Muskox - Knowledge

1667: 1627:. Male and female muskoxen have separate age-based hierarchies, with mature oxen being dominant over juveniles. Dominant oxen tend to get access to the best resources and will displace subordinates from patches of grass during the winter. Muskox bulls assert their dominance in many different ways. One is a "rush and butt", in which a dominant bull rushes a subordinate from the side with its horns, and will warn the subordinate so it can have a chance to get away. Bulls will also roar, swing their heads, and paw the ground. Dominant bulls sometimes treat subordinate bulls like cows. A dominant bull will tap a subordinate with its foreleg, something they do to cows during mating. Dominant bulls will also mock copulate subordinates and sniff their genitals. A subordinate bull can change his status by charging a dominant bull. 1056: 1018:, with females measuring 135 to 200 cm (4 ft 5 in to 6 ft 7 in) in length, and the larger males 200 to 250 cm (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in). The small tail, often concealed under a layer of fur, measures only 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Adults, on average, weigh 285 kg (628 lb), but can range from 180 to 410 kg (400 to 900 lb). The thick coat and large head suggest a larger animal than the muskox truly is; the bison, to which the muskox is often compared, can weigh up to twice as much. However, heavy zoo-kept specimens have weighed up to 650 kg (1,430 lb). Their coat, a mix of black, gray and brown, includes long 1199: 1303: 1004: 118: 1646:

bellowing loudly, and then display their horns. The bulls then back up about 20 m (66 ft), lower their heads, and charge into each other, and will keep doing so until one bull gives up. Subordinate and elderly bulls will leave the herds to form bachelor groups or become solitary. However, when danger is present, the outside bulls can return to the herd for protection. Dominant bulls will prevent cows from leaving their harems. During mating, a bull will tap an estrous cow with his foreleg to calm her down and make her more receptive to his advances. The herds reassemble when summer ends.

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adults defending their young. When nets and ropes proved useless, he and his crew herded family groups into open water, where calves were successfully separated from the adults. Once airfreighted to Montreal and trucked to Vermont, the young animals habituated to the temperate conditions. Although the calves thrived and grew to adulthood, parasite and disease resistance problems impaired the overall success of the effort. The surviving herd was eventually moved to a farm in

3037: 635: 1211: 142: 8286: 164: 1570:, and mosses. When food is abundant, they prefer succulent and nutritious grasses in an area. Willows are the most commonly eaten plants in the winter. Muskoxen require a high threshold of fat reserves in order to conceive, which reflects their conservative breeding strategy. Winter ranges typically have shallow snow to reduce the energy costs of digging through snow to reach forage. The primary predators of muskoxen are 1631: 1654:, and calves can keep up with the herd within just a few hours after birth. The calves are welcomed into the herd and nursed for the first two months. After that, a calf then begins eating vegetation and nurses only occasionally. Cows communicate with their calves through braying. The calf's bond with its mother weakens after two years. 1650:

to let them get enough food to nurse their offspring. Cows have an eight- to nine-month gestation period, with calving occurring from April to June. Cows do not calve every year. When winters are severe, cows will not go into estrus and thus not calve the next year. When calving, cows stay in the herd for protection. Muskox are

612:. While the takin and muskox were once considered possibly closely related, the takin lacks common ovibovine features, such as the muskox's specialized horn morphology, and genetic analysis shows that their lineages actually separated early in caprine evolution. Instead, the muskox's closest living relatives appear to be the 1657:

Muskoxen have a distinctive defensive behavior: when the herd is threatened, the adults will face outward to form a stationary ring or semicircle around the calves. The bulls are usually the front line for defense against predators, with the cows and juveniles gathering close to them. Bulls determine

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The mating (or "rutting") season of the muskoxen begins in late June or early July. During this time, dominant bulls will fight others out of the herds and establish harems of usually six or seven cows and their offspring. Fighting bulls will first rub their preorbital glands against their legs while

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In Greenland, there are no major threats. However, populations are often small in size and scattered; this makes them vulnerable to local fluctuations in climate. Most populations are within national parks, where they are protected from hunting. Muskoxen occur in four of Greenland's protected areas,

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Historically, this species declined because of overhunting, but populations have recovered following enforcement of hunting regulations. Management in the late 1900s was mostly conservative hunting quotas to foster recovery and recolonization from the historic declines. The current world population

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While the bulls are more aggressive during the rutting season and lead their groups, the females take charge during gestation. Pregnant females are aggressive and decide what distance the herd travels in a day and where they will bed for the night. The herds move more often when cows are lactating,

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The Norwegian population on Dovrefjell is managed over an area of 340 km (130 sq mi) and in the summer of 2012 consisted of approximately 300 animals. Since 1999, the population has mostly been increasing, but it suffered a measles outbreak in the summer of 2004 that killed 29. Some

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industry showed early success with the training of Inuit knitters and marketing, but it soon became clear that the Quebec government had never intended that the muskoxen be domestic, but had used INAR to capture muskoxen to provide a wild population for hunting. Government officials demanded that

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There have been at least two domestication endeavours. In the 1950s, an American researcher and adventurer was able to capture muskox calves in Northern Canada for relocation to a property he prepared in Vermont. One condition imposed by the Canadian government was that he was not allowed to kill

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to Greenland. By contrast, the current genetic makeup of the species is more homogenous. Climate fluctuation may have affected this shift in genetic diversity: research indicates colder periods in Earth's history are correlated with more diversity, and warmer periods with more homogeneity. Muskox

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mammals, meaning they have the ability to shut off thermal regulation in some parts of their body, like their lower limbs. Maintaining the lower limbs at a cooler temperature than the rest of their body helps reduce the loss of body heat from their extremities. Muskox display the unique

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that is three times less temperature sensitive than human hemoglobin. This temperature insensitivity allows the muskox's hemoglobin to have a heightened oxygen affinity in an extremely cold environment and continue to diffuse high amounts of oxygen into its cold tissues.

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Although the muskox belongs to the dry Arctic grassland, it seems to do well on Dovrefjell. However, the pastures are marginal, with little grass available in winter (the muskox eats only plants, not lichen as reindeer do), and over time,

1542:. Between 1983 and 1986, the released animals increased from 148 to 290, at a rate of 25% per year, and by 2003, an estimated 1,400 muskoxen were in Quebec. Additionally, 112 adults and 25 calves were counted in the nearby 1373:, when they were hunted and exterminated. In 1947 and later, new animals were released. A small group of muskoxen from Dovrefjell migrated across the national border to Sweden in 1971 and established themselves in 1225:

population was wiped out in the late 19th or early 20th century. Their depletion has been attributed to excessive hunting, but an adverse change in climate may have contributed. However, muskoxen have since been

1479:. Once established, these populations have been, in turn, used as sources for further reintroductions in Siberia between 1996 and 2010. One of the last of these actions was the release of six animals within the 933:

between 200,000 and 90,000 years ago, having previously occupied Alaska (at the time united to Siberia and isolated periodically from the rest of North America by the union of the Laurentide and

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INAR leave Quebec and the farm be closed. Subsequently, 54 animals from the farm were released in three places in northern Quebec between 1973 and 1983, and the remaining were ceded to local

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Muskoxen live in herds of 12–24 in the winter and 8–20 in the summer when dominant bulls expel other males from the herd. They do not hold territories, but they do mark their trails with

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in 1925–26. They were muskoxen caught by Norwegian seal-hunting boats in Greenland. The animals colonized the island, but eventually died out there. An attempt to introduce the muskox to

1475:. By 2019 the population on Wrangel Island was about 1100, and the Taymyr Peninsula, about 11,000–14,000. A few muskoxen herds migrated from the Taymyr Peninsula far to the south to the 2273:

Markova, A.K.; Puzachenko, A.Yu.; van Kolfschoten, T.; Kosintsev, P.A.; Kuznetsova, T.V.; Tikhonov, A.N.; Bachura, O.P.; Ponomarev, D.V.; van der Plicht, J.; Kuitems, M. (August 2015).

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Jork Meyer, "Sex ratio in muskox skulls (Ovibos moschatus) found at East Greenland" (Geschlechterverhältnis bei Schädeln des Moschusochsen (Ovibos moschatus) in Ostgrönland)

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area. Human predation around Qaanaaq may have restricted muskoxen from moving down the west coast, and instead kept them confined to the northeastern fringes of the island.

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Muskoxen are not known to be aggressive. Fatal attacks are extremely rare, but humans who have come close and behaved aggressively have occasionally been attacked.

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Raufuss, I., & von Koenigswald, W. (1999). New remains of Pleistocene Ovibos moschatus from Germany and its geographic and stratigraphic occurrence in Europe.

528:. They were formerly present in Eurasia, with their youngest natural records in the region dating to around 2,700 years ago, with reintroduced populations in the 1574:, which may account for up to half of all mortality for the species. Other occasional predators, likely mainly predators of calves or infirm adults, can include 1562:

During the summer, muskoxen live in wet areas, such as river valleys, moving to higher elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow. Muskoxen will eat grasses,

3026:"II МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ, VII ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ "СОСТОЯНИЕ СРЕДЫ ОБИТАНИЯ И ФАУНА ОХОТНИЧЬИХ ЖИВОТНЫХ РОССИИ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ"" 2020:. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüssigen Thiere. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Weygandschen Buchhandlung. pp. 86–88. 1836: 3121: 2714:

Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia.

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The preorbital gland secretion of muskoxen has a "light, sweetish, ethereal" odor. Analysis of preorbital gland secretion extract showed the presence of

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found two fossil muskox vertebrae. This led to the idea of introducing muskoxen to Norway from Greenland. The first release in the world was made on

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environment late in its evolutionary history. Muskox ancestors with sheep-like high-positioned horns (horn cores being mostly over the plane of the

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Range map: blue indicates areas where muskox reintroduction has been attempted in the 20th century; red indicates the previous established range.

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and covered in tundra during cold periods, but Pleistocene muskoxen are also rarely recorded in more benign and wooded areas to the south like

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and the western shrubland, respectively. Though they were always less common than other Ice Age megafauna, muskox abundance peaked during the

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names "mâthi-môs" and "mâthi-mostos" translate to "ugly moose" and "ugly bison", respectively. In historic times, muskoxen primarily lived in

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period, muskoxen were much more widespread. Fossil evidence shows that they lived across the Siberian and North American Arctic, from the

1635: 1307: 3652: 2908: 2827: 2275:"Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP" 622:, nowadays common in many countries of central and east Asia. The vague similarity between takin and muskox is therefore an example of 3611: 2909:"University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives – Fingers and needles: Alaskan co-op turns cashmere-soft musk ox wool into hard cash" 1431: 1040:, is highly prized for its softness, length, and insulation value. Prices for yarn range between $ 1.5 and $ 3/g ($ 40 and $ 80/oz). 705:

was larger yet more lightly built than modern muskoxen, resembling a giant sheep with massive horns, and preferred hilly grasslands.

