Assistive technology

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disabled individuals. For example, in one study of 1,342 infants, toddlers and preschoolers, all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology created improvements in child development. These included improvements in "cognitive, social, communication, literacy, motor, adaptive, and increases in engagement in learning activities". Additionally, it has been found to lighten caregiver load. Both family and professional caregivers benefit from assistive technology. Through its use, the time that a family member or friend would need to care for a patient significantly decreases. However, studies show that care time for a professional caregiver increases when assistive technology is used. Nonetheless, their work load is significantly easier as the assistive technology frees them of having to perform certain tasks. There are several platforms that use machine learning to identify the appropriate assistive device to suggest to patients, making assistive devices more accessible.

1441:(IDEA) which was first enacted in 1975 under the name The Education for All Handicapped Children Act. In 2004, during the reauthorization period for IDEA, the National Instructional Material Access Center (NIMAC) was created which provided a repository of accessible text including publisher's textbooks to students with a qualifying disability. Files provided are in XML format and used as a starting platform for braille readers, screen readers, and other digital text software. IDEA defines assistive technology as follows: "any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability. (B) Exception.--The term does not include a medical device that is surgically implanted, or the replacement of such device." 585:(OTP) utilize assistive technologies (AT) to modify environments and promote access and fit to facilitate independence. For example, voice activated smart home technology allows an individual to control devices such as light switches, thermostat, oven, blinds, and music from their location. OTP evaluate client's strengths and abilities and connects with desired tasks. OTP help empower the client to match specific goals to AT tools. The theoretical approaches or frameworks OTPs frequently use to guide a client's AT choices may include: 1) The HAAT model by Cook, Polgar & Encarnaçāo (2015) 2) The interdependence - Human Activity Assistive Technology Model (I-HAAT) by Lee, et al. (2020); 3) The SETT Framework by Zabala (2005); or 4) The 670: 1547: 1559: 522:(ADLs) independently, or even with assistance. ADLs are self-care activities that include toileting, mobility (ambulation), eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, and personal device care. Assistive technology can ameliorate the effects of disabilities that limit the ability to perform ADLs. Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling people to perform tasks they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks. For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while 1082: 846:, although given certain circumstances a prosthesis might end up performing some or all of the same functionary benefits as an orthosis. Prostheses are technically the complete finished item. For instance, a C-Leg knee alone is not a prosthesis, but only a prosthetic component. The complete prosthesis would consist of the attachment system to the residual limb – usually a "socket", and all the attachment hardware components all the way down to and including the terminal device. Despite the technical difference, the terms are often used interchangeably. 1229:

this community with various solutions to auditory communication needs by providing higher sound (for those who are hard of hearing), tactile feedback, visual cues and improved technology access. Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing use a variety of assistive technologies that provide them with different access to information in numerous environments. Most devices either provide amplified sound or alternate ways to access information through vision and/or vibration. These technologies can be grouped into three general categories:

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generating devices). The choice of AAC device is very important and should be determined on a case-by-case basis by speech therapists and assistive technology professionals. The early introduction of powered mobility has been shown to positively impact the play and psychosocial skills of children who are unable to move independently. Powered cars, such as the Go Baby Go program, have emerged as a cost-effective means of facilitating the inclusion of children with mobility impairments in school.

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mass-marketed products could assist tomorrow's longer-living elderly individuals enough to postpone nursing home stays. "Jim Osborn, executive director of the Quality of Life Technology Center, told a 2007 gathering of long-term care providers that if such advances could delay all nursing home admissions by a month, societal savings could be $ 1 billion monthly". Shortage of both paid personal assistants and available family members makes artificial assistance a necessity.

1301: 1401: 4835: 456: 579:, 2020). Occupations include activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), health management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation (AOTA, 2020). “As occupational therapy professionals, we are uniquely trained to advocate for client-centered care that reduces barriers to participation in meaningful occupations and promotes overall well-being" (Clark, Iqbal & Myers, 2022) 969: 608: 4845: 1468: 527:

significantly increasing household expenses." In schools, assistive technology can be critical in allowing students with disabilities to access the general education curriculum. Students who experience challenges writing or keyboarding, for example, can use voice recognition software instead. Assistive technologies assist people who are recovering from strokes and people who have sustained injuries that affect their daily tasks.

