Perissodactyla - Knowledge

2687: 3513:). The names Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha were introduced in 1937 by Horace Elmer Wood, in response to criticism of the name "Solidungula" that he proposed three years previously. It had been based on the grouping of horses and Tridactyla and on the rhinoceros/tapir complex. The extinct brontotheriidae were also classified under Hippomorpha and therefore possess a close relationship to horses. Some researchers accept this assignment because of similar dental features, but there is also the view that a very basal position within the odd-toed ungulates places them rather in the group of 3542:. The name "Tapiromorpha" goes back to Ernst Haeckel, who coined it in 1873, but it was long considered synonymous to Ceratomorpha because Wood had not considered it in 1937 when Ceratomorpha were named, since the term had been used quite differently in the past. Also in 1984, Robert M. Schoch used the conceptually similar term Moropomorpha, which today applies synonymously to Tapiromorpha. Included within the Tapiromorpha are the now extinct Isectolophidae, a sister group of the Ancylopoda-Ceratomorpha group and thus the most primitive members of this relationship complex. 3722:, which occupied similar ecological niches and had a much more efficient digestive system, is also associated with the decline in diversity of odd-toed ungulates. A significant cause for the decline of perissodactyls was climate change during the Miocene, leading to a cooler and drier climate accompanied by the spread of open landscapes. However, some lines flourished, such as the horses and rhinos; anatomical adaptations made it possible for them to consume tougher grass food. This led to open land forms that dominated newly created landscapes. With the emergence of the 3906: 3630: 258: 765: 7617: 546: 1138:, meaning offspring are born already quite independent: for example, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours. The young are nursed for a relatively long time, often into their second year, with rhinos reaching sexual maturity around eight or ten years old, but horses and tapirs maturing around two to four years old. Perissodactyls are long-lived, with several species, such as rhinos, reaching an age of almost 50 years in captivity. 2642: 835: 216: 2660: 3745: 27: 1044: 1035:, a heat exchange that reduces the dependence of the temperature of the brain on that of the body. As a result, perissodactyls have limited thermoregulatory flexibility compared to artiodactyls which has restricted them to habitats of low seasonality and rich in food and water, such as tropical forests. In contrast, artiodactyls occupy a wide range of habits ranging from the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs. 1123: 3710:, one of the largest mammals ever to walk the earth, evolved during this era. They weighed up to 20 metric tons (22 short tons) and lived throughout the Oligocene in Eurasia. About 20 million years ago, at the onset of the Miocene, the perissodactyls first reached Africa when it became connected to Eurasia because of the closing of the 744:, had a withers height of only 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in). Apart from dwarf varieties of the domestic horse and donkey, living perissodactyls reach a body length of 180–420 cm (71–165 in) and a weight of 150 to 4,500 kg (330 to 9,920 lb). While rhinos have only sparse hair and exhibit a thick 2717:. They were generally characterized in their late phase by a bony horn at the transition from the nose to the frontal bone and flat molars suitable for chewing soft plant food. The Brontotheroidea, which were almost exclusively confined to North America and Asia, died out at the beginning of the Upper 3921:

of both species began several millennia BCE. Due to the motorisation of agriculture and the spread of automobile traffic, such use has declined sharply in Western industrial countries; riding is usually undertaken more as a hobby or sport. In less developed regions of the world, traditional uses for

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were seen as members of Hippomorpha, and presented as such in 1941. William Berryman Scott thought that, as claw-bearing perissodactyls, they belong in the new suborder Ancylopoda (where Ceratomorpha and Hippomorpha as odd-toed ungulates were combined in the group of Chelopoda). The term Ancylopoda,

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of East Asia is often considered to be one of the oldest close relatives of the ungulates. Its 8 cm skull must have belonged to a very small and primitive animal with a π-shaped crown pattern on the enamel of its rear molars similar to that of perissodactyls and their relatives, especially the

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shedding, prematurely reintroducing an infected horse may risk exposing other horses to the infection, even though the shedding horse appears well and may have previously returned negative samples. The function of the guttural pouch has been difficult to determine, but it is now believed to play a

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The main axes of both the front and rear feet pass through the third toe, which is always the largest. The remaining toes have been reduced in size to varying degrees. Tapirs, which are adapted to walking on soft ground, have four toes on their fore feet and three on their hind feet. Living rhinos

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Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla) comprise three living families with around 17 species—in horses, however, the exact count is still controversial. Rhinos and tapirs are more closely related to each other than to horses. The separation of horses from other perissodactyls took place according to

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Frido Welker; Matthew J. Collins; Jessica A. Thomas; Marc Wadsley; Selina Brace; Enrico Cappellini; Samuel T. Turvey; Marcelo Reguero; Javier N. Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz; Joachim Burger; Thomas Jane Oates; David A. Ashford; Peter D. Ashton; Keri Rowsell; Duncan M. Porter; Benedikt Kessler; Roman

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Perissodactyls inhabit a number of different habitats, leading to different lifestyles. Tapirs are solitary and inhabit mainly tropical rainforests. Rhinos tend to live alone in rather dry savannas, and in Asia, wet marsh or forest areas. Horses inhabit open areas such as grasslands, steppes, or

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saw all three major groups of odd-toed ungulates as peers, based on the extremely long and independent phylogenetic development of the three lines. In the 1980s, Jeremy J. Hooker saw a general similarity between Ancylopoda and Ceratomorpha based on dentition, especially in the earliest members,

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in 1848, the present-day representatives were considered equal in rank. In the first half of the 20th century, a more systematic differentiation of odd-toed ungulates began, based on a consideration of fossil forms, and they were placed in two major suborders: Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha. The

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The alignment of hyopsodontids and phenacodontids to Perissodactyla in general suggests an older Laurasian origin and distribution for the clade, dispersed across the northern continents already in the early Paleocene. These forms already show a fairly well-developed molar morphology, with no

3700:, known from North America, reached a withers height of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and could have weighed just over 3 metric tons (3.3 short tons). The decline of brontotheres at the end of the Eocene is associated with competition arising from the advent of more successful herbivores. 773:

have three toes on both the front and hind feet. Modern equines possess only a single toe; however, their feet are equipped with hooves, which almost completely cover the toe. Rhinos and tapirs, by contrast, have hooves covering only the leading edge of the toes, with the bottom being soft.

1366:, a very diverse group of mammals living from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene in South America, whose systematic unity is largely unexplained. Some of these were classified based on their paleogeographic distribution. However, a close relationship can be worked out to perissodactyls by 1055:

Most extant perissodactyl species occupy a small fraction of their original range. Members of this group are now found only in Central and South America, eastern and southern Africa, and central, southern, and southeastern Asia. During the peak of odd-toed ungulate existence, from the

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have reduced the surviving perissodactyl species to fragmented populations. In contrast, domesticated horses and donkeys have gained a worldwide distribution, and feral animals of both species are now also found in regions outside their original range, such as in Australia.

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is very long, reaching up to 26 m (85 ft) in horses. Extraction of nutrients from food is relatively inefficient, which probably explains why no odd-toed ungulates are small; nutritional requirements per unit of body weight are lower for large animals, as their

3808:. He also separated the rhinos from the rodents, but did not combine the three families now known as the odd-toed ungulates. In the transition to the 19th century, the individual perissodactyl genera were associated with various other groups, such as the 4896:

Ross MacPhee; Frido Welker; Jessica Thomas; Selina Brace; Enrico Cappellini; Samuel Turvey; Ian Barnes; Marcelo Reguero; Javier Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz (2014). "Ancient protein sequencing Resolves litoptern and notoungulate superordinal affinities".

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Fischer; Carsten Baessmann; Stephanie Kaspar; Jesper V. Olsen; Patrick Kiley; James A. Elliott; Christian D. Kelstrup; Victoria Mullin; Michael Hofreiter; Eske Willerslev; Jean-Jacques Hublin; Ludovic Orlando; Ian Barnes; Ross DE MacPhee (2015).

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Kenneth D. Rose; Thierry Smith; Rajendra S. Rana; Ashok Sahni; H. Singh; A. Pieter Missiaen (2006). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) Continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthracobunid (Mammalia, tethytheria )".

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Gong, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. (December 2019). "Dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of Lophialetidae (Mammalia, Tapiroidea) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, China: combined evidence from mesowear and stable isotope analyses".

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More successful lines of odd-toed ungulates emerged at the end of the Eocene when dense jungles gave way to steppe, such as the chalicotheriid rhinos, and their immediate relatives; their development also began with very small forms.

1394:. This kinship group is included among the Euungulata, which also contains the even-toed ungulates and whales (Artiodactyla). The separation of the Litopterna-Notoungulata group from the perissodactyls probably took place before the 2834:, are now understood to be part of the odd-toed ungulate assemblage. Phenacodontids seem to be stem-perissodactyls, while hyopsodontids are closely related to horses and brontotheres, despite their more primitive overall appearance. 2775:

Rhinocerotoidea (rhino relatives) included a large variety of forms from the Eocene up to the Oligocene, including dog-size leaf feeders, semiaquatic animals, and also huge long-necked animals. Only a few had horns on the nose. The

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reached their greatest diversity in the Eocene, when several families lived in Eurasia and North America. They retained a primitive physique and were noted for developing a trunk. The extinct families within this group include the

3597:, indicating that it is actually a member of a sister group. Ancestors of Perissodactyla may have arrived via an island bridge from the Afro-Arab landmass onto the Indian subcontinent as it drifted north towards Asia. A study on 3592:

clade. The saddle-shaped configuration of the navicular joints and the mesaxonic construction of the front and hind feet also indicates a close relationship to Tethytheria. However, this construction deviates from that of

3730:, perissodactyls and other megafauna were given access to one of their last habitable continents: South America. However, many perissodactyls became extinct at the end of the ice ages, including American horses and the 5657:

Robert Milton Schoch (1984). "Two unusual specimens of the Yale Peabody Museum Helaletes in collections, and some comments on the ancestry of the Tapiridae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Peabody Museum, Yale University:

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colonising their guttural pouch can continue to intermittently shed the bacteria for several months, and should be isolated from other horses during this time to prevent transmission. Due to the intermittent nature of

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Dan Graur; Manolo Gouy; Laurent Duret (1997). "Evolutionary Affinities of the Order Perissodactyla and the Phylogenetic Status of the Superordinal taxa Ungulata and Altungulata Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution".