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The modern muskox is the last member of a line of ovibovines that first evolved in temperate regions of Asia and adapted to a cold

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Wilkinson, P. F.; Shank, C. C. (1976). "Rutting-fight Mortality among Musk Oxen on Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada".

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almost one million years ago and was common in the region through the Pleistocene. By the Mindel, muskoxen had also reached the

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On 22 July 1964, a 73-year-old man was killed in a muskox attack in Norway. The animal was later killed by local authorities.

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Fossil DNA evidence suggests that muskoxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more

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Aulagnier, S. et al. (2008) Guide des mammifères d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et de Moyen-Orient. Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris

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during colder periods) between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago. After migrating south during one of the warmer periods of the

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was a lowland dweller which disappeared fairly early, displaced by more advanced ungulates, such as the "giant muskox"

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Freeman, M. (1971). "Population Characteristics of Musk-Oxen in the Jones Sound Region of the Northwest Territories".

8187: 2365: 2331: 1832: 8752: 2120: 3012:"Where in Russia Can You See a Muskox? Overview of the habits and maintenance of muskoxen at the beginning of 2019" 1365:. In 1940, the herd numbered 50, but in the 1970s, the whole herd disappeared. In September 1932, polar researcher 8895: 1928: 655:, rather than below them as in modern muskoxen) first left the temperate forests for the developing grasslands of 8765: 3547: 3011: 2668: 1275: 1243: 171: 1055: 9074: 3697: 3644: 3129: 1023: 9069: 9001: 8877: 4103: 2556: 1221:

In modern times, muskoxen were restricted to the Arctic areas of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The

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in northern Siberia, did not disappear from the region due to climate change, but because of human hunting.

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populations survived into the Holocene in Siberia, with their youngest records in the region being from the

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depression is expected in such a small population which originated from only a few introduced animals.

3506:"Behavioral Responses of Musk Ox to Simulation of Cargo Slinging by Helicopter, Northwest Territories" 3469:

Jingfors, K. (1982). "Seasonal Activity Budgets and Movements of a Reintroduced Alaskan Muskox Herd".

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in one region during a period of isolation and expanded later, replacing the remaining populations of

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Gray, D. R. (1986). "Standing his ground: How the muskox survives the rigours of an Arctic winter".

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by the Institute for Northern Agricultural Research (INAR) and brought to a farm in Old Fort Chimo

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Brix, O.; Bårdgard, A.; Mathisen, S.; Tyler, N.; Nuutinen, M.; Condo, S. G.; Giardina, B. (1990).

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Flood, P. F.; Abrams, S. R.; Muir, G. D.; Rowell, J. E. (August 1989). "Odor of the muskox".

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in 1925–26 and 1929, but this population died out in the 1970s. They were also introduced in

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The odor of dominant rutting males is described as "strong" and "rank". It derives from the

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conducted another experiment, importing 10 muskoxen to Dovrefjell. This herd survived until

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of muskoxen is estimated at between 80,000 and 125,000, with an estimated 47,000 living on

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inhabited open woodland areas of North America during the late Pleistocene, from Alaska to

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Brix, O.; Bårdgard, A.; Mathisen, S.; el Sherbini, S.; Condò, S. G.; Giardina, B. (1989).

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https://canadashistory.partica.online/canadas-history/the-beaver-summer-1964/flipbook/42/

1044: 1014:. Muskoxen stand 1.1 to 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in to 4 ft 11 in) high at 972: 792: 449: 131: 3672: 3589: 2745: 2617: 2582: 2447: 2290: 2188: 8479: 8126: 8117: 7489: 7429: 7411: 7393: 7339: 7312: 7303: 6927: 6909: 6843: 6536: 6262: 5739: 5730: 5449: 4883: 4351: 4163: 4145: 4024: 3486: 3448: 3354: 3316: 3216: 2757: 2629: 2302: 2208: 2091: 1547: 1512: 1085: 743: 694: 690: 429: 348: 181: 106: 3350: 671:. Later migration waves of Asian ungulates that included high-horned muskoxen reached 8916: 8708: 8575: 8423: 8297: 8260: 8215: 7759: 7750: 7438: 7366: 7294: 7125: 7107: 6960: 5910: 5305: 5296: 5148: 5050: 4829: 4796: 4739: 4609: 4136: 3997: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3208: 3200: 2761: 2633: 2361: 2327: 2306: 2231: 2200: 2144: 2134: 1883: 1402: 1283: 1263: 983: 938: 856: 780: 489:, it is noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males during the 3377:

Reinhardt, V. (2005). "Courtship behavior among musk-ox males kept in confinement".

3358: 3320: 3220: 3181:"Oxygen transport in the blood of arctic mammals: adaptation to local heterothermia" 2987: 2226:

Houston, Clarence Stuart; Houston, Stuart; Ball, Tim; Houston, Mary (October 2003).

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the defensive formation during rutting, while the cows decide the rest of the year.

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and live to the present day. The muskox is thought to have been able to survive the

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Owen-Smith, N. (1977). "On Territoriality in Ungulates and an Evolutionary Model".

3247: 3236:"Arctic life adaptation--II. The function of musk ox (Ovibos muschatos) hemoglobin" 3192: 3156: 2749: 2621: 2433: 2294: 2212: 2192: 2083: 1957: 1901: 1624: 1520: 1480: 1476: 1464: 1362: 1327: 1171: 992: 498: 1527:, northern Quebec, for domestication to provide a local cottage industry based on 8903: 8350: 8240: 7883: 7874: 7822: 7813: 7594: 6451: 6442: 5919: 5515: 4567: 4477: 4315: 4127: 4006: 3979: 3970: 3656: 2868: 2543: 2536: 2355: 2298: 2257: 1742: 1516: 1239: 517: 8882: 8843: 3678: 2852: 2250: 8760: 8747: 8664: 8595: 8398: 8345: 8245: 8225: 8083: 8021: 7651: 7642: 7167: 7116: 7037: 7028: 6969: 6807: 6509: 6331: 6322: 5877: 5844: 5826: 5314: 5124: 4999: 4838: 3826: 3798: 1986: 1738:. The saturated γ-lactone series has an odor similar to that of the secretion. 1616: 1508: 1468: 1291: 1235: 1227: 1152: 1011: 987: 953: 807: 582: 335: 3729: 2753: 2625: 2490:"Muskox Suffered Loss Of Genetic Diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene Transition" 1765: 1132:

II glaciation 20,000 years ago and declined afterwards, especially during the

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that almost reach the ground. Rare "white muskoxen" have been spotted in the

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animals are also occasionally killed as a result of train collisions on the

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Today's muskoxen are descended from others believed to have migrated from

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replaced it in the tundra-steppe to the north, immediately south of the

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has several muskoxen farms specifically aimed at wool harvesting. The

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was a highly adaptable animal apparently associated with cold tundra (

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9,000 years ago. In Asia, muskox persisted until just 615-555 BCE in

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in 2005, having arrived there by their own means from the mainland.

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Wilkinson, Paul F. (1974). "The history of musk-ox domestication".

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34,000 years ago, but the existence of other ice-free areas in the

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being most abundant), and probably the monounsaturated γ-lactone C

1619:, Alaskan muskoxen in the 1930s, shown here in defensive formation 1088:

to North America between 200,000 and 90,000 years ago. During the

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2018:

Enthält ein vollständiges Verzeichnis aller bekannten Quadrupeden

1453: 1187: 1101: 1047:(37 mph). Their life expectancy is between 12 and 20 years. 1015: 926: 915: 891: 668: 664: 545: 525: 482: 248: 92: 67: 1129: 767:

one million years ago and disappeared half a million years ago.

8726: 8672: 8519: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8408: 7988: 7557: 7462: 7285: 7275: 6891: 6403: 6243: 6225: 6216: 6102: 6024: 5425: 5416: 5351: 5342: 5332: 5254: 4787: 4600: 4450: 3786: 3774: 3724:

Burges Smith diary concerning Nunivak Island Musk Ox Expedition

3233: 2386: 2384: 2251:

Animal Life in Greenland – an introduction by the tourist board

1851: 1639: 1529: 1463:, animals imported from Banks and Nunivak were released in the 1460: 1335: 1323: 1222: 1144: 1093: 1036: 1027: 903: 760: 698: 672: 648: 581:

in the family Bovidae. It is therefore more closely related to

553: 549: 533: 486: 228: 208: 8202: 3677: 3650:

Alex Trebek and John Teal's Reintroduction of Muskox to Alaska

3640: 2960: 2728:

Bennike, Ole; Andreasen, Claus (2005). "New dates of musk-ox (

1515:

are suitable for them. In 1967, 14 animals were captured near

8463: 8418: 8012: 7970: 7545: 7215: 7206: 6500: 6427: 6418: 6349: 6078: 6033: 5892: 5817: 5697: 5688: 5199: 5190: 4682: 4673: 3882: 3873: 2412:

Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope) fact sheet

2133:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 707. 1412: 1251: 1148: 1077: 868: 764: 715: 613: 606: 598: 541: 3336: 2381: 8428: 7158: 6488: 6376: 6358: 6015: 5868: 5272: 5139: 4955: 4229: 4190: 2944: 2828:"Muskox, (Ovibos moschatus) US Fish & Wildlife Service" 2475: 2324:

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife

1962:

Bulletin des Sciences Par la Société Philomathique de Paris

1612: 1031: 586: 494: 6626: 3560:"Alaska officer killed in muskox attack outside his house" 722:(1.8 million years to 240,000 years ago), soon after 8413: 7768: 6367: 6313: 5245: 4627: 3705: 3178: 2995: 2225: 1630: 1539: 1467:

in 1974 and 1975, and some from Nunivak were released in

1357:

also failed. Seventeen animals were released in 1929 by

845:-like genera were named in America in the 19th century, 689:, crossed to North America over an early version of the 605:

members of the caprines, along with the similarly sized

472: 460: 5618: 1881: 1806:

On 13 December 2022, a court services officer with the

1326:

in 1932 but were hunted to extinction there during the

1193: 629: 590: 443: 6161: 3122:"Pleistocene Park Underway: Home for Reborn Mammoths?" 1850:

Muskoxen are being domesticated for the production of

3503: 2172: 1661: 1511:, although the ecological conditions in the northern 910:, where they coexisted with temperate ungulates like 9085:

Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann

3287:

Muskoxen in Canada a biological and taxonomic review

2779:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from 1847:. In these areas, muskoxen receive full protection. 1554:, though no herds have been observed in the region. 1533:, a fine natural fiber. The animals thrived and the 1294:, where it has been successful since the mid-1950s. 1084:. The ancestors of today's muskoxen came across the 718:

to Siberia, and crossed to North America during the

1607: 1487:in 2010, where a team of Russian scientists led by 714:, inhabited Eurasia in the early Pleistocene, from 3064:"Reintroduction of Musk Ox on the Northern Russia" 2537:Muskox videos, photos and facts – Ovibos moschatus 1502: 898:. Both Germany and Britain were just south of the 871:and maybe even Mexico, but was most common in the 730:, which survived in America until the Pleistocene- 3372: 3370: 3368: 3332: 3330: 2446:Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: 1426:In addition to the population on Dovrefjell, the 791:area in eastern Siberia in association with many 505:name "umingmak" translates to "the bearded one". 497:odor has the effect of attracting females during 9016: 3464: 3462: 2774: 2727: 2392:"KGS--Guidebook 5--Wisconsinan Mammalian Faunas" 1749:via urine. Analysis of extract of washes of the 1507:Ancient muskox remains have never been found in 1010:Both male and female muskoxen have long, curved 802:, in the Kolyma itself and elsewhere, including 466: 3759: 3426: 3424: 3422: 2683:. alaskabeadstore.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 1385:. The population is divided into flocks in the 3365: 3327: 3298: 2994:, edited by N.G Dmitriev and L.K Ernst. Rome: 2260:. Greenland-guide.gl. Retrieved on 2011-09-15. 1491:aims to prove that muskoxen, along with other 1242:living. Other reintroduced populations are in 1162:, the muskox gradually moved north across the 995:, dating to around 2,700 years ago (~700 BC). 683:. The first well known muskox, the "shrub-ox" 8188: 3745: 3641:Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station 3588:. Alaska.edu. 12 October 1963. Archived from 3459: 3376: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2853:https://www.fws.org/refuge/arctic/muskox.html 2597: 2479:, posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013. 2062: 2005: 1955: 1297: 3468: 3419: 3402: 3400: 3142: 2230:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 241. 2228:Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay 964:in North America to survive the Pleistocene/ 601:: "sheep-ox"). It is one of the two largest 3497: 3430: 3406: 3018: 3006: 3004: 2559:. Thelon.com. 6 August 2010. Archived from 2440: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2219: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 1907:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en 1043:A muskox can reach speeds of up to 60 998: 693:two million years ago and prospered in the 412:, in Latin "musky sheep-ox"), also spelled 8203:Game animals and shooting in North America 8195: 8181: 3834: 3752: 3738: 3548:Norwegian man killed in 1964 muskox attack 3274: 2011: 1921: 1568:(above lichens are excluded from the menu) 1377:, whereby a Swedish herd was established. 334: 162: 140: 116: 8069: 5541: 3521: 3397: 3240:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 3160: 2775:Smith, T.; Coady, J.; Kacyon, R. (2008). 2768: 2708: 2603: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2318: 2316: 1905: 1471:in 1975. Both locations are north of the 1341:In 1913, workers building a railway over 960:, the muskox was one of a few species of 577:(or subfamily Caprinae) of the subfamily 7950: 5340: 3665:Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildtierforschung 3001: 2961:"Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut" 2557:"Search for the Legendary White Musk-ox" 2336: 2155: 2037: 1984: 1665: 1629: 1611: 1301: 1209: 1197: 1054: 1002: 633: 4241: 3812: 2575: 2407: 2405: 1747:distributed over the fur of the abdomen 1686:, a series of straight-chain saturated 1636:Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park 1415:, where there are lush grass pastures. 1411:. In the summer they move down towards 1308:Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park 1232:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 9017: 3959: 2965:Musk Ox Farm-Gently Hand-Combed Qiviut 2822: 2820: 2455: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2313: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1817: 759:1.5 million years ago, colonized 556:, where a small population now lives. 8611: 8610: 8176: 8068: 7937: 7936: 7542: 6625: 6160: 5617: 5079: 4225: 3811: 3733: 3708:– Dovrefjell Narional Park Board 2018 3174: 3172: 2732:) remains from northwest Greenland". 2504: 2357:Muskoxen and Their Hunters: A History 2268: 2266: 2115: 1766:straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons 9045:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 9002:5C7A9B0D-C6BA-470B-9A8E-FAB2F450B828 8766:e450a8fc-7557-4db4-aa48-51b667b88eb6 5377: 3143:Brazil, J.; Chubbs, Tony E. (2007). 2992:Animal Genetic Resources of the USSR 2986:Zabrodin, V.A., and G.D. Yakushkin. 2945:National Geographic Society (1960). 2585:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 2402: 2353: 1248:Bering Land Bridge National Preserve 1194:Recent native range in North America 630:Fossil history and extinct relatives 493:, from which its name derives. This 125:in Dovrefjell National park, Norway 9025:IUCN Red List least concern species 4226: 3185:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 2817: 2417: 2109: 1893:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1882:Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) . 1864: 1795: 1158:Following the disappearance of the 564: 13: 8284: 7543: 5080: 3169: 2671:.uaf.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 2546:. ARKive. Retrieved on 2012-08-23. 2482: 2263: 1662:Components of glandular secretions 1314:The species was reintroduced from 1204:Cape Krusenstern National Monument 573:(or tribe Ovibovini) in the tribe 548:, and an introduced population in 385:(Zimmermann, 1780) Kowarzik, 1911 14: 9101: 3634: 3061: 2681:Muskox Wool – Qiviut (Kiv-ee-oot) 1837:Arnangarnup Qoorua Nature Reserve 1833:Northeast Greenland National Park 1456:around 1930 but did not survive. 1280:Gates of the Arctic National Park 1174:at about 350 AD, during the late 979:) away from prehistoric peoples. 708:A genus with intermediate horns, 593:; it is placed in its own genus, 3680:The New Student's Reference Work 3614:. Pc.gc.ca. 2005. Archived from 3504:Miller, F. L.; Gunn, A. (1980). 2518:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu 2360:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1608:Social behavior and reproduction 1550:adults are sometimes spotted in 859:species, the "woodland muskox", 185: 35: 4104:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 3712:The Papers of Frank H. Atkinson 3604: 3578: 3552: 3541: 3530: 3301:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3292: 3227: 3136: 3114: 3086: 3055: 2980: 2971: 2953: 2938: 2927: 2901: 2883: 2857: 2846: 2795: 2721: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2640: 2549: 2530: 2492:. Science Daily. 6 October 2005 2322:Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), 2244: 1831:with indigenous populations in 1503:Introductions in eastern Canada 1276:Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge 1244:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1092:, modern muskox thrived in the 4893:Central American red brocket ( 3706:"The Dovrefjell Musk Ox Trail" 3698:New International Encyclopedia 3645:University of Alaska Fairbanks 3471:Journal of Wildlife Management 3433:Journal of Wildlife Management 2024: 1978: 1949: 1835:and introduced populations in 1063:skull from prehistoric Siberia 1024:Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary 798:that would later coexist with 755:was present in Europe and the 569:The muskox is in the subtribe 1: 3351:10.1016/S0003-3472(76)80004-8 2947:Wild Animals of North America 2669:Large Animal Research Station 1956:de Blainville, M. H. (1816). 1857: 1589: 1495:that survived into the early 1067: 814:. It is debated, however, if 679:during the first half of the 552:, part of which emigrated to 9080:Mammals of the United States 5600:Large subfamily listed below 5588:Large subfamily listed below 5576:Large subfamily listed below 3726:at Dartmouth College Library 3720:at Dartmouth College Library 3714:at Dartmouth College Library 3252:10.1016/0305-0491(89)90023-0 3036:(in Russian). Archived from 2299:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.020 1810:was killed by a muskox near 1448:Muskoxen were introduced to 1260:wildlife conservation center 1186:cultures in the present-day 1124:lived in the forests of the 559: 473: 461: 7: 4095:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 4086:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 2805:. Nps.gov. 28 December 2010 2648:"The Qiviut Fiber and Yarn" 2176:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2012:Zimmermann, E.A.W. (1780). 1234:introduced the muskox onto 1164:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 975:by finding ice-free areas ( 947:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 779:) faunas alike. During the 643:skeleton (missing its ribs) 444: 10: 9106: 9030:NatureServe secure species 3718:The Papers of John J. Teal 3289:. Ottawa: Queen's Printer. 