494:
474:, which represents a flesh shoulder height of 3.89 m (12.8 ft), with a body mass estimated via volumetric analysis at 10.4 tonnes (23,000 lb). A larger bull, (Azov I), estimated to be 3.96 m (13.0 ft) tall at the shoulder (previously erroneously estimated as 4.5 m (15 ft) due to incorrect mounting) was estimated to weigh 11.5 tonnes (25,000 lb) via volumetric analysis. Another individual represented by a single giant humerus 1.46 m (4.8 ft) long and an associated pelvis found in Mosbach Sande, Germany, is estimated to have had a shoulder height of 4.5 metres (14.8 ft) and a weight of 14.3 tonnes (32,000 lb) via
120:
451:
827:
588:
138:
459:
610:), though the proportion of this consumed seems to have varied widely between steppe mammoth populations, with some populations exhibiting browse-dominated mixed feeding, while others consumed little to no browse. The lack of pits on analysed teeth suggests that steppe mammoths did not consume fruit, unlike earlier mammoth species.
526:
were proportionally larger. The body has around 19 thoracic vertebrae and 5 or 6 sacral vertebrae, with the first few thoracic vertebrae having long neural spines. The tusks were proportionally large, among the largest known among proboscideans, with one large tusk from the
Kostolac Basin in Serbia
469:
was one of the largest mammoth species, with males on average being about 4 m (13.1 ft) tall at the shoulders and about 11 tonnes (24,000 lb) in weight and females on average being about 3.7 m (12.1 ft) tall at the shoulders and about 9.5 tonnes (21,000 lb) in weight,
534:
specimens from
Siberia, around 1 million years old, had already developed many of the genetic changes thought to be responsible for traits that were adaptations for living in cold environments characteristic of woolly mammoths. Due to the cold climates it inhabited and short tail,
501:
The skull was high-domed and short, and bore twisted tusks. The lower jaw was short and deep. The number of lamellae on the third molars is around 18–22, significantly higher than the number in earlier mammoth species, but noticeably lower than the number typically present in
351:, approximately 1.7 million to 200,000 years ago. One of the largest mammoth species, it evolved in East Asia during the Early Pleistocene, around 1.8 million years ago, before migrating into North America around 1.5 million years ago, and into Europe during the Early/
1195:
Wei, GuangBiao; Hu, SongMei; Yu, KeFu; Hou, YaMei; Li, Xin; Jin, ChangZhu; Wang, Yuan; Zhao, JianXin; Wang, WenHua (2010-06-09). "New materials of the steppe mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii, with discussion on the origin and evolutionary patterns of mammoths".
605:
though considerably more shifted toward grazing on average, and distinct from the predominantly grazing diet inferred for woolly mammoths. The presence of wide scratches on the teeth suggests that steppe mammoths consumed bark and twigs of woody plants
1442:
van der Valk, Tom; PeÄŤnerová, PatrĂcia; DĂez-del-Molino, David; Bergström, Anders; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Hartmann, Stefanie; Xenikoudakis, Georgios; Thomas, Jessica A.; Dehasque, Marianne; SaÄźlıcan, Ekin; Fidan, Fatma Rabia (17 February 2021).
470:
considerably exceeding the size of modern elephants. A largely complete specimen (Zhalainuoer III) from Inner
Mongolia, China, was estimated to have had a shoulder height of around 3.69 m (12.1 ft) measured at the top of the
729:), though the definitions of these supposed species are poorly defined, and some remains attributed to these forms are similar in enamel thickness and lamellar length to "classic" early Middle Pleistocene
403:
being the older, hence the preferred name. However, in
Shoshani & Tassy (1996) it was decided that the description of Pohlig prevailed, and consequently the correct name for the steppe mammoth is
551:
are known from across northern
Eurasia, spanning from Western Europe to Eastern Asia, and into the high latitudes of Northern Asia. Among the southernmost records of the species are known from
882:"Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany)"
490:, England, dating to MIS 7 (around 200,000 years ago), among the last records of the species in Europe, which have an estimated shoulder height of only 2.1–2.9 m (6.9–9.5 ft).