1398:. "Condylarths" can probably be considered the starting point for the development of the two groups, as they represent a heterogeneous group of primitive ungulates that mainly inhabited the northern hemisphere in the 3896:

was held well into the 20th century. Only with the advent of molecular genetic research methods had it been recognized that the hyrax was not closely related to perissodactyls but rather to elephants and manatees.

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Odd-toed ungulates are characterized by a long gestation period and a small litter size, usually delivering a single young. The gestation period is 330–500 days, being longest in rhinos. Newborn perissodactyls are

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Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27."Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27.

2856:. However, later studies have shown that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians have enough mixed characters to suggest that a position among the Afrotheria is not out of the question. 2742:. In contrast, the horse family (Equidae) flourished and spread. Over time this group saw a reduction in toe number, extension of the limbs, and the progressive adjustment of the teeth for eating hard grasses. 6157:

Pieter Missiaen; Gregg F. Gunnell; Philip D. Gingerich (2011). "New brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Early and Middle Eocene of Pakistan with implications for mammalian paleobiogeography".

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semi-deserts, and live together in groups. Odd-toed ungulates are exclusively herbivores that feed, to varying degrees, on grass, leaves, and other plant parts. A distinction is often made between primarily

678:(even-toed ungulates) bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that perissodactyls digest plant 670:). They typically have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three or one of the five original toes, though tapirs retain four toes on their front feet. The nonweight-bearing toes are either present, absent, 3676:

from the group of brontotheriidae. Initially, the members of the different lineages looked quite similar, with an arched back and generally four toes on the front and three on the hind feet.

3736:. Whether over-hunting by humans (overkill hypothesis), climatic change, or a combination of both factors was responsible for the extinction of ice age mega-fauna, remains controversial. 6386:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Georges Cuvier (1795). "Memoire sur une nouvelle division of Mammifères, et sur les principes qui doivent servir de base dans cette sorte de travail". 783:

ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limbs, which allows for faster running speeds and agility. Differences in limb structure and physiology between

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in 1889, had been established for chalicotheres. However, further morphological studies from the 1960s showed a middle position of Ancylopoda between Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha.

2848:, but they may actually represent stem-perissodactyls. They are an early lineage of mammals that took to the water, spreading across semi-aquatic to fully marine niches in the 6486:

Rodolphe Tabuce; Laurent Marivaux; Mohammed Adaci; Mustapha Bensalah; Jean-Louis Hartenberger; Mohammed Mahboubi; Fateh Mebrouk; Paul Tafforeau; Jean-Jacques Jaeger (2007).

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can be very small or completely absent, as in the two African species of rhinoceros. In horses, usually only the males possess canines. The surface shape and height of the

3843:(1777–1850) classified ungulates by the structure of their feet, differentiating those with an even number of toes from those with an odd number. He moved the horses as 3642:

The Perissodactyla appeared relatively abruptly at the beginning of the Lower Paleocene about 63 million years ago, both in North America and Asia, in the form of

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Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019).

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Luke T. Holbrook; Joshua Lapergola (2011). "A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny".

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is heavily dependent on whether soft leaves or hard grass make up the main component of their diets. Three or four cheek teeth are present on each jaw half, so the

3688:, the first representative of the rhino and tapir line. All were small compared to later forms and lived as fruit and foliage eaters in forests. The first of the 3925:

In contrast, the existence in the wild of almost all other odd-toed ungulates species has declined dramatically because of hunting and habitat destruction. The

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Ross Secord; Jonathan I. Bloch; Stephen GB Chester; Doug M. Boyer; Aaron R. Wood; Scott L. Wing; Mary J. Kraus; Francesca A. McInerney; John Krigbaum (2012).

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Mario A. Cozzuol; Camila L. Clozato; Elizete C. Holanda; Flávio HG Rodrigues; Samuel Nienow; Benoit de Thoisy; Rodrigo Redondo; AF Fabrício R. Santos (2013).

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Kenneth D. Rose; Luke T. Holbrook; Rajendra S. Rana; Kishor Kumar; Katrina E. Jones; Heather E. Ahrens; Pieter Missiaen; Ashok Sahni; Thierry Smith (2014).

4914:"Phylogenetic Relationships of the Five Extant Rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene" 1169:

and other "ungulates". A close family relationship with hyraxes was suspected based on similarities in the construction of the ear and the course of the

3147: 5748:"New Early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India) and on evaluation of cambaythere relationships" 3718:

also entered the ancient settlement areas of odd-toed ungulates, creating competition that led to the extinction of some of their lines. The rise of

4126: 5881:"Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India" 7824: 6327:

Ludovic Orlando; Jessica L. Metcalf; Maria T. Alberdi; Miguel Telles Antunes-Dominique Bonjean; Marcel Otte; Fabiana Martin; et al. (2009).

4580: 3017: 1228:). In a discredited alternative scenario, a close relationship exists between perissodactyls, carnivores, and bats, this assembly comprising the 3937: 3496:

Relationships within the large group of odd-toed ungulates are not fully understood. Initially, after the establishment of "Perissodactyla" by

3010: 2900: 4372: 7876: 3828:, tapirs and hyrax. The horses were still generally regarded as a group separate from other mammals and were often classified under the name 1014:

is present. The stomach of perissodactyls is simply built, while the cecum accommodates up to 90 L (24 US gal) in horses. The

4284:"What are the most accurate categories for mammal tarsus arrangement? A review with attention to South American Notoungulata and Litopterna" 6116:"New Early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia" 3880:, which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax. 3023: 980:

infection) is a highly transmissible respiratory infection of horses that can cause pus to accumulate in the guttural pouch; horses with

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According to studies published in March 2015, odd-toed ungulates are in a close family relationship with at least some of the so-called

7950: 3093: 738:, is considered one of the largest land mammals of all time. At the other extreme, an early member of the order, the prehistoric horse 4399: 3618: 1395: 6401:

Georges Cuvier (1817). "Le Règne Animal distribue d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux".

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Christine Janis (2008). "An evolutionary history of browsing and grazing ungulates". In Iain J. Gordon; Herbert H. T. Prins (eds.).

7798: 7148: 2756:. The Chalicotheriidae developed claws instead of hooves and considerable extension of the forelegs. The best-known genera include 5920:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco" 5114:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco" 3922:

these animals are, however, still widespread. To a lesser extent, horses and donkeys are also kept for their meat and their milk.

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The domestic horse and the donkey play an important role in human history, particularly as transport, work and pack animals. The

1064:, perissodactyls were distributed over much of the globe, the major exceptions being Australia and Antarctica. Horses and tapirs 6027: 5395:

Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (8 October 2014).

7855: 6640: 6233: 4619: 91: 7842: 5979:"Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction" 4152: 3555:

The evolutionary development of Perissodactyla is well documented in the fossil record. Numerous finds are evidence of the

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There are many perissodactyl fossils of multivariant form. The major lines of development include the following groups:

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and comparison with fossil collagen from remnants of phylogenetically young members of the Meridiungulata (specifically

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Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist

3840: 854:, giving them an elongated head. The various forms of snout between families are due to differences in the form of the 6197:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in den eozänen Geiseltalschichten" [Tooth morphology and stratigraphic distribution of 4192: 70: 6678: 6624: 6607: 6592: 6577: 6562: 6258: 5803:"Comments on 'Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India' by Bajpai" 4202: 1390:). Both kinship groups, the odd-toed ungulates and the Litopterna-Notoungulata, are now in the higher-level taxon of 110: 7777: 2571: 4066: 3888:, but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory (rhinos, horses, tapirs), while 7881: 7790: 7126: 1363: 44: 4229:"Evolutionary and Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Limb in Fossil and Recent Equidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)" 77: 2505: 2496: 2445: 48: 6553:

Martin S. Fischer: Mesaxonia (Perissodactyla) Perissodactyla. In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (eds.):

5779: 4451: 948:) can cause serious damage to the tissues of the pouch, as well as surrounding structures including important 7863: 7141: 5209:

Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".

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Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".

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as a deeply nested subclade) are the sister taxon of the Perissodactyla; together, the two groups form the

1020: 257: 59: 5630:

JJ Hooker (1984). "A primitive ceratomorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Early Tertiary of Europe".