1845:Maniitsoq Caribou Reserves 1557: 1298:Reintroductions in Eurasia 1112:, while distant relatives 818:was directly ancestral to 775:) and temperate woodland ( 467: 453: 9055:Mammals described in 1780 8958: 8619: 8543: 8472: 8369: 8296: 8282: 8208: 8143: 8115: 8091: 8082: 8078: 8064: 8031:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 8022:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 8010: 7959: 7946: 7932: 7896: 7872: 7848: 7839: 7721: 7688: 7664: 7631: 7607: 7586:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 7565: 7556: 7552: 7538: 7502: 7460: 7283: 7274: 7228: 7204: 7180: 7138: 7087: 7063: 7054: 7026: 7002: 6995: 6949: 6889: 6865: 6778: 6727: 6703: 6679: 6655: 6646: 6642: 6621: 6576: 6477: 6468: 6440: 6416: 6311: 6251: 6242: 6214: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6156: 6115: 6091: 6013: 5989: 5965: 5941: 5890: 5866: 5815: 5710: 5686: 5662: 5638: 5634: 5613: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5532: 5495: 5471: 5438: 5414: 5405: 5368: 5331: 5285: 5225: 5216: 5188: 5137: 5104: 5095: 5091: 5075: 5021: 4987: 4953: 4929: 4905: 4875:Amazonian brown brocket ( 4809: 4776: 4752: 4719: 4695: 4671: 4662: 4598: 4547: 4523: 4490: 4439: 4406: 4382: 4250: 4237: 4221: 4208:Large family listed below 4201: 4196:Large family listed below 4189: 4173:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 4116: 4074: 4050: 4041: 3950: 3895: 3871: 3862: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3769: 3510:Canadian Field-Naturalist 3149:Canadian Field-Naturalist 2891:"Yukon Wildlife Preserve" 2830:. Fws.gov. Archived from 2754:10.1017/S0032247404004127 2626:10.1017/S0032247400031302 1764:, along with a series of 1753:revealed the presence of 1599:characteristic of having 949:at the time is disputed. 667:and the rest of northern 433: 354: 347: 342: 333: 314: 307: 182:Scientific classification 180: 160: 138: 129: 124: 115: 23: 6272:Domestic water buffalo ( 4637:Central Asian red deer ( 4262:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 2988:"Chapter 10: Musk-Oxen." 2803:"The Incredible Journey" 2279:Quaternary International 1682:(which is nonvolatile), 1566:, woody plants, lichens 1050: 999:Physical characteristics 7150:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 6937:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 5042:Yucatan brown brocket ( 4271:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 4155:Philippine mouse-deer ( 3162:10.22621/cfn.v121i1.398 3068:Large Herbivore Network 2354:Lent, Peter C. (1999). 1672:Bolshoy Begichev Island 8409:Cougar (mountain lion) 8290: 7860:White-lipped peccary ( 7796:Philippine warty pig ( 7421:Yellow-backed duiker ( 7385:Black-fronted duiker ( 7358:White-bellied duiker ( 6979:Przewalski's gazelle ( 6202:Four-horned antelope ( 5000:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 4559:Visayan spotted deer ( 4418:European fallow deer ( 4361:Northern red muntjac ( 4307:Southern red muntjac ( 3391:10.1002/zoo.1430040311 3126:nationalgeographic.com 2430:"Hinterland Who's Who" 2127:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2063:Lent, Peter C (1988). 1792:being most abundant). 1675: 1642: 1620: 1311: 1286:'s wildlife preserve. 1218: 1214:Muskox family in east 1207: 1126:Southern United States 1064: 1007: 935:Cordilleran Ice Sheets 900:Scandinavian ice sheet 873:Southern United States 644: 9075:Mammals of the Arctic 8930:Paleobiology Database 8288: 8040:Wild Bactrian camel ( 7742:Bornean bearded pig ( 7733:Palawan bearded pig ( 7322:White-legged duiker ( 6748:Red-fronted gazelle ( 4427:Persian fallow deer ( 4343:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 4016:Himalayan musk deer ( 3925:Reticulated giraffe ( 3285:Tener, J. S. (1965). 3101:Rhino Resource Center 2450:Antilocapra americana 1995:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1985:Kowarzik, K. (1911). 1900:: e.T29684A86066477. 1808:Alaska State Troopers 1669: 1633: 1615: 1493:Pleistocene megafauna 1305: 1272:Northwest Territories 1268:Aulavik National Park 1256:Ivvavik National Park 1213: 1201: 1100:, in what is now the 1058: 1006: 962:Pleistocene megafauna 861:Bootherium bombifrons 637: 522:Northwest Territories 393:Hamilton-Smith, 1827 9070:Mammals of Greenland 8761:Fauna Europaea (new) 8261:Snipe (common snipe) 8241:Ring-necked pheasant 8127:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 7787:Oliver's warty pig ( 7412:Red-flanked duiker ( 6817:Erlanger's gazelle ( 6537:Harnessed bushbuck ( 6263:Wild water buffalo ( 5740:East Caucasian tur ( 5731:West Caucasian tur ( 4884:Little red brocket ( 4352:Truong Son muntjac ( 4164:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 4146:Greater mouse-deer ( 4025:Siberian musk deer ( 3655:3 March 2016 at the 2895:www.yukonwildlife.ca 2121:"Order Artiodactyla" 2032:Geologie en Mijnbouw 1987:"Das Tränenbein von 1483:project area in the 1430:had some animals on 1428:University of Tromsø 1320:Dovre mountain range 1160:Laurentide Ice Sheet 1098:Laurentide Ice Sheet 939:Illinoian glaciation 881:Laurentian ice sheet 624:convergent evolution 9035:Arctic land animals 8256:Sharp-tailed grouse 8226:Hungarian partridge 7760:Celebes warty pig ( 7751:Visayan warty pig ( 7367:Red forest duiker ( 7099:Günther's dik-dik ( 6961:Mongolian gazelle ( 6766:Heuglin's gazelle ( 6757:Thomson's gazelle ( 5911:Long-tailed goral ( 5306:Mountain reedbuck ( 5297:Southern reedbuck ( 5149:East African oryx ( 5051:White-tailed deer ( 4830:Small red brocket ( 4797:South Andean deer ( 4740:Siberian roe deer ( 4731:European roe deer ( 4568:Philippine sambar ( 4535:Père David's deer ( 4137:Lesser mouse-deer ( 3998:Kashmir musk deer ( 3667:29 (2004): 187–192. 3618:on 22 December 2017 3074:on 5 September 2015 2746:2005PoRec..41..125B 2704:on 29 October 2013. 2618:1974PoRec..17...13W 2326:. DK Adult (2005), 2291:2015QuInt.378...99M 2189:1989JCEco..15.2207F 1818:Conservation status 1238:in 1935 to support 984:genetically diverse 973:last glacial period 826:have proposed that 787:was present in the 783:500,000 years ago, 751:"). The low-horned 747:(literally "before 132:Conservation status 8480:American alligator 8291: 7908:Collared peccary ( 7778:Flores warty pig ( 7619:Giant forest hog ( 7481:Maxwell's duiker ( 7403:Ruwenzori duiker ( 7349:Jentink's duiker ( 7258:Sharpe's grysbok ( 7014:Tibetan antelope ( 6919:Bright's gazelle ( 6853:Goitered gazelle ( 6826:Mountain gazelle ( 6799:Cuvier's gazelle ( 6739:Mongalla gazelle ( 6127:Pyrenean chamois ( 5553:Tibetan antelope ( 5507:Black wildebeest ( 4334:Reeves's muntjac ( 4298:Sumatran muntjac ( 4289:Gongshan muntjac ( 4062:Water chevrotain ( 3989:Alpine musk deer ( 3916:Southern giraffe ( 3907:Northern giraffe ( 3566:. 14 December 2022 3537:Musk Ox Versus Man 3197:10.1007/BF00691710 3043:on 9 December 2018 3034:www.ohotcontrol.ru 2542:2012-08-25 at the 2256:2012-04-27 at the 2197:10.1007/bf01014110 1929:"Ovibos moschatus" 1676: 1643: 1621: 1513:Labrador Peninsula 1312: 1219: 1208: 1086:Bering Land Bridge 1065: 1008: 857:sexually dimorphic 695:American southwest 691:Bering Land Bridge 645: 538:Canadian territory 107:Middle Pleistocene 16:Arctic land mammal 9065:Mammals of Europe 9060:Mammals of Canada 9012: 9011: 8917:Open Tree of Life 8613:Taxon identifiers 8604: 8603: 8576:Waterfowl hunting 8424:White-tailed deer 8289:Waterfowl hunters 8170: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8139: 8138: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7884:Chacoan peccary ( 7835: 7834: 7823:Javan warty pig ( 7814:Timor warty pig ( 7621:H. meinertzhageni 7595:Togian babirusa ( 7534: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7490:Walter's duiker ( 7430:Abbott's duiker ( 7394:Ogilby's duiker ( 7340:Harvey's duiker ( 7304:Brooke's duiker ( 7270: 7269: 7050: 7049: 6991: 6990: 6928:Peter's gazelle ( 6910:Grant's gazelle ( 6844:Speke's gazelle ( 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6494: 6464: 6463: 6452:African buffalo ( 6283:B. depressicornis 6238: 6237: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 5920:Himalayan goral ( 5742:C. cylindricornis 5609: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5565: 5564: 5528: 5527: 5516:Blue wildebeest ( 5450:Common tsessebe ( 5401: 5400: 5364: 5363: 5327: 5326: 5239:K. ellipsiprymnus 5212: 5211: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5011:P. mephistophiles 4967:P. mephistophiles 4658: 4657: 4354:M. truongsonensis 4316:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 4217: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4185: 4184: 4128:Java mouse-deer ( 4037: 4036: 4007:Black musk deer ( 3980:Dwarf musk deer ( 3971:Anhui musk deer ( 3946: 3945: 3909:G. camelopardalis 3858: 3857: 2783:on 1 October 2009 2718:, 47(8), 981-995. 2436:on 25 April 2013. 2237:978-0-7735-2285-5 2140:978-0-8018-8221-0 2076:Mammalian Species 2034:, 78(3), 383-394. 