1812:"Chronology of the MIS 3 megafauna in southeastern West Siberia and the possibility of late survival of the Khosarian steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus)"
881:
1630:"Proboscidea-Homo interactions in open-air localities during the Early and Middle Pleistocene of western Eurasia: a palaeontological and archaeolocigal perspective"
563:, dating to around 700-500,000 years ago. The species is notably absent from adjacent mainland Southern China. Steppe mammoths were often associated with cold open
454:
Skeletal diagram of the 3.89 metre tall
Zhalainuoer III specimen, including side on view (centre), top-down (above) and from the front minus the head (left)
698:
7/6 boundary) in a protracted highly complex pattern including some molars with intermediate morphology between the two species that likely reflects
815:, which is suggested to be the result of humans and steppe mammoths primarily occupying different habitats in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene.
384:
256:
1549:"Middle Pleistocene to Holocene mammal faunas of the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan: An updated review incorporating results of recent research"
399:
from fossil remains found in Europe. A first taxonomical overhaul was done by Maglio (1973) who decided that both names were synonyms,
419:
of the species are molars from the SĂĽssenborn (also spelled SĂĽĂźenborn) locality in
Germany, dating to the early Middle Pleistocene, (
2096:
1297:"Skeleton of a Late Pleistocene steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) from Zhalainuoer, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China"
579:
where it inhabited open landscapes, while remains of steppe mammoths are rare in the more temperate landscapes of
Southern Europe.
667:
experienced progressive size reduction towards the end of the Middle
Pleistocene, from around 400,000-300,000 years ago onwards.
2196:
2176:
780:
rib is suggested to display cutting marks. At the Bełchatów coal mine in Poland, dating to the late Middle
Pleistocene (in the
908:
493:
2008:
1811:
567:
environments, as its common name would suggest, but was not confined to them, as evidenced by the early Middle Pleistocene
426:
Several Japanese mammoth varieties from the early Pleistocene have been named, but all are now thought to be synonyms of
2186:
1174:
740:
by woolly mammoths is widely considered to mark the extinction of the species, though some authors have suggested that
1989:
1970:
1951:
1900:"Late Quaternary Proboscidean Sites in Africa and Eurasia with Possible or Probable Evidence for Hominin Involvement"
1052:
2074:
1365:"On newborn calf skulls of Early Pleistocene Mammuthus trogontherii from Shanshenmiaozui in Nihewan Basin, China"
694:
type in Europe over the course of the late Middle Pleistocene, which was largely complete by 200,000 years ago (~
599:
analysis, steppe mammoths are thought to have been grazers to mixed feeders, having a similar dietary breadth to
1164:
1702:
Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (2015-11-13). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere".
1118:"Mammoth evolution in the late Middle Pleistocene: The Mammuthus trogontherii-primigenius transition in Europe"
539:
is suggested to have borne a coat of fur, which was probably somewhat thinner than that of the woolly mammoth.
478:. Steppe mammoths from the late Middle Pleistocene of Europe were considerably smaller than these "typical"
2191:
137:
1403:
571:
specimen from Norfolk, England, which was associated with a temperate forested environment during an
527:
measuring 4.2 metres (14 ft) in length, with an estimated mass of 213 kilograms (470 lb).
438:, China, that was formerly widely used for mammoths in China is now also recognised as a synonym for
294:
1629:
1343:
812:
656:
119:
1253:
371:
There was historically confusion about the correct scientific name for the steppe mammoth, either
1656:
1587:
1548:
1509:
1364:
1117:
1069:
974:
647:
but this was due to misinterpretation of tooth wear patterns). Steppe mammoths replaced European
2153:
2140:
2036:
631:
are known from China, around 1.7 million years old, from the Nihewan Formation near Majuangou,
623:
601:
1070:"A skeleton of Mammuthus trogontherii (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from NW Peloponnese, Greece"
2148:
2135:
2127:
1657:"Feeding traits and dietary variation in Pleistocene proboscideans: A tooth microwear review"
420:
236:
2083:
1823:
1776:
1711:
1668:
1599:
1560:
1521:
1456:
1376:
1308:
1205:
1129:
1081:
982:
802:
756:
695:
607:
748:, and at least one specimen from China has been dated to between 40,000-30,000 years ago.
