Birth defect - Knowledge

1489:"unemployment, overcrowding, single parents, under-fives, elderly living alone, ethnicity, low social class and residential mobility". In Vos' meta-analysis these indices are used to view the effect of low SES neighborhoods on maternal health. In the meta-analysis, data from individual studies were collected from 1985 up until 2008. Vos concludes that a correlation exists between prenatal adversities and deprived neighborhoods. Other studies have shown that low SES is closely associated with the development of the fetus in utero and growth retardation. Studies also suggest that children born in low SES families are "likely to be born prematurely, at low birth weight, or with asphyxia, a birth defect, a disability, fetal alcohol syndrome, or AIDS". Bradley and Corwyn also suggest that congenital disorders arise from the mother's lack of nutrition, a poor lifestyle, maternal substance abuse and "living in a neighborhood that contains hazards affecting fetal development (toxic waste dumps)". In a meta-analysis that viewed how inequalities influenced maternal health, it was suggested that deprived neighborhoods often promoted behaviors such as smoking, drug and alcohol use. After controlling for socioeconomic factors and ethnicity, several individual studies demonstrated an association with outcomes such as perinatal mortality and preterm birth. 1054:

drastically increases to a range of 6%–9% if the mother smoked tobacco. Other possible sources of prenatal carbon monoxide intoxication are exhaust gas from combustion motors, use of dichloromethane (paint thinner, varnish removers) in enclosed areas, defective gas water heaters, indoor barbeques, open flames in poorly ventilated areas, and atmospheric exposure in highly polluted areas. Exposure to carbon monoxide at toxic levels during the first two trimesters of pregnancy can lead to intrauterine growth restriction, leading to a baby who has stunted growth and is born smaller than 90% of other babies at the same gestational age. The effect of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide can depend on the stage of pregnancy in which the mother is exposed. Exposure during the embryonic stage can have neurological consequences, such as telencephalic dysgenesis, behavioral difficulties during infancy, and reduction of cerebellum volume. Also, possible skeletal defects could result from exposure to carbon monoxide during the embryonic stage, such as hand and foot malformations,

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misdiagnosed, or unrecognized in the mother, and/or some abnormalities are not evident until later in the child's life, precise incidence of birth defects due to rubella are not entirely known. The timing of the mother's infection during fetal development determines the risk and type of birth defect. As the embryo develops, the risk of abnormalities decreases. If exposed to the rubella virus during the first four weeks, the risk of malformations is 47%. Exposure during weeks five through eight creates a 22% chance, while weeks 9–12, a 7% chance exists, followed by 6% if the exposure is during the 13th-16th weeks. Exposure during the first eight weeks of development can also lead to premature birth and fetal death. These numbers are calculated from immediate inspection of the infant after birth. Therefore, mental defects are not accounted for in the percentages because they are not evident until later in the child's life. If they were to be included, these numbers would be much higher.

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one kidney, there are approximately twice as many males, whereas among children with three kidneys there are approximately 2.5 times more females. The same pattern is observed among infants with excessive number of ribs, vertebrae, teeth and other organs which in a process of evolution have undergone reduction—among them there are more females. Contrarily, among the infants with their scarcity, there are more males. Anencephaly is shown to occur approximately twice as frequently in females. The number of boys born with 6 fingers is two times higher than the number of girls. Now various techniques are available to detect congenital anomalies in fetus before birth.

1787: 1145:. A fetus exposed to lead during the pregnancy can result in learning difficulties and slowed growth. Some paints (before 1978) and pipes contain lead. Therefore, pregnant women who live in homes with lead paint inhale the dust containing lead, leading to lead exposure in the fetus. When lead pipes are used for drinking water and cooking water, this water is ingested, along with the lead, exposing the fetus to this toxin. This issue is more prevalent in poorer communities because more well-off families are able to afford to have their homes repainted and pipes renovated. 742:

defects and childhood cancer for the offspring, where the paternal germline undergoes oxidative damage due to cigarette use. Teratogen-caused birth defects are potentially preventable. Nearly 50% of pregnant women have been exposed to at least one medication during gestation. During pregnancy, a woman can also be exposed to teratogens from contaminated clothing or toxins within the seminal fluid of a partner. An additional study found that of 200 individuals referred for genetic counseling for a teratogenic exposure, 52% were exposed to more than one potential teratogen.

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land increased, the risk decreased. These birth defects included neural tube defects, malformations of the cardiac septa, anomalies of arteries and veins, and chromosomal anomalies. Looking at communities that live near landfill sites brings up environmental justice. A vast majority of sites are located near poor, mostly black, communities. For example, between the early 1920s and 1978, about 25% of Houston's population was black. However, over 80% of landfills and incinerators during this time were located in these black communities.

1677:, and DNA analysis has made it possible for a much larger range of disorders to be screened. Newborn screening mostly measures metabolite and enzyme activity using a dried blood spot sample. Screening tests are carried out in order to detect serious disorders that may be treatable to some extent. Early diagnosis makes possible the readiness of therapeutic dietary information, enzyme replacement therapy and organ transplants. Different countries support the screening for a number of metabolic disorders ( 1345:, which is when part of the brain and skull are absent in the infant. Mother exposure to toxoplasmosis can cause cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus (causes mental disabilities), and intellectual disability in infants. Other birth abnormalities have been reported as well, such as chorioretinitis, microphthalmus, and ocular defects. Syphilis causes congenital deafness, intellectual disability, and diffuse fibrosis in organs, such as the liver and lungs, if the embryo is exposed. 8962: 62: 1318:, and meningoencephalitis in fetuses. Microcephaly is a disorder in which the fetus has an atypically small head, cerebral calcifications means certain areas of the brain have atypical calcium deposits, and meningoencephalitis is the enlargement of the brain. All three disorders cause abnormal brain function or intellectual disability. Hepatosplenomegaly is the enlargement of the liver and spleen which causes digestive problems. It can also cause some 8972: 1062:. Also, carbon monoxide exposure between days 35 and 40 of embryonic development can lead to an increased risk of the child developing a cleft palate. Exposure to carbon monoxide or polluted ozone exposure can also lead to cardiac defects of the ventrical septal, pulmonary artery, and heart valves. The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still lead to 1628:

recurrence risk for future children. For 20-25% of anomalies there seems to be a "multifactorial" cause, meaning a complex interaction of multiple minor genetic anomalies with environmental risk factors. Another 10–13% of anomalies have a purely environmental cause (e.g. infections, illness, or drug abuse in the mother). Only 12–25% of anomalies have a purely genetic cause. Of these, the majority are

845:) may result in serious birth defects. Because of this effect, most countries have systems in place to ensure that it is not given to pregnant women and that the patient is aware of how important it is to prevent pregnancy during and at least one month after treatment. Medical guidelines also suggest that pregnant women should limit vitamin A intake to about 700 310:, and structural conditions are often considered separately from other congenital conditions. Many metabolic conditions are now known to have subtle structural expression, and structural conditions often have genetic links. Still, congenital conditions are often classified on a structural basis, organized when possible by primary organ system affected. 807:, otherwise a rare deformity, therefore helped to recognise the teratogenic effect of the new drug. Among other malformations caused by thalidomide were those of ears, eyes, brain, kidney, heart, and digestive and respiratory tracts; 40% of the prenatally affected children died soon after birth. As thalidomide is used today as a treatment for 1050:

on average, seven points lower than their counterparts whose parents consumed water that contained 0.91 ppm fluoride. In studies conducted on rats, higher fluoride in drinking water led to increased acetylcholinesterase levels, which can alter prenatal brain development. The most significant effects were noted at a level of 5 ppm.

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distinctions of male and female embryos can explain some sexual differences in frequency of congenital defects. It is difficult to explain the observed differences in the frequency of birth defects between the sexes by the details of the reproductive functions or the influence of environmental and social factors.

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Smoking causes DNA mutations in the germline of the father, which can be inherited by the offspring. Cigarette smoke acts as a chemical mutagen on germ cell DNA. The germ cells suffer oxidative damage, and the effects can be seen in altered mRNA production, infertility issues, and side effects in the

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Fluoride, when transmitted through water at high levels, can also act as a teratogen. Two reports on fluoride exposure from China, which were controlled to account for the education level of parents, found that children born to parents who were exposed to 4.12 ppm fluoride grew to have IQs that were,

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In respect of an etiology, sexual distinctions can be divided on appearing before and after differentiation of male's gonads during embryonic development, which begins from the eighteenth week. The testosterone level in male embryos thus raises considerably. The subsequent hormonal and physiological

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About 3% of newborns have a "major physical anomaly", meaning a physical anomaly that has cosmetic or functional significance. Physical congenital abnormalities are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States, accounting for more than 20% of all infant deaths. Seven to ten percent of

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Landfill sites have been shown to have adverse effects on fetal development. Extensive research has shown that landfills have several negative effects on babies born to mothers living near landfill sites: low birth weight, birth defects, spontaneous abortion, and fetal and infant mortality. Studies

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display because of maternal alcohol use. These birth defects and behavioral disorders were found in cases of both long- and short-term paternal alcohol ingestion. In the same animal study, paternal alcohol exposure was correlated with a significant difference in organ size and the increased risk of

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Many studies have found that the frequency of occurrence of certain congenital malformations depends on the sex of the child (table). For example, pyloric stenosis occurs more often in males while congenital hip dislocation is four to five times more likely to occur in females. Among children with

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The effects of the father's age on offspring are not yet well understood and are studied far less extensively than the effects of the mother's age. Fathers contribute proportionally more DNA mutations to their offspring via their germ cells than the mother, with the paternal age governing how many

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and exomphalos. A study conducted on a Welsh community also showed an increased incidence of gastroschisis. Another study on 21 European hazardous-waste sites showed that those living within 3 km had an increased risk of giving birth to infants with birth defects and that as distance from the

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can result in the two cellular masses being integrated into a larger whole, with the combined cells attempting to continue to develop in a manner that satisfies the intended growth patterns of both cell masses. The two cellular masses can compete with each other, and may either duplicate or merge

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Nitrate, which is found mostly in drinking water from ground sources, is a powerful teratogen. A case-control study in rural Australia that was conducted following frequent reports of prenatal mortality and congenital malformations found that those who drank the nitrate-containing groundwater, as

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In the 1980s, a relatively high prevalence of pediatric leukemia cases in children living near a nuclear processing plant in West Cumbria, UK, led researchers to investigate whether the cancer was a result of paternal radiation exposure. A significant association between paternal irradiation and

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in a deprived neighborhood may include exposure to "environmental stressors and risk factors". Socioeconomic inequalities are commonly measured by the Cartairs-Morris score, Index of Multiple Deprivation, Townsend deprivation index, and the Jarman score. The Jarman score, for example, considers

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disorder). Some conditions result from deletions or abnormalities of a few genes located contiguously on a chromosome. Chromosomal disorders involve the loss or duplication of larger portions of a chromosome (or an entire chromosome) containing hundreds of genes. Large chromosomal abnormalities

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An estimated 10% of all birth defects are caused by prenatal exposure to a teratogenic agent. These exposures include medication or drug exposures, maternal infections and diseases, and environmental and occupational exposures. Paternal smoking has also been linked to an increased risk of birth

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can remain after birth, leading to hypertension. Rubella can also lead to atrial and ventricular septal defects in the heart. If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the fetus can develop central nervous system malformations. However, because infections of rubella may remain undetected,

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began recognizing a pattern in which the infants arriving at his surgery were developing congenital cataracts at a higher rate than those who developed it from hereditary factors. On October 15, 1941, Gregg delivered a paper that explained his findings-68 out of the 78 children with congenital

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The fetus is even more susceptible to damage from carbon monoxide intake, which can be harmful when inhaled during pregnancy, usually through first- or second-hand tobacco smoke. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the infant born to a nonsmoking mother is around 2%, and this concentration

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in New Jersey have shown a higher proportion of low birth-weight babies than communities farther away from landfills. A study done in California showed a positive correlation between time and quantity of dumping and low birth weights and neonatal deaths. A study in the United Kingdom showed a

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Chlorinated and aromatic solvents such as benzene and trichloroethylene sometimes enter the water supply due to oversights in waste disposal. A case-control study on the area found that by 1986, leukemia was occurring in the children of Woburn, Massachusetts, at a rate that was four times the

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However, recent animal research has shown a correlation between paternal alcohol exposure and decreased offspring birth weight. Behavioral and cognitive disorders, including difficulties with learning and memory, hyperactivity, and lowered stress tolerance have been linked to paternal alcohol

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Although significant progress has been made in identifying the etiology of some birth defects, approximately 65% have no known or identifiable cause. These are referred to as sporadic, a term that implies an unknown cause, random occurrence regardless of maternal living conditions, and a low

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that gave rise to the fetus. Male germ cells mutate at a much faster rate than female germ cells, and as the father ages, the DNA of the germ cells mutates quickly. If an egg is fertilized with sperm that has damaged DNA, a possibility exists that the fetus could develop abnormally.