7850: 7720: 7697: 6615: 4130: 7970: 5615:, a new early Eocene chalicothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), and a revision of Eocene chalicotheres". 1065: 7725: 4986: 4588: 945: 7891: 5880: 5248:(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Zambrana (Álava, Basque-Cantabrian Region). Phylogenetic analysis of 4034: 2804:). The rhinos (Rhinocerotidae) emerged in the Middle Eocene; five species survive to the present day. 2534: 2525: 2433: 1047:

Restriction of their habitat and poaching threaten the survival of most rhino species, including the

6457: 5676: 4911: 7675: 6028:"Evolution of the Earliest Horses Driven by Climate Change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum" 5578:

The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

4541:"Perissodactyl | Definition, Characteristics, Species, Examples, Habitat, & Facts | Britannica" 3801: 2577: 2487: 2475: 1918: 791:. For example, often shorter, thicker, bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the 6436: 6275: 7955: 7621: 7134: 5911: 4635: 4026: 2800: 2466: 969: 863: 37: 3609:

intermediary forms as evidence of the course of its development. The close relationship between

929:, is a characteristic feature of Perissodactyla. The guttural pouch is of particular concern in 7960: 7917: 7637: 6193:

Hlawatsch, Kerstin; Erfurt, Jörg (2007). "Zahnmorphologie und stratigraphische Verbreitung von

4832: 4770:"Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions" 3804:(1723–1806) first separated the tapirs and hippos in 1762 with the introduction of the concept 2457: 1147: 1015: 953: 768:

Seven figures showing the bones, blood vessels, ligaments and arteries of the hoof and pastern.

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The order was considerably more diverse in the past, with notable extinct groups including the

617: 6485: 2686: 7912: 7280: 6671: 6444: 5726:"Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India" 5663: 4045: 3945: 3930: 3871: 2075: 7927: 7904: 7829: 5725: 4217:

Hall, Brian K. (2006). Fins into Limbs. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31337-5.

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Brontotherioidea were among the earliest known large mammals, consisting of the families of

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George Gaylord (1945). "The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals".

5408: 5125: 5066: 4844: 4829: 4781: 4003: 3660:. The distant ancestors of tapirs appeared not too long after that in the Ghazij lineup in 2368: 1961: 1943: 1181: 1127: 1111: 822:, which greatly restricts the mobility of the foot. The thigh is relatively short, and the 312: 240: 5822:"Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India" 8: 7473: 7071:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 5724:

Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari; N. Saravanan; Ritu Sharma (2005).

4636:"Tapirs (extant/living species; Tapirus spp.) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development" 3953: 3526: 2591: 2321: 2292: 2256: 1866: 1099: 1085: 810:

that clearly distinguishes this group from other mammals is the articulation between the

713:, with the paraceratheres including the largest known land mammals to have ever existed. 7376: 6344: 6043: 5935: 5837: 5412: 5129: 5070: 4848: 4785: 4228: 3988: 2341: 874: 7689: 7431: 6512: 6487: 6363: 6328: 6294: 6175: 6063: 6003: 5978: 5954: 5919: 5900: 5783: 5764: 5643: 5593: 5474: 5431: 5396: 5374: 5341: 5324: 5302: 5226: 5148: 5113: 5089: 5054: 4878: 4833:"Ancient protein resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates" 4804: 4769: 4750: 4517: 4484: 4316: 4264: 4244: 4108: 3995: 3968: 3813: 3556: 2606: 2283: 2156: 1794: 1367: 1158: 881: 252: 7702: 5561:

Robert M. Schoch (1989). "A brief historical review of perissodactyl classification".

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mammals and perissoodactyls in particular is of interest since the latter appeared in

3046:(a clade of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early Palaeocene to the Middle Eocene epoch) 748:, tapirs and horses have dense, short coats. Most species are grey or brown, although 7899: 7733: 7440: 7039: 6646: 6636: 6620: 6603: 6588: 6573: 6558: 6517: 6471:

Donald R. Prothero; Robert M. Schoch (1989). "Classification of the Perissodactyla".

6368: 6254: 6229: 6179: 6099: 6082: 6055: 6008: 5976: 5959: 5904: 5861: 5802: 5747: 5436: 5397:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls" 5378: 5153: 5094: 5055:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls" 4972: 4955: 4936: 4870: 4809: 4742: 4727: 4691: 4615: 4522: 4504: 4430: 4351: 4321: 4303: 4256: 4248: 4198: 3999: 3723: 2945: 2823: 2745: 2545: 1776: 1415:

some 56 million years ago, while the rhinos and tapirs split off in the lower-middle

1391: 1280: 1069: 1048: 965: 511: 414: 232: 5787: 5478: 5306: 5230: 4754: 4268: 4112: 3580:

in the Cambay shale of western India indicate an origin in Asia dating to the Lower

862:

has projecting cusps in the eye sockets and a wide contact with the nasal bone. The

7738: 7565: 7521: 7497: 7449: 7311: 7265: 7060: 6801: 6738: 6664: 6507: 6499: 6488:"Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade" 6358: 6348: 6290: 6221: 6167: 6137: 6127: 6094: 6067: 6047: 5998: 5990: 5949: 5939: 5892: 5851: 5841: 5775: 5745: 5639: 5585: 5536: 5466: 5426: 5416: 5366: 5336: 5292: 5281:"Reevaluation of some ungulate mammals from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar" 5261: 5218: 5189: 5143: 5133: 5084: 5074: 5033: 5000: 4967: 4928: 4912:

Christelle Tougard; Thomas Delefosse; Catherine Hänni; Claudine Montgelard (2001).

4882: 4860: 4852: 4799: 4789: 4732: 4722: 4683: 4512: 4496: 4311: 4295: 4240: 4100: 4022: 3976: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3530: 3279: 2554: 2516: 2424: 2404: 2386: 2301: 2265: 2165: 2096: 1884: 1751: 1103: 1077: 1076:. Their North American counterparts died out around 10,000 years ago, leaving only 706: 643: 563: 550: 422: 7156: 6156: 5896: 5265: 4895: 4540: 3892:

stood for the entire order, including the hyrax. The assumption that hyraxes were

6953: 6854: 6822: 6602:, Part 3: Mammalia. 2nd edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena and Stuttgart 1989. 5944: 5470: 5421: 5325:"Comparative osteology of early Tertiary tapiromorphs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)" 5222: 5138: 5079: 4104: 3824:), including in it not only the rhinos and elephants, but also the hippos, pigs, 3706: 3643: 3629: 3510: 3368: 3179: 3162: 3108: 3043: 3036: 2975: 2906: 2889: 2870: 2841: 2831: 2786: 2729: 2714: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2192: 2183: 2114: 2105: 1726: 1701: 1185: 1157:

Traditionally, the odd-toed ungulates were classified with other mammals such as

990:

role in cooling blood in the internal carotid artery before it enters the brain.

961: 922: 730: 702: 698: 482: 379: 354: 7868: 6225: 5052: 4710: 3905: 3534:

leading to the unification in 1984 of the two submissions in the interim order,

7785: 7772: 7574: 7367: 7198: 6999: 6945: 6846: 6830: 5917: 5723: 5689: 5540: 4767: 4166: 4007: 3972: 3817: 3647: 3610: 3424: 3407: 3262: 3226: 3004: 2988: 2938: 2922: 2883: 2827: 2781: 2758: 2753: 2417: 2377: 2312: 2274: 2174: 2133: 1844: 1525: 1315: 1193: 1170: 949: 918: 524: 519: 503: 461: 441: 396: 346: 7050:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins) 5194: 5177: 4400:"Strangles in Horses - Respiratory Diseases of Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual" 7944: 7592: 7488: 7241: 6990: 6862: 5746:

Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; JGM Thewissen; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari (2006).

5178:"Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals" 4508: 4307: 4252: 3980: 3918: 3860: 3855:, coming close to the concept of the odd-toed ungulate as a systematic unit. 3757: 3732: 3614: 3602: 3572: 3505:); the Ceratomorpha consist of tapirs and rhinos plus their extinct members ( 3502: 3383: 2982: 2853: 2777: 2725: 2647: 2395: 1192:, so are not closely related to the perissodactyls. These in turn are in the 1107: 937: 896: 859: 764: 710: 495: 166: 6385: 6353: 6051: 5005: 4988: 4794: 3650:. The oldest finds from an extant group originate among other sources, from 7660: 7464: 7404: 7358: 7007: 6937: 6838: 6793: 6521: 6503: 6372: 6142: 6059: 6012: 5994: 5963: 5865: 5856: 5440: 5157: 5098: 5038: 4940: 4932: 4874: 4813: 4746: 4687: 4526: 4500: 4325: 4018: 3856: 3821: 3711: 3638:, an early relative of the horse, is one of the oldest-known perissodactyls 3621:, implying rapid ecological radiation and dispersal after mass extinction. 3521: 3497: 3302: 3211: 2959: 2849: 2749: 2664: 2235: 1620: 1602: 1493: 1387: 1372: 1321: 1266: 1201: 1135: 1032: 933: 892: 807: 717: 671: 327: 224: 6534: 6132: 6115: 6083:"The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)" 4695: 4260: 4233:

Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C

3780:), the only tapir then known in Europe. Linnaeus classified this tapir as 909: 906: 7811: 7712: 7669: 7214: 7047: 6969: 6887: 5244:

Badiola, A.; Pareda-Suberbiola, X.; Cuesta, M. (2003). "A new species of

3809: 3693: 3661: 3589: 3329: 3081: 2952: 2837: 2812: 2769: 2652: 1577: 1543: 1468: 1229: 1011: 957: 819: 675: 469: 431: 141: 6557:. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg and Berlin 2004, pp 646–655, 5297: 5280: 4856: 3682:, which is considered a member of the horse family, outwardly resembled 3039:(a family of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early to Middle Eocene epoch) 7413: 7271: 7076: 6929: 6772: 6729: 6713: 6656: 5846: 5821: 5597: 5370: 4865: 4283: 3984: 3793: 3652: 3506: 3314: 3247: 2997: 2931: 2845: 2819: 2807: 2709: 2619: 2581: 2479: 2449: 2437: 2248: 2196: 2137: 2067: 2054: 1377: 1325: 1251: 1189: 926: 855: 811: 792: 683: 663: 545: 453: 405: 186: 151: 6329:"Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA" 4737: 4299: 3656:, an ancestor of the horses from the Willswood lineup in northwestern 3584:

roughly 54.5 million years ago. Their teeth also show similarities to

2641: 7816: 7759: 7084: 7031: 6908: 6900: 6780: 6746: 6171: 3876: 3689: 3684: 3566: 3561: 3559:

of this group, which was once much more varied and widely dispersed.