8:
934:"New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology"
832:
745:
568:
475:
1827:
1780:
1715:
1672:
1603:
1564:
1525:
1460:
1404:"Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model"
1380:
1312:
1209:
1133:
1085:
986:
1743:
1684:
1485:
1444:
1229:
1145:
1025:
352:
265:
132:
1166:
Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands
2181:
2122:
2004:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1921:
1880:
1839:
1792:
1765:
1747:
1735:
1727:
1688:
1490:
1472:
1419:
1324:
1296:
1233:
1221:
1170:
1149:
1048:
955:
900:
848:
807:
though no stone tools were found at the site. Sites with evidence of both humans and
640:
462:
Size comparison of the fragmentary "Mosbach mammoth" estimated to be 4.5 metres tall.
450:
360:
1963:
Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe
1764:
Lister, Adrian M.; Sher, Andrei V.; van Essen, Hans; Wei, Guangbiao (January 2005).
1680:
1588:"The West Runton mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) and its evolutionary significance"
1533:
1141:
1911:
1870:
1831:
1784:
1719:
1676:
1637:
1607:
1568:
1529:
1480:
1464:
1411:
1384:
1316:
1268:
1213:
1163:
van de Greer, Alexandra; Lyras, George; de Vos, John; Dermitzakis, Michael (2011).
1137:
1089:
1045:
The Proboscidea : Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives
1017:
990:
945:
892:
596:
487:
1415:
2025:
1788:
1611:
1572:
1388:
1093:
994:
576:
503:
1641:
1468:
797:
796:
have been found with cut marks, suggested to represent evidence of butchery by
671:
560:
435:
416:
356:
20:
1320:
1217:
764:
in the Mediterranean during the late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene.
587:
2170:
2059:
1925:
1884:
1843:
1796:
1731:
1510:"The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta Faunal Complex)"
1476:
1441:
1423:
1328:
1225:
904:
855:
841:
556:
376:
69:
1723:
1739:
1494:
1349:
1273:
959:
781:
572:
199:
682:
by around 600-500,000 years ago, reaching the typical molar morphology of
355:
transition, around 1 to 0.7 million years ago. It was the ancestor of the
2109:
2068:
1655:
Rivals, Florent; Semprebon, Gina M.; Lister, Adrian M. (September 2019).
896:
652:
348:
189:
44:
1916:
1899:
1875:
1858:
2101:
1835:
1029:
89:
54:
2114:
1445:"Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths"
950:
933:
773:
699:
655:
mosaic pattern, coincident with the arrival of the temperate-adapted
149:
94:
38:
2030:
1547:
Kawamura, Ai; Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kawamura, Yoshinari (March 2016).
1021:
2053:
761:
636:
169:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1859:"The Sardinian Mammoth's Evolutionary History: Lights and Shadows"
1162:
1008:
Maglio, V. J. (1973). "Origin and Evolution of the Elephantidae".
458:
2088:
880:
Larramendi, Asier; Palombo, Maria Rita; Marano, Federica (2017).
471:
392:
344:
340:
212:
99:
74:
1857:
Palombo, Maria Rita; Zedda, Marco; Zoboli, Daniel (March 2024).
575:
period. In Central Europe, the steppe mammoth was common during
811:
in Europe are rare, especially compared to the contemporaneous
785:
564:
552:
179:
159:
1169:(in Danish and English). John Wiley & Sons. p. 240.
789:
754:
is suggested to be the ancestor of the dwarf mammoth species
632:
395:
in eastern Turkey, of uncertain age, while Pohlig described
1766:"The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia"
1628:
Konidaris, George E.; Tourloukis, Vangelis (2021-04-14).
744:
survived in northern China and southern Siberia into the
621:
is suggested to have derived from an early population of
1586:
Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (December 2010).
1254:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
879:
434:
named by Zhou 1959 from specimens found in Zalainuoer,
1763:
1810:
Shpansky, Andrei V; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V (April 2021).