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expected rate of incidence. Further investigation revealed a connection between the high occurrence of leukemia and an error in water distribution that delivered water to the town with significant contamination with manufacturing waste containing trichloroethylene. As an

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mutations in the DNA, which was inherited by descendants. More recently, however, the World Health Organization states, "children conceived before or after their father's exposure showed no statistically significant differences in mutation frequencies". This

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Congenital disorders are not limited to humans and can be found in a variety of other species, including cattle. One such condition is called schistosomus reflexus and is defined by spinal inversion, exposure of abdominal viscera, and limb abnormalities.

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External physical shocks or constraints due to growth in a restricted space may result in unintended deformation or separation of cellular structures resulting in an abnormal final shape or damaged structures unable to function as expected. An example is

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The mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: craniofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities.

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published the study leading to its withdrawal from the market in 1961, about 8,000 to 10,000 severely malformed children were born. The most typical disorders induced by thalidomide were reductional deformities of the long bones of the extremities.

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deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity can be prevented by 72% if the mother consumes 4 mg of folic acid before the conception and after twelve weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid, or vitamin

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Rahbaran, Mohaddeseh; Razeghian, Ehsan; Maashi, Marwah Suliman; Jalil, Abduladheem Turki; Widjaja, Gunawan; Thangavelu, Lakshmi; Kuznetsova, Mariya Yurievna; Nasirmoghadas, Pourya; Heidari, Farid; Marofi, Faroogh; Jarahian, Mostafa (2021-11-30).

1515:. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were able to conceive, though exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, later had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than in the Japanese population as a whole. 290:. Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. In the United States, they occur in about 3% of newborns. They resulted in about 628,000 deaths in 2015, down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest numbers of deaths are 1341:, and intellectual disability. Both microphthalmus and retinal dysplasia can cause blindness. However, the most common symptom in infants is an inflammatory response that develops during the first three weeks of life. Hyperthermia causes 3913:

De Santis, Marco; Cesari, Elena; Cavaliere, Annafranca; Ligato, Maria Serena; Nobili, Elena; Visconti, Daniela; Caruso, Alessandro (September 2008). "Paternal exposure and counselling: Experience of a Teratology Information Service".

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P. M. Rajewski and A. L. Sherman (1976) have analyzed the frequency of congenital anomalies in relation to the system of the organism. Prevalence of men was recorded for the anomalies of phylogenetically younger organs and systems.

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in which the leading hypothesis is the influx of foreign workers, who have a different rate of leukemia within their race than the British average, resulted in the observed cluster of 6 children more than expected around Cumbria.

1326:. Kernicterus causes yellow pigmentation of the skin, brain damage, and deafness. Petechaie is when the capillaries bleed resulting in red/purple spots on the skin. However, cytomegalovirus is often fatal in the embryo. The 6322:

Dubrova, Yuri E.; Nesterov, Valeri N.; Krouchinsky, Nicolay G.; Ostapenko, Valdislav A.; Neumann, Rita; Neil, David L.; Jeffreys, Alec J. (25 April 1996). "Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident".

1570:(greater than 35 years). Complications include fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, pre-mature births, and stillbirth. These complications not only may put the child at risk, but also the mother. 1511:, no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among their later conceived children, or found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received 1265:

is known to cause abnormalities of the eye, internal ear, heart, and sometimes the teeth. More specifically, fetal exposure to rubella during weeks five to ten of development (the sixth week particularly) can cause

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Rajewski P. M., Sherman A. L. (1976) The importance of gender in the epidemiology of malignant tumors (systemic-evolutionary approach). In: Mathematical treatment of medical-biological information. M., Nauka, p.

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Genetic disorders are all congenital (present at birth), though they may not be expressed or recognized until later in life. Genetic disorders may be grouped into single-gene defects, multiple-gene disorders, or

6950: 3552: 373:(CDC), most birth defects are believed to be caused by a complex mix of factors including genetics, environment, and behaviors, though many birth defects have no known cause. An example of a birth defect is 3134:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 5979:

Vos, Amber A.; Posthumus, Anke G.; Bonsel, Gouke J.; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Denktaş, Semiha (August 2014). "Deprived neighborhoods and adverse perinatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Costas, K.; Knorr, R.S.; Condon, S.K. (2002). "A case-control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: the relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water".

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Berlac, Janne Foss; Hartwell, Dorthe; Skovlund, Charlotte Wessel; Langhoff-Roos, Jens; Lidegaard, Øjvind (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".

3216:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1202:) before age five have been established. Little is currently known about how paternal smoking damages the fetus, and what window of time in which the father smokes is most harmful to offspring. 3269:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 318:

Several terms are used to describe congenital abnormalities. (Some of these are also used to describe noncongenital conditions, and more than one term may apply in an individual condition.)

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No differences were found (in frequencies of birth defects, stillbirths, etc), thus allaying the immediate public concern that atomic radiation might spawn an epidemic of malformed children

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Shaw, G. M.; Carmichael, S. L.; Kaidarova, Z; Harris, J. A. (2003). "Differential risks to males and females for congenital malformations among 2.5 million California births, 1989–1997".

1412:, and the resulting merged organism may die at birth when it must leave the life-sustaining environment of the womb and must attempt to sustain its biological processes independently. 8587: 3577: 6754:

Miniard L., Nichols C., Smith J., Jarrin-Yepez P., Grzeskowiak R., & Newkirk K. (2023). Schistosomus reflexus with another fetus in a beef heifer. Clinical Theriogenology, 15.

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Reyes, F. I.; Boroditsky, R. S.; Winter, J. S.; Faiman, C (1974). "Studies on human sexual development. II. Fetal and maternal serum gonadotropin and sex steroid concentrations".

228:. The disabilities can range from mild to severe. Birth defects are divided into two main types: structural disorders in which problems are seen with the shape of a body part and 668:

ingestion. The compromised stress management skills of animals whose male parent was exposed to alcohol are similar to the exaggerated responses to stress that children with

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is often a medium through which harmful toxins travel. Heavy metals, elements, nitrates, nitrites, and fluoride can be carried through water and cause congenital disorders.

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offspring cancer was found, but further research areas close to other nuclear processing plants did not produce the same results. Later this was determined to be the

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to rubella due to an outbreak in Australian army camps. These findings confirmed, to Gregg, that, in fact, environmental causes for congenital disorders could exist.

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Studies with mice have found that food deprivation of the male mouse prior to conception leads to the offspring displaying significantly lower blood glucose levels.

849:/day, as it has teratogenic potential when consumed in excess. Vitamin A and similar substances can induce spontaneous abortions, premature births, defects of eyes ( 3544: 2901: 2971: 8567: 6979: 2938: 5812:

Savitz, David A.; Schwingl, Pamela J.; Keels, Martha Ann (October 1991). "Influence of paternal age, smoking, and alcohol consumption on congenital anomalies".

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Cui, W; Ma, C. X.; Tang, Y; Chang, V; Rao, P. V.; Ariet, M; Resnick, M. B.; Roth, J (2005). "Sex differences in birth defects: A study of opposite-sex twins".

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Congenital disorders were initially believed to be the result of only hereditary factors. However, in the early 1940s, Australian pediatric ophthalmologist

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Yang, Q.; Wen, S.W.; Leader, A.; Chen, X.K.; Lipson, J.; Walker, M. (7 December 2006). "Paternal age and birth defects: how strong is the association?".

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Hartmann S, Brørs O, Bock J, et al. (2005). "Exposure to retinoic acids in non-pregnant women following high vitamin A intake with a liver meal".

1593:. Offspring born to fathers under the age of 20 show increased risk of being affected by patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, and the 5470: 2778: 331:

is an abnormality of the structure of a body part. It may or may not be perceived as a problem condition. Many, if not most, people have one or more

6093: 1396:. This finding is important for future understanding of how genetics may predispose individuals for diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. 833:, is considered safe, whereas the consumption of animal liver can lead to malformation, as the liver stores lipophilic vitamins, including retinol. 9008: 2326:

Down syndrome was the most common condition with an estimated prevalence of 14.47 per 10,000 live births, implying about 6,000 diagnoses each year.

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opposed to rain water, ran the risk of giving birth to children with central nervous system disorders, muscoskeletal defects, and cardiac defects.

271:, and a mother over the age of 35 years old. Many are believed to involve multiple factors. Birth defects may be visible at birth or diagnosed by 815:, several births of affected children were described in spite of the strictly required use of contraception among female patients treated by it. 5492: 798:. Because of its ability to prevent nausea, it was prescribed for pregnant women in almost 50 countries worldwide between 1956 and 1962. Until 6072:

Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation

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is a condition arising from mechanical stress to normal tissue. Deformations often occur in the second or third trimester, and can be due to

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in the eyes. If the mother is infected with rubella during the ninth week, a crucial week for internal ear development, destruction of the

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used to prevent miscarriage in the past frequently caused masculinization of the outer reproductive organs of female newborns due to their

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correlation between pregnant women living near landfill sites and an increased risk of congenital disorders, such as neural tube defects,

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Zurlinden, TJ; Saili, KS; Rush, N; Kothiya, P; Judson, RS; Houck, KA; Hunter, ES; Baker, NC; Palmer, JA; Thomas, RS; Knudson, TB (2020).

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in offspring has been found to be correlated with advanced paternal age. Advanced paternal age has also been linked to increased risk of

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mutations are passed on. This is because, as humans age, male germ cells acquire mutations at a much faster rate than female germ cells.

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a structural defect perceived as a problem. A typical combination of malformations affecting more than one body part is referred to as a

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Congenital anomalies resulted in about 632,000 deaths per year in 2013 down from 751,000 in 1990. The types with the greatest death are

930:, characterized by craniofacial, cardiovascular, renal, and spine malformations, along with a delay in mental and physical development. 9437: 8771: 4026: 370: 3376: 5530: 2798: 7230: 6581:

Olshan, Andrew F.; Schnitzer, Patricia G.; Baird, Patricia A. (July 1994). "Paternal age and the risk of congenital heart defects".

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Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes: Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum, Expert Group "Health"

5007: 4890: 3951:"Offspring of male rats exposed to binge alcohol exhibit heightened ethanol intake at infancy and alterations in T-maze performance" 1608:. Recent studies have concluded that 5-9% of Down syndrome cases are due to paternal effects, but these findings are controversial. 4298:

Bracken MB, Holford TR; Holford (1981). "Exposure to prescribed drugs in pregnancy and association with congenital malformations".

1674: 3346: 999:. In some cases, the abortion did not happen, but the newborns had a fetal aminopterin syndrome consisting of growth retardation, 8806: 8670: 8572: 7588: 6701: 6290: 1476:

and other components in the tail and neck of the sperm which are important for the embryonic development, may result in defects.

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following chemical exposure. Findings of the study published in 2020 were that 19% of the 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of

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Other well-defined genetic conditions may affect the production of hormones, receptors, structural proteins, and ion channels.

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Anderson, Lucy M.; Riffle, Lisa; Wilson, Ralph; Travlos, Gregory S.; Lubomirski, Mariusz S.; Alvord, W. Gregory (March 2006).

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There is concrete evidence that advanced paternal age is associated with the increased likelihood that a mother will have a

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Lary, J. M.; Paulozzi, L. J. (2001). "Sex differences in the prevalence of human birth defects: A population-based study".

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de Graaf, Johanna P.; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Bonsel, Gouke J. (April 2013). "Inequalities in perinatal and maternal health".

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Clarren S, Alvord E, Sumi S, Streissguth A, Smith D (1978). "Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol".

3184: 3068: 976:. Following studies showed elevated risks for other tumors and congenital malformations of the sex organs for both sexes. 9382: 9294: 8882: 8277: 1689:. Tandem mass spectroscopy can also be used for IEM, and investigation of sudden infant death, and shaken baby syndrome. 2893: 1190:

Correlations between paternal smoking and the increased risk of offspring developing childhood cancers (including acute

829:, plays an important role as a signal molecule in the development of several tissues and organs. Its natural precursor, 8776: 8675: 8629: 7581: 6971: 4830:

Delomenie, Myriam; Schneider, Floriane; Beaudet, Joëlle; Gabriel, René; Bednarek, Nathalie; Graesslin, Olivier (2015).