3346: 2784:

developed long limbs and long necks that were most pronounced in the

2748:

represented another characteristic group, consisting of the families

2739: 1686: 1412: 1399: 1225: 1221: 1177: 1166: 1061: 973: 900: 815: 745: 735: 679: 474: 269: 202: 191: 135: 7631: 5589: 3859:(1804–1892) quoted Blainville in his study on fossil mammals of the 3744: 2707:(synonym Titanotheriidae), the most well-known representative being 2659: 834: 215: 26: 7803: 7764: 7654: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7023: 6879: 6707: 6308:

Matthew Colbert (2007). "New Fossil Discoveries and the History of

3727: 3719: 3678: 3634: 2734: 2668: 1209: 1197: 1176:

Molecular genetic studies, however, have shown the ungulates to be

1073: 1043: 999: 867: 847: 823: 784: 779:

have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes.

776: 740: 635: 289: 206: 181: 176: 161: 156: 146: 6619:, 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005 6470: 6113: 5977:

Halliday Thomas John Dixon; Upchurch Paul; Goswami Anjali (1833).

5694:, a perissodactyl-like mammal from the Late Palaeocene of China". 2798:), the second largest known land mammal ever to have lived (after 7556: 7512: 7223: 7100: 6977: 6809: 6719: 4953: 4672: 4478: 4476: 3825: 3715: 3657: 3125: 2764: 2047: 1453: 1382: 1312: 1205: 1003: 930: 888: 877: 843: 788: 780: 728:

The largest odd-toed ungulates are rhinoceroses, and the extinct

687: 647: 639: 370: 196: 171: 6650: 6201:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in the Eocene Geiseltal layers]. 5456: 5252:

and first mention in the Late Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula".

3501:

Hippomorpha comprises today's horses and their extinct members (

1196:, a superorder that had its origin in the former supercontinent 1180:, meaning that in some cases the similarities are the result of 838:

Tapirs are the only extant group of perissodactyls with a trunk.

7329: 7320: 7305: 7174: 7092: 7068: 6916: 6763: 6701: 6688: 6572:. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, 6273: 6220:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 195. Springer. pp. 21–45. 5690:

Malcolm C. McKenna; Chow Minna; Suyin Ting; Luo Zhexi (1989). "

5112:

Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016).

5053:

Cooper L. N.; Seiffert E. R.; Clementz M.; et al. (2014).

4014: 3926: 3910: 3797: 3789: 3581: 2718: 2244: 2147: 2124: 2063: 1416: 1081: 1057: 803: 655: 299: 279: 6536: 6192: 5243: 4473: 3538:. At the same time, he expanded the Ancylopoda to include the 1084:

were pushed to extinction in 19th century Europe. Hunting and

936:, due to its frequent involvement in some serious infections. 7751: 7539: 7352: 7338: 7291: 7250: 6961: 4041: 3765: 2361: 2206: 2085: 1217: 1162: 1007: 887:

The number and form of the teeth vary according to diet. The

851: 753: 749: 691: 667: 659: 651: 5918:

Gheerbrant Emmanuel; Filippo Andrea; Schmitt Arnaud (2016).

4768:

Hidenori Nishihara; Masami Hasegawa; Norihiro Okada (2006).

4708: 1122: 6635:(6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 6419: 5394: 4151:. National Geographic Society. 14 July 2015. Archived from 1080:

with a range extending to what is now southern Mexico. The

1002:, hindgut fermenters store digested food that has left the 799: 608: 584: 569: 4568:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2013. p. 273. 3816:. In 1795, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) and 3052: 2732:

are known mainly from Europe; their most famous member is

998:

All perissodactyls are hindgut fermenters. In contrast to

7015: 6437:"Tableau Elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux" 5780:

10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[219:eeycva]2.0.co;2

5576:

William Berryman Scott (1941). "Part V: Perissodactyla".

5512:

Horace Elmer Wood (1934). "Revision of the Hyrachyidae".

4956:"Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla" 4566:

Zookeeping: An Introduction to the Science and Technology

4373:"Strangles (Distemper) in Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual" 3772:). At that time, this category also included the tapirs ( 1213: 602: 593: 578: 5111: 5105: 4899:

The History of Life: A View from the Southern Hemisphere

3714:. For the same reason, however, new animals such as the 1188:. Elephants and hyraxes are now considered to belong to 5983:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5452: 5450: 4427:

Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy

4348:

Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy

3776:), more precisely the lowland or South American tapir ( 2925:(a basal family of Tapiromorpha; from the Eocene epoch) 7239: 5575: 5022:"Withers height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 3013:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of deperetellids) 5878: 5527:

Horace Elmer Wood (1937). "Perissodactyl suborders".

4825: 4823: 4761: 3026:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of lophialetids) 1200:. Molecular genetic findings suggest that the cloven 596: 581: 572: 5656: 5447: 4668: 4666: 2700:

one of the largest land mammals to have ever existed

605: 599: 590: 575: 566: 516: 508: 500: 492: 466: 458: 438: 428: 419: 411: 401: 393: 376: 351: 343: 6333:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

5713:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 242–267. 5610: 4774:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