1654:
1546:
706:
Some authors have given remains intermediate between
639:
around 1.5-1.3 million years ago, giving rise to the
822:
1627:
1856:
973:Albayrak, Ebru; Lister, Adrian M. (October 2012).
635:. Steppe mammoths arrived in North America across
530:Sequenced genomes suggests that Early Pleistocene
1634:Human-Elephant Interactions: From Past to Present
2168:
1342:Scott, Katharine; Buckingham, Christine (2021).
1247:
1245:
1243:
975:"Dental remains of fossil elephants from Turkey"
889:Bollettino della SocietĂ Paleontologica Italiana
1341:
415:has been supported by most recent authors. The
1809:
1345:Mammoths and Neanderthals in the Thames Valley
972:
651:between 1–0.7 million years ago, in a complex
1240:
1042:
1984:(in German). Sigmaringen: Thorbecke Verlag.
1960:
1585:
792:, around 425-300,000 years ago), remains of
702:from Siberian woolly mammoths into European
1998:
1067:
767:
643:(the ancestor was previously thought to be
542:
1979:
1701:
1401:
1294:
1251:
1194:
423:16, approximately 676-621,000 years ago).
118:
1915:
1874:
1484:
1272:
949:
690:type molar morphology displaced those of
686:around 400,000 years ago. Mammoths with
391:based on molar teeth collected from near
1961:Augusti, Jordi; Anton, Mauricio (2002).
1362:
678:) had emerged in Northeast Siberia from
586:
514:have counts which overlap with those of
492:
457:
449:
2001:Mammoths & Mastodons of Haute-Loire
1068:Athanassiou, Athanassios (March 2012).
925:
2169:
1999:Mol, Dick; Lacombat, Frédéric (2010).
1897:
1507:
1115:
1043:Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P., eds. (1996).
1007:
2035:
2034:
1941:
1759:
1757:
1623:
1621:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1363:Tong, Hao-Wen; Chen, Xi (June 2016).
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
663:) to Europe. European populations of
510:), though some European specimens of
1190:
1188:
1186:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
931:
875:
873:
871:
1980:Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul (1997).
1850:
1508:Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich (July 2014).
1047:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
591:Life restoration with a coat of fur
13:
1935:
1754:
1618:
1430:
1281:
1116:Lister, Adrian M. (October 2022).
343:that ranged over most of northern
14:
2208:
2019:
1982:Mammuts : Riesen der Eiszeit
1183:
1100:
868:
627:in East Asia. The oldest records
318:Mammuthus trogontherii chosaricus
112:Possible Late Pleistocene records
1402:Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10).
825:
136:
42:
1946:. London: Hamlyn. p. 271.
1891:
1803:
1695:
1681:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.027
1648:
1579:
1540:
1534:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.012
1501:
1395:
1356:
1335:
1295:Larramendi, Asier (June 2015).
1142:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107693
1944:Prehistoric Animals and Plants
1156:
1061:
1036:
1001:
966:
944:(1). Wiley-Liss, Inc.: 74–90.
760:which inhabited the island of
736:. The replacement of European
445:
1:
2197:Fossil taxa described in 1885
2177:Pleistocene mammals of Europe
1965:. Columbia University Press.
1416:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272
1261:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
862:
482:specimens, with the smallest
1789:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.014
1612:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.032
1573:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.044
1389:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.026
1301:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1198:Science China Earth Sciences
1094:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.030
995:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.042
932:Todd, N. E. (January 2010).
613:
387:in 1885. Falconer described
347:during the Early and Middle
34:Temporal range: Pleistocene
7:
1898:Haynes, Gary (March 2022).
818:
366:
339:, is an extinct species of
10:
2213:
1661:Quaternary Science Reviews
1642:10.15496/publikation-55599
1514:Quaternary Science Reviews
1469:10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9
1122:Quaternary Science Reviews
776:site in northern China, a
582:
363:of the later Pleistocene.
18:
2187:Pleistocene proboscideans
2043:
2003:. Drukware. p. 271.
