

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Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Kropczyk, Aleksandra; Mackiewicz, Paweł; Kłys, Grzegorz; Krajcarz, Magdalena; Krajcarz, Maciej T.; Nadachowski, Adam; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Karbowski, Karol; Ridush, Bogdan; Sabol, Martin; Płonka, Tomasz (March 2023).

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as recorded in cave paintings, as well as for moving snow to uncover vegetation during winter. They may have also been used to attract mates. Bull woolly rhinos were probably territorial like their modern counterparts, defending themselves from competitors, particularly during the

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formed its neck hock and held the massive skull. Its massive lower jaw measured up to 60 cm (24 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) high. The teeth of the woolly rhinoceros had thickened enamel and an open internal cavity. Like other rhinos, adults did not have

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Woolly rhinoceroses shared their habitat with humans, but direct evidence that they interacted is relatively rare. Only 11% of the known sites of prehistoric Siberian tribes have remains or images of the animal. Many rhinoceros remains are found in caves (such as the

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Bratlund, B. (2005). Comments on a cut-marked woolly rhino mandible from Zwolen. In: R. Schild (ed.), The killing fields of Zwolén. A Middle Paleolithic kill-butchery-site in Central Poland. Warsaw, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences:

2295:(including snowfall), which transformed the woolly rhinoceros' preferred low-growing grass and herb habitat into one dominated by shrubs and trees. The woolly rhinoceros was likely intolerant of deep snow, which its short limbs were inefficient in moving through. 4052:

Sønstebø JH, Murton J, Sher A, Rasmussen M, Rønn R, Mourier T, Cooper A, Austin J, Möller P, Froese D, Zazula G, Pompanon F, Rioux D, Niderkorn V, Tikhonov A, Savvinov G, Roberts RG, MacPhee RD, Gilbert MT, Kjær KH, Orlando L, Brochmann C, Taberlet P (2014).

1761:, unlike modern rhinos. This was most common in adult males. This adaptation probably evolved as a result of the heavy pressure on the horn and face when the rhinoceros grazed underneath the thick snow. Unique to this rhino, the nasal bones were fused to the 4857:

Fordham, Damien A.; Brown, Stuart C.; Canteri, Elisabetta; Austin, Jeremy J.; Lomolino, Mark V.; Haythorne, Sean; Armstrong, Edward; Bocherens, Hervé; Manica, Andrea; Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Rahbek, Carsten; Nogués-Bravo, David; Lorenzen, Eline D. (2024-06-11).

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Kotarba, Maciej J.; Dzieniewicz, Marek; Móscicki, Wlodzimierz J.; Sechman, Henryk (2008-07-01). "Unique Quaternary environment for discoveries of woolly rhinoceroses in Starunia, fore-Carpathian region, Ukraine: Geochemical and geoelectric studies".

3586:(Blumenbach, 1799) // Researches on paleontology and biostratigraphy of ancient continental deposits (Memories of Professor Vitalii G. Ochev). Eds. M.A. Shishkin & V.P. Tverdokhlebov.— Saratov: «Nauchnaya Kniga» Publishers, 2009. P. 98–111. 2130:

Signs that early humans hunted or scavenged the rhinoceros come from markings on the animal's bones. One specimen had injuries caused by human weaponry, with traces of a wound from a sharp object marking the shoulder and thigh, and a preserved

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Wang, Yucheng; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Alsos, Inger Greve; De Sanctis, Bianca; Racimo, Fernando; Prohaska, Ana; Coissac, Eric; Owens, Hannah Lois; Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid; Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio; Rouillard, Alexandra (2021-10-20).

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Gaudzinski, S. 1999a. The faunal record of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Europe: remarks on human interference. In The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe. (ed. W. Roebroeks and C. Gamble) Leiden: University of Leiden, pp. 215 -

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thickest on the withers and neck. Shorter hair covered the limbs, keeping snow from attaching. The body's length ended with a 45-to-50-centimetre (18 to 20 in) tail with a brush of coarse hair at the end. Females had two nipples on the

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Woolly rhinoceros remains have been known long before the species was described and were the basis for some mythical creatures. Native peoples of Siberia believed their horns were the claws of giant birds. A rhinoceros skull was found in

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Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021).

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Lazarev, P.A., Boeskorov, G.G., Tomskaya, A.I., Garutt, N.V., Vasil’ev, E.M., and Kasparov, A.K., Mlekopitayushchie antropogena Yakutii (Mammals of the Anthropogene in Yakutia), Yakutsk: Yakut. Nauch. Tsentr Akad. Nauk SSSR,

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in Europe and Asia. The range of the woolly rhinoceros contracted towards Siberia beginning around 17,000 years ago, with the youngest known records being around 14,000 years old in northeast Siberia, coinciding with the

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Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Lazarev, Peter A.; Sher, Andrei V.; Davydov, Sergei P.; Bakulina, Nadezhda T.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Binladen, Jonas; Willerslev, Eske; Buigues, Bernard; Tikhonov, Alexey N. (2011-08-01).

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Yuan, Junxia; Sun, Guojiang; Xiao, Bo; Hu, Jiaming; Wang, Linying; Taogetongqimuge; Bao, Lei; Hou, Yamei; Song, Shiwen; Jiang, Shan; Wu, Yong; Pan, Dong; Liu, Yang; Westbury, Michael V.; Lai, Xulong (2023-09-26).

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The skull had a length between 70 and 90 cm (30 and 35 in). It was longer than those of other rhinoceros, giving the head a deep, downward-facing slanting position, similar to its fossil relative

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Prothero, D.R., Guérin, C. & Manning, E. 1989. The History of Rhinocerotoidea. In: The Evolution of Perissodactyls (eds. Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R.M.). Oxford University Press, New York, 321-340.

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Mania, Dietrich; Toepfer, V. (1973). "Königsaue. Gliederung, Ökologie und mittelpaläolithische Funde der letzten Eiszeit. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle/Saale" (in German).

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Lazarev, P.A., Grigoriev, S.E., Plotnikov, V.V., 2010. Woolly rhinoceroses from Yakutia//evolution of life on the Earth. In: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium. TML-Press, Tomsk, pp. 555e558.

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wrote a report on his expeditions to Siberia where he found a skull and two horns in the permafrost. In 1772, Pallas acquired a head and two legs of a rhinoceros from the locals in

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Schreve, Danielle; Howard, Andy; Currant, Andrew; Brooks, Stephen; Buteux, Simon; Coope, Russell; Crocker, Barnaby; Field, Michael; Greenwood, Malcolm; Greig, James; Toms, Phillip (2012-12-18).

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rivers. A whole skeleton was found soon afterwards, with preserved skin, fur, and stomach contents. In 1976, schoolchildren on a class trip found a 20,000-year-old rhinoceros skeleton on the

2377:. Photographs were published in paleontological journals and textbooks, and the first modern paintings of the species were based on the mounted specimen. The rhino is now located in the 4423:

Baumann, Willfried; Mania, Dietrich (1983). "Ein mittelpaläolithisches Rentierlager bei Salzgitter-Lebenstedt" [A Middle Paleolithic reindeer site near Salzgitter-Lebenstedt.].

1684: in), while those of rhinos in hot climates are about 30 cm (12 in). Their tails were also relatively shorter. It also had thick skin, ranging from 5 to 15 mm ( 4478:

Döppes, Doris (1997). "Die jungpleistozäne Säugetierfauna der Gudenushöhle (Niederösterreich)" [The Late Pleistocene mammal fauna of the Gudenus Cave (Lower Austria)].

4393:(Blumenbach 1807) aus dem oberpleistozänen Fleckenhyänenhorst Perick-Höhlen im Nordsauerland (NW Deutschland) und Beitrag zur Taphonomie von Wollnashornknochen in Westfalen" 2442:

In September 2014, a mummified young rhinoceros was discovered by two hunters, Alexander “Sasha” Banderov and Simeon Ivanov, at a tributary of the Semyulyakh River in the

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Die paläolithischen Neufunde von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig (Mit Beiträgen von L. Eißmann und V. Toepfer). Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Dresden.