4461:. NSW Government - Department of Primary Industries 587: 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7103:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans) 6248: 6080: 5514:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5499:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 4820: 3913:had become extinct by the end of the 19th century. 2818:Several mammal groups traditionally classified as 787:and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the 6600:Textbook of Paleozoology, Volume III: vertebrates 5526: 5511: 4663: 4429:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 512. 4350:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 511. 1236:Internal taxonomy of the Euungulata after Welker 7942: 6535:International Union for Conservation of Nature. 5807:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5752:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5733:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5560: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5171: 5169: 5167: 4711:"Summary of Laurasiatheria (Mammalia) Phylogeny" 3851:animals and referred to all of them together as 2051:: horses and allies, seven species in one genus 1423:Internal relationships of extant Perissodactyla 690:chambers as artiodactyls, with the exception of 6737: 6630: 6555:Systematic Zoology. Part 2: Vortex or craniotes 6307: 6215: 5708: 5492: 5490: 5488: 4614:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1015. 1117: 6434: 6400: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5496: 5279:Tsubamoto, T.; Tun, S.T.; et al. (2003). 4702: 4127:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History" 3938:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2909:(might be a basal perissodactyl grade instead) 7142: 6672: 6114:Pieter Missiaen; Philip D. Gingerich (2012). 5390: 5388: 5313: 5272: 5164: 3820:(1769–1832) introduced the term "pachyderm" ( 1010:, where the food is digested by microbes. No 6475:. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–537. 5800: 5485: 5278: 5019: 4954:Cynthia C. Steiner; Oliver A. Ryder (2011). 4640:International Environment Library Consortium 4482: 3788:("beasts"). He combined the rhinos with the 2421:: rhinoceroses, five species in four genera 6253:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 343. 5547: 5237: 5208: 4090: 3900: 1031:Unlike artiodactyls, perissodactyls lack a 7149: 7135: 6679: 6665: 6274:Mikael Fortelius; John Kappelmann (1993). 5698:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–36. 5565:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–23. 5385: 5175: 4581:"Understand Normal Mare and Foal Behavior" 4485:"The carotid rete and artiodactyl success" 3058:Internal classification of Perissodactyla 1318: (South American ungulates, 1269: (Even-toed ungulates and cetaceans) 944:mould) of the guttural pouch (also called 674:, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, 214: 6511: 6362: 6352: 6283:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6203:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften 6141: 6131: 6098: 6087:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6002: 5953: 5943: 5855: 5845: 5632:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5629: 5430: 5420: 5340: 5329:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5296: 5193: 5147: 5137: 5088: 5078: 5037: 5004: 4971: 4960:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4864: 4803: 4793: 4736: 4726: 4709:Jingyang Hu; Zhang Yaping; Li Yu (2012). 4642:. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library 4609: 4516: 4315: 2844:have traditionally been placed among the 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 7010:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 6686: 6613:Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): 5355: 5349: 4989:"A new species of tapir from the Amazon" 4610:Angus, McKinnon; Noah, Heninger (2011). 4578: 3936:Present threat levels, according to the 3904: 3784:and put both genera in the group of the 3743: 3628: 2685: 2658: 2640: 1121: 1042: 833: 763: 544: 6587:Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. 6276:"The Largest land mammal ever imagined" 4579:Williams, Jennifer (15 December 2008). 4483:Mitchell, G; Lust, A (23 August 2008). 4281: 4226: 3545: 3053:Higher classification of perissodactyls 1026: 7943: 7554: 6242: 4145:"The Largest Beasts to Walk the Earth" 2655:genus first formally described in 1804 2636: 7636: 7635: 7130: 6660: 6585:The Origin & Evolution of Mammals 4921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4676:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4424: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4190: 3874:(1831–1899) came up with the concept 1396:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 1092: 873:Rhinos have one or two horns made of 638:. The order includes about 17 living 7892:682f936e-e4c4-4c38-b32e-d24c54f384c0 7791:2d58add6-3cfc-406c-b2ed-76db036bdfbd 6420:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1779). 4029:; however, the northern subspecies, 2768:. Chalicotherioidea died out in the 2602:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis 2365:: tapirs, five species in one genus 720:, who also coined the order's name. 634: 'finger, toe') is an order of 49:adding citations to reliable sources 20: 6218:The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing 5711:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals 4449: 4397: 3739: 3672:from the Chalicotheriidae line, or 2611:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni 1320: especially 553:is the largest living perissodactyl 13: 6547: 6492:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6403:Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée 6295:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02560.x 5885:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5768:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5644:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00545.x 5459:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5342:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02270.x 4332: 4245:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1975.tb00637.x 3841:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 3696:, in the Middle and Upper Eocene. 2780:were hippo-like, aquatic animals. 1411:molecular genetic analysis in the 1072:around 3 million years ago in the 829: 14: 7982: 7951:Extant Ypresian first appearances 7042:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 5182:Evolution: Education and Outreach 4282:Lorente, Malena (2 August 2019). 3933:was once eradicated in the wild. 3847:over to the tapirs and rhinos as 3605:or near its collision with Asia. 2623:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis 1405: 1152: 7616: 7615: 7402: 6100:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x 4973:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00752.x 4728:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e65 4370: 3792:, a group now consisting of the 2955:(basal grade of chalicotheroids) 2728:) also developed in the Eocene. 2572:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus 1220:(a common taxon of carnivorans, 562: 256: 139: 25: 7212: 6528: 6479: 6473:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 6464: 6428: 6413: 6394: 6379: 6320: 6301: 6267: 6209: 6186: 6150: 6107: 6074: 6019: 5970: 5872: 5813: 5794: 5758: 5739: 5717: 5702: 5696:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 5683: 5650: 5623: 5604: 5569: 5563:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 5520: 5505: 5202: 5046: 5013: 4980: 4947: 4905: 4889: 4654: 4628: 4603: 4572: 4558: 4533: 4443: 4418: 4391: 4364: 3884:is now considered a synonym of 3760:(1707–1778) classified horses ( 1419:, about 47 million years ago. 1038: 842:Odd-toed ungulates have a long 36:needs additional citations for 4275: 4227:Hussain, S. (September 1975). 4220: 4211: 4191:Allen, Jeremiah (March 2010). 4184: 4159: 4137: 4119: 4084: 4059: 2738:, which became extinct in the 2565:Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus 2506:South-western black rhinoceros 2497:South-central black rhinoceros 2446:North-eastern black rhinoceros 921:, a small outpocketing of the 1: 6633:Walker's Mammals of the World 6570:Walker's Mammals of the World 6120:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5897:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 5611:Leonard B. Radinsky (1964). " 5266:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.005 5026:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4197:. Other Places Travel Guide. 4052: 3994:Three species are considered 3853:onguligrades à doigts impairs 3836:, meaning "one-hoof animal". 3752:In 1758, in his seminal work 2600:Western Sumatran rhinoceros, 2569:Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros, 2563:Indonesian Javan rhinoceros, 2510:Diceros bicornis occidentalis 686:, rather than in one or more 5945:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556 5471:10.1080/02724634.2011.579669 5422:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 5223:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823 5139:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556 5080:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 4105:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823 3944:Four species are considered 3624: 3601:suggests an origin in India 2865:Superfamily Brontotherioidea 2616:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros 2585:Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis 1118:Reproduction and development 1021:surface-area-to-volume ratio 850:between the front and cheek 734:, a hornless rhino from the 7: 6616:Mammal Species of the World 6422:Handbook of Natural History 6249:Benton, Michael J. (1997). 6226:10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_2 6081:David J. Froehlich (2002). 4044:is not considered at risk ( 4031:Ceratotherium simum cottoni 2607:Eastern Sumatran rhinoceros 2539:Ceratotherium simum cottoni 2462:Diceros bicornis chobiensis 2119:Equus africanus somaliensis 1298: (Odd-toed ungulates) 1141: 1068:after the formation of the 903:of odd-toed ungulates is: 373:(horses, asses, and zebras) 10: 7989: 7966:Taxa named by Richard Owen 7079:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 7034:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 6940:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 3550: 2822:, long-understood to be a 2713:and the more basal family 2471:Diceros bicornis ladoensis 2141:Equus africanus atlanticus 1145: 884:, which have a bony core. 723: 7644: 7613: 7538: 7510: 7486: 7462: 7429: 7412: 7401: 7397: 7222: 7211: 7207: 7169: 7059: 6998: 6989: 6928: 6899: 6878: 6865:(Kangaroos and relatives) 6821: 6792: 6771: 6762: 6728: 6696: 5617:American Museum Novitates 5323:Luke T. Holbrook (2001). 5195:10.1007/s12052-009-0136-1 4037:) is close to extinction. 4035:northern white rhinoceros 3421: 3404: 3397: 3380: 3373: 3343: 3326: 3319: 3307: 3276: 3259: 3252: 3240: 3223: 3216: 3176: 3159: 3152: 3122: 3105: 3098: 3086: 3074: 2535:Northern white rhinoceros 2530:Ceratotherium simum simum 2526:Southern white rhinoceros 2492:Diceros bicornis michaeli 2483:Diceros bicornis longipes 2441:Diceros bicornis bicornis 2434:Southern black rhinoceros 2331:Hartmann's mountain zebra 2110:Equus africanus africanus 1957: 1939: 1932: 1914: 1907: 1880: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1790: 1772: 1765: 1747: 1740: 1722: 1715: 1697: 1690: 1679: 1616: 1598: 1591: 1573: 1566: 1539: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1489: 1482: 1464: 1457: 1446: 1439: 1309: 1292: 1285: 1263: 1256: 806:are reduced in horses. A 340: 335: 253:Scientific classification 251: 222: 213: 127: 6857:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 6631:Ronald M. Nowak (1999), 6251:Vertebrate Palaeontology 5709:Kenneth D. Rose (2006). 