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much easier to participate in. The assistive listening device usually uses a microphone to capture an audio source near to its origin and broadcast it wirelessly over an FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission, IR (Infra Red) transmission, IL (Induction Loop) transmission, or other transmission methods. The person who is listening may use an FM/IR/IL Receiver to tune into the signal and listen at his/her preferred volume.

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modifications include increasing the size of the utensil handle to make it easier to grasp. Plates and bowls may have a guard on the edge that stops food being pushed off of the dish when it is being scooped. More sophisticated equipment for eating includes manual and powered feeding devices. These devices support those who have little or no hand and arm function and enable them to eat independently.

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visual impairment have appeared in the engineering literature since 2000. Most of these articles were published within the past five years, and the number of articles in this area is increasing every year. GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras can pinpoint the exact location of the user and provide information on what is in the immediate vicinity, and assistance in getting to a destination.

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equipment as home automation for security, entertainment, and energy conservation but tailors it towards elderly and disabled users. For example, automated prompts and reminders use motion sensors and pre-recorded audio messages; an automated prompt in the kitchen may remind the resident to turn off the oven, and one by the front door may remind the resident to lock the door.

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tech supports used in the school setting include the use of handheld spelling dictionaries and portable word processors used to keyboard writing. High tech supports involve the use of tablet devices and computers with accompanying software. Software supports for writing include the use of auditory feedback while keyboarding, word prediction for spelling, and

1670:. This pattern is observed for both conventional and emerging assistive technology, with China's annual filings surpassing those of the U.S. in 2008 for conventional and 2014 for emerging assistive technology. Patent filings related to conventional assistive technology have also declined in Europe, especially in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Norway. 593:(RESNA) organization to receive their Assistive Technology Professional (ATP) Certification and/or Seating and Mobility Specialist (SMS) Certification. Additional trainings and certifications may specialize in a focus area such as the Certified Assistive Technology Instructional Specialist for Individuals with Visual Impairments (CATIS™) (ACVREP, 2024). 1453:. Supports for reading include the use of text to speech (TTS) software and font modification via access to digital text. Limited supports are available for math instruction and mostly consist of grid based software to allow younger students to keyboard equations and auditory feedback of more complex equations using MathML and Daisy. 3008: 1178:(UK term), are a particular sort of assistive technology that use electronic sensors connected to an alarm system to help caregivers manage risk and help vulnerable people stay independent at home longer. An example would be the systems being put in place for senior people such as fall detectors, thermometers (for 1782:

Overall, assistive technology aims to allow disabled people to "participate more fully in all aspects of life (home, school, and community)" and increases their opportunities for "education, social interactions, and potential for meaningful employment". It creates greater independence and control for

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Assistive technology in this area is broken down into low, mid, and high tech categories. Low tech encompasses equipment that is often low cost and does not include batteries or requires charging. Examples include adapted paper and pencil grips for writing or masks and color overlays for reading. Mid

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Assistive listening devices include FM, infrared, and loop assistive listening devices. This type of technology allows people with hearing difficulties to focus on a speaker or subject by getting rid of extra background noises and distractions, making places like auditoriums, classrooms, and meetings

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A large-print keyboard has large letters printed on the keys. On the keyboard shown, the round buttons at the top control software which can magnify the screen (zoom in), change the background color of the screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger. The "bump dots" on the keys, installed

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This "well-established status" is reflected in the patent filings between 2013 and 2017. Patent registrations for assistive technologies identified as conventional are nearly eight times larger than the ones for emerging assistive technologies. However, patent filings related to more recent emerging

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An increasing number of people with disabilities are participating in sports, leading to the development of new assistive technology. Assistive technology devices can be simple, or "low-technology", or they may use highly advanced technology. "Low-tech" devices can include velcro gloves and adaptive