1321:10.1007/s12542-014-0222-8
1218:10.1007/s11430-010-4001-4
522:, the teeth of calves of
302:Mammuthus protomammonteus
291:Euelephas protomammonteus
271:
264:
242:
235:
133:Scientific classification
131:
126:
117:
30:
16:Extinct species of mammal
1773:Quaternary International
1592:Quaternary International
1553:Quaternary International
1369:Quaternary International
1074:Quaternary International
979:Quaternary International
813:straight-tusked elephant
768:Relationship with humans
657:straight-tusked elephant
543:Distribution and habitat
19:Not to be confused with
1724:10.1126/science.aac5660
1252:Larramendi, A. (2016).
381:Mammuthus trogontherii,
335:, sometimes called the
2075:Mammuthus trogontherii
2045:Mammuthus trogontherii
1274:10.4202/app.00136.2014
724:Mammuthus trogontherii
661:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
649:Mammuthus meridionalis
624:Mammuthus meridionalis
602:Mammuthus meridionalis
592:
537:Mammuthus trogontherii
498:
486:population being from
467:Mammuthus trogontherii
463:
455:
413:Mammuthus trogontherii
332:Mammuthus trogontherii
249:Mammuthus trogontherii
2149:Paleobiology Database
2136:Paleobiology Database
1942:Benes, Josef (1979).
938:The Anatomical Record
716:Mammuthus intermedius
676:Mammuthus primigenius
590:
496:
461:
453:
2015:(English and French)
981:. 276–277: 198–211.
897:10.4435/BSPI.2017.29
803:Homo heidelbergensis
757:Mammuthus lamarmorai
720:Mammuthus chosaricus
497:Jaw with molar teeth
409:Mammuthus armeniacus
373:Mammuthus armeniacus
283:Elephas trogontherii
275:Mammuthus armeniacus
228:M. trogontherii
2026:The Kikinda mammoth
1917:10.3390/quat5010018
1876:10.3390/quat7010010
1828:2021Radcb..63..575S
1781:2005QuInt.126...49L
1716:2015Sci...350..805L
1673:2019QSRv..219..145R
1604:2010QuInt.228..180L
1565:2016QuInt.397..117K
1526:2014QSRv...96...32K
1461:2021Natur.591..265V
1381:2016QuInt.406...57T
1313:2015PalZ...89..229L
1210:2010ScChD..53..956W
1134:2022QSRv..29407693L
1086:2012QuInt.255....9A
1010:Trans Am Philos Soc
987:2012QuInt.276..198A
833:Paleontology portal
746:Last Glacial Period
569:West Runton Mammoth
476:regression analysis
1836:10.1017/RDC.2021.6
1775:. 126–128: 49–64.
1408:Historical Biology
714:the species names
593:
499:
464:
456:
353:Middle Pleistocene
2192:Fossils of Serbia
2164:
2163:
2123:Open Tree of Life
2037:Taxon identifiers
2010:978-2-911794-97-1
1710:(6262): 805–809.
1455:(7849): 265–269.
849:Mammuthus columbi
784:period of either
641:Columbian mammoth
361:Columbian mammoth
328:
327:
322:
314:
310:Mammuthus sungari
306:
305:(Matsumoto, 1924)
298:
287:
279:
2204:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2032:
2031:
2014:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1598:(1–2): 180–209.
1583:
1577:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1065:
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1058:
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1034:
1033:
1005:
999:
998:
970:
964:
963:
953:
951:10.1002/ar.21010
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
913:
907:. Archived from
886:
877:
835:
830:
829:
828:
704:M. trogontherii.