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Paternal smoking prior to conception has been linked with the increased risk of congenital abnormalities in offspring.

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Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract include renal parenchyma, kidneys, and urinary collecting system.

7486:"Key Findings: Updated National Birth Prevalence Estimates for Selected Birth Defects in the United States, 2004–2006" 2930: 8975: 8267: 6902: 5326: 2996: 1092:

of those residing by the bay resulted in neurological defects in the offspring. Infants exposed to mercury poisoning

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A malformation is associated with a disorder of tissue development. Malformations often occur in the first trimester.

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Trasler, Jacquetta M.; Doerksen, Tonia (September 1999). "Teratogen update: paternal exposures—reproductive risks".

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Furitsu Katsumi (2005). "Microsatellite mutations show no increases in the children of the Chernobyl liquidators".

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Ji, B.-T.; Shu, X.-O.; Zheng, W.; Ying, D.-M.; Linet, M. S.; Wacholder, S.; Gao, Y.-T.; Jin, F. (5 February 1997).

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The CDC and National Birth Defect Project studied the incidence of birth defects in the US. Key findings include:

9061: 8994: 8877: 8413: 8249: 8192: 7782: 7485: 4832:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning during Pregnancy: Presentation of a Rare Severe Case with Fetal Bladder Complications" 2865:(1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128. 2503: 1649: 669: 652: 576: 8791: 8735: 8243: 8182: 8120: 5639: 4665:"A Review of Nitrates in Drinking Water: Maternal Exposure and Adverse Reproductive and Developmental Outcomes" 2487: 1600:

Research has found that there is a correlation between advanced paternal age and risk of birth defects such as

544: 1518:

Relatively few studies have researched the effects of paternal radiation exposure on offspring. Following the

1084:, contaminating the local water supply. This led many people in the area to develop what became known as the " 9666: 9056: 8842: 8603: 8479: 7737: 1790: 548: 6704:[Infant mortality rate and social disparity at Recife, the metropolis of the North-East of Brazil]. 5402: 1456: 875:, should never be prescribed to women of reproductive age or to children, because of its negative impact on 9239: 9136: 8847: 8644: 8186: 8178: 8134: 7826: 7766: 7701: 7679: 4808: 2773: 1460: 927: 17: 5462: 4123:

van Gelder MM, van Rooij IA, Miller RK, Zielhuis GA, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Roeleveld N (January 2010).

9542: 8649: 8624: 8453: 8377: 8365: 7745: 7632: 6769:"Effect of L-arginine and sildenafil citrate on intrauterine growth restriction fetuses: a meta-analysis" 6070: 1686: 1678: 1528: 1498: 750: 340: 3785:

Abel EL, Sokol RJ (November 1986). "Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation".

883:. The "tetracycline teeth" have brown or grey colour as a result of a defective development of both the 9234: 8918: 8710: 8546: 8458: 8406: 8124: 7822: 7818: 1502: 1035: 623: 613: 9304: 7492:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. 718:

A review published in 2010 identified six main teratogenic mechanisms associated with medication use:

9613: 9229: 9096: 8634: 8489: 8291: 8253: 8052: 7887: 6079: 2334:

Adjusted National Prevalence Estimates and Estimated Number of Cases in the United States, 2004–2006

1697: 1644:

Folate supplements decrease the risk of neural tube defects. Tentative evidence supports the role of

1039: 919: 837:(13-cis-retinoic-acid; brand name Roaccutane), vitamin A analog, which is often used to treat severe 674: 521: 6932: 5500: 604:

Defects can be bilateral or unilateral, and different defects often coexist in an individual child.

9623: 9146: 8811: 8786: 7741: 7545: 4259:"Paternal Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Childhood Cancer Among Offspring of Nonsmoking Mothers" 2264: 1670: 1582: 907: 799: 630:, usually heritable. Many affect the structure of body parts, but some simply affect the function. 513: 503: 332: 291: 225: 106: 7212:

Darwin C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London, John Murray, 1st ed.

1786: 9141: 8925: 8872: 8867: 8796: 8307: 8299: 8285: 8271: 8229: 8150: 7862: 7517: 5380: 2804: 1878: 1544: 1354: 1236: 880: 862: 583: 509: 221: 102: 7456: 6511:

Lean, Samantha C.; Derricott, Hayley; Jones, Rebecca L.; Heazell, Alexander E. P. (2017-10-17).

6375: 5318: 664:

Very few studies have investigated the links between paternal alcohol use and offspring health.

9372: 8908: 8801: 7753: 7604: 6464:"Quantifying the effect of population mixing on childhood leukaemia risk: the Seascale cluster" 1448: 1126: 953: 775: 686: 627: 499: 248: 6702:"Taux de mortalité infantile et disparités sociales à Recife, métropole du Nord-Est du Brésil" 5899:"Men may contribute to infertility through newly discovered part of sperm | UToledo News" 5432: 2860: 335:

if examined carefully. Examples of minor anomalies can include curvature of the fifth finger (

9131: 8499: 6513:"Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 6170: 4211:

Zhu, J. L.; Madsen, K. M.; Vestergaard, M; Olesen, A. V.; Basso, O; Olsen, J (15 July 2005).

2793: 2783: 1629: 1567: 1557: 1532: 1138: 956:

is considered harmless for the embryo. Peterka and Novotná do, however, state that synthetic

451: 264: 4722:"Maternal Exposure to Nitrate from Drinking Water and Diet and Risk for Neural Tube Defects" 2348:

Estimated National Prevalence per 10,000 Live Births (Adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity)

9350: 9289: 9189: 9163: 8832: 8816: 8781: 8715: 8108: 8033: 7972: 7778: 6524: 6428: 6332: 6176: 6130: 6040: 5522: 4770: 3368: 2685: 2274: 2200: 1947: 1669:

were introduced in the early 1960s and initially dealt with just two disorders. Since then

1597:. It is hypothesized that this may be due to environmental exposures or lifestyle choices. 1485: 1291: 996: 727: 517: 287: 268: 237: 180: 7050:

Fernando, J; Arena, P; Smith, D. W. (1978). "Sex liability to single structural defects".

4099:

Understanding Genetics: A District of Columbia Guide for Patients and Health Professionals

8: 9618: 9603: 8965: 8484: 8281: 8094: 7728: 7222: 7063: 5015: 4923: 3949:

Hollander, Jessica; McNivens, Megan; Pautassi, Ricardo M.; Nizhnikov, Michael E. (2019).

3830:"Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies" 3429:

Tayel, SM; Fawzia, MM; Al-Naqeeb, Niran A; Gouda, Said; Al Awadi, SA; Naguib, KK (2005).

2471: 1882: 1616: 1594: 1561: 1072:

Industrial pollution can also lead to congenital defects. Over a period of 37 years, the

1023: 525: 430: 295: 229: 217: 98: 6528: 6432: 6336: 6134: 4807:(Report). Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility. May 2000. pp. 90–2. 4774: 3338: 1522:

disaster, it was assumed in the 1990s that the germ line of irradiated fathers suffered

1403:, the physical interference or presence of other similarly developing organisms such as 661:

The prevalence of children affected is estimated at least 1% in U.S. as well in Canada.

9111: 8898: 8720: 8448: 8385: 8373: 8369: 8333: 8328: 8263: 7877: 7657: 7027: 7002: 6920: 6795: 6768: 6677: 6652: 6555: 6512: 6488: 6463: 6356: 6233: 6208: 6151: 6118: 6052: 6004: 5954: 5875: 5848: 5734: 5699: 5311: 5275: 5240: 5216: 5183: 5068: 4974: 4965: 4949: 4866: 4831: 4697: 4664: 4495: 4470: 4411: 4386: 4362: 4335: 4076: 3983: 3950: 3887: 3870: 3810: 3692: 3657: 3633: 3600: 3520: 3487: 3463: 3430: 3293: 3268: 3240: 3215: 3158: 3133: 2567: 2100: 1338: 1315: 965: 708: 690: 233: 93: 7277: 6300: 5849:"The Role of Sperm Centrioles in Human Reproduction – The Known and the Unknown - PMC" 5700:"Cloning and Embryo Splitting in Mammalians: Brief History, Methods, and Achievements" 4782: 3798: 3763: 3284: 3231: 3149: 1893:

all children will require extensive medical care to diagnose or treat a birth defect.

9325: 9264: 9086: 8852: 8755: 8705: 8516: 8347: 7964: 7883: 7838: 7806: 7794: 7556: 7438: 7403: 7281: 7183: 7137: 7102: 7067: 7032: 6908: 6898: 6867: 6827: 6800: 6713: 6682: 6633: 6598: 6560: 6542: 6493: 6444: 6384: 6348: 6256: 6238: 6180: 6142: 6083: 6044: 5996: 5946: 5880: 5829: 5791: 5739: 5721: 5669: 5631: 5590: 5322: 5280: 5262: 5221: 5203: 5164: 5060: 4979: 4915: 4871: 4853: 4786: 4743: 4702: 4684: 4616: 4581: 4544: 4500: 4451: 4447: 4416: 4367: 4307: 4280: 4234: 4182: 4156: 4068: 4030: 3988: 3970: 3931: 3892: 3851: 3802: 3767: 3732: 3697: 3679: 3638: 3620: 3525: 3507: 3468: 3450: 3409: 3298: 3245: 3163: 3033: 2866: 2305:

Data obtained on opposite-sex twins. ** — Data were obtained in the period 1983–1994.

1666: 1661: 1358: 1330:

can also be transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby and cause microcephaly.

1279: 1089: 1063: 1043: 841:, is such a strong teratogen that just a single dose taken by a pregnant woman (even 723: 719: 572: 272: 256: 77: 7203:

World Health Organization reports. "Congenital malformations", Geneve, 1966, p. 128.

6056: 6008: 5958: 4387:"Review of recent epidemiological studies on paternal occupations and birth defects" 4080: 3814: 3101: 1539:

doses of X-ray irradiation of male mice resulted in birth defects of the offspring.

9219: 9194: 8945: 8940: 8837: 8750: 8494: 8342: 8338: 8235: 8112: 8080: 7711: 7430: 7395: 7273: 7175: 7129: 7094: 7059: 7022: 7014: 6890: 6859: 6790: 6780: 6672: 6664: 6625: 6590: 6550: 6532: 6483: 6475: 6440: 6436: 6360: 6340: 6228: 6220: 6209:"Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy" 6207:

Winther, J F; Boice, J D; Thomsen, B L; Schull, W J; Stovall, M; j h Olsen (2003).

6146: 6138: 6036: 5988: 5938: 5870: 5860: 5821: 5781: 5729: 5711: 5623: 5270: 5252: 5211: 5195: 5156: 5072: 5050: 4969: 4961: 4905: 4861: 4843: 4778: 4733: 4692: 4676: 4608: 4573: 4490: 4482: 4443: 4406: 4398: 4357: 4347: 4270: 4224: 4146: 4136: 4060: 4022: 3978: 3962: 3927: 3923: 3882: 3841: 3794: 3759: 3724: 3687: 3669: 3628: 3612: 3515: 3499: 3458: 3442: 3288: 3280: 3235: 3227: 3153: 3145: 2245: 1693: 1421: 1180: 1085: 1003:, hydrocephalus, facial dismorphities, intellectual disability, or leg deformities 1000: 987:

is usually recommended when pregnancy is discovered during or before chemotherapy.

821:

is the sole vitamin that is embryotoxic even in a therapeutic dose, for example in

808: 731: 276: 244: 82: 35: 5241:"Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism" 3966: 1183:

may result in epigenetic or genetic modifications of the father's germline. Fetal

1163:, causing a 30% higher risk for congenital malformations and a 50% higher risk of 9643: 9593: 9522: 9497: 9467: 9377: 9284: 9224: 8654: 8352: 7941: 7550: 6537: 6291:"Nuclear crisis: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science" 5942: 4540: 4064: 3503: 3322: 1682: 1409: 1393: 1389: 1311: 1287: 1113: 972:

used from the 1940s to 1971, when the prenatal exposition has been linked to the

950:

have recently also been reported as a result of intrauterine valproate exposure.