5541:10.1093/jmammal/18.1.106 5285:Paleontological Research 3901:Interactions with humans 3863:and introduced the name 3802:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 2596:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 2488:Eastern black rhinoceros 2476:Western black rhinoceros 1919:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1114:(tapirs, other rhinos). 1066:arrived in South America 759: 627: 'odd' and 6749:(Platypus and echidnas) 6435:Georges Cuvier (1798). 6354:10.1073/pnas.0903672106 6160:Journal of Paleontology 6052:10.1126/science.1213859 5006:10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.1 4795:10.1073/pnas.0603797103 4171:Encyclopædia Britannica 3782:Hippopotamus terrestris 3531:Leonard Burton Radinsky 2801:Palaeoloxodon namadicus 2663:Live reconstruction of 2578:Indian Javan rhinoceros 2467:Uganda black rhinoceros 2453:Diceros bicornis brucii 2261:Equus quagga burchellii 2200:Equus hemionus hemippus 2161:Equus hemionus hemionus 2080:Equus ferus przewalskii 1212:. More distant are the 978:Streptococcus equi equi 970:internal carotid artery 864:temporomandibular joint 16:Order of hoofed mammals 7584:South American tapir ( 6980:(Dugongs and manatees) 6919:(Anteaters and sloths) 6504:10.1098/rspb.2006.0229 6452:Cite journal requires 6388:Magasin Encyclopédique 5995:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026 5671:Cite journal requires 5039:10.4202/app.00136.2014 4933:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903 4688:10.1006/mpev.1996.0391 4501:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138 4425:Singh, Baljit (2018). 4346:Singh, Baljit (2018). 3977:Central American tapir 3914: 3749: 3639: 2701: 2678: 2656: 2501:Diceros bicornis minor 2458:Chobe black rhinoceros 2335:Equus zebra hartmannae 2297:Equus quagga crawshayi 2129:Equus africanus asinus 1148:List of perissodactyls 1130: 1052: 993: 946:Guttural Pouch Mycosis 880:, unlike the horns of 839: 769: 554: 7913:Paleobiology Database 7474:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 6849:(Quolls and dunnarts) 6205:. Suppl. 23: 161–173. 6133:10.4202/app.2010.0093 5826:Nature Communications 5801:Kishor Kumar (2005). 5020:Larramendi A (2016). 4404:MSD Veterinary Manual 4377:MSD Veterinary Manual 3946:critically endangered 3908: 3872:Othniel Charles Marsh 3747: 3632: 2969:Suborder Ceratomorpha 2690:Scale diagram of the 2689: 2675:Chalicotherium grande 2662: 2644: 2355:Suborder Ceratomorpha 2288:Equus quagga chapmani 2279:Equus quagga borensis 2223:Equus kiang holdereri 2209:or Tibetan wild ass, 2179:Equus hemionus onager 2150:or Asiatic wild ass, 1125: 1046: 837: 767: 548: 223:Clockwise from left: 7786:Fauna Europaea (new) 7281:Przewalski's horse ( 7161:(Odd-toed ungulates) 5529:Journal of Mammalogy 4993:Journal of Mammalogy 4133:on 20 November 2021. 4004:South American tapir 3546:Evolutionary history 2895:Superfamily Equoidea 2878:Suborder Hippomorpha 2860:Order Perissodactyla 2559:Rhinoceros sondaicus 2550:Rhinoceros unicornis 2306:Equus quagga selousi 2229:Equus kiang polyodon 2170:Equus hemionus kulan 2090:Equus ferus caballus 2041:Suborder Hippomorpha 2036:Order Perissodactyla 1962:Rhinoceros unicornis 1944:Rhinoceros sondaicus 1182:convergent evolution 1027:Lack of carotid rete 313:Perissodactylamorpha 237:Rhinoceros unicornis 45:improve this article 7441:Indian rhinoceros ( 7164:species by suborder 6498:(1614): 1159–1166. 6424:. pp. 168–448. 6345:2009PNAS..10621754O 6339:(51): 21754–21759. 6044:2012Sci...335..959S 5936:2016PLoSO..1157556G 5838:2014NatCo...5.5570R 5413:2014PLoSO...9j9232C 5298:10.2517/prpsj.7.219 5176:Donald, R. (2009). 5130:2016PLoSO..1157556G 5071:2014PLoSO...9j9232C 4999:(6): 1331 to 1345. 4857:10.1038/nature14249 4849:2015Natur.522...81W 4786:2006PNAS..103.9929N 4715:Zoological Research 4612:Equine Reproduction 3954:Sumatran rhinoceros 3814:even-toed ungulates 3692:to emerge were the 3527:Edward Drinker Cope 3059: 2790:(formerly known as 2637:Prehistoric members 2592:Sumatran rhinoceros 2521:Ceratotherium simum 2322:Cape mountain zebra 2270:Equus quagga boehmi 2252:Equus quagga quagga 2188:Equus hemionus khur 1867:Ceratotherium simum 1424: 1241: 1086:habitat destruction 934:Veterinary practice 907:0-3 . 0-1 . 2-4 . 3 882:even-toed ungulates 662:), Rhinocerotidae ( 642:divided into three 7522:Black rhinoceros ( 7498:White rhinoceros ( 7450:Javan rhinoceros ( 7312:African wild ass ( 6833:(Monito del monte) 6314:Tapir Conservation 5989:(1833): 20153026. 5847:10.1038/ncomms6570 5692:Radinskya yupingae 5371:10.1111/pala.12471 5211:Historical Biology 4545:www.britannica.com 4288:Journal of Anatomy 4093:Historical Biology 3931:Przewalski's horse 3915: 3750: 3748:Richard Owen, 1856 3640: 3588:as well as to the 3557:adaptive radiation 3515:Titanotheriomorpha 3057: 2917:Clade Tapiromorpha 2702: 2679: 2657: 2373:Tapirus terrestris 2157:Mongolian wild ass 2123:Domesticated ass ( 2076:Przewalski's horse 1795:Tapirus terrestris 1422: 1368:protein sequencing 1235: 1131: 1093:Lifestyle and diet 1053: 966:Hypoglossal Nerves 840: 770: 666:), and Tapiridae ( 555: 245:Tapirus terrestris 7971:Panperissodactyla 7938: 7937: 7900:Open Tree of Life 7638:Taxon identifiers 7629: 7628: 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7548: 7534: 7533: 7423: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7283:E. f. przewalskii 7256: 7233: 7162: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7051: 7043: 7035: 7027: 7019: 7011: 6981: 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6948:(Elephant shrews) 6941: 6920: 6912: 6893: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6841:(Marsupial moles) 6839:Notoryctemorphia 6834: 6813: 6805: 6802:Paucituberculata 6786: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6642:978-0-8018-5789-8 6568:Ronald M. Nowak: 6235:978-3-540-72421-6 6199:Hyrachyus minimus 6195:Hyrachyus minimus 6038:(6071): 959–962. 4780:(26): 9929–9934. 4621:978-0-8138-1971-6 4585:equusmagazine.com 4300:10.1111/joa.13065 4000:Indian rhinoceros 3778:Tapirus terrestus 3724:Isthmus of Panama 3570:rhinos. Finds of 3494: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3357: 3356: 3291: 3290: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3136: 3135: 2946:Chalicotherioidea 2852:and the northern 2824:wastebasket taxon 2746:Chalicotherioidea 2546:Indian rhinoceros 2382:Tapirus pinchaque 2326:Equus zebra zebra 2217:Equus kiang kiang 2071:Equus ferus ferus 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1896: 1895: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1777:Tapirus pinchaque 1668: 1667: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1555: 1554: 1392:Panperissodactyla 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1281:Panperissodactyla 1224:, and pangolins, 1216:(Chiroptera) and 1070:Isthmus of Panama 1049:Indian rhinoceros 910:1-3 . 1 . 2-4 . 3 846:with an extended 543: 542: 512:Paraceratheriidae 415:Chalicotherioidea 331: 233:Indian rhinoceros 121: 120: 113: 95: 7978: 7931: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7907: 7895: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7871: 7869:NHMSYS0000377074 7859: 7858: 7846: 7845: 7833: 7832: 7820: 7819: 7807: 7806: 7794: 7793: 7781: 7780: 7768: 7767: 7755: 7754: 7742: 7741: 7729: 7728: 7716: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7693: 7692: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7633: 7632: 7619: 7618: 7575:Mountain tapir ( 7552: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7399: 7398: 7368:Mountain zebra ( 7292:Domestic horse ( 7255: 7254: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7209: 7208: 7160: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7102: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7070: 7061:Euarchontoglires 7049: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7017: 7009: 6996: 6995: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6955: 6947: 6939: 6918: 6910: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6883: 6864: 6856: 6855:Peramelemorphia 6848: 6840: 6832: 6811: 6810:Didelphimorphia 6804:(Shrew opossums) 6803: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6748: 6739:Australosphenida 6735: 6734: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6583:Thomas S. Kemp: 6541: 6540: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6356: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6280: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6172:10.1666/10-087.1 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6135: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6006: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5947: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5859: 5849: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5809:: 101–113, 2005. 5798: 5792: 5791: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5638:(1–2): 229–244. 5627: 5621: 5620: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5545: 5544: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5483: 5482: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5173: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5141: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5092: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4966:(4): 1289–1303. 4951: 4945: 4944: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4868: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4797: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4730: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4670: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4587:. Archived from 4576: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4319: 4294:(6): 1024–1035. 4279: 4273: 4272: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4155:on 15 July 2015. 