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from the late Pleistocene. Mitochondrial genomes suggest that the last mitochondrial ancestor of Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses lived around 570,000 years ago.

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Blum.) from Starunia, Poland (Geology, Mineralogy, Flora and Fauna). Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Naturelles, Série B: Sciences Naturelles, Supplément 1-47.

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Schubert, von, G.H., 1823. Die Urwelt und die Fixsterne: eine Zugabe zu den Ansichten von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft . Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden.

5183: 4661: 4643: 3842: 4003:"A Middle Devensian woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffordshire (UK): palaeoenvironmental context and significance" 2454:

most of its internal organs intact. The discovery was also notable for the preservation of a small nasal horn, a rarity as these normally decompose quickly.

5539: 2608: 2287:, dating to 14,200 years ago, and northeast Siberia, dating to around 14,000 years ago. The youngest records of the species coincide with the onset of the 2108:

individuals of old age display extensive wear and loss of their anterior premolars as a result of tooth abrasion from their intensive grazing lifestyle.

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The woolly rhinoceros had a similar life history to modern rhinos. Studies on milk teeth show that individuals developed similarly to both the white and

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Nikolskiy, Pavel; Pitulko, Vladimir (2013). "Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting".

3229:"When the woolly rhinoceroses roamed East Asia: a review of isotopic paleoecology of the genus Coelodonta from the Tibetan Plateau to northern Eurasia" 3047:"A Middle Pleistocene Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Les Rameaux, SW France, and a revised phylogeny of Coelodonta" 5520: 1854:

on vegetation. It had a wide upper lip like that of the white rhinoceros, which allowed it to easily pluck vegetation directly from the ground.

2427:. Its upward-facing position indicates that the animal probably fell into mud and sank. Next year in 2008, a nearly complete skeleton came from the 2079:

interglacial, the range of the woolly rhinoceros extended into temperate regions such as Poland. It had the widest range of any rhinoceros species.

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The woolly rhinoceros had several features which reduced the body's surface area and minimized heat loss. Its ears were no longer than 24 cm (

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on cave walls or drawn in red or black. One scene depicts two rhinos fighting each other with their horns. Other illustrations are found in the

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rapid climatic change during the last glacial period, when the animal faced increased stress from competition with other large herbivores.

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sent an expedition to Starunia, finding the mummified remains of three rhinos. One specimen, missing only its horns and fur, was taken to the

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Both horns and bones of the rhinoceros were used as raw materials for tools and weapons, as were remains from other animals. In what is now

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Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J.; Bocherens, Hervé; Szpak, Paul; Willerslev, Eske; Lorenzen, Eline D. (July 2021).

2568: 1948:-poor fodder. It had to consume a heavy amount of food to account for the low nutritive content of its diet. Woolly rhinos living in the 5501: 2256: 4287:

Garutt, N. V., & Boeskorov, G. G. (2001). Woolly rhinoceroses: On the history of the genus. Mamont i ego okruzhenie, 200, 157-167.

1878:. Isotope studies on horns show that the woolly rhinoceros had a seasonal diet; different areas of horn growth suggest that it mainly 5848: 5742: 3087:"Chronology and distribution of Central and Eastern European Pleistocene rhinoceroses (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) – A review" 2990:

Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K. & Xie, G. (2011).

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Kirillova, Irina V.; Shidlovskiy, Fedor K. (2010-11-01). "Estimation of individual age and season of death in woolly rhinoceros,

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horn suggests seasonal changes in the diet. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 24. 3146-50. 10.1002/rcm.4755.

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of Tibet dating to approximately 3.7 million years ago, with the genus being present in Siberia, Mongolia, and China during the

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also known as Merck's rhinoceros, temperate adapted rhinoceros species native to Europe and Asia during Middle-Late Pleistocene

2155:, Germany), have heavily beaten rhinoceros bones lined with slash marks. This action was done partly to extract the nutritious 5656: 1921:

and neck muscles is consistent with that required to resist the large tugging forces generated when taking large mouthfuls of

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Seeber, Pa; Batke, L; Dvornikov, Y; Schmidt, A; Wang, Y; Stoof-Leichsenring, Kr; Moon, Kl; Shapiro, B; Epp, Ls (2023-09-01).

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Tiunov, Alexei & Kirillova, Irina. (2010). Stable isotope (C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14) composition of the woolly rhinoceros

3479:"Horns of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) in the Ice Age Museum collection (Moscow, Russia)" 2827: 4442:(Rhinocerotidae) du Pléistocène moyen final de l'aven de Romain-la-Roche (Doubs, France)" [The Late Middle Pleistocene 3190:"Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb" 3485:. Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010. 1850:

that grew in the mammoth steppe. Its long, slanted head with a downward-facing posture, and tooth structure all helped it

5307:"The Starunia collections in the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków" 5248:

Fisch.) wraz z współczesną florą i fauną. Muzeum im. Dzieduszyckich we Lwowie, 15, 386 pp + atlas (67 tab.). (In Polish).

2382: 2474:, temperate adapted rhinoceros species native to Europe, the Middle East and North Africa during Middle-Late Pleistocene 1817:

With their massive horns and size, adults had few predators, but young individuals could be attacked by animals such as

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Pushkina, Diana (2007). "The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian

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Lethaea geognostica oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der für die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen

2701:. Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794. John Stockdale, Piccadilly. 2127:

Europe are found in the same places where human remains or artifacts were found, but this may have occurred naturally.

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Faunal Complex. With its wide distribution, the woolly rhinoceros lived in some areas alongside the other rhinoceroses

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to have been present in the region, date to approximately 450,000 years ago. The woolly rhinoceros is divided into two

346:. The woolly rhinoceros was covered with long, thick hair that allowed it to survive in the extremely cold, harsh 358:

and many bone remains of woolly rhinoceroses have been found. Images of woolly rhinoceroses are found among

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One of the earliest scientific descriptions of an ancient rhinoceros species was made in 1769, when the naturalist

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Boeskorov, G. G.; Lazarev, P. A.; Bakulina, N. T.; Shchelchkova, M. V.; Davydov, S. P.; Solomonov, N. G. (2009).

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Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Marciszak, Adrian; Sobczyk, Artur; Socha, Paweł (28 September 2023).

3131:"Ancient mitogenomes reveal a high maternal genetic diversity of Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros in Northern China" 2647: 5899: 5671: 5263:"The Starunia collections in the Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv" 3309:

Boeskorov, G. G. (2012). "Some specific morphological and ecological features of the fossil woolly rhinoceros (

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Lethaea Geognostica, or pictures and descriptions of the most characteristic fossils of the mountain formations

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about 130,000 years ago, the woolly rhinoceros lived throughout northern Eurasia, spanning most of Europe, the

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records possibly extending the range of the species around 9,800 years ago. Its closest living relative is the

5377: 1814:. The two teats in the female suggest that she raised one calf, or more rarely two, every two to three years. 1639:

metric tons (5,300–6,400 lb)) making it comparable in size to the largest living rhinoceros species, the

5866: 4299:"Environmental conditions across Poland during the Eemian Interglacial reconstructed from vertebrate remains" 3582:

Kalandadze N.N., Shapovalov A.V. & Tesakova E.M.— On nomenclatural problems concerning woolly rhinoceros

2478: 2431:. That same year, locals near the Amga discovered mummified rhinoceros remains, and over the next two years, 1446: 412:

maintained the belief that the horns were the claws of giant birds, and classified the animal under the name

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and dental characteristics that support a grazing feeding preference. In particular, the enlargement of the

4704: 3535:, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas" 2593:

The Mammoth and the Flood: An Attempt to Confront the Theory of Uniformity with the Facts of Recent Geology