895: 888: 749:

studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the

418: 405:

is a disorder at the organ level that is due to problems with tissue development.

232:

in which problems exist with how a body part works. Functional disorders include

55:

Congenital disorder, congenital disease, congenital deformity, congenital anomaly

4577: 4094: 1531:

increase was also seen by independent researchers analyzing the children of the

1187:

have been damaged as a result of a father's smoking habits prior to conception.

355:). Some minor anomalies may be clues to more significant internal abnormalities. 9633: 9517: 9457: 9121: 9116: 9106: 9101: 9066: 8903: 8511: 8026: 7992: 7987: 7662: 7561: 6894: 5661: 5199: 4612: 3446: 2788: 2420: 2219: 2170: 1590: 1586: 1275: 1271: 1142: 1097: 1066: 1011: 850: 568: 560: 556: 531:

Congenital anomalies of the nervous system include neural tube defects such as

475: 369:, and which is significant enough to be considered a problem. According to the 6863: 6785: 5627: 5612:"Preconceptional fasting of fathers alters serum glucose in offspring of mice" 1076:

Corporation, a petrochemical and plastics company, contaminated the waters of

30:

This article is about congenital disorders in humans. Not to be confused with

9660: 9638: 9608: 9588: 9447: 9422: 9345: 9259: 9249: 9244: 9158: 9051: 8740: 8506: 8221: 8021: 7982: 7977: 7905: 7891: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7811: 7716: 7694: 7689: 7667: 6651:

Wiener-Megnazi, Zofnat; Auslender, Ron; Dirnfeld, Martha (12 December 2011).

6546: 5865: 5725: 5266: 5207: 5182:

Arora, Nitin; Sadovsky, Yoel; Dermody, Terence S.; Coyne, Carolyn B. (2017).

4857: 4688: 4486: 4352: 3974: 3683: 3624: 3511: 3454: 3315: 2728: 2653: 2393: 2118: 1705: 1605: 1578: 1523: 1299: 1154: 1130: 1081: 1055: 923: 911: 903: 858: 854: 838: 826: 595: 564: 552: 536: 483: 352: 260: 7376:

Riley M., Halliday J. (2002) Birth Defects in Victoria 1999–2000, Melbourne.

6629: 6594: 5825: 5786: 5769: 4738: 4721: 4275: 4258: 4229: 4212: 4141: 4124: 3846: 3829: 3728: 3674: 830: 9477: 9472: 9452: 9432: 9418: 9362: 9091: 9041: 8857: 8725: 8685: 8016: 7923: 7919: 7799: 7787: 7771: 7759: 7749: 7652: 7573: 7407: 7187: 7141: 7099:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970331)69:3<225::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-K

7036: 6912: 6871: 6831: 6804: 6717: 6686: 6637: 6564: 6497: 6479: 6448: 6242: 6224: 6048: 6000: 5950: 5884: 5795: 5743: 5716: 5673: 5635: 5284: 5257: 5225: 5168: 5064: 4983: 4919: 4910: 4875: 4790: 4747: 4706: 4620: 4504: 4420: 4371: 4238: 4160: 4101:. Genetic Alliance; District of Columbia Department of Health. 2010-02-17. 4072: 4034: 3992: 3935: 3896: 3855: 3701: 3642: 3529: 3472: 3302: 3249: 3167: 2526: 2416: 2376: 2086: 2060: 1512: 1334: 1307: 1295: 1251: 1195: 1077: 1059: 1058:, hip subluxation, agenesis of a limb, and inferior maxillary atresia with 980: 868: 834: 822: 735: 532: 479: 455: 374: 336: 307: 7442: 7434: 7350:

Montagu A. (1968) Natural Superiority of Women, The, Altamira Press, 1999.

7285: 7106: 7018: 6602: 6352: 5833: 4848: 4585: 4455: 4311: 4284: 4027:

10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199909)60:3<161::AID-TERA12>3.0.CO;2-A

3806: 3736: 3601:"Developmental pathology of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies" 3574:"Overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)" 9583: 9578: 9552: 9442: 9427: 9408: 9367: 9335: 9330: 9168: 9046: 8986: 8935: 8038: 8009: 8004: 7901: 7071: 6295: 5055: 5038: 4402: 3771: 3616: 2669: 2360: 1961: 1701: 1612: 1368: 1342: 1319: 1118: 1031: 988: 939: 842: 787: 760: 540: 467: 306:

Much of the language used for describing congenital conditions antedates

147: 6668: 4891:"Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Birth Defects in Southern California" 1451:. Single-gene defects may arise from abnormalities of both copies of an 910:, which may typically include broad nose base, cleft lip and/or palate, 441: 9562: 9507: 9502: 9492: 9487: 9340: 9214: 9076: 9071: 9027: 8930: 8745: 8443: 8429: 8158: 8154: 7960: 7706: 7684: 7674: 7399: 7179: 7085:

Lubinsky, M. S. (1997). "Classifying sex biased congenital anomalies".

6755: 6257:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)" 5992: 5160: 4051:

Abel, E. L. (2004). "Paternal contribution to fetal alcohol syndrome".

3339:"Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC" 2768: 2745: 2724: 2708: 1645: 1464:

always produce effects on many different body parts and organ systems.

1364: 1327: 1184: 1109: 935: 915: 872: 804: 795: 790:. It was developed near the end of the 1950s by Chemie Grünenthal as a 771: 704: 495: 471: 459: 366: 348: 344: 282:

Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. This may include

240:. Some birth defects include both structural and functional disorders. 213: 209: 153: 86: 61: 31: 7537: 7133: 4151: 429:

When multiple effects occur in a specified order, they are known as a

9547: 9413: 9392: 9274: 9199: 9151: 9081: 9036: 8730: 7999: 7955: 7647: 7642: 7523:

CDC's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities

6344: 4889:

Ritz, B.; Yu, F.; Fruin, S.; Chapa, G.; Shaw, G.; Harris, J. (2002).

4680: 2543: 1519: 1507: 1473: 1439: 1323: 1267: 1221: 1122: 957: 931: 899: 818: 763: 755: 738:

disruption, and specific receptor- or enzyme-mediated teratogenesis.

463: 414: 402: 140: 136: 70: 5611: 4663:

Manassaram, Deana M.; Backer, Lorraine C.; Moll, Deborah M. (2006).

9598: 9537: 9527: 9462: 9299: 9279: 9204: 8862: 8115: 8065: 8061: 7933: 7612: 6947:"Newborn screening for DMD shows promise as an international model" 6321: 5847:

Avidor-Reiss, T.; Mazur, M.; Fishman, E. L.; Sindhwani, P. (2019).

5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5146: 2608: 2585: 2329:

About 7,000 babies are born with a cleft palate, cleft lip or both.

1601: 1452: 1435: 1427: 1303: 1233: 1225: 1199: 1191: 1164: 984: 969: 961: 791: 700: 587: 487: 447: 434: 165: 132: 8588:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

7457:"Birth Defects: Saving Pediatric Patients from Congenital Defects" 6699: 6421:

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis

6027:

Bradley, Robert H.; Corwyn, Robert F. (February 2002). "S S C D".

3948: 3658:"Inborn errors of metabolism in the 21st century: past to present" 1104:, inhibited psychomotor development, and intellectual disability. 9557: 9532: 9309: 8541: 8168: 7951: 7624: 5846: 5245:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4176: 4122: 1337:, microphthalmus (abnormally small eyeballs), retinal dysplasia, 1262: 884: 812: 767: 591: 491: 283: 176: 161: 157: 7388:

Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology

7168:

Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology

6374:

Bennett, Burton; Repacholi, Michael; Carr, Zhanat, eds. (2006).

5291: 4829: 4804: 3871:"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome. A summary" 339:), a third nipple, tiny indentations of the skin near the ears ( 275:. A number of defects can be detected before birth by different 9482: 9269: 9254: 9017: 6650: 3431:"A morpho-etiological description of congenital limb anomalies" 3406:

Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Deformation, 3rd Edition

1240: 1101: 1073: 992: 947: 543:. Other congenital anomalies of the nervous system include the 6767:

Chen, J; Gong, X; Chen, P; Luo, K; Zhang, X (16 August 2016).

4537:Úvod do teratologie: příčiny a mechanizmy vzniku vrozených vad 3912: 2862:

Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states

9387: 8398: 8257: 8196: 8172: 8102: 7385: 7252:

Robbins and Cotran's Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition

6743:

Robbins and Cotran's Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition

5660:

Bhandari, Jenish; Thada, Pawan K.; Sergent, Shane R. (2022),

4434:

King CR (1986). "Genetic counseling for teratogen exposure".

4334:

Anderson, Diana; Schmid, ThomasE; Baumgartner, Adolf (2014).

4297: 1708:

scans can give detailed information of structural anomalies.

1404: 1244: 1229: 1160: 6949:. Nationwide Children's Hospital. 2012-03-19. Archived from 5696: 3749: 2997:"How many people are affected by/at risk for birth defects?" 846: 9173: 8303: 8295: 8239: 8225: 8200: 8128: 8098: 8088: 7420: 6850:

Wilcken, B; Wiley, V (February 2008). "Newborn screening".

5609: 5317:(5th ed.). Baltimore: William & Wilkins. pp. 4564:

Hunt JR (1996). "Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake".

1431: 1400: 876: 251:, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain 5978: 4210: 1367:, a B vitamin, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular 8084: 7007:

American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health

6510: 6206: 5181: 4468: 4333: 3428: 1793:

for congenital anomalies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:

1720:

Congenital anomalies deaths per million persons in 2012:

1027: 7264:

Dicke JM (1989). "Teratology: principles and practice".

6700:

Bezerra Guimarães MJ, Marques NM, Melo Filho DA (2000).

6119:"The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study" 5184:"Microbial Vertical Transmission during Human Pregnancy" 4601:

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 3373:

American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery

395:

Some conditions are due to abnormal tissue development:

135:, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, certain 6383:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). p. 79. 3715:

Jones K, Smith D (1975). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".

1900:

The sex ratio of patients with congenital malformations

1408:

various structures. This results in conditions such as

943: 770:

developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular

365:

a congenital, physical anomaly that is recognizable at

212:, regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in 7423:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

6461: 5928: 3403: 3185:"How do health care providers diagnose birth defects?" 3131: 995:

effect, was used during the 1950s and 1960s to induce

707:, and include certain pharmaceutical and recreational 450:. These include all forms of limbs anomalies, such as 8578:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

6123:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

6022: 6020: 6018: 4511: 3827: 1472:

Non-genetic defects in sperm cells, such as deformed

1376:, aids the development of the foetal nervous system. 853:), ears, thymus, face deformities, and neurological ( 442:

Examples of primarily structural congenital disorders

361:

is a widely used term for a congenital malformation,

7527: 6580: 6373: 5659: 4662: 4627: 4172: 4170: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 1566:

Certain birth complications can occur more often in

942:

closure-related defects such as spina bifida. Lower

7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 5811: 5008:"Methylmercury Contamination in Fish and Shellfish" 3213: 7049: 6015: 5768:Sartorius, G. A.; Nieschlag, E. (20 August 2009). 5767: 5589:. London: Health Education Authority. p. 11. 5310: 3868: 786:Probably, the most well-known teratogenic drug is 424:A disruption involves breakdown of normal tissues. 410:Conditions also can arise after tissue is formed: 6615: 4805:In Harm's Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development 4760: 4720:Croen, Lisa; Todoroff, Karen; Shaw, Gary (2001). 4719: 4598: 4167: 3390: 2779:List of ICD-9 codes 740-759: Congenital anomalies 1306:. Maternal exposure to cytomegalovirus can cause 9658: 7353: 7000: 6653:"Advanced paternal age and reproductive outcome" 5497:Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired 5403:"Hepatosplenomegaly-Symptoms, Causes, Treatment" 5140: 4888: 2233:Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary system 1179:embryonic and fetal stages of development. This 7199: 7197: 6766: 6418: 6162: 5668:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 4012: 1278:can occur, causing deafness. In the heart, the 7165: 4534: 4256: 3545:"Congenital Anomalies of the Digestive System" 3179: 3177: 2858: 1535:. Animal studies have shown that incomparably 1459:disorder) or of only one of the two copies (a 1434:from the mother or the father, as well as new 1399:For multicellular organisms that develop in a 926:taken during pregnancy is responsible for the 902:, also known as diphenylhydantoin, along with 781: 27:Condition present at birth regardless of cause 9512:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 9002: 8583:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 8414: 8343:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development 7589: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 6026: 5981:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 5373:"Cerebral calcification, nonarteriosclerotic" 5239:Mawson, Anthony R.; Croft, Ashley M. (2019). 5149:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 4954:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4948:Aubard, Yves; Magne, Isabelle (12 Aug 2005). 4263:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3485: 3325:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3132:Wang, Haidong; et al. (8 October 2016). 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2991: 2989: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 1167:being under-sized for their gestational age. 1088:". Because methylmercury is a teratogen, the 747:United States Environmental Protection Agency 695:environmental toxicants and fetal development 7603: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7257: 7194: 7119: 6849: 6693: 6172:Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten 5931:Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 4592: 3096: 3094: 3069:"What are the treatments for birth defects?" 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 1604:, syndromes involving multiple systems, and 208:is an abnormal condition that is present at 8165:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 6845: 6843: 6841: 5853:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 5580: 5578: 5238: 4947: 4557: 4535:Peterka, Miroslav; Novotná, Božena (2010). 4427: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4291: 4213:"Paternal age and congenital malformations" 3908: 3906: 3174: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2958: 2956: 384:is a physical anomaly that is deleterious, 9016: 9009: 8995: 8971: 8772:Augmentative and alternative communication 8421: 8407: 7596: 7582: 7227:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7223:"Diagnosis | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC" 6972:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 5527:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4639:United States National Library of Medicine 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3714: 3549:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3366: 3333: 3331: 3207: 3038:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3019: 2986: 2916: 1247:, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. 703:can cause congenital disorders are called 371:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 60: 7292: 7026: 6811: 6794: 6784: 6676: 6576: 6574: 6554: 6536: 6487: 6232: 6150: 5874: 5864: 5807: 5805: 5785: 5750: 5733: 5715: 5603: 5274: 5256: 5215: 5054: 4973: 4909: 4865: 4847: 4836:Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4737: 4696: 4494: 4410: 4361: 4351: 4274: 4228: 4150: 4140: 4125:"Teratogenic mechanisms of medical drugs" 3982: 3886: 3845: 3784: 3691: 3673: 3632: 3519: 3492:CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 3462: 3292: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3239: 3214:Vos, Theo; et al. (8 October 2016). 3157: 3091: 2879: 2799:National Birth Defects Prevention Network 1577:Around a 5% increase in the incidence of 861:) and cardiovascular defects, as well as 7337: 7263: 7084: 7052:American Journal of Diseases of Children 6838: 6817: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5575: 4950:"Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy" 4318: 4177:Ronan O'Rahilly; Fabiola Müller (2001). 3903: 3598: 3120: 3056: 2953: 1785: 1715: 1681:(IEM)), and genetic disorders including 1426:Genetic causes of birth defects include 1034:, interfere with the development of the 351:bones, or dimples over the lower spine ( 8807:Disproportionality in special education 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 6315: 5036: 4635:"Search Jablonski's Syndromes Database" 4563: 4433: 4391:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4384: 4046: 4044: 3999: 3599:Jain, Sanjay; Chen, Feng (2018-12-01). 3328: 974:clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina 433:. When the order is not known, it is a 313: 14: 9659: 6982:from the original on November 11, 2009 6735: 6644: 6571: 6288: 6168: 6041:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5802: 5308: 5005: 4811:from the original on 24 September 2015 4385:Chia, S-E; Shi, L. M. (1 March 2002). 4336:"Male-mediated developmental toxicity" 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 3655: 3256: 2931:"What are the types of birth defects?" 2894:"Birth Defects: Condition Information" 1310:, cerebral calcifications, blindness, 607: 8990: 8402: 7577: 7496:from the original on October 28, 2014 6878: 6265:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 6116: 5917: 5584: 5563:from the original on 24 December 2014 5533:from the original on 10 December 2014 5413:from the original on 10 November 2014 5353:from the original on 21 December 2014 5128:from the original on 21 December 2014 5039:"Health hazards and waste management" 4252: 4250: 4248: 4095:"Teratogens/Prenatal Substance Abuse" 3408:. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 3. 3195:from the original on 22 December 2017 3079:from the original on 20 December 2017 3007:from the original on 17 December 2017 2974:from the original on 17 December 2017 2941:from the original on 22 December 2017 2904:from the original on 22 December 2017 1382: 1006: 9127:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 7148: 7087:American Journal of Medical Genetics 7064:10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120350034004 7003:"Statistical Study of Twins—Methods" 6939: 6884: 6818:Simonsen, H (25 November 2002). "". 6756:https://doi.org/10.58292/ct.v15.9609 6609: 5905:from the original on January 8, 2023 4378: 4050: 4041: 3828:Strömland K, Pinazo-Durán M (2002). 3486:Gaitanis, John; Tarui, Tomo (2018). 1675:gas chromatography–mass spectrometry 898:are known to be highly teratogenic. 267:during pregnancy, poorly controlled 8914:Disability in children's literature 8278:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor 6400:from the original on 12 August 2011 5965: 5443:from the original on 5 January 2015 5085: 4195: 3576:. UpToDate – Wolters Kluer Health. 3542: 3309: 2584:Rectal and large intestinalatresia/ 1333:The herpes simplex virus can cause 1159:Endometriosis can impact a woman's 680: 646: 24: 8777:Emotional or behavioral disability 6889:. Vol. 73. pp. 195–250. 5473:from the original on 22 April 2015 5098:from the original on 29 March 2015 4966:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11078.x 4245: 3279:(9963): 117–71. 17 December 2014. 1692:Screening can also be carried out 1467: 25: 9683: 7511: 7001:Gittelsohn, A; Milham, S (1964). 4669:Environmental Health Perspectives 4179:Human embryology & teratology 3580:from the original on 27 June 2012 3108:from the original on 18 June 2018 3044:from the original on 15 June 2018 2048:Hypoplasia of the tibia and femur 1479: 713:environmental toxins in pregnancy 301: 8970: 8961: 8960: 7851:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome 7478: 7449: 7414: 7379: 7244: 7215: 7206: 7113: 7078: 7043: 6994: 6964: 6143:10.1001/jama.1992.03490050109039 5437:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 4898:American Journal of Epidemiology 4763:Science of the Total Environment 4726:American Journal of Epidemiology 4448:10.1097/00006250-198606000-00020 3662:Annals of Translational Medicine 2639:Reduction deformity, lower limbs 2625:Reduction deformity, upper limbs 2345:Estimated Annual Number of Cases 2317: 1915:Defects with female predominance 1286:Other infectious agents include 1218:vertically transmitted infection 1212:Vertically transmitted infection 1148: 1112:site near Niagara Falls and the 9062:Breastfeeding and mental health 8250:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 8193:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 8121:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 7783:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 7518:WHO fact sheet on birth defects 7467:from the original on 2021-02-13 7250:Kumar, Abbas and Fausto, eds., 7233:from the original on 2018-11-07 6760: 6748: 6741:Kumar, Abbas and Fausto, eds., 6724:from the original on 2021-08-28 6504: 6462:Dickinson HO, Parker L (1999). 6455: 6412: 6367: 6282: 6271:from the original on 2018-05-20 6249: 6200: 6110: 6099:from the original on 2017-12-15 6063: 5891: 5840: 5770:"Paternal age and reproduction" 5690: 5680:from the original on 2023-03-16 5653: 5642:from the original on 2020-07-27 5545: 5515: 5485: 5455: 5425: 5395: 5365: 5335: 5232: 5175: 5110: 5088:"Environmental Justice for All" 5079: 5030: 4999: 4990: 4941: 4882: 4823: 4797: 4754: 4713: 4656: 4645:from the original on 2017-05-04 4462: 4116: 4105:from the original on 2019-12-20 4087: 3942: 3862: 3821: 3778: 3743: 3708: 3649: 3592: 3566: 3555:from the original on 2022-10-31 3536: 3479: 3422: 3404:Graham, John Whichello (2007). 3379:from the original on 2016-03-21 3360: 3349:from the original on 2015-05-08 2817: 2504:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 2457:Transposition of great arteries 1711: 1650:intrauterine growth restriction 1551: 1348: 1239:directly from the mother to an 922:, and intellectual disability. 920:intrauterine growth restriction 653:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 577:agenesis of the corpus callosum 343:pits), shortness of the fourth 8792:Disability and LGBT identities 8428: 6441:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.11.002 6289:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011). 3928:10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.06.003 3656:Arnold, Georgianne L. (2018). 3488:"Nervous System Malformations" 2852: 2488:Atrioventricular septal defect 2354:Central nervous system defects 2133:Defects with male predominance 321: 243:Birth defects may result from 13: 1: 9057:Breastfeeding and medications 8604:Services for mental disorders 7973:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) 7738:1q21.1 copy number variations 7278:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30658-7 4783:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00169-9 3967:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.013 3869:May PA.; Gossage JP. (2001). 3799:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92234-8 3764:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80072-9 3285:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 3232:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 3150:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2846: 2546:with and without cleft palate 2015:Diverticulum of the esophagus 1791:Disability-adjusted life year 1639: 1581:, atrial septal defects, and 1314:(which can cause blindness), 1205: 1080:with an estimated 27 tons of 991:, a cytostatic drug with anti 9672:Animal developmental biology 9619:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 9240:Infant cognitive development 9137:Neonatal intensive care unit 8609:Services for disabled people 8179:Acute promyelocytic leukemia 8135:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 7827:17q12 microdeletion syndrome 7702:22q11.2 duplication syndrome 7680:16p11.2 duplication syndrome 6773:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 6538:10.1371/journal.pone.0186287 5943:10.1097/GCO.0b013e32835ec9b0 5313:Langman's Medical Embryology 4065:10.1080/13556210410001716980 3504:10.1212/CON.0000000000000561 3369:"Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate" 2964:"What causes birth defects?" 