597:dental microwear
488:Stanton Harcourt
411:as a synonym of
407:. The status of
320:
312:
304:
293:
285:
277:
251:
247:
211:
141:
140:
122:
111:
41:
28:
27:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2039:
2022:
2011:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1938:
1936:Further reading
1933:
1896:
1892:
1855:
1851:
1808:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1700:
1696:
1653:
1649:
1626:
1619:
1584:
1580:
1545:
1541:
1506:
1502:
1440:
1431:
1400:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1340:
1336:
1293:
1282:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1157:
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1101:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1041:
1037:
1022:10.2307/1006229
1006:
1002:
971:
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930:
926:
917:
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911:
884:
878:
869:
865:
831:
826:
824:
821:
809:M. trogontherii
794:M. trogontherii
778:M. trogontherii
770:
752:M. trogontherii
742:M. trogontherii
738:M. trogontherii
708:M. trogontherii
692:M. trogontherii
680:M. trogontherii
665:M. trogontherii
645:M. meridionalis
629:M. trogontherii
619:M. trogontherii
616:
585:
577:glacial periods
549:M. trogontherii
545:
532:M. trogontherii
524:M. trogontherii
516:M. trogontherii
504:woolly mammoths
484:M. trogontherii
480:M. trogontherii
448:
440:M. trogontherii
428:M. trogontherii
405:M. trogontherii
397:M. trogontherii
369:
260:
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231:
209:
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113:
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24:
17:
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11:
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2132:
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2020:External links
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2009:
1996:
1990:
1977:
1971:
1958:
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1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1890:
1849:
1822:(2): 575–584.
1802:
1753:
1694:
1647:
1617:
1578:
1539:
1500:
1429:
1394:
1355:
1334:
1307:(2): 229–250.
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1204:(7): 956–963.
1182:
1176:978-1444391282
1175:
1155:
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1060:
1053:
1035:
1000:
965:
924:
891:(3): 299–317.
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845:
837:
836:
820:
817:
798:archaic humans
769:
766:
712:M. primigenius
688:M. primigenius
684:M. primigenius
672:woolly mammoth
615:
612:
584:
581:
561:Ryukyu Islands
544:
541:
520:M. primigenius
518:. Compared to
512:M. primigenius
508:M. primigenius
447:
444:
436:Inner Mongolia
430:. The species
417:type specimens
368:
365:
357:woolly mammoth
337:steppe mammoth
326:
325:
324:
323:
315:
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278:Falconer, 1857
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31:Steppe mammoth
21:Mammoth steppe
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1352:. p. 59.
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910:
906:
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856:Palaeoloxodon
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842:Elephas recki
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557:Miyako Island
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398:
394:
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389:M. armeniacus
386:
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377:Hugh Falconer
374:
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321:Dubrovo, 1966
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237:Binomial name
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116:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:1.7–0.2
29:
26:
22:
2044:
2000:
1981:
1962:
1943:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1772:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1633:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1556:
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1542:
1517:
1513:
1503:
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1448:
1407:
1397:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1350:Archaeopress
1344:
1337:
1304:
1300:
1264:
1260:
1201:
1197:
1165:
1158:
1125:
1121:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1016:(3): 1–149.
1013:
1009:
1003:
978:
968:
941:
937:
927:
916:. Retrieved
909:the original
888:
854:
847:
840:
808:
801:
793:
782:interglacial
777:
771:
755:
751:
750:
741:
737:
734:trogontherii
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
664:
660:
648:
644:
628:
622:
618:
617:
600:
594:
573:interglacial
548:
546:
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336:
331:
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301:
290:
286:Pohlig, 1885
282:
274:
248:
243:
227:
226:
213:
200:Elephantidae
25:
2110:iNaturalist
2069:Wikispecies
1816:Radiocarbon
1667:: 145–153.
1559:: 117–135.
800:, possibly
722:(sometimes
653:diachronous
547:Fossils of
446:Description
385:Hans Pohlig
379:in 1857 or
375:, named by
349:Pleistocene
190:Proboscidea
2171:Categories
1904:Quaternary
1863:Quaternary
1128:: 107693.
918:2023-10-29
863:References
727:chosaricus
432:M. sungari
401:armeniacus
313:Zhou, 1959
1926:2571-550X
1910:(1): 18.
1885:2571-550X
1869:(1): 10.
1844:0033-8222
1797:1040-6182
1748:206639522
1732:0036-8075
1689:200073388
1520:: 32–49.
1477:1476-4687
1424:0891-2963
1375:: 57–69.
1329:0031-0220
1234:129568366
1226:1674-7313
1150:252264887
905:0375-7633
774:Majuangou
700:gene flow
614:Evolution
595:Based on
383:named by
295:Matsumoto
221:Species:
214:Mammuthus
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
127:Skeleton
2182:Mammoths
2089:47345965
2054:Wikidata
1740:26564853
1495:33597750
1410:: 1–14.