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wide ranges of grass and bushes. The woolly rhinoceros lived alongside other large herbivores, such as the

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Mitochondrial genomes of Pleistocene megafauna retrieved from recent sediment layers of two Siberian lakes

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during the last ice age (which connected Asia to North America), with its easterly-most occurrence at the

1825:. A skull was found with trauma indicating an attack from a feline, but the animal survived to adulthood. 5734: 5729: 2201: 1324: 440: 302: 245: 5657:

More pictures of the fully preserved tar pit wholly rhinoceros that was found in Poland (text in Polish)

4952:"High incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses" 1787: 1574:

are suggested to have diverged from those of the Sumatran rhinoceros around 9.4 million years ago, with

5396: 4345: 2487: 1723: 1428: 126: 3478: 444: 4341:"Extinct Eurasian rhinoceros Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus dental pathologies and tooth change modus" 4116:(Blumenbach 1799) (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Tomsk Priob'e area (southeast Western Siberia)" 3936: 2738:

Gehler, Alexander & Reich, Mike & Mol, Dick & Plicht, Hans. (2007). The type material of

2179: 2171: 923: 4789:"Pre-extinction Demographic Stability and Genomic Signatures of Adaptation in the Woolly Rhinoceros" 4524: 4464: 5353:

Nowak, J., Panow, E., Tokarski, J., Szafer, W. & Stach, J. 1930. The second woolly rhinoceros (

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pit. A month later, a rhinoceros was found 5 metres (15 ft) underneath. Both were sent to the

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Mazza, Paul; Azzaroli, A. (1993). "Ethological inferences on Pleistocene rhinoceroses of Europe".

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Chernova, O. F.; Protopopov, A. V.; Perfilova, T. V.; Kirillova, I. V.; Boeskorov, G. G. (2016).

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Guérin (1980) (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Les Rameaux, SW France, and a revised phylogeny of

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Relationships of the woolly rhinoceros based on morphology, excluding African rhinoceros species:

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Mallet, Christophe; Billet, Guillaume; Cornette, Raphaël; Alexandra Houssaye, And (2022-11-02).

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in China, and the oldest remains of the species in Europe, which represents the only species of

5812: 5682: 5397:"Preliminary study of a mummified woolly rhinoceros from the lower reaches of the Kolyma River" 2761: 2576: 1630: 4539: 3667: 2189:

is a late Paleolithic figure of a man engraved on a rib bone of a woolly rhinoceros, found at

5807: 4511: 4451: 1307: 1142: 738: 343: 225: 5799: 2992:"Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores" 2591: 2396: 2182:

has a tip made of rhinoceros horn, the furthest north a human artifact has ever been found.

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Fortelius, Mikael (1983). "The morphology and paleobiological significance of the horns of

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to other Late Pleistocene-recent rhinoceros species based on genomic data is given below.

8: 5929: 4579:. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 2017–216. 2501: 2283:

interval between 17-15,000 years ago, with its youngest confirmed records being from the

2136: 2068: 2064: 1879: 1851: 1654:

Frozen specimens indicate that the rhino's long fur coat was reddish-brown, with a thick

685: 500: 372: 5470: 5218: 5102: 5029: 4926: 4804: 4613: 4358: 4298: 4219: 4134: 4072: 3746: 3633: 3553: 3494: 3447: 3373: 3326: 3165: 3130: 3098: 3062: 3007: 2948: 2699:

Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire: In the Years 1793 and 1794

2545: 2354:. Later in 1877, a Siberian trader recovered a head and one leg from a tributary of the 2252:. Some images show rhinoceroses struck with spears or arrows, signifying human hunting. 5601: 5435: 5336: 5151: 5127: 5086: 5067: 5054: 5013: 4988: 4951: 4834: 4577:

The Killing Fields of Zwolén: A Middle Paleolithic Kill-butchery-site in Central Poland

4446:(Rhinocerotidae) from the sinkhole of Romain-la-Roche (Doubs, France)] (in French). 4092: 4033: 3824: 3338: 3110: 3027: 2639: 2370: 2140: 2087: 2083: 1598: 946: 461: 424: 293: 281: 121: 2991: 2874:"Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family" 2220:

About 20 Paleolithic drawings of woolly rhinos were known before the discovery of the

5794: 5593: 5585: 5482: 5427: 5419: 5340: 5328: 5287: 5230: 5132: 5114: 5071: 5059: 5041: 4993: 4975: 4891: 4879: 4838: 4826: 4763: 4683: 4625: 4580: 4545: 4270: 4266: 4231: 4146: 4084: 4025: 3968: 3816: 3758: 3645: 3565: 3506: 3459: 3385: 3275: 3250: 3209: 3170: 3152: 3114: 3019: 2972: 2913: 2905: 2823: 2643: 2631: 2309: 2244:

shows a noticeably higher head posture, and others were drawn in red pigments in the

2213: 2076: 2060: 1962: 1918: 1800: 1594: 629: 368: 5605: 5478: 4935: 4910: 4860:"52,000 years of woolly rhinoceros population dynamics reveal extinction mechanisms" 4366: 4227: 4037: 3828: 3641: 3561: 3455: 3342: 3070: 2553: 2299:

is likely to have played a role in its extinction. The presence of large numbers of

1804: 5839: 5619: 5577: 5474: 5439: 5411: 5318: 5277: 5222: 5155: 5122: 5106: 5049: 5033: 4983: 4965: 4930: 4887: 4871: 4816: 4808: 4617: 4362: 4262: 4223: 4138: 4096: 4076: 4017: 3808: 3750: 3637: 3557: 3498: 3451: 3381: 3377: 3330: 3240: 3201: 3160: 3142: 3102: 3066: 3031: 3011: 2962: 2952: 2895: 2885: 2623: 2549: 2443: 2351: 2186: 1822: 1811: 1640: 649: 586: 566: 387: 351: 5176:"Three Centuries of Hunting for Ice Age Mummies and the Prospect of De-Extinction" 5781: 5282: 4757: 4142: 3962: 3754: 3502: 3269: 3205: 3106: 2428: 2233: 2166:, Poland, a device was made from a battered woolly rhinoceros pelvis. Half-meter 2094:

combined with competition from other large herbivores on the frigid land bridge.

2048: 1855: 339: 5540:"Sasha, the world's only baby woolly rhino, is 34,000 years old, say scientists" 2420:'s left bank, uncovering a skull with both horns, a spine, ribs and limb bones. 1712: 5323: 5306: 5110: 5037: 4859: 4705:"Fighting Rhino & Four Horses - The Cave Art Paintings of the Chauvet Cave" 3147: 2890: 2873: 2447: 2436: 2424: 2284: 2249: 2190: 2167: 2034: 2021: 2017: 2005: 1906: 1792: 1770: 1734: 1347: 854: 505: 350:. It had a massive hump reaching from its shoulder and fed mainly on 347: 178: 5581: 5415: 5014:"Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics" 4812: 4621: 3334: 3245: 3228: 3045:

Uzunidis, Antigone; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Brugal, Jean-Philip (July 2022).

2439:

and ribs were excavated along with forelimbs and hind limbs with toes intact.