2774:List of congenital disorders 1655: 1492: 928:fetal trimethadione syndrome 620:congenital metabolic disease 582:Congenital anomalies of the 7: 9543:Supplemental nursing system 8892:Arts, media, culture, sport 7746:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 7633:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 6887:Inborn Errors of Metabolism 6029:Annual Review of Psychology 4578:10.1056/NEJM199605023341814 4539:(1. vyd. ed.). Praha: 2762: 1687:Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1679:inborn errors of metabolism 1529:statistically insignificant 1499:atomic bombing of Hiroshima 1415: 782:Medications and supplements 751:CompTox Chemicals Dashboard 594:, and perforation, such as 446:A limb anomaly is called a 329:congenital physical anomaly 253:infections during pregnancy 168:, mother over the age of 35 10: 9688: 9295:Prenatal development table 9235:Irritant diaper dermatitis 8919:Disability in horror films 8711:Activities of daily living 6895:10.1016/bs.acc.2015.12.001 6657:Asian Journal of Andrology 5407:Symptoms and Treatment RSS 5200:10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.007 5092:National Humanities Center 5014:. CSA 2007. Archived from 4613:10.1024/0300-9831.75.3.187 4340:Asian Journal of Andrology 3447:10.5144/0256-4947.2005.219 2074:Atresia of small intestine 1923:Congenital hip dislocation 1700:to give scans such as the 1659: 1648:in decreasing the risk of 1622: 1579:ventricular septal defects 1555: 1419: 1352: 1255:cataracts had been exposed 1209: 1170: 1152: 1096:showed predispositions to 1036:female reproductive system 825:, because its metabolite, 684: 675:ventricular septal defects 650: 624:inborn error of metabolism 622:is also referred to as an 614:Inborn error of metabolism 611: 586:include numerous forms of 545:Arnold–Chiari malformation 286:, medication, surgery, or 29: 9614:Prenatal cocaine exposure 9571: 9402:Infant care and equipment 9401: 9319:Socialization and Culture 9318: 9230:Infant visual development 9182: 9097:Infant and toddler safety 9025: 8956: 8891: 8825: 8764: 8698: 8663: 8617: 8596: 8560: 8534: 8527: 8467: 8436: 8321: 8292:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 8214: 8143: 8073: 8060: 8051: 8027:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY) 7993:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY) 7988:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY) 7950: 7932: 7918: 7727: 7620: 7611: 7531: 6976:World Health Organization 6864:10.1080/00313020701813743 6786:10.1186/s12884-016-1009-6 6468:British Journal of Cancer 6213:British Journal of Cancer 6080:World Health Organization 5774:Human Reproduction Update 5628:10.1016/j.nut.2005.09.006 5523:"Facts about Anencephaly" 4436:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4300:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3034:"What are Birth Defects?" 2700: 2600: 2570:/tracheoeophageal fistula 2559: 2518: 2435: 2408: 2352: 1698:obstetric ultrasonography 1497:For the survivors of the 1040:congenital hypothyroidism 906:, is responsible for the 673:the offspring displaying 641: 549:Dandy–Walker malformation 522:ventricular septal defect 194: 186: 172: 146: 128: 120: 112: 92: 76: 68: 59: 51: 46: 9624:Parental child abduction 9147:Oral rehydration therapy 8812:Sexuality and disability 8787:Disability and disasters 8699:Structural and assistive 7767:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome 7742:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 7605:Chromosome abnormalities 6117:Heath, Clark W. (1992). 6082:. 2013. pp. 23–24. 5866:10.3389/fcell.2019.00188 5704:Stem Cells International 5043:British Medical Bulletin 5037:Rushton, Lesley (2003). 4353:10.4103/1008-682X.122342 4181:. New York: Wiley-Liss. 3435:Annals of Saudi Medicine 2810: 2561:Gastrointestinal defects 2141:Diverticula of the colon 1879:congenital heart defects 1671:tandem mass spectrometry 1583:patent ductus arteriosus 1137:Another issue regarding 908:fetal hydantoin syndrome 766:-based assay to predict 633: 514:patent ductus arteriosus 510:Congenital heart defects 504:cleidocranial dysostosis 333:minor physical anomalies 292:congenital heart disease 107:developmental disability 9629:Parental responsibility 9142:Newborn care and safety 8926:Disability in the media 8797:Disability and religion 8736:Personal Care Assistant 8151:Philadelphia chromosome 8022:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY) 7983:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY) 7978:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY) 7863:22q13 deletion syndrome 7638:2q31.1 microduplication 6595:10.1002/tera.1420500111 6169:Kalter, Harold (2010). 5826:10.1002/tera.1420440409 5587:Changing Preconceptions 5585:Raats, Monique (1998). 5188:Cell Host & Microbe 3916:Reproductive Toxicology 3729:10.1002/tera.1420120102 3675:10.21037/atm.2018.11.36 3605:Clinical Kidney Journal 2859:Ruth A. Hannon (2010). 2805:Supernumerary body part 2602:Musculoskeletal defects 1881:(323,000), followed by 1667:Newborn screening tests 1505:, who are known as the 1363:For example, a lack of 1355:Nutrition and pregnancy 983:are strong teratogens; 863:intellectual disability 584:gastrointestinal system 382:congenital malformation 294:(303,000), followed by 255:. Risk factors include 179:, medication, surgery, 103:intellectual disability 9373:Grandparent visitation 8909:Disability in the arts 8802:Disability and poverty 8741:Physical accessibility 8010:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) 7942:Turner syndrome (45,X) 7823:Smith–Magenis syndrome 7819:Miller–Dieker syndrome 7754:1p36 deletion syndrome 6480:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690664 6225:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600748 5258:10.3390/ijerph16193543 4487:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa014 4475:Toxicological Sciences 3316:Birth Defects Research 2437:Cardiovascular defects 1874: 1783: 1127:abdominal wall defects 954:Hormonal contraception 776:developmental toxicity 687:Developmental toxicity 670:fetal alcohol syndrome 500:amniotic band syndrome 238:degenerative disorders 124:Structural, functional 9132:Infant sleep training 8500:driver rehabilitation 8017:XYY syndrome (47,XYY) 8005:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) 7888:Prader–Willi syndrome 7435:10.1210/jcem-38-4-612 7019:10.2105/ajph.54.2.286 6630:10.1093/humrep/del453 5787:10.1093/humupd/dmp027 5309:Sadler, T.W. (1985). 4739:10.1093/aje/153.4.325 4276:10.1093/jnci/89.3.238 4230:10.1093/humrep/dei186 4142:10.1093/humupd/dmp052 3847:10.1093/alcalc/37.1.2 2794:Mitochondrial disease 2784:Malformative syndrome 2702:Chromosomal anomalies 2265:Meckel's diverticulum 2153:Atresia of the rectum 1789: 1719: 1630:chromosomal anomalies 1568:advanced maternal age 1558:Advanced maternal age 1353:Further information: 1139:environmental justice 997:therapeutic abortions 759:modeling and a human 685:Further information: 390:malformation syndrome 249:chromosomal disorders 9667:Congenital disorders 9290:Prenatal development 9190:Attachment parenting 9164:Shaken baby syndrome 8833:Models of disability 8817:Youth and disability 8782:Invisible disability 8731:Orthotics and braces 8716:Assistive technology 8528:Rights, law, support 8109:Mantle cell lymphoma 7779:Cri du chat syndrome 6820:Ugeskrift for Laeger 6177:Springer Netherlands 5717:10.1155/2021/2347506 4911:10.1093/aje/155.1.17 4403:10.1136/oem.59.3.149 3226:(10053): 1545–1602. 3144:(10053): 1459–1544. 3040:. 7 September 2017. 2833:congenital deformity 2686:Diaphragmatic hernia 2279:More common in boys 2275:Congenital megacolon 2269:More common in boys 2201:Cleft lip and palate 1486:socioeconomic status 1292:herpes simplex virus 1232:, or in rare cases, 1030:was shown to induce 938:effects, leading to 914:, nails and fingers 881:teeth mineralization 728:endocrine disruption 626:. Most of these are 518:atrial septal defect 314:Primarily structural 288:assistive technology 230:functional disorders 181:assistive technology 164:, poorly controlled 9604:Infant ear piercing 8485:Learning disability 8095:Follicular lymphoma 7266:Med. Clin. North Am 6669:10.1038/aja.2011.69 6529:2017PLoSO..1286287L 6433:2005MRGTE.581...69F 6337:1996Natur.380..683D 6135:1992RadR..131..229A 5503:on 17 November 2014 5018:on 13 December 2014 5006:Griesbauer, Laura. 4849:10.1155/2015/687975 4775:2002ScTEn.300...23C 2825:congenital disorder 2472:Tetralogy of Fallot 2379:without anencephaly 2335: 1902: 1883:neural tube defects 1871: more than 950 1805: less than 160 1595:tetralogy of Fallot 1562:Paternal age effect 1449:chromosomal defects 1024:endocrine disruptor 879:mineralization and 628:single-gene defects 608:Primarily metabolic 526:tetralogy of Fallot 296:neural tube defects 190:3% of newborns (US) 99:Physical disability 9112:Infant food safety 8899:Disability culture 8826:Disability studies 8721:Independent living 8449:Disability studies 8334:Uniparental disomy 8329:Fragile X syndrome 8264:Myxoid liposarcoma 8116:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH) 8000:Trisomy X (47,XXX) 7878:genomic imprinting 7658:Distal trisomy 10q 7400:10.1002/bdra.10129 7180:10.1002/bdra.20196 6618:Human Reproduction 5993:10.1111/aogs.12430 5409:. 22 August 2011. 5161:10.1111/aogs.13111 5056:10.1093/bmb/ldg034 4996:congenital defects 4217:Human Reproduction 3875:Alcohol Res Health 3617:10.1093/ckj/sfy112 3543:CDC (2021-03-31). 3321:2015-09-24 at the 3191:. September 2017. 3075:. September 2017. 2970:. September 2017. 2937:. September 2017. 2900:. September 2017. 2837:congenital anomaly 2829:congenital disease 2568:Esophageal atresia 2333: 2101:Esophageal atresia 1906:Congenital anomaly 1898: 1875: 1784: 1383:Physical restraint 1339:hepatosplenomegaly 1316:hepatosplenomegaly 1042:, and suspectably 966:Diethylstilbestrol 792:sleep-inducing aid 711:, as well as many 709:drugs in pregnancy 691:drugs in pregnancy 9654: 9653: 9514: 9351:Children's rights 9265:Object permanence 9087:Failure to thrive 8984: 8983: 8853:Neuroqueer theory 8756:Web accessibility 8706:Accessible toilet 8694: 8693: 8547:Disability rights 8542:Ableism/disablism 8396: 8395: 8348:Marker chromosome 8317: 8316: 8210: 8209: 8047: 8046: 7914: 7913: 7884:Angelman syndrome 7839:DiGeorge syndrome 7807:Jacobsen syndrome 7795:Williams syndrome 7571: 7570: 7134:10.1002/tera.1070 6390:978-92-4-159417-2 6331:(6576): 683–686. 6186:978-90-481-8820-8 6089:978-92-4-150513-0 5662:"Potter Syndrome" 5596:978-0-7521-1231-2 5086:Bullard, Robert. 4572:(18): 1197–1200. 4550:978-80-246-1780-0 4223:(11): 3173–3177. 4188:978-0-471-38225-6 4129:Hum Reprod Update 4053:Addiction Biology 3415:978-0-7216-1489-2 3189:www.nichd.nih.gov 3073:www.nichd.nih.gov 3001:www.nichd.nih.gov 2968:www.nichd.nih.gov 2935:www.nichd.nih.gov 2898:www.nichd.nih.gov 2872:978-1-60547-781-7 2760: 2759: 2529:without cleft lip 2520:Orofacial defects 2300: 2299: 2003:Spinal herniation 1909:Sex ratio, ♂♂:♀♀ 1662:Newborn screening 1359:folate deficiency 1280:ductus arteriosus 1090:mercury poisoning 1044:childhood obesity 724:neural crest cell 720:folate antagonism 699:Substances whose 573:holoprosencephaly 257:folate deficiency 202: 201: 41:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9679: 9510: 9195:Baby-led weaning 9011: 9004: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8974: 8973: 8964: 8963: 8946:Special Olympics 8838:Inspiration porn 8751:Universal design 8552:Pejorative terms 8532: 8531: 8495:Physical therapy 8423: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8339:XX male syndrome 8236:Synovial sarcoma 8113:Multiple myeloma 8081:Burkitt lymphoma 8071: 8070: 8058: 8057: 7961:other karyotypes 7930: 7929: 7712:Cat-eye syndrome 7618: 7617: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7529: 7528: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7351: 7348: 7335: 7331: 7290: 7289: 7261: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7192: 7191: 7163: 7146: 7145: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7030: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6916: 6885:Ezgu, F (2016). 6882: 6876: 6875: 6847: 6836: 6835: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6788: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6680: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6540: 6523:(10): e0186287. 6508: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6382: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6345:10.1038/380683a0 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6299:. Archived from 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6098: 6077: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6024: 6013: 6012: 5976: 5963: 5962: 5926: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5901:. June 7, 2018. 