4141: 4135: 4134: 4129:. Archived from 4123: 4117: 4116: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4063: 4023:white rhinoceros 3967:Six species are 3962:African wild ass 3958:black rhinoceros 3950:Javan rhinoceros 3764:) together with 3740:Research history 3522:Chalicotheriidae 3520:Originally, the 3400: 3399: 3376: 3375: 3322: 3321: 3310: 3309: 3280:Chalicotheriidae 3255: 3254: 3243: 3242: 3219: 3218: 3155: 3154: 3148:Brontotherioidea 3101: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3076: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3056: 2960:Chalicotheriidae 2750:Chalicotheriidae 2555:Javan rhinoceros 2517:White rhinoceros 2429:Diceros bicornis 2425:Black rhinoceros 2409:Tapirus kabomani 2293:Crawshay's zebra 2257:Burchell's zebra 2227:Southern kiang, 2166:Turkmenian kulan 2097:African wild ass 1935: 1934: 1910: 1909: 1885:Diceros bicornis 1858: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1768: 1767: 1752:Tapirus kabomani 1743: 1742: 1718: 1717: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1594: 1593: 1569: 1568: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1485: 1484: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1288: 1287: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1204:(containing the 954:Glossopharyngeal 952:(Nerves IX-XII: 940:(infection with 925:that drains the 914: 912: 911: 908: 866:is high and the 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 551:white rhinoceros 518: 510: 502: 494: 468: 460: 440: 430: 423:Chalicotheriidae 421: 413: 403: 395: 378: 353: 345: 326: 261: 260: 218: 203:Latest Paleocene 201: 138: 131:Temporal range: 125: 124: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 60:"Perissodactyla" 53: 29: 21: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7924: 7916: 7911: 7903: 7898: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7867: 7862: 7854: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7828: 7823: 7815: 7810: 7802: 7797: 7789: 7784: 7776: 7771: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7737: 7732: 7724: 7719: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7601: 7593:Malayan tapir ( 7566:Baird's tapir ( 7544: 7543: 7530: 7506: 7482: 7458: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7385: 7377:Grévy's zebra ( 7248: 7247: 7245: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7218: 7203: 7165: 7159:Perissodactyla 7155: 7125: 7108: 7055: 7040:Perissodactyla 6985: 6924: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6870: 6847:Dasyuromorphia 6831:Microbiotheria 6823:Australidelphia 6817: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6754: 6724: 6692: 6685: 6643: 6550: 6548:Further reading 6545: 6544: 6533: 6529: 6484: 6480: 6469: 6465: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6418: 6414: 6399: 6395: 6384: 6380: 6325: 6321: 6306: 6302: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6214: 6210: 6191: 6187: 6155: 6151: 6143:1854/LU-3178691 6112: 6108: 6079: 6075: 6024: 6020: 5975: 5971: 5930:(7): e0157556. 5916: 5912: 5877: 5873: 5857:1854/LU-5972511 5818: 5814: 5799: 5795: 5763: 5759: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5707: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5628: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5590:10.2307/1005518 5574: 5570: 5559: 5548: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5495: 5486: 5455: 5448: 5407:(10): e109232. 5393: 5386: 5354: 5350: 5321: 5314: 5277: 5273: 5242: 5238: 5207: 5203: 5174: 5165: 5124:(7): e0157556. 5110: 5106: 5065:(10): e109232. 5051: 5047: 5018: 5014: 4985: 4981: 4952: 4948: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4894: 4890: 4843:(7554): 81–84. 4828: 4821: 4766: 4762: 4707: 4703: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4489:Biology Letters 4481: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4450:Freeman, Paul. 4448: 4444: 4437: 4436:978-0-323442640 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398:Lascola, Kara. 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4357:978-0-323442640 4344: 4333: 4280: 4276: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4027:near-threatened 3929:is extinct and 3903: 3754:Systema Naturae 3742: 3707:Paraceratherium 3627: 3617:soon after the 3553: 3548: 3511:Rhinocerotoidea 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3369:Rhinocerotoidea 3358: 3292: 3201: 3192: 3180:Brontotheriidae 3163:Lambdotheriidae 3137: 3109:Palaeotheriidae 3055: 3044:Phenacodontidae 3037:Anthracobunidae 2976:Rhinocerotoidea 2907:Palaeotheriidae 2890:Pachynolophidae 2871:Brontotheriidae 2842:Anthracobunidae 2787:Paraceratherium 2730:Palaeotheriidae 2715:Lambdotheriidae 2705:Brontotheriidae 2696:Paraceratherium 2692:paraceratheriid 2645:Restoration of 2639: 2400:Tapirus indicus 2391:Tapirus bairdii 2369:Brazilian tapir 2284:Chapman's zebra 2221:Eastern kiang, 2215:Western kiang, 2193:Syrian wild ass 2184:Indian wild ass 2115:Somali wild ass 2106:Nubian wild ass 2101:Equus africanus 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1897: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1727:Tapirus bairdii 1702:Tapirus indicus 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1556: 1408: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1319: 1186:common ancestry 1155: 1150: 1144: 1128:Brazilian tapir 1120: 1095: 1041: 1029: 1016:small intestine 1006:in an enlarged 996: 905: 904: 832: 830:Skull and teeth 762: 731:Paraceratherium 726: 565: 561: 483:Rhinocerotoidea 425:(chalicotheres) 380:Palaeotheriidae 355:Brontotheriidae 325: 255: 241:Brazilian tapir 209: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 133: 132: 129: 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7986: 7985: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7956:Perissodactyla 7953: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7922: 7909: 7896: 7886: 7873: 7860: 7847: 7834: 7821: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7773:Fauna Europaea 7769: 7756: 7743: 7730: 7717: 7707: 7703:Perissodactyla 7694: 7690:Perissodactyla 7681: 7676:Perissodactyla 7666: 7650: 7648: 7646:Perissodactyla 7642: 7641: 7627: 7626: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7549: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7476:D. sumatrensis 7470: 7468: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7424: 7420:(Rhinoceroses) 7414:Rhinocerotidae 7410: 7409: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7359:Plains zebra ( 7346: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7299: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7259: 7257: 7234: 7230:(Horse family) 7220: 7219: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7199:Laurasiatheria 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7074: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7004: 7002: 7000:Laurasiatheria 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6954:Tubulidentata 6951: 6946:Macroscelidea 6943: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6905: 6903: 6894: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863:Diprotodontia 6860: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6827: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6798: 6796: 6787: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6641: 6628: 6611: 6596: 6581: 6566: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6537:"IUCN redlist" 6527: 6478: 6463: 6454:|journal= 6427: 6412: 6393: 6378: 6319: 6300: 6266: 6259: 6241: 6234: 6208: 6185: 6166:(4): 665–677. 6149: 6106: 6093:(2): 141–256. 6073: 6018: 5969: 5910: 5871: 5812: 5793: 5757: 5738: 5716: 5701: 5682: 5673:|journal= 5649: 5622: 5603: 5584:(5): 747–964. 5580:. New Series. 5568: 5546: 5519: 5504: 5484: 5465:(4): 895–901. 5446: 5384: 5365:(4): 547–564. 5348: 5312: 5271: 5236: 5201: 5188:(2): 289–302. 5163: 5104: 5045: 5012: 4979: 4946: 4904: 4888: 4819: 4760: 4701: 4682:(2): 195–200. 4662: 4653: 4627: 4620: 4602: 4591:on 13 May 2017 4571: 4557: 4532: 4495:(4): 415–418. 4472: 4442: 4435: 4417: 4390: 4371:Rush, Bonnie. 4363: 4356: 4331: 4274: 4239:(3): 193–222. 4219: 4210: 4203: 4183: 4158: 4136: 4118: 4083: 4071:paleobiodb.org 4057: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4038: 4011: 4008:mountain zebra 3992: 3973:mountain tapir 3965: 3902: 3899: 3894:Perissodactyla 3890:Perissodactyla 3886:Perissodactyla 3865:Perissodactyla 3818:Georges Cuvier 3741: 3738: 3644:phenacodontids 3626: 3623: 3611:meridiungulate 3565:from the late 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3540:Lophiodontidae 3492: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425:Rhinocerotidae 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408:Hyracodontidae 3403: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263:Lophiodontidae 3258: 3253: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227:Isectolophidae 3222: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3070:Perissodactyla 3063: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3005:Deperetellidae 2993: 2992: 2991: 2989:Hyracodontidae 2985: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2941: 2939:Lophiodontidae 2926: 2923:Isectolophidae 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2892: 2886: 2884:Hyopsodontidae 2875: 2874: 2873: 2857: 2835: 2832:phenacodontids 2816: 2805: 2796:Indricotherium 2792:Baluchitherium 2782:Hyracodontidae 2773: 2759:Chalicotherium 2754:Lophiodontidae 2743: 2722: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2613: 2604: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2575: 2567: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2443: 2418:Rhinocerotidae 2413: 2412: 2411: 2405:Kabomani tapir 2402: 2393: 2384: 2378:Mountain tapir 2375: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2328: 2313:Mountain zebra 2310: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2275:Maneless zebra 2272: 2263: 2254: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2190: 2181: 2175:Persian onager 2172: 2163: 2152:Equus hemionus 2145: 2144: 2143: 2134:Atlas wild ass 2131: 2121: 2112: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2073: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845:Rhinocerotidae 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526:Equus hemionus 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1435:Perissodactyla 1428: 1407: 1406:Modern members 1404: 1364:Meridiungulata 1358: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1316:Meridiungulata 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296:Perissodactyla 1291: 1286: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1194:Laurasiatheria 1171:carotid artery 1154: 1153:Outer taxonomy 1151: 1143: 1140: 1119: 1116: 1094: 1091: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1025: 995: 992: 950:cranial nerves 919:guttural pouch 901:dental formula 831: 828: 808:common feature 761: 758: 725: 722: 711:paraceratheres 558:Perissodactyla 541: 540: 539: 538: 537: 536: 535: 534: 533: 532: 527:(rhinoceroses 525:Rhinocerotidae 522: 520:Eggysodontidae 514: 506: 504:Hyracodontidae 498: 485:(rhinoceroses 480: 479: 478: 472: 464: 462:Deperetellidae 446: 445: 444: 442:Lophiodontidae 436: 435: 434: 426: 399: 397:Isectolophidae 386: 385: 384: 383: 382: 374: 358: 357:(brontotheres) 349: 347:Hyopsodontidae 338: 337: 333: 332: 323:Perissodactyla 320: 316: 315: 310: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 249: 248: 220: 219: 211: 210: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 130: 128:Perissodactyla 119: 118: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7984: 7983: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Mammal orders 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7623: 7612: 7598: 7596: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7586:T. terrestris 7582: 7580: 7578: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7550: 7541: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7489:Ceratotherium 7485: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7425: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7235: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7163: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048:Artiodactyla 7046: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008:Eulipotyphla 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Boreoeutheria 6988: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6938:Afrosoricida 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6625:0-8018-8221-4 6622: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6609: 6608:3-334-00223-3 6605: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593:0-19-850761-5 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6578:0-8018-5789-9 6575: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563:3-8274-0307-3 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6446: 6438: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6260:0-412-73810-4 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5665: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5359:Palaeontology 5352: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5291:(3): 219–43. 