2014:"Der Muskusochse" 1625:preorbital glands 1284:Whitehorse, Yukon 781:Mindel glaciation 663:, expanding into 459: 442: 400: 399: 394: 386: 382:Bosovis moschatus 378: 377:Zimmermann, 1780 365: 300:O. moschatus 289: 175: 155: 110: 9097: 9005: 9004: 8992: 8991: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8951: 8950: 8938: 8937: 8925: 8924: 8912: 8911: 8899: 8898: 8886: 8885: 8883:NHMSYS0000377046 8873: 8872: 8860: 8859: 8847: 8846: 8834: 8833: 8821: 8820: 8808: 8807: 8795: 8794: 8782: 8781: 8769: 8768: 8756: 8755: 8743: 8742: 8730: 8729: 8717: 8716: 8704: 8703: 8691: 8690: 8681: 8680: 8678:ovibos-moschatus 8668: 8667: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8651:Ovibos moschatus 8640: 8639: 8638: 8621:Ovibos moschatus 8608: 8607: 8556:Big-game hunting 8341:Northern pintail 8197: 8190: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8089: 8088: 8080: 8079: 8066: 8065: 7957: 7956: 7948: 7947: 7934: 7933: 7846: 7845: 7652:Common warthog ( 7643:Desert warthog ( 7563: 7562: 7554: 7553: 7540: 7539: 7439:Weyns's duiker ( 7313:Peters' duiker ( 7295:Aders's duiker ( 7281: 7280: 7168:Royal antelope ( 7126:Salt's dik-dik ( 7117:Silver dik-dik ( 7108:Kirk's dik-dik ( 7061: 7060: 7038:Saiga antelope ( 7000: 6999: 6939:N. soemmerringii 6808:Dorcas gazelle ( 6653: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6623: 6622: 6510:Mountain nyala ( 6493: 6492: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6430:P. nghetinhensis 6332:European bison ( 6323:American bison ( 6249: 6248: 6188: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6172: 6158: 6157: 6034:Domestic sheep ( 5878:Himalayan tahr ( 5845:Mainland serow ( 5827:Japanese serow ( 5636: 5635: 5629: 5615: 5614: 5539: 5538: 5412: 5411: 5375: 5374: 5338: 5337: 5315:Bohor reedbuck ( 5223: 5222: 5202:A. nasomaculatus 5125:Sable antelope ( 5102: 5101: 5093: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5076: 4839:Merida brocket ( 4669: 4668: 4610:Thorold's deer ( 4462:A. calamianensis 4345:M. rooseveltorum 4291:M. gongshanensis 4248: 4247: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4048: 4047: 3957: 3956: 3936:G. tippelskirchi 3869: 3868: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3702: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523:10.5962/p.347034 3501: 3495: 3494: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3428: 3417: 3416: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3363: 3362: 3339:Animal Behaviour 3334: 3325: 3324: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3272: 3271: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3128:. Archived from 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3070:. Archived from 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2911:. Archived from 2905: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2867:. Archived from 2865:"Musk Ox – AWCC" 2861: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2730:Ovibos moschatus 2725: 2719: 2716:Biology Bulletin 2712: 2706: 2705: 2700:. Archived from 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2553: 2547: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2514:Ovibos moschatus 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2486: 2480: 2464: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2432:. Archived from 2426: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2388: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2351: 2334: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2270: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2183:(8): 2207–2217. 2170: 2153: 2152: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2098:. Archived from 2073: 2067:Ovibos moschatus 2060: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1989:Ovibos moschatus 1982: 1976: 1975: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1886:Ovibos moschatus 1879: 1796:Danger to humans 1521:Ellesmere Island 1481:Pleistocene Park 1477:Putorana Plateau 1465:Taymyr Peninsula 1440: 1406: 1395: 1363:West Spitsbergen 1328:Second World War 1172:Ellesmere Island 1141:extinction event 1061:Ovibos moschatus 993:Taymyr Peninsula 969:extinction event 735:extinction event 565:Extant relatives 485:. Native to the 476: 470: 469: 464: 458:romanized: 457: 455: 447: 437: 435: 409:Ovibos moschatus 392: 390:Ovibos pallantis 384: 376: 363: 338: 320: 318:Ovibos moschatus 284: 190: 189: 169: 166: 165: 149: 144: 143: 120: 105: 104: 34: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9050:Holarctic fauna 9015: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9000: 8995: 8987: 8982: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8954: 8946: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8904:Observation.org 8902: 8894: 8889: 8881: 8876: 8868: 8863: 8855: 8850: 8842: 8837: 8829: 8824: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8798: 8790: 8785: 8777: 8772: 8764: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8738: 8733: 8725: 8720: 8712: 8707: 8699: 8694: 8686: 8684: 8676: 8671: 8663: 8658: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8615: 8605: 8600: 8539: 8468: 8399:Bison (buffalo) 8365: 8292: 8280: 8231:Prairie chicken 8204: 8201: 8171: 8158: 8135: 8111: 8074: 8048: 8006: 7942: 7916: 7892: 7868: 7831: 7798:S. philippensis 7735:S. ahoenobarbus 7717: 7709:Red river hog ( 7684: 7660: 7627: 7603: 7577:Buru babirusa ( 7548: 7522: 7514:Common duiker ( 7498: 7456: 7266: 7224: 7200: 7176: 7134: 7083: 7046: 7022: 6987: 6972:P. picticaudata 6945: 6885: 6861: 6855:G. subgutturosa 6774: 6723: 6699: 6675: 6638: 6627: 6605: 6572: 6564:Cape bushbuck ( 6557:T. strepsiceros 6486: 6485: 6483: 6460: 6436: 6412: 6307: 6299:Mountain anoa ( 6234: 6228:B. tragocamelus 6210: 6204:T. quadricornis 6173: 6162: 6144: 6111: 6087: 6043:Bighorn sheep ( 6009: 5985: 5961: 5953:Mountain goat ( 5937: 5929:Chinese goral ( 5886: 5862: 5847:C. sumatraensis 5811: 5794:Siberian ibex ( 5758:Domestic goat ( 5706: 5682: 5658: 5650:Barbary sheep ( 5630: 5619: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5561: 5524: 5491: 5467: 5434: 5397: 5360: 5323: 5281: 5208: 5184: 5158:Scimitar oryx ( 5133: 5116:Roan antelope ( 5087: 5081: 5059: 5017: 5009:Northern pudu ( 4983: 4975:Southern pudu ( 4965:Northern pudu ( 4949: 4925: 4901: 4866:Pygmy brocket ( 4848:Dwarf brocket ( 4805: 4772: 4748: 4715: 4691: 4654: 4594: 4543: 4519: 4486: 4460:Calamian deer ( 4435: 4429:D. mesopotamica 4402: 4378: 4372:M. vuquangensis 4370:Giant muntjac ( 4280:Fea's muntjac ( 4233: 4227: 4209: 4197: 4181: 4112: 4070: 4033: 3991:M. chrysogaster 3942: 3934:Masai giraffe ( 3891: 3854: 3817: 3803: 3765: 3758: 3692:"Musk Ox" 3689: 3673:"Musk-Ox" 3670: 3657:Wayback Machine 3637: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3502: 3498: 3483:10.2307/3808645 3467: 3460: 3445:10.2307/3799877 3429: 3420: 3405: 3398: 3375: 3366: 3335: 3328: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3232: 3228: 3177: 3170: 3141: 3137: 3132:on 21 May 2005. 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2915:on 3 March 2016 2907: 2906: 2902: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2871:on 6 March 2021 2863: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2834:on 4 March 2016 2826: 2825: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2698:moskussafari.no 2692: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2563:on 17 July 2011 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544:Wayback Machine 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2466:Switek, Brian. 2465: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2410: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2352: 2337: 2321: 2314: 2271: 2264: 2258:Wayback Machine 2249: 2245: 2238: 2224: 2220: 2171: 2156: 2141: 2114: 2110: 2105:on 20 May 2013. 2102: 2088:10.2307/3504280 2071: 2061: 2038: 2029: 2025: 2010: 2006: 1983: 1979: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1880: 1865: 1860: 1820: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1743:preputial gland 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1664: 1610: 1592: 1560: 1505: 1434: 1400: 1389: 1300: 1230:to Alaska. The 1196: 1070: 1053: 1001: 952:Along with the 632: 567: 562: 518:Canadian Arctic 329: 322: 316: 303: 283: 184: 176: 167: 163: 156: 145: 141: 134: 111: 103: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9103: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8993: 8980: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8939: 8926: 8913: 8900: 8887: 8874: 8861: 8848: 8835: 8822: 8809: 8796: 8783: 8770: 8757: 8748:Fauna Europaea 8744: 8731: 8718: 8705: 8692: 8682: 8669: 8656: 8641: 8625: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8596:Upland hunting 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8216:Bobwhite quail 8212: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129:C. liberiensis 8123: 8121: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8103:Hippopotamus ( 8099: 8097: 8086: 8084:Hippopotamidae 8076: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8037: 8033:C. dromedarius 8028: 8018: 8016: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7986: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7820: 7816:S. timoriensis 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7775: 7769:Domestic pig ( 7766: 7757: 7748: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7649: 7645:P. aethiopicus 7639: 7637: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7597:B. togeanensis 7592: 7583: 7573: 7571: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7448:Zebra duiker ( 7445: 7436: 7427: 7423:C. silvicultor 7418: 7409: 7400: 7391: 7382: 7376:Black duiker ( 7373: 7364: 7360:C. leucogaster 7355: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7255: 7249:Cape grysbok ( 7246: 7236: 7234: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7192:Klipspringer ( 7188: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7123: 7119:M. piacentinii 7114: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6981:P. przewalskii 6976: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6916: 6907: 6901:Dama gazelle ( 6897: 6895: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6835:Rhim gazelle ( 6832: 6823: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6693:A. marsupialis 6687: 6685: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6597:Common eland ( 6594: 6584: 6582: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6561: 6555:Greater kudu ( 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6374: 6368:Domestic yak ( 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6296: 6292:B. mindorensis 6287: 6281:Lowland anoa ( 6278: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6185: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6001:Nilgiri tahr ( 5997: 5995: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5854:Taiwan serow ( 5851: 5842: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5791: 5785:Iberian ibex ( 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5674:Arabian tahr ( 5670: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5312: 5308:R. fulvorufula 5303: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5176:Arabian oryx ( 5173: 5164: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5053:O. virginianus 5048: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4919:O. bezoarticus 4913: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4859:M. gouazoubira 4857:Gray brocket ( 4854: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4612:C. albirostris 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4396:E. cephalophus 4390: 4388: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4325:Leaf muntjac ( 4322: 4318:M. puhoatensis 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175:T. williamsoni 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4027:M. moschiferus 4022: 4018:M. leucogaster 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3982:M. berezovskii 3977: 3967: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3829: 3827:Antilocapridae 3819: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3799:Laurasiatheria 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3687: 3668: 3659: 3647: 3636: 3635:External links 3633: 3630: 3629: 3603: 3592:on 27 May 2010 3577: 3551: 3540: 3529: 3496: 3477:(1): 344–359. 