2304:

relatively large, despite long-term co-existence with humans in the region. A

5883: 5705: 5589: 5486: 5423: 5332: 5291: 5234: 5118: 5045: 4979: 4883: 4644:"13,300 year old spear made of woolly rhinoceros horn found on Arctic island" 4629: 4274: 4235: 4201:"The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta Faunal Complex)" 4150: 4029: 3820: 3762: 3649: 3615:

in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia"

3569: 3510: 3463: 3389: 3254: 3213: 3156: 2976: 2909: 2635: 2627: 2464: 2292: 2241: 2152: 2052: 2040: 1933: 1910: 1747: 1729: 1606: 837: 816: 535: 474: 359: 59: 4875: 3083: 3015: 2423:

In 2007, a partial rhinoceros carcass was found in the lower reaches of the

2123: 2090:, probably due to the low grass density and lack of suitable habitat in the 5597: 5431: 5136: 5063: 4997: 4895: 4830: 4088: 3174: 3023: 2917: 2746:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) / Tipovoj material 2742:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) / Типовой материал 2343: 2300: 2221: 2206: 2170:, made from a woolly rhinoceros horn about 27,000 years ago, came from the 2144: 1890: 1758: 1019: 459:

in 1831 because of its differences in dental formation with members of the

108: 5786: 5160: 2524:

Uzunidis, A.; Antoine, P.-O.; Brugal, J.-P. (2022). "A Middle Pleistocene

2148: 5755: 5714: 4911:"Late Pleistocene paleoecology and phylogeography of woolly rhinoceroses" 2569:"Quaternary mammalian fossils from Hsintsai, South-Eastern part of Honan" 2432: 2417: 2347: 2245: 2225: 2156: 336: 34: 4080: 2967: 2786:"The rhinos from the Middle Pleistocene of Neumark-Nord (Saxony-Anhalt)" 1779:, from Greek τειχος (teikhos) "wall", ῥις (ῥιν-) (rhis (rhin-)) "nose". 5853: 5747: 5559:"Hair microstructure of the first time found calf of woolly rhinoceros 5521:"Lifelike again after 34,000 years, the world's only baby woolly rhino" 4970: 4821: 4728: 4480:

Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Niederösterreichischen Landesmuseums

3912:(Blumenbach, 1807) from the Upper Pleistocene of north-western Germany" 3812: 2900: 2523: 2413: 2409: 2400:

Cast of the mummified Starunia specimen, Natural History Museum, London

2355: 2339: 2175: 1847: 1828:

Woolly rhinos may have used their horns for combat, probably including

1762: 1292: 1163: 891: 491: 436: 397: 355: 332: 201: 188: 79: 44: 5760: 5226: 3782:

Woolly Rhinoceros: Morphology, Systematics and Geological Significance

3187: 2224:

in France. They are dated at over 31,000 years old, probably from the

4021: 3728:(Blumenbach, 1799) in the Ice Age Museum collection (Moscow, Russia)" 3477:

Shidlovskiy, Fedor K.; Kirillova, Irina V.; Wood, John (2012-03-26).

2957: 2932: 2405: 2374: 2366: 2264: 2229: 2009: 1967: 1941: 1926: 354: that grew in the steppe. Mummified carcasses preserved in 138: 84: 5676: 5556: 5394: 2389:. A plaster cast was made soon afterwards, which is now held in the 2330: 2163: 2135:

was found near the carcass. A few sites from the early phase of the

1987: 1659: 5833: 5699: 3267: 2989: 2362: 2305: 2013: 1898: 1751: 1750:

in both jaws. The molars were high-crowned and had a thick coat of

1743: 1655: 1590: 405: 158: 74: 69: 54: 49: 39: 4296: 404:. In 1590, it was used as the basis for the head on a statue of a 5861: 5203: 4785: 2933:"Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae" 2260: 2237: 2056: 2000: 1996: 1945: 1937: 1859: 1739: 1648: 428: 417: 89: 64: 4950:

van der Geer, Alexandra A.E.; Galis, Frietson (29 August 2017).

4908: 4054:"Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet" 3722:

Shidlovskiy, Fedor K.; Kirillova, Irina V.; Wood, John (2012).

2313: 1949: 1922: 1914: 1863: 489:

The woolly rhinoceros was the most recent species of the genus

401: 168: 148: 2404:

Skull and rib fragments of a rhinoceros were found in 1972 in

1905:

of a well-preserved last cold stage individual recovered from

1769:

types or today's rhinoceroses. This ossification inspired the

4956: 3666:

van der Made, Jan; Grube, René (2010). Meller, Harald (ed.).

2609:"Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals" 2373:, where a detailed description was published in the museum's 2342:

region. In 1771, a head, two legs and hide were found in the

2308:

survival of the species has been suggested by the finding of

2132: 2091: 1902: 1894: 1867: 1818: 1664: 503:, and the genus is also closely related to the extinct genus 3271:

Extinctions in Near Time. Causes, Contexts, and Consequences

1733:

as well as the white rhinoceros. Strong muscles on its long

5149: 5010: 4050: 3788:(Doctoral dissertation abstract). Russian Mining Institute. 3425: 1957: 1875: 1871: 1647:). Both males and females had two horns which were made of 5317:(1). AGHU University of Science and Technology Press: 71. 4000: 1991:

Range of the woolly rhinoceros, including sites of fossils

1582:

around 5.5 million years ago. The oldest known species of

4856: 2870: 2338:

Many rhinoceros remains have been found preserved in the

2263:, Czech Republic, was found with more than seven hundred 465:

genus. This name comes from the Greek words κοιλος (

3721: 3529:

Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich; Lacombat, Frédéric (2008-11-01).

3476: 2750:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae). 1597:. The woolly rhinoceros first appeared during the early 5620:"Woolly rhino from Ice Age unearthed in Russian Arctic" 3807:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 127–137. 3675:(in German and English). Halle/Saale. pp. 382–394. 2770:] (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart. p. 451. 2365:, Russian Empire, found a mammoth carcass buried in an 3669:

The rhinoceroses from Neumark-Nord and their nutrition

2596:. S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. p. 7. 391:

Molar tooth showing the cavity the genus was named for

4484:

Scientific communications of the Lower Austria Museum

3268:

Hans-Dieter Sues, Ross D.E. MacPhee (June 30, 1999).

3044: 2485: 400:, Austria, in 1335, and was believed to be that of a 5452: 2217:

Many paintings show a black band dividing the body.

735: 712: 531: 443:

studied rhinoceros bones from the collection of the

4537: 3878:"Traumatic skull damages in the woolly rhinoceros, 2983: 3429:"Woolly rhino discovery in the lower Kolyma River" 2820:Living Ice Age: Climate and wildlife in transition 2793:Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie 5502:"Meet Sasha - the world's only baby woolly rhino" 5457:(Blumenbach, 1799), from Sakha-Yakutia, Russia". 4949: 3665: 3524: 3522: 3520: 16:Extinct species of rhinoceros of northern Eurasia 5881: 5667:Fossil skull of a woolly rhinoceros from Germany 5662:Fossil skull of a woolly rhinoceros from Belgium 5261:Chornobay, Yuriy M.; Drygant, Daniel M. (2009). 5260: 4599: 3611:"Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros 3531:"The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros ( 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 2071:°N. Fossils have been found as far north as the 1704: in), heaviest on the chest and shoulders. 5085:Miller, Joshua H.; Simpson, Carl (2022-12-01). 4864:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4682:. University of California Press. p. 153. 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3227:Ma, Jiao; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (2024-04-11). 2816:Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel 2813: 3609:Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2012). 3528: 3517: 2714:A History of British Fossil Mammals, and Birds 1846:Woolly rhinoceroses mostly fed on grasses and 1757:The nasal septum of the woolly rhinoceros was 5084: 4389:"Eingeschleppte und benagte Knochenreste von 4112:"Juvenile remains of the "woolly rhinoceros" 3871: 3869: 3867: 3798: 3774: 3772: 3349: 3295: 3127: 2725: 2723: 2696: 2566: 2387:Aquarium and Natural History Museum in Kraków 2312:of the woolly rhinoceros in sediments of the 473:"tooth"), from the depression in the rhino's 5672:International Rhino Foundation: Woolly Rhino 4538:Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.; Stringer, C. (2010). 4500: 4422: 4164: 4162: 4160: 3960: 3608: 3589: 2381:along with the mammoth. Later, in 1929, the 342:. The woolly rhinoceros was a member of the 5644:Dinosaurus: The Complete Guide to Dinosaurs 3954: 3661: 3659: 2845:"Siberia Surrenders Woolly Rhino Mysteries" 2779: 2777: 2111: 1982: 1940:fermentor with a single stomach, consuming 1625: 509:. A cladogram showing the relationships of 367:, which likely disrupted its habitat, with 335:that inhabited northern Eurasia during the 4751: 4749: 4677: 4281: 3864: 3769: 3691:"Dental ontogeny of the woolly rhinoceros 3421: 3419: 3226: 2720: 1858:shows it also ate woody plants (including 107: 5925:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 5537: 5493: 5322: 5281: 5159: 5126: 5053: 4987: 4969: 4934: 4820: 4400:Mitteilungen der Höhlen und Karstforscher 4157: 3845:[Why the woolly rhino died out]. 3684: 3682: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3355: 3308: 3244: 3194:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3164: 3146: 2966: 2956: 2899: 2889: 2468:, another Pleistocene Eurasian rhinoceros 2267:of animals, many of woolly rhinoceroses. 1936:confirm that the woolly rhinoceros was a 1925:from the ground. The presence of a large 4386: 4338: 4248: 4109: 3937:"Woolly Mammoths and Rhinos Ate Flowers" 3905: 3899: 3849:(in Russian). 2012-04-22. Archived from 3717: 3715: 3656: 2930: 2797:State Office of Archeology Saxony-Anhalt 2783: 2774: 2395: 2329: 2275:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2200: 2024:– an assortment of animals known as the 1986: 1956:consumed approximately equal volumes of 1786: 1711: 1629: 386: 5256: 5254: 4755: 4746: 4673: 4671: 4541:The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain 2589: 2519: 2517: 1886:for shrubs and branches in the winter. 1803:in late Pleistocene northern Spain, by 1658:that lay under a layer of long, coarse 5882: 4702: 4574: 4477: 4437: 4339:Diedrich, Cajus G. (1 February 2023). 4198: 3875: 3778: 3679: 3396: 2866: 2864: 2842: 2732: 1995:The woolly rhinoceros lived mainly in 1707: 477:structure, giving the scientific name 5681: 5680: 5518: 5499: 5304: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4781: 4779: 4654: 4168: 3712: 2759: 2606: 2291:, which likely resulted in increased 5867:91006D9C-A88F-4624-BC60-09578F32DD6F 5251: 4668: 4376:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4199:Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich (2014-07-15). 2711: 2697:Pallas, P.S.; Blagdon, F.W. (1812). 2514: 2334:Mummified remains discovered in 1771 1432:(Narrow-nosed or steppe rhinoceros) 5646:. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 422. 2861: 2622:(2). Aquatic Mammals Journal: 254. 2383:Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences 2346:in eastern Siberia and sent to the 2325: 2320: 2178:. A 13,300-year-old spear found on 2147:(Austria) and the open air site of 447:, and proposed the scientific name 30:Middle Pleistocene–Late Pleistocene 13: 5004: 4902: 4845: 4776: 4444:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 4440:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 3964:Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe 3688: 3362:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3233:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2924: 2526:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 2100: 14: 5941: 5650: 4602:Journal of Archaeological Science 4175:) distribution in Northeast Asia" 1765:, which is not the case in older 495:. The closest living relative of 4267:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x 3843:"Почему вымер шерстистый носоро" 3724:"Horns of the woolly rhinoceros 2495: 1613:from the middle Pleistocene and 125: 32: 5612: 5550: 5531: 5512: 5479:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.036 5446: 5388: 5370: 5360: 5347: 5298: 5241: 5197: 5168: 5143: 5087:"When did mammoths go extinct?" 5078: 4943: 4936:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106993 4762:. University of Chicago Press. 4721: 4696: 4678:Bahn, P.G.; Vertut, J. (1997). 4636: 4593: 4568: 4558: 4531: 4494: 4471: 4431: 4416: 4406: 4380: 4367:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107922 4332: 4323: 4290: 4242: 4228:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.012 4192: 4103: 4044: 3994: 3981: 3967:. University of Chicago Press. 3929: 3847:All-Russian Festival of Science 3835: 3792: 3642:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007 3576: 3562:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.013 3470: 3456:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.010 3261: 3220: 3181: 3121: 3077: 3071:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107594 3038: 2836: 2807: 2799:] (in German and English). 2753: 2554:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107594 2082:It seemingly did not cross the 1782: 1450:(Merck's or forest rhinoceros) 481:, "hollow-tooth of antiquity". 5538:Liesowska, Anna (2019-12-23). 4608:(12). Elsevier BV: 4189–4197. 3382:10.1080/02724634.1983.10011964 2705: 2690: 2681: 2665:"RRC: The Klagenfurt Lindwurm" 2657: 2607:Price, Samantha (2007-06-01). 2600: 2583: 2560: 2196: 1620: 410:Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert 1: 5920:Fossil taxa described in 1799 5915:Fossil taxa described in 1831 5895:Prehistoric mammals of Europe 4759:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 4427:(in German). Band 16. Berlin. 4010:Journal of Quaternary Science 3360:(Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae)". 2937:Journal of Quaternary Science 2931:Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). 2508: 2479:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 2270: 2212:Many cave paintings from the 1447:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 1406:Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis 743:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 431:, and named the species 5905:Piacenzian first appearances 5378:"Woolly Rhino Fossils Found" 5283:10.7494/geotour.2009.18.3.45 5182:. 2018-05-18. Archived from 4143:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.047 3755:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.051 3503:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.051 3274:. Springer US. p. 262. 3107:10.1016/j.quaint.2023.02.004 2849:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 2814:von Koenigswald, W. (2002). 2277:Late Pleistocene extinctions 2075:. Even during the very warm 484: 7: 5570:Doklady Biological Sciences 5404:Doklady Biological Sciences 4680:Journey Through the Ice Age 2822:] (in German). Theiss. 