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Desktop video magnifiers are electronic devices that use a camera and a display screen to perform digital magnification of printed materials. They enlarge printed pages for those with low vision. A camera connects to a monitor that displays real-time images, and the user can control settings such as

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A refreshable braille display or braille terminal is an electro-mechanical device for displaying braille characters, usually by means of round-tipped pins raised through holes in a flat surface. Computer users who cannot use a computer monitor use it to read a braille output version of the displayed

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published 2021 report on Technology Trends, assistive products are grouped into either conventional or emerging technologies. Conventional assisting technology tracks innovation within well-established assistive products, whereas emerging assistive technology refers to more advanced products. These

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Assistive technology listed is a student's IEP is not only recommended, it is required (Koch, 2017). These devices help students both with and without disabilities access the curriculum in a way they were previously unable to (Koch, 2017). Occupational therapists play an important role in educating

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People in the deaf and hard of hearing community have a more difficult time receiving auditory information as compared to hearing individuals. These individuals often rely on visual and tactile mediums for receiving and communicating information. The use of assistive technology and devices provides

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Braille is a system of raised dots formed into units called braille cells. A full braille cell is made up of six dots, with two parallel rows of three dots, but other combinations and quantities of dots represent other letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or words. People can then use their fingers

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Screen readers may rely on the assistance of text-to-speech tools. To use the text-to-speech tools, the documents must be in an electronic form, which is uploaded as the digital format. However, people usually will use the hard copy documents scanned into the computer, which cannot be recognized by

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is a tool for disabled people who need additional support to maintain balance or stability while walking. It consists of a frame that is about waist high, approximately twelve inches deep and slightly wider than the user. Walkers are also available in other sizes, such as for children, or for heavy

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A screen magnifier is software that interfaces with a computer's graphical output to present enlarged screen content. It allows users to enlarge the texts and graphics on their computer screens for easier viewing. Similar to desktop video magnifiers, this technology assists people with low vision.

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and bear weight on their legs without risk of a fall. These standers are generally grouped into two categories based on the position of the occupant. Prone standers distribute the body weight to the front of the individual and usually have a tray in front of them. This makes them

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People with balance and motor function challenges often need specialized equipment to sit or stand safely and securely. This equipment is frequently specialized for specific settings such as in a classroom or nursing home. Positioning is often important in seating arrangements to ensure that

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covers items that are specifically designed for disabled people and would seldom be used by a non-disabled person. In other words, assistive technology is any object or system that helps people with disabilities, while adaptive technology is specifically designed for disabled people. Consequently,

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Sivan, Gallagher, Holt, Weightman, O'Connor, Levesley, Manoj, Justin, Ray, Andrew, Rory, Martin (February 6, 2016). "Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework to capture user feedback in the design and testing stage of development of home-based arm

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products, assistive products for manicure, pedicure, hair and facial care, dental care, or assistive products for sexual activities. In comparison, emerging self-care assistive technologies include health and emotion monitoring, smart diapers, smart medication dispensing and management or feeding

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Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an umbrella term that encompasses methods of communication for those with impairments or restrictions on the production or comprehension of spoken or written language. AAC systems are extremely diverse and depend on the capabilities of the user.

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This type of assistive technology allows users to amplify the volume and clarity of their phone calls so that they can easily partake in this medium of communication. There are also options to adjust the frequency and tone of a call to suit their individual hearing needs. Additionally, there is a

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Children with disabilities have challenges in accessing play and social interactions. Play is essential for the physical, emotional, and social well-being of all children. The use of assistive technology has been recommended to facilitate the communication, mobility, and independence of children

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funded research appears to be moving from the fabrication of robotic arms that can be used by disabled persons to perform daily activities, to developing robotics that assist with therapy in the hopes of achieving long-term performance gains. If there is success in development of robotics, these

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To a great extent this « conventional » versus « emerging » classification is based on the WHO's Priority Assistive Products List and the ISO 9999 standard for assistive products for persons with disabilities, the APL delineating the absolute minimum that countries should be