3458: 3439:(1): 103–108. 3418: 3396: 3385:(3): 295–300. 3364: 3345:(4): 756–758. 3326: 3313:10.1086/409720 3291: 3273: 3246:(1): 135–138. 3226: 3191:(6): 655–660. 3168: 3135: 3113: 3085: 3062:Sipko, Taras. 3054: 3017: 3000: 2979: 2970: 2952: 2949:. p. 105. 2937: 2926: 2900: 2882: 2856: 2845: 2816: 2794: 2767: 2740:(2): 125–129. 2720: 2707: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2639: 2612:(106): 13–22. 2596: 2574: 2548: 2529: 2503: 2481: 2454: 2439: 2416: 2401: 2380: 2366: 2335: 2312: 2262: 2243: 2236: 2218: 2154: 2139: 2108: 2036: 2023: 2004: 1977: 1948: 1920: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1819: 1816: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:ranging from C 1663: 1660: 1617:Nunivak Island 1609: 1606: 1591: 1588: 1564:arctic willows 1559: 1556: 1509:eastern Canada 1504: 1501: 1469:Wrangel Island 1299: 1296: 1292:Palmer, Alaska 1236:Nunivak Island 1195: 1192: 1166:, arriving in 1153:Sakha Republic 1069: 1066: 1052: 1049: 1000: 997: 988:Ural Mountains 808:woolly mammoth 631: 628: 566: 563: 561: 558: 530:American state 481:of the family 398: 397: 396: 395: 387: 379: 367: 366: 364:Kowarzik, 1911 352: 351: 345: 344: 340: 339: 331: 330: 323: 312: 311: 305: 304: 297: 295: 291: 290: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 178: 177: 161: 158: 157: 139: 136: 135: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 113: 112: 98: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9102: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9003: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8960:Bos moschatus 8957: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Bison hunting 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8535:Snowshoe hare 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8510:Gray squirrel 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:Mountain goat 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8379:Bighorn sheep 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Greater scaup 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8266:Spruce grouse 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Ruffed grouse 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8236:Mourning dove 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8198: 8193: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8024:C. bactrianus 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7825:S. verrucosus 7821: 7819: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7771:S. domesticus 7767: 7765: 7763: 7762:S. celebensis 7758: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7691:Potamochoerus 7687: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7588:B. celebensis 7584: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7472:Blue duiker ( 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7387:C. nigrifrons 7383: 7381: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7369:C. natalensis 7365: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7315:C. callipygus 7311: 7309: 7307: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7242:R. campestris 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7194:O. oreotragus 7190: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6837:G. leptoceros 6833: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6741:E. albonotata 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6717:A. cervicapra 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6620: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6588:Giant eland ( 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6566:T. sylvaticus 6562: 6560: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6528:Lesser kudu ( 6526: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6343:B. domesticus 6341:Bali cattle ( 6339: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6045:O. canadensis 6041: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992:Nilgiritragus 5988: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5955:O. americanus 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5880:H. jemlahicus 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5776:Nubian ibex ( 5774: 5772: 5770: 5767:Alpine ibex ( 5765: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Pantholopinae 5531: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5485:A. buselaphus 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5389:Grey rhebok ( 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333:Aepycerotinae 5330: 5320: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5264:Nile lechwe ( 5262: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097:Hippotraginae 5094: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4943:B. dichotomus 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4917:Pampas deer ( 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4877:M. nemorivaga 4873: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4821:Red brocket ( 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4790:H. antisensis 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4630:C. canadensis 4626: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4579:R. timorensis 4575: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4537:E. davidianus 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4504:R. duvaucelii 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4469:Bawean deer ( 4467: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4394:Tufted deer ( 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4327:M. putaoensis 4323: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4273:M. crinifrons 4269: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4166:T. versicolor 4162: 4160: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3973:M. anhuiensis 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3927:G. reticulata 3923: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3409:Nature Canada 3403: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3014:(in Russian). 3013: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2804: 2798: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2584: 2583:"Muskox Uses" 2578: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2477: 2476:Science Blogs 2472: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2369: 2367:0-8061-3170-5 2363: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2332:0-7894-7764-5 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:Kangerlussuaq 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1793: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1596:heterothermic 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:grizzly bears 1573: 1572:arctic wolves 1569: 1565: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Arctic Circle 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1383:Dovre Railway 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Adventfjorden 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121:Euceratherium 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:south of the 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1062: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1005: 996: 994: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:North America 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 896:British Isles 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 849: 844: 839: 837: 833: 830:evolved into 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:Mediterranean 754: 750: 746: 745: 740: 736: 733: 729: 728:Euceratherium 725: 724:Euceratherium 721: 717: 713: 712: 706: 704: 703:Euceratherium 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 686:Euceratherium 682: 678: 677:North America 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:frontal bones 650: 642: 641: 640:Euceratherium 636: 627: 625: 621: 620: 616:of the genus 615: 611: 610: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 499:mating season 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:hoofed mammal 475: 463: 451: 446: 440: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410: 405: 391: 388: 383: 380: 375: 374:Bos moschatus 372: 371: 370: 362: 359: 358: 357: 353: 350: 346: 341: 337: 332: 327: 321: 319: 313: 310: 309:Binomial name 306: 302: 301: 296: 293: 292: 287: 282: 281: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 263: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 179: 173: 159: 153: 148: 147:Least Concern 137: 133: 128: 123: 119: 114: 108: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 39: 33: 22: 19: 9090:Wool animals 8959: 8620: 8591:Wolf hunting 8566:Deer hunting 8551:Bear hunting 8500:Fox squirrel 8473:Other quarry 8448: 8351:Ross's goose 8331:Lesser scaup 8311:Canada goose 8128: 8116: 8105:H. amphibius 8104: 8094:Hippopotamus 8092: 8072:Whippomorpha 8041: 8032: 8023: 8011: 7999: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7960: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7824: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7761: 7753:S. cebifrons 7752: 7743: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7701: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7654:P. africanus 