2573:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2457: 2361:In October 1907, miners in 1325:Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti 441:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 382: 331:) is an extinct species of 116:Woolly rhinoceros skeleton 10: 5946: 5459:Quaternary Science Reviews 5324:10.7494/geotour.2009.18.71 5111:10.1038/s41586-022-05416-3 5038:10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x 4915:Quaternary Science Reviews 4544:. ISSN. Elsevier Science. 4346:Quaternary Science Reviews 4208:Quaternary Science Reviews 3908:"A skeleton of an injured 3622:Quaternary Science Reviews 3542:Quaternary Science Reviews 3436:Quaternary Science Reviews 3206:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac007 3148:10.1186/s12862-023-02168-0 3051:Quaternary Science Reviews 2891:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 2534:Quaternary Science Reviews 2274: 2116: 1724:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 1429:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 855:Lartetotherium sansaniense 5823: 5689: 5582:10.1134/s0012496616060090 5416:10.1134/s0012496609010165 4813:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.046 4622:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020 3961:Dale Guthrie, R. (1990). 3335:10.1134/S106235901208002X 3246:10.3389/fevo.2024.1377000 3135:BMC Ecology and Evolution 2180:Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island 2172:Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site 2063:, ranging to extremes of 1973: 1443: 1425: 1418: 1403: 1396: 1381: 1374: 1362:Stephanorhinus jeanvireti 1359: 1352: 1321: 1304: 1297: 1285: 1240: 1223: 1216: 1199: 1192: 1175: 1168: 1156: 1139: 1132: 1115: 1108: 1072: 1055: 1048: 1031: 1024: 1012: 976: 958: 951: 924:Nesorhinus philippinensis 920: 903: 896: 884: 877: 851: 834: 827: 820: 810: 733: 710: 703: 683: 676: 647: 627: 620: 613: 584: 564: 557: 550: 529: 521: 287: 280: 258: 253: 231: 224: 122:Scientific classification 120: 115: 106: 23: 5910:Pleistocene rhinoceroses 4438:Guérin, Claude (2010). " 4387:Diedrich, Cajus (2008). 4123:Quaternary International 3906:Diedrich, Cajus (2008). 3741:. Elsevier BV: 125–129. 3735:Quaternary International 3533:Coelodonta tologoijensis 3483:Quaternary International 3091:Quaternary International 2628:10.1578/am.33.2.2007.254 2297:Population fragmentation 2240:caves. One drawing from 2112:Relationship with humans 1983:Habitat and distribution 1932:Comparisons with living 1626:Structure and appearance 1227:Coelodonta tologoijensis 1119:Dihoplus schleiermacheri 1076:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1035:Dicerorhinus gwebinensis 690:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 377:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 5890:Pleistocene extinctions 5825:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 5721:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5691:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5561:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5455:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5355:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5311:Geotourism/Geoturystyka 5270:Geotourism/Geoturystyka 4876:10.1073/pnas.2316419121 4391:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4304:Acta Geologica Polonica 4173:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4114:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4110:Shpansky, A.V. (2014). 3989:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3910:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3880:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3726:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3693:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3613:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3584:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3358:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3311:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3016:10.1126/science.1206594 2748:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2744:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2740:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2712:Owen, Richard. (1846). 2472:Narrow-nosed rhinoceros 2289:Bølling–Allerød warming 1870:), along with flowers, 1841: 1716:Woolly rhinoceros skull 1384:Stephanorhinus etruscus 1244:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1203:Coelodonta nihowanensis 1143:"Dihoplus" pikermiensis 1059:Dicerorhinus fusuiensis 720:Coelodonta antiquitatis 479:Coelodonta antiquitatis 469:, "hollow") and ὀδούς ( 449:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 445:University of Göttingen 365:Bølling–Allerød warming 328:Coelodonta antiquitatis 299:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 238:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5305:Kucha, Henryk (2009). 4756:Guthrie, R.D. (2005). 4703:Foundation, Bradshaw. 4662:"engraved bone/antler" 4519:Cite journal requires 4459:Cite journal requires 4251:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 4129:. Elsevier BV: 86–99. 2590:Howorth, H.H. (1887). 2567:Pei Wen-Chung (1956). 2401: 2391:Natural History Museum 2335: 2209: 1992: 1929:supports this theory. 1807: 1717: 1635: 1079:(Sumatran rhinoceros) 392: 308:Rhinoceros tichorhinus 5900:Pliocene rhinoceroses 5808:Paleobiology Database 5161:10.7554/elife.89992.1 4402:(in German): 100–117. 4261:(3). Wiley: 224–245. 4016:(2). Wiley: 118–130. 3876:Garutt, N.V. (1997). 3779:Garutt, N.V. (1998). 2884:(19): 4874–4885.e16. 2843:RFE/RL (2012-12-06). 2399: 2333: 2204: 1990: 1893:investigation of the 1790: 1715: 1633: 1308:Pliorhinus megarhinus 455:moved the species to 390: 344:Pleistocene megafauna 5465:(23–24): 3106–3114. 4799:(19): 3871–3879.e7. 3548:(21–22): 1951–1961. 3442:(17–18): 2262–2272. 2760:Bronn, H.G. (1838). 2379:Lviv National Museum 2174:on the banks of the 2073:New Siberian Islands 1954:Last Glacial Maximum 1882:in summer, while it 1830:intraspecific combat 1586:Coelodonta thibetana 1247:(woolly rhinoceros) 1179:Coelodonta thibetana 983:(Indian rhinoceros) 980:Rhinoceros unicornis 962:Rhinoceros sondaicus 907:Nesorhinus hayasakai 838:Gaindatherium browni 654:Rhinoceros sondaicus 634:Rhinoceros unicornis 453:Heinrich Georg Bronn 433:Rhinoceros lenenesis 414:Gryphus antiquitatis 290:Rhinoceros lenenesis 217:C. antiquitatis 5471:2010QSRv...29.3106K 5219:2008Geo....36..567K 5103:2022Natur.612E...1M 5030:2021Natur.600...86W 4927:2021QSRv..26306993R 4870:(24): e2316419121. 4805:2020CBio...30E3871L 4709:Bradshaw Foundation 4614:2013JArSc..40.4189N 4575:Schild, R. (2005). 4486:] (in German). 4359:2023QSRv..30107922D 4220:2014QSRv...96...32K 4135:2014QuInt.333...86S 4081:10.1038/nature12921 4073:2014Natur.506...47W 3747:2012QuInt.255..125S 3695:(Blumenbach, 1799)" 3634:2012QSRv...51....1S 3554:2008QSRv...27.1951K 3495:2012QuInt.255..125S 3448:2011QSRv...30.2262B 3374:1983JVPal...3..125F 3327:2012BioBu..39..692B 3313:Blumenbach 1799)". 3099:2023QuInt.674...87S 3093:. 674–675: 87–108. 3063:2022QSRv..28807594U 3008:2011Sci...333.1285D 3002:(6047): 1285–1288. 2949:2023JQS....38..291P 2784:van der Made, Jan. 2546:2022QSRv..28807594U 2371:Dzieduszycki Museum 2137:Last Glacial Period 1791:Woolly rhinoceros, 1708:Skull and dentition 1645:Ceratotherium simum 965:(Javan rhinoceros) 686:Sumatran rhinoceros 591:Ceratotherium simum 501:Sumatran rhinoceros 373:Sumatran rhinoceros 5626:. 30 December 2020 5506:The Siberian Times 5382:The New York Times 4971:10.7717/peerj.3684 3813:10.1007/bf03001424 2402: 2336: 2210: 2205:Cave paintings in 2141:Middle Paleolithic 2088:Chukotka Peninsula 2084:Bering land bridge 2047:By the end of the 1993: 1808: 1718: 1636: 1615:C. a. antiquitatis 1609:-subspecies, with 1599:Middle Pleistocene 1589:is known from the 739:Merck's rhinoceros 425:Peter Simon Pallas 393: 270:C. a. antiquitatis 5877: 5876: 5795:Open Tree of Life 5683:Taxon identifiers 5519:Liesowska, Anna. 5500:Liesowska, Anna. 5227:10.1130/G24654A.1 5154:(Report). elife. 4769:978-0-226-31126-5 4689:978-0-520-22900-6 4664:. British Museum. 4586:978-83-89499-23-3 4551:978-0-444-53598-6 3882:Blumenbach, 1799" 3801:Rendiconti Lincei 2829:978-3-8062-1734-6 2579:on 21 March 2018. 2310:environmental DNA 2214:Upper Paleolithic 2061:Mongolian Plateau 1595:Early Pleistocene 1570:The ancestors of 1567: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1336: 1335: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1087: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 935: 934: 866: 865: 799: 798: 790: 789: 781: 780: 772: 771: 763: 762: 754: 753: 716:Woolly rhinoceros 665: 664: 630:Indian rhinoceros 602: 601: 369:environmental DNA 352:herbaceous plants 323:woolly rhinoceros 319: 318: 314: 305: 296: 274: 266: 24:Woolly rhinoceros 5937: 5870: 5869: 5857: 5856: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5789: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5763: 5751: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5678: 5677: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5567: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5326: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5285: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5057: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4973: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4890: 11181021. 