1080:: 9–28.
960:19937636
819:See also
762:Sardinia
637:Beringia
367:Taxonomy
266:Synonyms
259:, 1885)
196:Family:
180:Mammalia
170:Chordata
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
2128:6144046
2102:8564849
2060:Q113284
1824:Bibcode
1777:Bibcode
1712:Bibcode
1704:Science
1669:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1561:Bibcode
1522:Bibcode
1486:7116897
1457:Bibcode
1377:Bibcode
1309:Bibcode
1206:Bibcode
1130:Bibcode
1082:Bibcode
1030:1006229
983:Bibcode
772:At the
583:Ecology
559:in the
472:scapula
393:Erzurum
345:Eurasia
341:mammoth
246:†
225:†
206:Genus:
186:Order:
176:Class:
106:↓
2154:159796
2141:395360
2115:936327
2007:
1988:
1969:
1950:
1924:
1883:
1842:
1795:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1687:
1493:
1483:
1475:
1449:Nature
1422:
1327:
1232:
1224:
1173:
1148:
1051:
1028:
958:
903:
786:MIS 11
608:browse
565:steppe
553:Taiwan
297:, 1924
257:Pohlig
1769:(PDF)
1744:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1257:(PDF)
1230:S2CID
1146:S2CID
1026:JSTOR
912:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
790:MIS 9
633:Hebei
2097:GBIF
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1922:ISSN
1881:ISSN
1840:ISSN
1793:ISSN
1736:PMID
1728:ISSN
1491:PMID
1473:ISSN
1420:ISSN
1325:ISSN
1222:ISSN
1171:ISBN
1049:ISBN
956:PMID
901:ISSN
718:and
710:and
670:The
555:and
359:and
45:Preęž’
2084:EoL
1912:doi
1871:doi
1832:doi
1785:doi
1720:doi
1708:350
1677:doi
1665:219
1638:doi
1608:doi
1596:228
1569:doi
1557:397
1530:doi
1481:PMC
1465:doi
1453:591
1412:doi
1385:doi
1373:406
1317:doi
1269:doi
1214:doi
1138:doi
1126:294
1090:doi
1078:255
1018:doi
991:doi
946:doi
942:293
893:doi
788:or
696:MIS
421:MIS
2173::
2151::
2138::
2125::
2112::
2099::
2086::
2071::
2056::
1920:.
1906:.
1902:.
1879:.
1865:.
1861:.
1838:.
1830:.
1820:63
1818:.
1814:.
1791:.
1783:.
1771:.
1756:^
1742:.
1734:.
1726:.
1718:.
1706:.
1683:.
1675:.
1663:.
1659:.
1636:.
1632:.
1620:^
1606:.
1594:.
1590:.
1567:.
1555:.
1551:.
1528:.
1518:96
1516:.
1512:.
1489:.
1479:.
1471:.
1463:.
1451:.
1447:.
1432:^
1418:.
1406:.
1383:.
1371:.
1367:.
1348:.
1323:.
1315:.
1305:89
1303:.
1299:.
1283:^
1267:.
1265:61
1263:.
1259:.
1242:^
1228:.
1220:.
1212:.
1202:53
1200:.
1185:^
1144:.
1136:.
1124:.
1120:.
1102:^
1088:.
1076:.
1072:.
1024:.
1014:63
1012:.
989:.
977:.
954:.
940:.
936:.
899:.
887:.
870:^
731:M.
442:.
95:Pg
39:Ma
2013:.
1994:.
1975:.
1956:.
1928:.
1914::
1908:5
1887:.
1873::
1867:7
1846:.
1834::
1826::
1799:.
1787::
1779::
1750:.
1722::
1714::
1691:.
1679::
1671::
1644:.
1640::
1614:.
1610::
1602::
1575:.
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1536:.
1532::
1524::
1497:.
1467::
1459::
1426:.
1414::
1391:.
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1331:.
1319::
1311::
1277:.
1271::
1236:.
1216::
1208::
1179:.
1152:.
1140::
1132::
1096:.
1092::
1084::
1057:.
1032:.
1020::
997:.
993::
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