7653: 7644: 7634:Phacochoerus 7632: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7587: 7579:B. babyrussa 7578: 7566: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7483:P. maxwellii 7482: 7474:P. monticola 7473: 7461: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7422: 7414:C. rufilatus 7413: 7404: 7395: 7386: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7331:Bay duiker ( 7324:C. crusalbum 7323: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7284: 7276:Cephalophini 7259: 7251:R. melanotis 7250: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7161:N. moschatus 7160: 7151: 7139: 7127: 7118: 7109: 7101:M. guentheri 7100: 7088: 7077:D. megalotis 7076: 7064: 7039: 7027: 7016:P. hodgsonii 7015: 7003: 6980: 6971: 6963:P. gutturosa 6962: 6950: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6890: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6819:G. erlangeri 6818: 6809: 6800: 6792:G. bennettii 6791: 6779: 6767: 6759:E. thomsonii 6758: 6750:E. rufifrons 6749: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6598: 6590:T. derbianus 6589: 6577: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6521:T. eurycerus 6520: 6511: 6502: 6478: 6470:Tragelaphini 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6396: 6388:B. javanicus 6387: 6378: 6370:B. grunniens 6369: 6360: 6352:B. frontalis 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6252: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6138:R. rupicapra 6137: 6129:R. pyrenaica 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6071: 6070:Snow sheep ( 6062: 6053: 6052:Dall sheep ( 6044: 6035: 6026: 6014: 6003:N. hylocrius 6002: 5990: 5979:O. moschatus 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5846: 5837: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5803:Walia ibex ( 5795: 5787:C. pyrenaica 5786: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5751:C. falconeri 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5711: 5700:B. taxicolor 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5555:P. hodgsonii 5554: 5542: 5517: 5508: 5498:Connochaetes 5496: 5484: 5483:Hartebeest ( 5472: 5460: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5407:Alcelaphinae 5391:P. capreolus 5390: 5378: 5353: 5341: 5316: 5307: 5299:R. arundinum 5298: 5286: 5274: 5266:K. megaceros 5265: 5256: 5247: 5238: 5226: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5117: 5105: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5022: 5010: 5001: 4988: 4976: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4941:Marsh deer ( 4930: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4831: 4823:M. americana 4822: 4810: 4798: 4789: 4779:Hippocamelus 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4733:C. capreolus 4732: 4720: 4708: 4707:Water deer ( 4696: 4684: 4672: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4578: 4570:R. mariannus 4569: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4511:Eld's deer ( 4503: 4502:Barasingha ( 4491: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4363:M. vaginalis 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4264:M. atherodes 4263: 4251: 4174: 4165: 4157:T. nigricans 4156: 4147: 4138: 4130:T. javanicus 4129: 4117: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4075: 4064:H. aquaticus 4063: 4051: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3960: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3896: 3885:O. johnstoni 3884: 3872: 3848:A. americana 3847: 3835: 3797:Superorder: 3791:Infraclass: 3762:Artiodactyla 3696: 3679: 3664: 3620:. Retrieved 3616:the original 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590:the original 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3563: 3554: 3543: 3532: 3516:(1): 52–60. 3513: 3509: 3499: 3474: 3470: 3436: 3432: 3412: 3408: 3382: 3378: 3342: 3338: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3188: 3184: 3155:(1): 81–84. 3152: 3148: 3138: 3130:the original 3125: 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3100: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3072:the original 3067: 3057: 3045:. Retrieved 3038:the original 3033: 3020: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2929: 2917:. Retrieved 2913:the original 2903: 2894: 2885: 2873:. Retrieved 2869:the original 2859: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2832:the original 2807:. Retrieved 2797: 2785:. Retrieved 2781:the original 2770: 2737: 2734:Polar Record 2733: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2710: 2702:the original 2697: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2650:. Qiviut.com 2642: 2609: 2606:Polar Record 2605: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2577: 2565:. Retrieved 2561:the original 2551: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2513: 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2484: 2474: 2470: 2449: 2442: 2434:the original 2414:. taiga.net. 2395: 2371:. Retrieved 2356: 2323: 2282: 2278: 2246: 2227: 2221: 2180: 2174: 2129: 2125:Wilson, D.E. 2111: 2100:the original 2082:(1–9): 1–9. 2079: 2075: 2066: 2031: 2026: 2017: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1939:. Retrieved 1932: 1923: 1911:. Retrieved 1897: 1891: 1885: 1849: 1829: 1825:Banks Island 1821: 1812:Nome, Alaska 1805: 1802: 1799: 1759: 1755:benzoic acid 1740: 1684:benzaldehyde 1677: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1622: 1593: 1567: 1561: 1544:Diana Island 1534: 1528: 1506: 1489:Sergey Zimov 1485:Kolyma River 1458: 1447: 1445:until 2018. 1425: 1417: 1379: 1371:World War II 1340: 1316:Banks Island 1313: 1288: 1228:reintroduced 1220: 1157: 1119: 1113: 1106:Appalachians 1071: 1060: 1042: 1035: 1009: 981: 951: 943:Banks Island 924: 920:interglacial 890:appeared in 887: 885: 876: 864: 860: 852: 846: 842: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 806:, reindeer, 799: 789:Kolyma river 784: 768: 752: 748: 742: 738: 727: 723: 720:Irvingtonian 709: 707: 702: 684: 657:Central Asia 646: 638: 617: 608: 594: 568: 507: 491:seasonal rut 474:mâthi-mostos 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 407: 403: 401: 389: 381: 373: 368: 360: 355: 317: 315: 299: 298: 279: 278: 239:Artiodactyla 18: 8865:NatureServe 8787:iNaturalist 8645:Wikispecies 8571:Fox hunting 7982:L. guanicoe 7841:Tayassuidae 7805:Wild boar ( 7744:S. barbatus 7702:P. larvatus 7678:P. salvania 7676:Pygmy hog ( 7610:Hylochoerus 7463:Philantomba 7351:C. jentinki 7333:C. dorsalis 7286:Cephalophus 7170:N. pygmaeus 7128:M. saltiana 7066:Dorcatragus 7040:S. tatarica 6930:N. petersii 6868:Litocranius 6768:E. tilonura 6715:Blackbuck ( 6691:Springbok ( 6634:Antilopinae 6632:(subfamily 6579:Taurotragus 6546:Sitatunga ( 6539:T. scriptus 6530:T. imberbis 6487:(including 6480:Tragelaphus 6301:B. quarlesi 6183:Boselaphini 6167:(subfamily 6072:O. nivicola 5913:N. caudatus 5902:Red goral ( 5893:Naemorhedus 5856:C. swinhoei 5836:Red serow ( 5818:Capricornis 5796:C. sibirica 5733:C. caucasia 5724:C. aegagrus 5722:Wild goat ( 5676:A. jayakari 5665:Arabitragus 5624:(subfamily 5595:Antilopinae 5518:C. taurinus 5461:D. pygargus 5354:A. melampus 5275:K. vardonii 5237:Waterbuck ( 5178:O. leucoryx 5107:Hippotragus 5035:O. hemionus 5033:Mule deer ( 4932:Blastocerus 4841:M. bricenii 4799:H. bisulcus 4766:R. tarandus 4742:C. pygargus 4664:Capreolinae 4646:Sika deer ( 4588:R. unicolor 4577:Rusa deer ( 4480:A. porcinus 4300:M. montanus 4097:M. kathygre 3846:Pronghorn ( 3837:Antilocapra 3622:22 December 3570:19 December 3379:Zoo Biology 3307:(1): 1–38. 3078:21 December 2512:"Ellis, E. 1934:NatureServe 1913:24 December 1680:cholesterol 1594:Muskox are 1580:polar bears 1435: [ 1401: [ 1390: [ 1338:, in 1971. 1240:subsistence 1134:Pleistocene 1090:Wisconsinan 1074:Pleistocene 1072:During the 1020:guard hairs 908:Green Spain 804:wild horses 681:Pleistocene 659:during the 619:Naemorhedus 579:Antilopinae 255:Subfamily: 172:NatureServe 30:0.2–0 9019:Categories 8975:Q122524998 8459:Polar bear 8454:Dall sheep 8394:Brown bear 8384:Black bear 8356:Snow goose 8316:Canvasback 8306:Black duck 8209:Game birds 8118:Choeropsis 8000:L. vicugna 7886:C. wagneri 7789:S. oliveri 7780:S. heureni 7516:S. grimmia 7505:Sylvicapra 7492:P. walteri 7405:C. rubidis 7396:C. ogilbyi 7342:C. harveyi 7306:C. brookei 7260:R. sharpei 7240:Steenbok ( 7231:Raphicerus 7183:Oreotragus 7056:Neotragini 7005:Pantholops 6921:N. notatus 6879:L. walleri 6828:G. gazella 6801:G. cuvieri 6790:Chinkara ( 6682:Antidorcas 6669:A. clarkei 6658:Ammodorcas 6648:Antilopini 6548:T. spekeii 6512:T. buxtoni 6503:T. angasii 6395:Wild yak ( 6379:B. indicus 6334:B. bonasus 6274:B. bubalis 6217:Boselaphus 6193:Tetracerus 6063:O. gmelini 5931:N. griseus 5904:N. baileyi 5869:Hemitragus 5838:C. rubidus 5829:C. crispus 5778:C. nubiana 5641:Ammotragus 5544:Pantholops 5474:Alcelaphus 5459:Bontebok ( 5452:D. lunatus 5441:Damaliscus 5428:B. hunteri 5317:R. redunca 5218:Reduncinae 5169:O. gazella 5118:H. equinus 5044:O. pandora 5024:Odocoileus 4908:Ozotoceros 4764:Reindeer ( 4709:H. inermis 4698:Hydropotes 4621:C. elaphus 4619:Red deer ( 4561:R. alfredi 4478:Hog deer ( 4336:M. reevesi 4309:M. muntjak 4139:T. kanchil 4106:M. meminna 4053:Hyemoschus 4043:Tragulidae 4000:M. cupreus 3918:G. giraffa 3864:Giraffidae 3815:Ruminantia 3047:15 January 2875:11 October 2787:1 February 2589:1 February 2448:Pronghorn 2285:: 99–110. 2001:: 106–107. 