4854: 4843: 4842: 4824: 4787:(October 2020). 4783: 4774: 4773: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4166: 4155: 4154: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4022:10.1002/jqs.2594 4007: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3873: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3732: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3654: 3653: 3619: 3606: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3539: 3526: 3515: 3514: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3433: 3423: 3394: 3393: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3315:Biology Bulletin 3306: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3200:(3): 1235–1271. 3185: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3150: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3042: 3036: 3035: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2970: 2960: 2958:10.1002/jqs.3496 2928: 2922: 2921: 2903: 2893: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2757: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2716:. J. Van Voorst. 2709: 2703: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2646:. Archived from 2613: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2575:. Archived from 2564: 2558: 2557: 2521: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2444:Abyysky District 2352:Saint Petersburg 2326:Frozen specimens 2321:Fossil specimens 2187:Pinhole Cave Man 1889:A strain vector 1812:black rhinoceros 1703: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1641:white rhinoceros 1611:C. a. praecursor 1421: 1420: 1399: 1398: 1377: 1376: 1355: 1354: 1300: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1219: 1218: 1195: 1194: 1171: 1170: 1159: 1158: 1135: 1134: 1111: 1110: 1051: 1050: 1027: 1026: 1015: 1014: 954: 953: 899: 898: 887: 886: 880: 879: 830: 829: 823: 822: 813: 812: 806: 805: 737: 714: 706: 705: 679: 678: 650:Javan rhinoceros 623: 622: 616: 615: 587:White rhinoceros 571:Diceros bicornis 567:Black rhinoceros 560: 559: 553: 552: 533: 527:Elasmotheriinae 524: 523: 517: 516: 451:. The geologist 310: 301: 292: 272: 264: 262:C. a. praecursor 240: 236: 200: 130: 129: 111: 101: 31: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5782:Observation.org 5780: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5685: 5653: 5642:Parker, Steve. 5639: 5629: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5565: 5555: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5498: 5494: 5451: 5447: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5303: 5299: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5148: 5144: 5097:(7938): E1–E3. 5083: 5079: 5024:(7887): 86–92. 5009: 5005: 4948: 4944: 4907: 4903: 4855: 4846: 4793:Current Biology 4784: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4676: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4499: 4495: 4476: 4472: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4395: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4247: 4243: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4177: 4171:"Woolly rhino ( 4167: 4158: 4118: 4108: 4104: 4067:(7486): 47–51. 4056: 4049: 4045: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3941:livescience.com 3935: 3934: 3930: 3914: 3904: 3900: 3884: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3730: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3617: 3607: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3537: 3527: 3518: 3475: 3471: 3431: 3424: 3397: 3354: 3350: 3307: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3266: 3262: 3225: 3221: 3186: 3182: 3126: 3122: 3082: 3078: 3043: 3039: 2988: 2984: 2929: 2925: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2812: 2808: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2758: 2754: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2616:Aquatic Mammals 2611: 2605: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2565: 2561: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2460: 2429:Chukochya River 2328: 2323: 2280: 2273: 2257:Dolní Věstonice 2199: 2119: 2114: 2106:C. antiquitatis 2103: 2101:Palaeopathology 2097: 2049:Riss glaciation 1985: 1976: 1866: and 1856:Pollen analysis 1844: 1793:woolly mammoths 1785: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1628: 1623: 1578:diverging from 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1337: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1098: 1089: 1002: 993: 936: 867: 800: 791: 782: 773: 764: 755: 666: 603: 548:Rhinocerotinae 511:C. antiquitatis 487: 420:of antiquity". 385: 306: 297: 249: 242: 234: 233: 220: 198: 124: 102: 100: 99: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5858: 5845: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5804: 5791: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5739: 5726: 5711: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5651:External links 5649: 5648: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5611: 5576:(1): 291–295. 5549: 5544:Siberian Times 5530: 5525:Siberian Times 5511: 5492: 5445: 5387: 5369: 5359: 5346: 5297: 5250: 5240: 5213:(7): 567–570. 5196: 5167: 5142: 5077: 5003: 4942: 4901: 4844: 4775: 4768: 4745: 4720: 4695: 4688: 4667: 4653: 4648:Siberian Times 4635: 4592: 4585: 4567: 4557: 4550: 4530: 4521:|journal= 4493: 4470: 4461:|journal= 4430: 4415: 4405: 4379: 4331: 4322: 4289: 4280: 4241: 4191: 4169:Boeskorov, G. 4156: 4102: 4043: 3993: 3980: 3973: 3953: 3928: 3898: 3863: 3834: 3791: 3768: 3711: 3678: 3655: 3588: 3575: 3516: 3469: 3395: 3368:(2): 125–135. 3348: 3321:(8): 692–707. 3294: 3280: 3260: 3219: 3180: 3120: 3076: 3037: 2982: 2943:(3): 291–294. 2923: 2860: 2835: 2828: 2806: 2773: 2752: 2731: 2719: 2704: 2689: 2680: 2656: 2653:on 2019-12-08. 2599: 2582: 2559: 2532:Bronn, 1831". 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2456: 2437:tail vertebrae 2408:, between the 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2272: 2269: 2250:Ural Mountains 2198: 2195: 2191:Creswell Crags 2168:spear throwers 2143:, such as the 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2102: 2099: 2035:Stephanorhinus 2018:saiga antelope 2006:woolly mammoth 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1934:perissodactyls 1907:Whitemoor Haye 1843: 1840: 1805:Mauricio Antón 1784: 1781: 1771:junior synonym 1735:occipital bone 1709: 1706: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1580:Stephanorhinus 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1348:Stephanorhinus 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 994: 990: 989: 986: 985: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 957: 952: 950: 942: 941: 938: 937: 933: 932: 929: 928: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 902: 897: 895: 885: 883: 878: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 864: 863: 860: 859: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 811: 809: 804: 797: 796: 793: 792: 788: 787: 784: 783: 779: 778: 775: 774: 770: 769: 766: 765: 761: 760: 757: 756: 752: 751: 748: 747: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 709: 704: 702: 699: 698: 695: 694: 682: 677: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 663: 662: 659: 658: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 600: 599: 596: 595: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 563: 558: 556: 551: 549: 545: 544: 541: 540: 528: 522: 520: 515: 506:Stephanorhinus 486: 483: 384: 381: 360:cave paintings 348:mammoth steppe 317: 316: 285: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 267: 256: 255: 251: 250: 243: 229: 228: 222: 221: 213: 211: 207: 206: 196: 192: 191: 189:Rhinocerotidae 186: 182: 181: 179:Perissodactyla 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 118: 117: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5942: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384:. 1976-10-10. 5383: 5379: 5373: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5276:(18): 45–50. 5275: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5186:on 2019-11-07 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4729:"Kapova Cave" 4724: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4419: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255:Mammal Review 4253:assemblage". 