5895: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5868: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5765: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5719: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5499:. Archived from 5493:"Microphthalmus" 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5379:. Archived from 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5316: 5306: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5260: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5118:"Lead Poisoning" 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5058: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4929:on 30 April 2015 4928: 4922:. Archived from 4913: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4851: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4700: 4681:10.1289/ehp.8407 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4532: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4355: 4331: 4316: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4254: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4144: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3849: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3677: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3367:communications. 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3335: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3265: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104:. Dec 15, 2015. 3098: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3065: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2856: 2840: 2823:Also known as a 2821: 2342:Cases per Births 2336: 2332: 2246:Pyloric stenosis 1903: 1897: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1696:and can include 1545:Seascale cluster 1422:Genetic disorder 1181:oxidative damage 1108:done around the 1086:Minamata disease 1007:Toxic substances 1001:craniosynostosis 809:multiple myeloma 732:oxidative stress 681:Toxic substances 647:Alcohol exposure 261:drinking alcohol 116:Present at birth 83:Medical genetics 64: 44: 43: 36:genetic disorder 21: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9644:Paternity fraud 9594:Closed adoption 9567: 9523:Infant clothing 9498:Haberman Feeder 9468:Car seat safety 9397: 9378:Infant swimming 9356:UN Child rights 9314: 9225:Gestational age 9178: 9021: 9015: 8985: 8980: 8952: 8887: 8821: 8760: 8690: 8664:Activist groups 8659: 8613: 8592: 8556: 8523: 8463: 8432: 8427: 8397: 8392: 8353:Ring chromosome 8313: 8206: 8139: 8043: 7959: 7946: 7910: 7723: 7622: 7607: 7602: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7540: 7514: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7470: 7468: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7419: 7415: 7394:(12): 953–958. 7384: 7380: 7375: 7354: 7349: 7338: 7332: 7293: 7262: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7236: 7234: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7195: 7174:(11): 876–880. 7164: 7149: 7118: 7114: 7083: 7079: 7058:(10): 970–972. 7048: 7044: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6928: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6905: 6883: 6879: 6848: 6839: 6826:(48): 5607–12. 6816: 6812: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6725: 6698: 6694: 6649: 6645: 6614: 6610: 6579: 6572: 6509: 6505: 6474:(1): 144–151 . 6460: 6456: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6303:on 5 April 2012 6287: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6167: 6163: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6025: 6016: 5977: 5966: 5927: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5845: 5841: 5810: 5803: 5766: 5751: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5583: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5553:"Hydrocephalus" 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5377:MedicineNet.com 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5307: 5292: 5237: 5233: 5180: 5176: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4759: 4755: 4718: 4714: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4597: 4593: 4566:N. Engl. J. Med 4562: 4558: 4551: 4541:Karolinum Press 4533: 4512: 4467: 4463: 4432: 4428: 4383: 4379: 4332: 4319: 4296: 4292: 4255: 4246: 4209: 4196: 4189: 4175: 4168: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4049: 4042: 4011: 4000: 3947: 3943: 3911: 3904: 3867: 3863: 3834:Alcohol Alcohol 3826: 3822: 3783: 3779: 3748: 3744: 3713: 3709: 3654: 3650: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3541: 3537: 3484: 3480: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3402: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3323:Wayback Machine 3314: 3310: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3130: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3102:"Birth Defects" 3100: 3099: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2873: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2765: 2614:1 in 250 ~ 1000 2320: 2040:Neutral defects 1991:Aplasia of lung 1873: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1683:cystic fibrosis 1664: 1658: 1642: 1625: 1564: 1556:Main articles: 1554: 1495: 1482: 1470: 1468:Defective sperm 1424: 1418: 1410:conjoined twins 1394:oligohydramnios 1390:Potter syndrome 1385: 1375: 1361: 1351: 1312:chorioretinitis 1288:cytomegalovirus 1214: 1208: 1173: 1157: 1151: 1114:Lipari Landfill 1009: 968:is a synthetic 896:anticonvulsants 889:enamel of teeth 800:William McBride 784: 697: 683: 655: 649: 644: 636: 616: 610: 444: 419:oligohydramnios 324: 316: 304: 273:screening tests 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9685: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9634:Parenting plan 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9518:Infant carrier 9515: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9458:Baby transport 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9416: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9122:Infant massage 9119: 9117:Infant formula 9114: 9109: 9107:Infant feeding 9104: 9102:Infant bathing 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9067:Bottle feeding 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9031: 9023: 9022: 9020:and their care 9014: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8991: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8906: 8904:Disability art 8901: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8536: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8350: 8345: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8289: 8275: 8261: 8247: 8233: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8190: 8176: 8162: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8118: 8106: 8092: 8077: 8075: 8068: 8055: 8053:Translocations 8049: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7927: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7663:Patau syndrome 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7553: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532:Classification 7526: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7512:External links 7510: 7508: 7507: 7477: 7463:. 2021-01-31. 7448: 7429:(4): 612–617. 7413: 7378: 7352: 7336: 7291: 7256: 7243: 7229:. 2017-12-04. 7214: 7205: 7193: 7147: 7128:(5): 237–251. 7112: 7093:(3): 225–228. 7077: 7042: 7013:(2): 286–294. 6993: 6963: 6938: 6929:|journal= 6903: 6877: 6837: 6810: 6759: 6747: 6734: 6692: 6643: 6624:(3): 696–701. 6608: 6570: 6503: 6454: 6427:(1–2): 69–82. 6411: 6389: 6366: 6314: 6281: 6248: 6199: 6185: 6179:. p. 21. 6161: 6129:(5): 633–634. 6109: 6088: 6062: 6035:(1): 371–399. 6014: 5987:(8): 727–740. 5964: 5916: 5890: 5839: 5820:(4): 429–440. 5801: 5749: 5689: 5652: 5622:(3): 327–331. 5602: 5595: 5574: 5544: 5514: 5484: 5454: 5424: 5394: 5383:on 3 July 2015 5364: 5343:"Microcephaly" 5334: 5327: 5290: 5231: 5194:(5): 561–567. 5174: 5155:(6): 751–760. 5139: 5109: 5078: 5029: 4998: 4989: 4940: 4881: 4822: 4796: 4769:(1–3): 23–35. 4753: 4712: 4675:(3): 320–327. 4655: 4626: 4591: 4556: 4549: 4510: 4481:(2): 189–209. 4461: 4426: 4397:(3): 149–155. 4377: 4317: 4290: 4269:(3): 238–243. 4244: 4194: 4187: 4166: 4115: 4086: 4059:(2): 127–133. 4040: 4021:(3): 161–172. 3998: 3941: 3902: 3861: 3820: 3793:(8517): 1222. 3777: 3742: 3707: 3648: 3611:(3): 382–399. 3591: 3565: 3535: 3478: 3441:(3): 219–227. 3421: 3414: 3389: 3359: 3327: 3308: 3255: 3206: 3173: 3119: 3090: 3055: 3018: 2985: 2952: 2915: 2878: 2871: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801:, founded 1997 2796: 2791: 2789:March of Dimes 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443:Common truncus 2440: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421:microphthalmia 2413: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2319: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2249: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2220:renal agenesis 2215: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2171:renal agenesis 2166: 2165: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1641: 1638: 1624: 1621: 1602:limb anomalies 1591:Apert syndrome 1587:achondroplasia 1553: 1550: 1494: 1491: 1481: 1480:Socioeconomics 1478: 1469: 1466: 1438:in one of the 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1384: 1381: 1373: 1350: 1347: 1276:organ of Corti 1272:microphthalmia 1210:Main article: 1207: 1204: 1172: 1169: 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1143:lead poisoning 1098:cerebral palsy 1067:encephalopathy 1012:Drinking water 1008: 1005: 851:microphthalmia 783: 780: 682: 679: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 643: 640: 635: 632: 612:Main article: 609: 606: 569:polymicrogyria 561:megalencephaly 557:microencephaly 488:achondroplasia 476:polysyndactyly 443: 440: 439: 438: 427: 426: 425: 422: 408: 407: 406: 399: 393: 378: 356: 353:sacral dimples 323: 320: 315: 312: 308:genome mapping 303: 302:Classification 300: 277:prenatal tests 200: 199: 198:628,000 (2015) 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 174: 170: 169: 150: 144: 143: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 96: 90: 89: 80: 74: 73: 66: 65: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9684: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609:Open adoption 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589:Child neglect 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9423:Hidden camera 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Child custody 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9260:Nursery rhyme 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9250:Kangaroo care 9248: 9246: 9245:Infant crying 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9159:Preterm birth 9157: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:Breastfeeding 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9012: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8977: 8969: 8967: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765:Social issues 8763: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8507:Special needs 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8490:Mainstreaming 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8454:Medical model 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8222:Ewing sarcoma 8220: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7906:Proximal 18q- 7903: 7900: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7690:Down syndrome 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7621:Duplications, 7619: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7272:(3): 567–82. 7271: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7209: 7200: 7198: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6953:on 2015-10-15 6952: 6948: 6942: 6934: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6904:9780128046906 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6858:(2): 104–15. 6857: 6853: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6712:(2): 117–21. 6711: 6708:(in French). 6707: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937:(2): 98–108. 5936: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5579: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433:"Kernicterus" 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5328:9780683074901 5324: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5049:(1): 183–97. 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4732:(4): 325–31. 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607:(3): 187–94. 4606: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4306:(3): 336–44. 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4135:(4): 378–94. 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3881:(3): 159–67. 