1858:References 1688:γ-lactones 1670:Muskox on 1634:Muskox in 1601:hemoglobin 1590:Physiology 1584:wolverines 1421:inbreeding 1375:Härjedalen 1367:Adolf Hoel 1343:Dovrefjell 1332:Härjedalen 1202:Muskox at 1115:Bootherium 1068:Prehistory 865:Bootherium 848:Bootherium 843:Praeovibos 836:Praeovibos 828:Praeovibos 824:Praeovibos 816:Praeovibos 812:stag-moose 785:Praeovibos 769:Praeovibos 753:Praeovibos 744:Praeovibos 510:Woods Cree 450:Woods Cree 369:Specific: 326:Zimmermann 286:Blainville 109:– Holocene 8444:Pronghorn 8439:Mule deer 8389:Razorback 8361:Wood duck 8298:Waterfowl 8246:Ptarmigan 8070:Suborder 7980:Guanaco ( 7952:Camelidae 7938:Suborder 7910:D. tajacu 7899:Dicotyles 7875:Catagonus 7862:T. pecari 7807:S. scrofa 7711:P. porcus 7700:Bushpig ( 7568:Babyrousa 7544:Suborder 7441:C. weynsi 7432:C. spadix 7297:C. adersi 7218:O. ourebi 7152:N. batesi 7141:Neotragus 7110:M. kirkii 6912:N. granti 6877:Gerenuk ( 6846:G. spekei 6810:G. dorcas 6667:Dibatag ( 6454:S. caffer 6419:Pseudoryx 6406:B. taurus 6386:Banteng ( 6361:B. gaurus 6290:Tamaraw ( 6136:Chamois ( 6118:Rupicapra 6105:P. nayaur 6081:O. vignei 6061:Mouflon ( 5760:C. hircus 5749:Markhor ( 5652:A. lervia 5417:Beatragus 5343:Aepyceros 5167:Gemsbok ( 5160:O. dammah 5002:P. carlae 4895:M. temama 4886:M. rufina 4850:M. chunyi 4832:M. bororo 4722:Capreolus 4648:C. nippon 4639:C. hanglu 4526:Elaphurus 4471:A. kuhlii 4385:Elaphodus 4253:Muntiacus 4088:M. indica 4077:Moschiola 4009:M. fuscus 3952:Moschidae 3813:Suborder 3773:Kingdom: 3260:0305-0491 3205:0174-1578 2762:128814689 2634:131125814 2373:25 August 2307:140156564 2117:Grubb, P. 1652:precocial 1407:area and 1387:Nystuguhø 1264:Anchorage 1216:Greenland 1168:Greenland 1082:Greenland 1034:, called 958:pronghorn 922:periods. 841:Two more 796:megafauna 739:Soergelia 726:. Unlike 711:Soergelia 571:Ovibovina 560:Evolution 514:Greenland 503:Inuktitut 462:mâthi-môs 439:romanized 430:Inuktitut 426:musk oxen 420:, plural 356:Generic: 294:Species: 269:Ovibovini 205:Kingdom: 199:Eukaryota 8969:Wikidata 8870:2.102769 8857:14200813 8805:11177784 8685:BioLib: 8630:Wikidata 8544:See also 8505:Gray fox 8371:Big game 8276:Woodcock 8042:C. ferus 7998:Vicuña ( 7991:L. pacos 7989:Alpaca ( 7973:L. glama 7940:Tylopoda 7450:C. zebra 7378:C. niger 6952:Procapra 6730:Eudorcas 6706:Antilope 6443:Syncerus 6404:Cattle ( 6397:B. mutus 6325:B. bison 6265:B. arnee 6226:Nilgai ( 6103:Bharal ( 6094:Pseudois 6054:O. dalli 6036:O. aries 6027:O. ammon 6025:Argali ( 5977:Muskox ( 5944:Oreamnos 5922:N. goral 5805:C. walie 5689:Budorcas 5626:Caprinae 5571:Caprinae 5426:Hirola ( 5370:Peleinae 5352:Impala ( 5257:K. leche 5255:Lechwe ( 5151:O. beisa 5127:H. niger 4788:Taruca ( 4755:Rangifer 4685:A. alces 4586:Sambar ( 4513:R. eldii 4493:Rucervus 4451:Chital ( 4243:Cervinae 4230:Cervidae 4191:Cervidae 4119:Tragulus 3793:Eutheria 3787:Mammalia 3781:Chordata 3779:Phylum: 3775:Animalia 3653:Archived 3564:NBC News 3415:: 19–26. 3359:53187116 3321:85113457 3221:25028935 3106:11 April 2777:"Muskox" 2694:"Muskox" 2540:Archived 2473:blog on 2254:Archived 2205:24272381 2149:62265494 2119:(2005). 1941:17 April 1936:Explorer 1674:, Russia 1552:Labrador 1525:Kuujjuaq 1497:Holocene 1450:Svalbard 1441:outside 1409:Hjerkinn 1355:Svalbard 1349:outside 1310:, Norway 1306:Male in 1206:, Alaska 1176:Holocene 1138:Holocene 1110:Virginia 966:Holocene 956:and the 912:red deer 875:, while 777:red deer 773:reindeer 763:and the 732:Holocene 661:Pliocene 609:Budorcas 589:than to 516:and the 477:), is a 445:umingmak 422:muskoxen 349:Synonyms 259:Caprinae 245:Family: 229:Mammalia 219:Chordata 215:Phylum: 209:Animalia 195:Domain: 152:IUCN 3.1 9040:Caprids 8997:ZooBank 8989:4409360 8844:1006202 8779:2441108 8636:Q184004 8586:Fishing 8581:Whaling 8530:Red fox 8525:Raccoon 8515:Opossum 8404:Caribou 8346:Redhead 8336:Mallard 8321:Gadwall 8154:Cetacea 8145:Cetacea 8013:Camelus 7971:Llama ( 7851:Tayassu 7667:Porcula 7216:Oribi ( 7207:Ourebia 7090:Madoqua 7075:Beira ( 6996:Saigini 6903:N. dama 6781:Gazella 6630:Bovidae 6628:Family 6599:T. oryx 6519:Bongo ( 6501:Nyala ( 6428:Saola ( 6350:Gayal ( 6254:Bubalus 6169:Bovinae 6165:Bovidae 6163:Family 6079:Urial ( 5769:C. ibex 5698:Takin ( 5622:Bovidae 5620:Family 5583:Bovinae 5509:C. gnou 5288:Redunca 5200:Addax ( 5084:Bovidae 5082:Family 4990:Pudella 4977:P. pudu 4868:M. nana 4683:Moose ( 4453:A. axis 4420:D. dama 4282:M. feae 4228:Family 4203:Bovidae 4148:T. napu 3962:Moschus 3898:Giraffa 3883:Okapi ( 3785:Class: 3764:species 3760:Extant 3701:. 1905. 3685:. 1914. 3643:at the 3596:3 March 3491:3808645 3453:3799877 3268:2598629 3213:2335593 2998:, 1989. 2919:26 July 2838:3 March 2809:3 March 2742:Bibcode 2654:3 March 2614:Bibcode 2567:3 March 2522:3 March 2496:3 March 2471:Laelaps 2287:Bibcode 2213:8453835 2185:Bibcode 2096:3504280 1991:Blainv" 1970:g. XI. 1784:(with C 1762:-cresol 1751:prepuce 1745:and is 1714:(with C 1558:Ecology 1548:Vagrant 1454:Iceland 1351:Ålesund 1347:Gurskøy 1318:to the 1223:Alaskan 1188:Qaanaaq 1102:Midwest 1059:Fossil 1016:withers 977:refugia 927:Siberia 916:aurochs 892:Germany 886:Modern 793:Ice Age 669:Eurasia 665:Siberia 575:Caprini 546:Siberia 526:Nunavut 520:of the 483:Bovidae 441:: 418:musk-ox 414:musk ox 361:Bosovis 328:, 1780) 275:Genus: 265:Tribe: 249:Bovidae 235:Order: 225:Class: 170: ( 168:Secure 150: ( 99:↓ 8922:123197 8818:180708 8753:305235 8740:OVIBMO 8727:328656 8673:ARKive 8665:Ovibos 8520:Rabbit 8495:Coyote 8490:Bobcat 8485:Badger 8464:Whales 8449:Muskox 8271:Turkey 8221:Chukar 7558:Suidae 7159:Suni ( 6892:Nanger 6377:Zebu ( 6359:Gaur ( 6244:Bovini 5968:Ovibos 5273:Puku ( 5248:K. kob 4812:Mazama 4601:Cervus 3874:Okapia 3682: 3489: 3451: 3357: 3319: 3266: 3258: 3219: 3211: 3203: 2760: 2632: 2396:ku.edu 2364: 2330: 2305: 2234: 2211: 2203: 2147: 2137: 2094: 1972:Ovibos 1968:: 76. 1852:qiviut 1768:from C 1640:Norway 1535:qiviut 1530:qiviut 1517:Eureka 1461:Russia 1443:Tromsø 1396:area, 1336:Sweden 1324:Norway 1282:, and 1180:Dorset 1145:Sweden 1104:, the 1094:tundra 1037:qiviut 1028:Alaska 904:France 888:Ovibos 877:Ovibos 853:Symbos 832:Ovibos 820:Ovibos 800:Ovibos 761:Alaska 749:Ovibos 699:Mexico 673:Europe 649:tundra 614:gorals 607:Takin 603:extant 595:Ovibos 554:Sweden 550:Norway 544:, and 536:, the 534:Alaska 501:. Its 487:Arctic 468:ᒫᖨᒧᐢᑐᐢ 404:muskox 288:, 1816 280:Ovibos 24:Muskox 8948:12673 8935:49513 8909:85470 8896:37176 8831:29684 8800:IRMNG 8792:42412 8714:4B9SQ 8701:64741 8688:20926 8419:Moose 7546:Suina 7029:Saiga 6970:Goa ( 6489:kudus 5713:Capra 5380:Pelea 5246:Kob ( 5228:Kobus 5191:Addax 4674:Alces 4628:Elk ( 3487:JSTOR 3449:JSTOR 3355:S2CID 3317:S2CID 3217:S2CID 3097:(PDF) 3041:(PDF) 3030:(PDF) 2990:From 2758:S2CID 2630:S2CID 2303:S2CID 2209:S2CID 2123:. In 2103:(PDF) 2092:JSTOR 2072:(PDF) 1439:] 1432:Ryøya 1413:Driva 1405:] 1398:Kolla 1394:] 1252:Yukon 1184:Thule 1170:from 1149:Tumat 1078:Urals 1051:Range 1012:horns 954:bison 869:Texas 765:Yukon 716:Spain 599:Latin 587:goats 583:sheep 542:Yukon 495:musky 448:; in 434:ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ 8984:GBIF 8891:NCBI 8826:IUCN 8813:ITIS 8774:GBIF 8735:EPPO 8696:BOLD 8429:Wolf 8152:see 7962:Lama 6016:Ovis 5140:Oryx 4956:Pudu 4550:Rusa 4442:Axis 4409:Dama 3624:2017 3598:2011 3572:2023 3264:PMID 3256:ISSN 3209:PMID 3201:ISSN 3108:2020 3080:2017 3049:2022 2921:2007 2877:2017 2840:2011 2811:2011 2789:2017 2656:2011 2591:2017 2569:2011 2524:2011 2498:2011 2375:2013 2362:ISBN 2328:ISBN 2232:ISBN 2201:PMID 2145:OCLC 2135:ISBN 1966:1816 1943:2024 1915:2019 1898:2008 1843:and 1839:and 1776:to C 1757:and 1702:to C 1582:and 1578:and 1540:zoos 1258:, a 1182:and 1130:Würm 1118:and 1108:and 1045:km/h 1032:wool 914:and 906:and 851:and 810:and 697:and 675:and 591:oxen 585:and 524:and 508:Its 454:ᒫᖨᒨᐢ 428:(in 416:and 402:The 38:PreꞒ 8943:TSA 8878:NBN 8852:MSW 8839:MDD 8722:EoL 8709:CoL 8660:ADW 8414:Elk 7724:Sus 6314:Bos 3518:doi 3479:doi 3441:doi 3387:doi 3347:doi 3309:doi 3248:doi 3193:doi 3189:159 3157:doi 3153:121 2996:FAO 2750:doi 2622:doi 2295:doi 2283:378 2193:doi 2084:doi 2080:302 1902:doi 1519:on 1459:In 1361:on 1322:of 1270:in 1262:in 1254:'s 1080:to 929:to 540:of 532:of 424:or 9021:: 8999:: 8986:: 8971:: 8945:: 8932:: 8919:: 8906:: 8893:: 8880:: 8867:: 8854:: 8841:: 8828:: 8815:: 8802:: 8789:: 8776:: 8763:: 8750:: 8737:: 8724:: 8711:: 8698:: 8675:: 8662:: 8647:: 8632:: 3695:. 3676:. 3562:. 3514:94 3512:. 3508:. 3485:. 3475:46 3473:. 3461:^ 3447:. 3437:35 3435:. 3421:^ 3413:15 3411:. 3399:^ 3381:. 3367:^ 3353:. 3343:24 3341:. 3329:^ 3315:. 3305:52 3303:. 3276:^ 3262:. 3254:. 3244:94 3242:. 3238:. 3215:. 3207:. 3199:. 3187:. 3183:. 3171:^ 3151:. 3147:. 3124:. 3099:. 3066:. 3032:. 3003:^ 2963:. 2893:. 2819:^ 2756:. 2748:. 2738:41 2736:. 2696:. 2628:. 2620:. 2610:17 2608:. 2457:^ 2419:^ 2404:^ 2394:. 2383:^ 2338:^ 2315:^ 2301:. 2293:. 2281:. 2277:. 2265:^ 2207:. 2199:. 2191:. 2181:15 2179:. 2157:^ 2143:. 2090:. 2078:. 2074:. 2039:^ 2016:. 1999:37 1997:. 1993:. 1964:. 1960:. 1931:. 1896:. 1890:. 1866:^ 1854:. 1827:. 1790:50 1786:24 1782:66 1778:32 1774:46 1770:22 1732:20 1728:12 1720:18 1716:10 1708:22 1704:12 1696:14 1638:, 1586:. 1437:de 1403:no 1392:no 1334:, 1278:, 1274:, 1266:, 1250:, 1246:, 1155:. 1151:, 883:. 863:. 838:. 737:, 701:. 626:. 471:, 465:, 456:, 452:: 436:, 432:: 88:Pg 32:Ma 8196:e 8189:t 8182:v 8131:) 8107:) 8044:) 8035:) 8026:) 8002:) 7993:) 7984:) 7975:) 7912:) 7888:) 7864:) 7827:) 7818:) 7809:) 7800:) 7791:) 7782:) 7773:) 7764:) 7755:) 7746:) 7737:) 7713:) 7704:) 7680:) 7656:) 7647:) 7623:) 7599:) 7590:) 7581:) 7518:) 7494:) 7485:) 7476:) 7452:) 7443:) 7434:) 7425:) 7416:) 7407:) 7398:) 7389:) 7380:) 7371:) 7362:) 7353:) 7344:) 7335:) 7326:) 7317:) 7308:) 7299:) 7262:) 7253:) 7244:) 7220:) 7196:) 7172:) 7163:) 7154:) 7130:) 7121:) 7112:) 7103:) 7079:) 7042:) 7018:) 6983:) 6974:) 6965:) 6941:) 6932:) 6923:) 6914:) 6905:) 6881:) 6857:) 6848:) 6839:) 6830:) 6821:) 6812:) 6803:) 6794:) 6770:) 6761:) 6752:) 6743:) 6719:) 6695:) 6671:) 6636:) 6601:) 6592:) 6568:) 6559:) 6550:) 6541:) 6532:) 6523:) 6514:) 6505:) 6491:) 6456:) 6432:) 6408:) 6399:) 6390:) 6381:) 6372:) 6363:) 6354:) 6345:) 6336:) 6327:) 6303:) 6294:) 6285:) 6276:) 6267:) 6230:) 6206:) 6171:) 6140:) 6131:) 6107:) 6083:) 6074:) 6065:) 6056:) 6047:) 6038:) 6029:) 6005:) 5981:) 5957:) 5933:) 5924:) 5915:) 5906:) 5882:) 5858:) 5849:) 5840:) 5831:) 5807:) 5798:) 5789:) 5780:) 5771:) 5762:) 5753:) 5744:) 5735:) 5726:) 5702:) 5678:) 5654:) 5628:) 5557:) 5520:) 5511:) 5487:) 5463:) 5454:) 5430:) 5393:) 5356:) 5319:) 5310:) 5301:) 5277:) 5268:) 5259:) 5250:) 5241:) 5204:) 5180:) 5171:) 5162:) 5153:) 5129:) 5120:) 5055:) 5046:) 5037:) 5013:) 5004:) 4993:? 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