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One of the largest problems that affect disabled people is discomfort with prostheses. An experiment performed in Massachusetts used 20 people with various sensors attached to their arms. The subjects tried different arm exercises, and the sensors recorded their movements. All of the data helped

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and management, planning, and sequencing activity. Systematic reviews of the field have found that the number of ATC are growing rapidly, but have focused on memory and planning, that there is emerging evidence for efficacy, that a lot of scope exists to develop new ATC. Examples of ATC include:

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guidelines. Another approach is for the user to present a token to the computer terminal, such as a smart card, that has configuration information to adjust the computer speed, text size, etc. to their particular needs. This is useful where users want to access public computer based terminals in

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is a wearable mobile machine that is powered by a system of electric motors, pneumatics, levers, hydraulics, or a combination of technologies that allow for limb movement with increased strength and endurance. Its design aims to provide back support, sense the user's motion, and send a signal to

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feature in combination with a basic switch. This brings touch screen technology to those who were previously unable to use it. Apple, with the release of iOS 7 had introduced the ability to navigate apps using switch control. Switch access could be activated either through an external bluetooth

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records handwritten notes by creating both a digital copy and an audio recording of the text. Users simply tap certain parts of their notes, the pen saves it, and reads it back to them. From there, the user can also download their notes onto a computer for increased accessibility. Digital voice

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database since 2000, with over 7,500 engineering articles written on assistive technologies and visual impairment in the past 25 years, and over 1,300 articles on solving the problem of navigation for people who are blind or visually impaired. As well, over 600 articles on augmented reality and

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The technology readiness level and the related patenting activity can also be explained through the following factors which contribute to a product's entry to market, such as the expected impact on a person's participation in different aspects of life, the ease of adoption (need for training,

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device which is designed to amplify sound for the wearer, usually with the aim of making speech more intelligible, and to correct impaired hearing as measured by audiometry. This type of assistive technology helps people with hearing loss participate more fully in their hearing communities by

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have been shown to facilitate the growth and development of language as well as increase rates of symbolic play in children with cognitive disabilities. AAC devices can be no-tech (sign language and body language), low-tech (picture boards, paper and pencils), or high-tech (tablets and speech

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Patient transfer devices generally allow patients with impaired mobility to be moved by caregivers between beds, wheelchairs, commodes, toilets, chairs, stretchers, shower benches, automobiles, swimming pools, and other patient support systems (i.e., radiology, surgical, or examining tables).

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focuses on making it possible for elderly and disabled people to live independently. Home automation is becoming a viable option for the elderly and disabled who would prefer to stay in their own homes rather than move to a healthcare facility. This field uses much of the same technology and

699:, stretcher or convertible chairs (for lateral, supine transfer), sit-to-stand lifts (for moving patients from one seated position to another i.e., from wheelchairs to commodes), air bearing inflatable mattresses (for supine transfer i.e., transfer from a gurney to an operating room table), 526:

can enable people who cannot feed themselves to do so. Due to assistive technology, disabled people have an opportunity of a more positive and easygoing lifestyle, with an increase in "social participation", "security and control", and a greater chance to "reduce institutional costs without

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Adaptive eating devices include items commonly used by the general population like spoons and forks and plates. However they become assistive technology when they are modified to accommodate the needs of people who have difficulty using standard cutlery due to a disabling condition. Common

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A braille embosser is, simply put, a printer for braille. Instead of a standard printer adding ink onto a page, the braille embosser imprints the raised dots of braille onto a page. Some braille embossers combine both braille and ink so the documents can be read with either sight or touch.

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A 2017 Cochrane Review highlighted the current lack of high-quality evidence to determine whether assistive technology effectively supports people with dementia to manage memory issues. Thus, it is not presently sure whether or not assistive technology is beneficial for memory problems.

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Hornby, T. George, David H. Zemon, and Donielle Campbell. "Robotic-Assisted, Body-Weight–Supported Treadmill Training in Individuals Following Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury." Physical Therapy 85, no. 1 (January 2005): 52–66. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed 9 April

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people. Modern walkers are height-adjustable. The front two legs of the walker may or may not have wheels attached depending on the strength and abilities of the person using it. It is also common to see caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the front.