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729:Down syndrome 2726: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654:Gastroschisis 2652: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2611:, lower limbs 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2394:Encephalocele 2392: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339:Birth Defects 2338: 2337: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318:United States 2315: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2295:1.29 : 1 2292: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188:Schistocystis 2187: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2119:Hydrocephalus 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1865: 900–950 1859: 800–900 1853: 720–800 1847: 640–720 1841: 560–640 1835: 480–560 1829: 400–480 1823: 320–400 1817: 240–320 1811: 160–240 1799: no data 1792: 1788: 1780: 177–396 1774: 156–176 1768: 135–155 1762: 112–134 1718: 1709: 1707: 1706:3D ultrasound 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1606:Down syndrome 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1524:minisatellite 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:toxoplasmosis 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1155:Endometriosis 1149:Endometriosis 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1131:gastroschisis 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:methylmercury 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:hip dysplasia 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:Trimethadione 921: 917: 913: 912:microcephalia 909: 905: 904:carbamazepine 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 864: 860: 859:microcephalia 856: 855:hydrocephalus 852: 848: 844: 843:transdermally 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:retinoic acid 824: 823:multivitamins 820: 816: 814: 810: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 752: 748: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 696: 692: 688: 678: 676: 671: 665: 662: 659: 654: 639: 631: 629: 625: 621: 615: 605: 602: 599: 597: 596:gastroschisis 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:lissencephaly 562: 558: 554: 553:hydrocephalus 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:encephalocele 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490:, congenital 489: 485: 484:brachydactyly 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 436: 432: 428: 423: 420: 416: 412: 411: 409: 404: 400: 397: 396: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325: 319: 311: 309: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:developmental 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152:Insufficient 151: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 97: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 79: 75: 72: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 9572:Other topics 9511: 9478:Cradle board 9473:Cloth diaper 9433:Baby shampoo 9419:Baby monitor 9409:Baby bouncer 9363:Circumcision 9210:Birth defect 9209: 9092:Immunization 9042:Birth weight 8868:Anthropology 8858:Deaf studies 8848:Crip as verb 8726:Mobility aid 8686:Reach Canada 8459:Social model 7876: 7750:TAR syndrome 7653:Tetrasomy 9p 7555: 7544: 7498:. 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Retrieved 2897: 2861: 2854: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2701: 2601: 2560: 2527:Cleft palate 2519: 2436: 2417:Anophthalmia 2409: 2377:Spina bifida 2353: 2321: 2312: 2308: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2256: 2252: 2248:, congenital 2237: 2225: 2210: 2206: 2192: 2180: 2176: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2132: 2124: 2110: 2106: 2092: 2087:Microcephaly 2078: 2066: 2061:Spina bifida 2052: 2039: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1953: 1948:Cleft palate 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1914: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1876: 1756: 92–111 1712:Epidemiology 1691: 1665: 1643: 1634: 1626: 1619:will occur. 1610: 1599: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1552:Parent's age 1541: 1536: 1517: 1513:radiotherapy 1506: 1496: 1483: 1471: 1445: 1430:of abnormal 1425: 1398: 1386: 1378: 1362: 1349:Malnutrition 1335:microcephaly 1332: 1308:microcephaly 1296:hyperthermia 1285: 1261: 1256: 1252:Norman Gregg 1249: 1215: 1196:brain tumors 1189: 1177: 1174: 1158: 1136: 1106: 1093: 1078:Minamata Bay 1071: 1060:glossoptosis 1052: 1048: 1038:, cause the 1032:miscarriages 1020: 1016: 1010: 978: 952: 893: 869:Tetracycline 867: 835:Isotretinoin 817: 785: 754: 744: 740: 726:disruption, 717: 698: 666: 663: 660: 656: 637: 619: 617: 603: 600: 581: 533:spina bifida 530: 508: 480:oligodactyly 456:ectrodactyly 445: 389: 385: 381: 375:cleft palate 362: 359:Birth defect 358: 341:preauricular 337:clinodactyly 328: 317: 305: 281: 242: 222:intellectual 216:that may be 214:disabilities 206:birth defect 205: 203: 148:Risk factors 47:Birth defect 18:Malformation 9584:Babywearing 9579:Baby shower 9553:Swim diaper 9443:Baby walker 9428:Baby powder 9368:Foster care 9336:Child abuse 9331:Babysitting 9183:Development 9169:Soy formula 9047:Breast pump 8941:Paralympics 8936:Deaflympics 8746:Prosthetics 8437:Main topics 8039:46,XX/46,XY 7956:tetrasomies 7902:Distal 18q- 5710:: 2347506. 5557:Mayo Clinic 5467:Mayo Clinic 5463:"Petechiae" 5347:Mayo Clinic 5122:Mayo Clinic 4346:(1): 81–8. 3758:(1): 64–7. 3723:(1): 1–10. 3668:(24): 467. 3343:www.cdc.gov 2670:Omphalocele 2446:1 in 13,876 2410:Eye defects 2398:1 in 12,235 2361:Anencephaly 2285:All defects 2169:Unilateral 1962:Anencephaly 1750: 73–91 1744: 47–72 1738: 35–46 1732: 27–34 1702:nuchal scan 1617:fetal death 1613:miscarriage 1533:liquidators 1428:inheritance 1369:neural tube 1343:anencephaly 1320:kernicterus 1237:transmitted 1185:lymphocytes 1119:hypospadias 989:Aminopterin 981:cytostatics 940:neural tube 788:thalidomide 761:pluripotent 541:anencephaly 468:polydactyly 415:deformation 322:Terminology 156:, drinking 113:Usual onset 69:Incomplete 52:Other names 9661:Categories 9563:Travel cot 9508:Infant bed 9503:High chair 9493:Baby wipes 9488:Diaper bag 9453:Baby swing 9341:Child care 9326:Attachment 9215:Childbirth 9077:Cradle cap 9028:Pediatrics 8931:Parasports 8468:Approaches 8444:Disability 8430:Disability 8034:45,X/46,XY 7934:Monosomies 7707:Trisomy 22 7685:Trisomy 18 7675:Trisomy 16 7623:including 7557:DiseasesDB 7500:October 1, 7471:2021-02-09 7461:MDforLives 7237:2018-11-07 7122:Teratology 6957:2018-04-02 6728:2013-11-10 6583:Teratology 6307:28 October 6275:2013-11-21 6192:28 October 6103:2013-11-21 5909:January 8, 5814:Teratology 5684:2022-10-31 5666:StatPearls 5646:2019-09-12 5567:7 December 5537:7 December 5507:7 December 5477:7 December 5447:7 December 5417:7 December 5387:7 December 5357:7 December 5132:9 December 5102:9 December 5022:7 December 4933:7 December 4842:: 687975. 4815:7 December 4649:2016-04-07 4152:2066/89039 4109:2018-11-07 4015:Teratology 3840:(1): 2–8. 3717:Teratology 3584:29 October 3559:2022-10-31 3383:2016-03-16 3353:2016-03-16 3199:8 December 3083:8 December 3011:8 December 2978:8 December 2945:8 December 2908:8 December 2847:References 2769:Idiopathic 2750:1 in 3,762 2746:Trisomy 18 2725:Trisomy 21 2713:1 in 7,906 2709:Trisomy 13 2690:1 in 3,836 2674:1 in 5,386 2658:1 in 2,229 2642:1 in 5,949 2628:1 in 2,869 2590:1 in 2,138 2573:1 in 4,608 2532:1 in 1,574 2508:1 in 4,344 2492:1 in 2,122 2476:1 in 2,518 2460:1 in 3,333 2425:1 in 5,349 2382:1 in 2,858 2365:1 in 4,859 2218:Bilateral 1979:Craniocele 1885:(69,000). 1726: 0–26 1694:prenatally 1646:L-arginine 1640:Prevention 1474:centrioles 1440:germ cells 1365:folic acid 1328:Zika virus 1224:caused by 1206:Infections 1129:, such as 1110:Love Canal 964:activity. 962:androgenic 958:progestins 936:antifolate 916:hypoplasia 873:antibiotic 831:β-carotene 805:Phocomelia 796:antiemetic 772:metabolism 705:teratogens 677:at birth. 496:hypoplasia 472:syndactyly 460:phocomelia 349:metatarsal 345:metacarpal 298:(65,000). 154:folic acid 137:infections 87:pediatrics 32:teratology 9639:Paternity 9548:Swaddling 9414:Baby gate 9393:Wet nurse 9383:Milk bank 9275:Parenting 9200:Baby talk 9152:Pedialyte 9082:Esotropia 9037:Baby food 8878:Education 8873:Geography 8517:education 8480:Inclusion 7952:Trisomies 7729:Deletions 7648:Trisomy 9 7643:Trisomy 8 7625:trisomies 7613:Autosomal 6931:ignored ( 6921:cite book 6852:Pathology 6547:1932-6203 6404:20 August 5726:1687-966X 5616:Nutrition 5267:1660-4601 5208:1931-3128 4858:2090-6684 4689:0091-6765 3975:0741-8329 3961:: 65–71. 3752:J Pediatr 3684:2305-5839 3625:2048-8505 3512:1080-2371 3455:0256-4947 2544:Cleft lip 1656:Screening 1520:Chernobyl 1508:Hibakusha 1493:Radiation 1457:recessive 1453:autosomal 1436:mutations 1324:petechiae 1268:cataracts 1234:parasites 1222:infection 1123:epispadia 932:Valproate 900:Phenytoin 819:Vitamin A 764:stem cell 756:in silico 464:polymelia 403:dysplasia 234:metabolic 187:Frequency 173:Treatment 141:pregnancy 78:Specialty 71:cleft lip 9599:Cry room 9538:Stroller 9528:Pacifier 9463:Bassinet 9438:Baby toy 9300:Teething 9280:Peekaboo 9220:Crawling 9205:Babbling 9026:Health ( 8966:Category 8883:Journals 8863:Eugenics 8843:Bodymind 8650:Students 8597:Services 8074:Lymphoid 8066:lymphoma 8062:Leukemia 7494:Archived 7465:Archived 7408:14745913 7334:170–181. 7254:, p.470. 7231:Archived 7188:16265641 7142:11745830 7037:14115496 6980:Archived 6978:. 2009. 6913:26975974 6872:18203033 6832:12523003 6805:27528012 6745:, p.473. 6722:Archived 6718:10960809 6687:22157982 6638:17164268 6565:29040334 6517:PLOS ONE 6498:10487626 6449:15725606 6395:Archived 6269:Archived 6243:12569380 6094:Archived 6057:43766257 6049:11752490 6009:39860659 6001:24834960 5959:41767750 5951:23425665 5903:Archived 5885:31632960 5796:19696093 5744:34887927 5678:archived 5674:32809693 5640:Archived 5636:16500559 5561:Archived 5531:Archived 5471:Archived 5441:Archived 5411:Archived 5351:Archived 5285:31546693 5226:28494237 5169:28181672 5126:Archived 5096:Archived 5065:14757717 4984:10901551 4920:11772780 4876:25834750 4809:Archived 4791:12685468 4748:11207149 4707:16507452 4643:Archived 4621:16028634 4505:32073639 4421:11886946 4372:24369136 4239:16006461 4161:20061329 4103:Archived 4081:22202776 4073:15223537 4035:10471901 3993:30583252 3936:18598753 3897:11810953 3856:11825849 3815:42708464 3702:30740398 3643:31198539 3578:Archived 3553:Archived 3530:29432238 3473:16119523 3377:Archived 3347:Archived 3319:Archived 3303:25530442 3250:27733282 3193:Archived 3168:27733281 3106:Archived 3077:Archived 3048:14 April 3042:Archived 3005:Archived 2972:Archived 2939:Archived 2902:Archived 2763:See also 2734:1 in 691 2609:Clubfoot 2586:stenosis 2549:1 in 940 2209:1; 1.47 1615:or that 1503:Nagasaki 1461:dominant 1455:gene (a 1416:Genetics 1304:syphilis 1257:in utero 1226:bacteria 1200:lymphoma 1192:leukemia 1165:neonates 1094:in utero 985:abortion 970:estrogen 894:Several 887:and the 753:) using 736:vascular 701:toxicity 588:stenosis 512:include 448:dysmelia 435:syndrome 431:sequence 269:diabetes 218:physical 166:diabetes 133:Genetics 94:Symptoms 9558:Teether 9533:Playpen 9310:Weaning 9305:Walking 9018:Infants 8618:Support 8302:) t (1 8169:RUNX1T1 8144:Myeloid 7965:mosaics 7551:D009358 7443:4856555 7286:2468064 7107:9096746 7028:1254713 6986:Nov 11, 6796:4986189 6779:: 225. 6678:3735149 6603:7974258 6556:5645107 6525:Bibcode 6489:2374359 6429:Bibcode 6361:4303433 6353:8614461 6333:Bibcode 6261:RERF.jp 6234:2747537 6152:1682172 6131:Bibcode 5876:6781795 5859:: 188. 5834:1962288 5735:8651392 5276:6801530 5217:6148370 5073:1500545 4975:2146365 4867:4365372 4771:Bibcode 4698:1392223 4586:8602195 4496:8527599 4456:3703408 4412:1763633 4363:3901885 4312:7266953 4285:9017004 3984:6368891 3955:Alcohol 3888:6707173 3807:2877359 3737:1162620 3693:6331363 3634:6543978 3521:6463295 3464:6147980 3294:4340604 3241:5055577 3159:5388903 2255:1; 5.4 2179:1; 2.1 2109:1; 1.5 2027:Stomach 1970:1.9; 1 1930:5.2; 1 1623:Unknown 1537:massive 1392:due to 1263:Rubella 1230:viruses 1171:Smoking 885:dentine 813:leprosy 768:in vivo 592:atresia 492:aplasia 284:therapy 265:smoking 245:genetic 177:Therapy 162:smoking 158:alcohol 139:during 9483:Diaper 9270:Parent 9255:Mother 8535:Rights 8512:school 8254:COL1A1 7926:linked 7441: 7406: 7284: 7186: 7140: 7105: 7072:717306 7070: 7035: 7025: 6911: 6901: 6870: 6830: 6803: 6793: 6716: 6685: 6675: 6636: 6601: 6563: 6553: 6545: 6496: 6486: 6447: 6387: 6359: 6351: 6325:Nature 6241: 6231: 6183: 6149: 6086: 6055: 6047: 6007: 5999: 5957: 5949: 5883: 5873: 5832: 5794: 5742: 5732: 5724: 5672: 5634: 5593: 5325: 5319:109–12 5283: 5273: 5265: 5224: 5214: 5206: 5167: 5071: 5063: 4982: 4972: 4918: 4874: 4864: 4856: 4789: 4746: 4705: 4695: 4687: 4619: 4584: 4547: 4503: 4493: 4454: 4419: 4409: 4370: 4360: 4310: 4283: 4237: 4185: 4159: 4079: 4071: 4033: 3991: 3981: 3973: 3934: 3895: 3885: 3854: 3813: 3805: 3787:Lancet 3772:619080 3770: 3735: 3700: 3690: 3682: 3641: 3631: 3623: 3528: 3518: 3510: 3471: 3461: 3453: 3412: 3301: 3291: 3273:Lancet 3248: 3238: 3220:Lancet 3166: 3156: 3138:Lancet 3112:17 Jan 2869: 2740:14.47 2555:10.63 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1484:A low 1302:, and 1290:, the 1241:embryo 1220:is an 1198:, and 1125:, and 1102:ataxia 1074:Chisso 1064:anoxic 993:folate 948:autism 693:, and 642:Causes 575:, and 547:, the 539:, and 524:, and 502:, and 452:amelia 195:Deaths 129:Causes 9388:Nanny 9072:Colic 8976:Lists 8681:MINDS 8322:Other 8308:FOXO1 8306:; 13 8300:FOXO1 8298:; 13 8284:; 22 8280:t(11 8270:; 16 8268:DDIT3 8266:t(12 8258:PDGFB 8252:t(17 8228:; 22 8224:t(11 8215:Other 8197:RBM15 8181:t(15 8173:RUNX1 8157:; 22 8097:t(14 7562:28811 6706:Santé 6398:(PDF) 6381:(PDF) 6357:S2CID 6097:(PDF) 6076:(PDF) 6053:S2CID 6005:S2CID 5955:S2CID 5069:S2CID 4927:(PDF) 4894:(PDF) 4077:S2CID 3811:S2CID 2835:, or 2811:Notes 2756:2.66 2719:1.26 2696:2.61 2680:1.86 2664:4.49 2648:1.68 2634:3.49 2596:4.68 2579:2.17 2538:6.35 2514:2.30 2498:4.71 2482:3.97 2466:3.00 2452:0.72 2431:1.87 2404:0.82 2388:3.50 2371:2.06 2289:1.22 2160:1; 2 1998:1.51 1938:8; 1 1934:5; 1 1432:genes 1405:twins 1245:fetus 1161:fetus 871:, an 634:Other 367:birth 224:, or 210:birth 121:Types 9285:Play 9174:SIDS 8655:CNIB 8640:SSDI 8635:Rail 8630:ODSP 8568:AODA 8304:PAX7 8296:PAX3 8294:t(2 8256:;22 8242:;18 8238:t(x 8226:FLI1 8201:MKL1 8199:;22 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