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4106: 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3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3283: 3281:9780306460920 3277: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2693: 2684: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465:Elasmotherium 2462: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2301:cervical ribs 2298: 2294: 2293:precipitation 2290: 2286: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Font-de-Gaume 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153:Saxony-Anhalt 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2109: 2107: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Russian Plain 2050: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2041:Elasmotherium 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Staffordshire 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:biomechanical 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774:specific name 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730:Elasmotherium 1726: 1725: 1714: 1705: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1270: 1269: 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Retrieved 5623: 5614: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5552: 5543: 5533: 5524: 5514: 5505: 5495: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5410:(1): 53–56. 5407: 5403: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5273: 5269: 5243: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5188:. Retrieved 5184:the original 5179: 5170: 5145: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5021: 5017: 5006: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4867: 4863: 4796: 4792: 4758: 4736:. Retrieved 4732: 4723: 4712:. Retrieved 4708: 4698: 4679: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4540: 4533: 4512:cite journal 4503: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4452:cite journal 4443: 4439: 4433: 4424: 4418: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4350: 4344: 4334: 4325: 4315:17 September 4313:. Retrieved 4311:(3): 379–410 4308: 4302: 4292: 4283: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4211: 4207: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4105: 4064: 4060: 4046: 4013: 4009: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3963: 3956: 3945:. Retrieved 3943:. 2014-02-05 3940: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3855:. Retrieved 3851:the original 3846: 3837: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3668: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3583: 3578: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3439: 3435: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3287:17 September 3285:. Retrieved 3270: 3263: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3138: 3134: 3123: 3090: 3079: 3054: 3050: 3040: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2968:11563/163194 2940: 2936: 2926: 2881: 2877: 2852:. Retrieved 2848: 2838: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2713: 2707: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2672:. Retrieved 2668: 2659: 2648:the original 2619: 2615: 2602: 2592: 2585: 2577:the original 2572: 2562: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2502:Paleontology 2477: 2463: 2452: 2441: 2433:pelvic bones 2425:Kolyma river 2422: 2403: 2360: 2344:Vilyuy River 2337: 2281: 2255:The site of 2254: 2222:Chauvet Cave 2219: 2211: 2207:Chauvet Cave 2193:in England. 2184: 2161: 2145:Gudenus Cave 2139:in the late 2129: 2120: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2081: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 1994: 1977: 1961: 1931: 1888: 1845: 1827: 1816: 1809: 1783:Paleobiology 1776: 1766: 1756: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1669: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1584:Coelodonta, 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1445: 1444: 1427: 1426: 1405: 1404: 1383: 1382: 1361: 1360: 1346: 1323: 1322: 1306: 1305: 1291: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1225: 1224: 1201: 1200: 1177: 1176: 1162: 1141: 1140: 1117: 1116: 1074: 1073: 1057: 1056: 1033: 1032: 1020:Dicerorhinus 1018: 978: 977: 960: 959: 945: 922: 921: 905: 904: 890: 853: 852: 836: 835: 801: 742: 734: 719: 715: 711: 689: 684: 653: 648: 633: 628: 590: 585: 570: 565: 534: 530: 510: 504: 496: 490: 488: 478: 470: 466: 460: 456: 448: 439:). In 1799, 432: 422: 413: 394: 376: 327: 326: 322: 320: 307: 298: 289: 288: 273:Guérin, 1980 269: 265:Guérin, 1980 261: 237: 232: 216: 215: 202: 18: 5756:iNaturalist 5715:Wikispecies 5630:31 December 4822:10037/20986 3895:(1): 37–46. 3489:: 125–129. 2901:10230/48693 2418:Aldan River 2393:in London. 2348:Kunstkamera 2246:Kapova Cave 2226:Aurignacian 2197:Ancient art 2157:bone marrow 1952:during the 1915:musculature 1913:, revealed 1777:tichorhinus 1763:premaxillae 1742:. It had 3 1634:Restoration 1621:Description 435:(after the 416:, meaning " 337:Pleistocene 254:Subspecies 5930:Coelodonta 5884:Categories 5840:Q122833814 5190:2019-11-02 4921:: 106993. 4733:Don's Maps 4714:2019-10-28 4353:: 107922. 3947:2019-11-07 3925:(1): 1–16. 3857:2019-11-07 3057:: 107594. 2854:2019-12-09 2803:: 432–527. 2674:2019-12-08 2540:. 107594. 2530:Coelodonta 2509:References 2356:Yana River 2340:permafrost 2271:Extinction 2265:statuettes 2234:Rouffignac 2176:Yana River 2124:Kůlna Cave 2059:, and the 2030:Coelodonta 2010:giant deer 1968:graminoids 1960:, such as 1919:temporalis 1823:cave lions 1797:cave lions 1767:Coelodonta 1660:guard hair 1603:Coelodonta 1576:Coelodonta 1572:Coelodonta 1293:Pliorhinus 1164:Coelodonta 947:Rhinoceros 892:Nesorhinus 497:Coelodonta 492:Coelodonta 462:Rhinoceros 457:Coelodonta 437:Lena River 398:Klagenfurt 356:permafrost 333:rhinoceros 303:Blumenbach 246:Blumenbach 203:Coelodonta 5590:0012-4966 5487:0277-3791 5424:0012-4966 5341:128734734 5333:1731-0830 5292:1731-0830 5235:0091-7613 5119:0028-0836 5072:239051880 5046:1476-4687 4980:2167-8359 4964:: e3684. 4884:0027-8424 4839:221114305 4630:0305-4403 4275:0305-1838 4236:0277-3791 4214:: 32–49. 4151:1040-6182 4030:0267-8179 3821:1120-6349 3763:1040-6182 3650:0277-3791 3570:0277-3791 3511:1040-6182 3464:0277-3791 3390:0272-4634 3255:2296-701X 3214:0024-4082 3157:2730-7182 3141:(1): 56. 3115:257337872 2977:0267-8179 2910:0092-8674 2644:127893230 2636:0167-5427 2406:Churapcha 2375:monograph 2367:ozokerite 2149:Königsaue 2026:Mammuthus 1963:Artemisia 1942:cellulose 1744:premolars 1656:undercoat 485:Evolution 210:Species: 145:Kingdom: 139:Eukaryota 5834:Wikidata 5700:Wikidata 5624:BBC News 5606:18015793 5598:28058607 5432:19341085 5137:36450914 5064:34671161 4998:28875067 4896:38830089 4831:32795436 4490:: 17–32. 4413:217-221. 4089:24499916 4038:54874495 3829:86966532 3628:: 1–17. 3343:24868968 3175:37752413 3166:10521388 3024:21885780 2918:34433011 2458:See also 2363:Starunia 2306:Holocene 2230:engraved 2014:reindeer 2001:plateaus 1997:lowlands 1927:diastema 1899:mandible 1860:conifers 1759:ossified 1752:cementum 1740:incisors 1591:Pliocene 406:lindworm 383:Taxonomy 312:Fischer. 282:Synonyms 185:Family: 169:Mammalia 159:Chordata 155:Phylum: 149:Animalia 135:Domain: 5862:ZooBank 5854:5816527 5748:4969546 5706:Q188949 5467:Bibcode 5440:2674199 5215:Bibcode 5207:Geology 5128:9712083 5099:Bibcode 5055:8636272 5026:Bibcode 4989:5580387 4923:Bibcode 4801:Bibcode 4610:Bibcode 4355:Bibcode 4216:Bibcode 4182:Deinsea 4131:Bibcode 4097:4461741 4069:Bibcode 3919:Cranium 3889:Cranium 3743:Bibcode 3702:Cranium 3630:Bibcode 3550:Bibcode 3491:Bibcode 3444:Bibcode 3370:Bibcode 3323:Bibcode 3095:Bibcode 3059:Bibcode 3032:8913866 3004:Bibcode 2996:Science 2945:Bibcode 2542:Bibcode 2448:Yakutia 2261:Moravia 2248:in the 2238:Lascaux 2117:Hunting 2057:Siberia 1946:protein 1944:-rich, 1938:hindgut 1884:browsed 1864:willows 1862:, 1835:rutting 1699:⁄ 1689:⁄ 1679:⁄ 1649:keratin 499:is the 429:Irkutsk 418:griffin 248:, 1799) 235:† 214:† 195:Genus: 175:Order: 165:Class: 96:↓ 5800:145474 5787:722496 5774:222863 5761:627089 5735:747851 5604: 5596: 5588: 5485: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5339: 5331: 5290: 5233: 5180:Capeia 5135: 5125: 5117: 5091:Nature 5070: 5062: 5052: 5044: 5018:Nature 4996: 4986: 4978: 4894: 4882: 4837: 4829: 4766: 4738:24 Aug 4686: 4628: 4583: 4548: 4273: 4234: 4149: 4095: 4087: 4061:Nature 4036: 4028: 3971: 3827: 3819: 3761: 3648: 3568: 3509: 3462: 3388: 3341: 3278: 3253: 3212: 3173: 3163: 3155: 3113: 3030: 3022: 2975: 2916: 2908: 2826: 2642: 2634: 2488:Portal 2314:Kolyma 2164:Zwoleń 2077:Eemian 1974:Growth 1966:, and 1950:Arctic 1923:fodder 1880:grazed 1876:mosses 1868:alders 1848:sedges 1819:hyenas 1801:horses 1799:, and 1748:molars 1746:and 3 1665:udders 1607:chrono 467:koilos 402:dragon 294:Pallas 5813:54847 5602:S2CID 5566:(PDF) 5436:S2CID 5400:(PDF) 5367:1998. 5337:S2CID 5266:(PDF) 5068:S2CID 4957:PeerJ 4835:S2CID 4482:[ 4396:(PDF) 4372:8 May 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