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250:Pachynolophus 5247: 5246:Pachynolophus 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4824: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4561: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4214: 4206: 4204:9780982261965 4200: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4047: 4046:least concern 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989:Grévy's zebra 3986: 3982: 3981:Malayan tapir 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3919:domestication 3912: 3907: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861:Isle of Wight 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:solidungulate 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3733:Elasmotherium 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3668:, as well as 3667: 3666:Ganderalophus 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3648:hyopsodontids 3645: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3615:South America 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3599:Cambaytherium 3596: 3595:Cambaytherium 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3573:Cambaytherium 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Amynodontidae 3378: 3377: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3018:Lophialetidae 3015: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2983:Amynodontidae 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828:hyopsodontids 2825: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2778:Amynodontidae 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2648:Palaeotherium 2643: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2396:Malayan tapir 2394: 2392: 2388: 2387:Baird's tapir 2385: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2347: 2343: 2342:Grévy's zebra 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Selous' zebra 2300: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2266:Grant's zebra 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1810: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 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619: 618:Ancient Greek 613: 559: 552: 547: 530: 529:sensu stricto 526: 523: 521: 515: 513: 507: 505: 499: 497: 496:Amynodontidae 491: 490: 488: 484: 481: 476: 473: 471: 465: 463: 457: 456: 455: 452: 451: 450: 447: 443: 437: 433: 427: 424: 418: 417: 416: 410: 409: 408: 407: 400: 398: 392: 391: 390: 387: 381: 375: 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 356: 350: 348: 342: 341: 339: 334: 329: 324: 321: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 259: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 217: 212: 208: 204: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 137: 126: 123: 115: 112: 104: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: – 61: 57: 56:Find sources: 50: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 7645: 7620: 7594: 7585: 7577:T. pinchaque 7576: 7567: 7555: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7465:Dicerorhinus 7463: 7452:R. sondaicus 7451: 7443:R. unicornis 7442: 7430: 7405:Ceratomorpha 7403: 7378: 7369: 7360: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7314:E. africanus 7313: 7304: 7302: 7293: 7282: 7273: 7272:Wild horse ( 7264: 7262: 7240: 7213: 7158: 7087:(Treeshrews) 6970:Proboscidea 6911:(Armadillos) 6794:Ameridelphia 6747:Monotremata 6632: 6614: 6599: 6584: 6569: 6554: 6530: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6472: 6466: 6445:cite journal 6430: 6421: 6415: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6336: 6332: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6286: 6282: 6269: 6250: 6244: 6217: 6211: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6035: 6031: 6021: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5806: 5796: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5741: 5732: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5664:cite journal 5652: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5613:Paleomoropus 5612: 5606: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5562: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5498: 5462: 5458: 5404: 5400: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5332: 5328: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5185: 5181: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5062: 5058: 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Retrieved 4639: 4630: 4611: 4605: 4593:. Retrieved 4589:the original 4584: 4574: 4565: 4560: 4548:. Retrieved 4544: 4535: 4492: 4488: 4465:25 September 4463:. Retrieved 4458: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4410:25 September 4408:. Retrieved 4403: 4393: 4383:25 September 4381:. Retrieved 4376: 4366: 4347: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4213: 4193: 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4170: 4167:"Dawn horse" 4161: 4153:the original 4148: 4139: 4131:the original 4121: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4061: 4030: 4019:plains zebra 3935: 3924: 3916: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3864: 3857:Richard Owen 3852: 3849:multungulate 3848: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3822:Pachydermata 3810:proboscidean 3805: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770:Hippopotamus 3769: 3761: 3753: 3751: 3731: 3712:Tethys Ocean 3705: 3702: 3697: 3694:brontotheres 3683: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3651: 3641: 3633: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3539: 3536:Tapiromorpha 3535: 3519: 3514: 3498:Richard Owen 3495: 3422: 3405: 3381: 3344: 3327: 3303:Ceratomorpha 3277: 3260: 3224: 3212:Tapiromorpha 3177: 3160: 3123: 3106: 3069: 3011:Rhodopagidae 2996:Superfamily 2995: 2974:Superfamily 2973: 2968: 2944:Superfamily 2943: 2929: 2916: 2901:Indolophidae 2894: 2877: 2864: 2859: 2850:Tethys Ocean 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2763: 2757: 2733: 2708: 2694: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2665:chalicothere 2646: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2470: 2461: 2452: 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797: 775: 771: 739: 729: 727: 718:Richard Owen 715: 703:palaeotheres 699:brontotheres 696: 676:artiodactyls 664:rhinoceroses 631: 628: 624: 621: 557: 556: 528: 486: 449:Ceratomorpha 448: 404: 389:Tapiromorpha 388: 365: 360: 322: 306: 244: 236: 229:Equus quagga 228: 225:plains zebra 122: 107: 101:October 2021 98: 88: 81: 74: 67: 55: 43:Please help 38:verification 35: 18: 7812:iNaturalist 7670:Wikispecies 7524:D. bicornis 7353:Hippotigris 7332:E. hemionus 7294:E. caballus 7249:(including 7215:Hippomorpha 7197:Superorder 7191:Infraclass 7093:Dermoptera 7085:Scandentia 7077:Lagomorpha 7026:(Pangolins) 7016:Chiroptera 6972:(Elephants) 6962:Hyracoidea 6718:(unranked) 6598:AH Müller: 5774:: 219–225. 5260:(1): 1–16. 4866:11336/14769 4452:"Strangles" 4176:7 September 3830:Solidungula 3662:Balochistan 3590:Tethytheria 3578:Kalitherium 3330:Helaletidae 3082:Hippomorpha 2953:Eomoropidae 2838:Desmostylia 2820:condylarths 2813:Helaletidae 2770:Pleistocene 2653:palaeothere 2317:Equus zebra 2211:Equus kiang 2059:Equus ferus 1578:Equus zebra 1544:Equus kiang 1469:Equus ferus 1230:Pegasoferae 1012:gallbladder 942:Aspergillus 913:× 2 = 30-44 826:is absent. 616:, from 470:Helaletidae 432:Eomoropidae 361:Hippomorpha 7945:Categories 7595:T. indicus 7568:T. bairdii 7432:Rhinoceros 7032:Carnivora 7024:Pholidota 6956:(Aardvark) 6930:Afrotheria 6909:Cingulata 6890:inclusive) 6812:(Opossums) 6783:inclusive) 6773:Metatheria 6730:Yinotheria 6714:Vertebrata 6712:Subphylum 6390:: 164–190. 6289:: 85–101. 5754:: 101–110. 5735:: 101–113. 5516:: 181–295. 5501:: 252–258. 4738:1807/64815 4595:4 February 4053:References 3996:vulnerable 3985:wild horse 3969:endangered 3794:lagomorphs 3698:Megacerops 3674:Eotitanops 3670:Litolophus 3664:, such as 3653:Sifrhippus 3525:coined by 3507:Tapiroidea 3315:Tapiroidea 3248:Ancylopoda 2998:Tapiroidea 2932:Ancylopoda 2846:afrotheres 2826:, such as 2808:Tapiroidea 2724:Equoidea ( 2710:Megacerops 2673:(formerly 2055:Wild horse 1378:Litopterna 1326:Litopterna 1252:Euungulata 1210:Euungulata 1190:Afrotheria 1146:See also: 1051:shown here 968:) and the 927:middle ear 856:premaxilla 812:astragalus 793:rhinoceros 752:and young 709:, and the 684:intestines 632:, dáktylos 625:, perissós 487:sensu lato 454:Tapiroidea 406:Ancylopoda 134:56–0 71:newspapers 7540:Tapiridae 7379:E. grevyi 7361:E. quagga 7350:Subgenus 7323:E. asinus 7303:Subgenus 7263:Subgenus 7101:Primates 7095:(Colugos) 7069:Rodentia 6964:(Hyraxes) 6901:Xenarthra 6888:Placental 6781:Marsupial 6180:129473193 6126:: 21–34. 5905:226263139 5891:: 1–147. 5379:214053761 4509:1744-9561 4459:Strangles 4308:0021-8782 4253:0340-2096 4149:Phenomena 3882:Mesaxonia 3877:Mesaxonia 3870:In 1884, 3839:In 1861, 3834:Solipèdes 3826:peccaries 3720:ruminants 3690:megafauna 3685:Hyrachyus 3625:Phylogeny 3619:K–T event 3586:Radinskya 3567:Paleocene 3562:Radinskya 3347:Tapiridae 3024:Eoletidae 2930:Suborder 2740:Oligocene 2362:Tapiridae 2084:Domestic 1687:Tapiridae 1413:Paleocene 1400:Paleogene 1386:from the 1376:from the 1226:Pholidota 1222:Carnivora 1206:cetaceans 1167:elephants 1136:precocial 1062:Oligocene 1000:ruminants 974:Strangles 962:Accessory 844:upper jaw 785:ungulates 777:Ungulates 746:epidermis 736:Oligocene 682:in their 680:cellulose 672:vestigial 636:ungulates 475:Tapiridae 336:Families 276:Kingdom: 270:Eukaryota 7856:14100001 7710:BioLib: 7655:Wikidata 7622:Category 7545:(Tapirs) 7500:C. simum 7370:E. zebra 7341:E. kiang 7330:Onager ( 7321:Donkey ( 7274:E. ferus 7193:Eutheria 7187:Mammalia 7181:Chordata 7175:Animalia 7173:Kingdom 6978:Sirenia 6880:Eutheria 6708:Chordata 6702:Animalia 6700:Kingdom 6651:98023686 6522:17329227 6439:: 1–710. 6409:: 1–540. 6373:20007379 6316:: 12–14. 6060:22363006 6013:27358361 5964:27384169 5924:PLOS ONE 5866:25410701 5832:: 5570. 5788:86206151 5479:84351811 5441:25295875 5401:PLOS ONE 5335:: 1–54. 5307:84061253 5231:84391276 5217:(8): 8. 5158:27384169 5118:PLOS ONE 5099:25295875 5059:PLOS ONE 4941:11286489 4875:25799987 4814:16785431 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4782:Bibcode 4696:9126561 4646:12 June 4518:2610139 4317:6875937 4261:1199544 4194:Namibia 4076:18 July 3798:rodents 3786:Belluae 3774:Tapirus 3726:in the 3658:Wyoming 3551:Origins 3371: 3317: 3305: 3250: 3214: 3150: 3126:Equidae 3096: 3084: 3072: 2854:Pacific 2765:Moropus 2726:equines 2416:Family 2360:Family 2048:Equidae 2046:Family 1454:Equidae 1437: 1383:Toxodon 1283: 1254: 1163:hyraxes 1108:equines 1082:tarpans 1060:to the 1004:stomach 893:canines 878:keratin 804:fibulae 789:humerus 724:Anatomy 688:stomach 648:Equidae 640:species 371:Equidae 319:Order: 296:Class: 207:present 85:scholar 7928:105959 7925:uBio: 7905:541948 7889:NZOR: 7843:180687 7765:1PERIO 7661:Q25374 7306:Asinus 7251:Zebras 7185:Class 7018:(Bats) 6764:Theria 6691:orders 6689:mammal 6649: 6639: 6623: 6606: 6591: 6576: 6561: 6520: 6510: 6371: 6361: 6257: 6232: 6178: 6066: 6058: 6011: 6001: 5962: 5952: 5903: 5864: 5786: 5596: 5477: 5439: 5429: 5377: 5305: 5229: 5156: 5146: 5097: 5087: 4939: 4901:: 186. 4881: 4873: 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