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Wheelchairs are devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, and that include a seating system and are designed to be a substitute for the normal mobility that most people have. Wheelchairs and other mobility devices allow people to perform mobility-related

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a grant for the project "Robotic finger spelling hand for communication and access to text by deaf-blind persons". Researchers at the university developed and tested a robotic hand. Although it was never commercialized the concept is relevant for current and future research.

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Many people with serious visual impairments live independently, using a wide range of tools and techniques. Examples of assistive technology for visually impairment include screen readers, screen magnifiers, Braille embossers, desktop video magnifiers, and voice recorders.

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assistant robot. Although the distinction between conventional and emerging technologies is not always clear-cut, emerging assistive technology tends to be "smarter", using AI and being more connected and interactive, and including body-integrated solutions or components.

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connected switch, single touch of the screen, or use of right and left head turns using the device's camera. Additional accessibility features include the use of Assistive Touch which allows a user to access multi-touch gestures through pre-programmed onscreen buttons.

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An Occupational Therapist's role in prosthetics include therapy, training and evaluations. Prosthetic training includes orientation to prosthetics components and terminology, donning and doffing, wearing schedule, and how to care for residual limb and the prosthesis.

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which include feeding, toileting, dressing, grooming, and bathing. The devices come in a number of variations where they can be propelled either by hand or by motors where the occupant uses electrical controls to manage motors and seating control actuators through a

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After the user loads the software into their computer's memory, it serves as a kind of "computer magnifying glass". Wherever the computer cursor moves, it enlarges the area around it. This allows greater computer accessibility for a wide range of visual abilities.

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wide variety of amplified telephones to choose from, with different degrees of amplification. For example, a phone with 26 to 40 decibel is generally sufficient for mild hearing loss, while a phone with 71 to 90 decibel is better for more severe hearing loss.

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allowing them to hear more clearly. They amplify any and all sound waves through use of a microphone, amplifier, and speaker. There is a wide variety of hearing aids available, including digital, in-the-ear, in-the-canal, behind-the-ear, and on-the-body aids.

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Vanoglio, F.; Bernocchi, P.; Mule, C.; Garofali, F.; Mora, C.; Taveggia, G.; Scalvini, S.; Luisa, A. (April 7, 2016). "Feasibility and efficacy of a robotic device for hand rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients: A randomized pilot controlled study".

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Number of patent applications for conventional (top) and emerging (bottom) assisting technologies between 2000 and 2017. China surpassed the annual filings of the US in 2008 and has recorded a very strong growth ever since in both conventional and emerging

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and head mouse systems can also be used as an alternative mouse navigation. A user may use single or multiple switch sites and the process often involves a scanning through items on a screen and activating the switch once the desired object is highlighted.

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magnification, focus, contrast, underlining, highlighting, and other screen preferences. They come in a variety of sizes and styles; some are small and portable with handheld cameras, while others are much larger and mounted on a fixed stand.

896:, which makes them lose interest in their environment. Robotic arms are used to provide an alternative method to engage in joint play activities. These robotic arms allow children to manipulate real objects in the context of play activities. 703:(or transfer belt) and a slider board (or transfer board), usually used for transfer from a bed to a wheelchair or from a bed to an operating table. Highly dependent patients who cannot assist their caregiver in moving them often require a 2740:

Cook, A., K. Howery, J. Gu, and M. Meng. 2000. "Robot enhanced interaction and learning for children with profound physical disabilities." Technology & Disability 13, no. 1: 1. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed 9 April

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Assistive technology in sports is an area of technology design that is growing. Assistive technology is the array of new devices created to enable sports enthusiasts who have disabilities to play. Assistive technology may be used in

1425:. More complex assistive technology devices have been developed over time, and as a result, sports for people with disabilities "have changed from being a clinical therapeutic tool to an increasingly competition-oriented activity". 1348:

Memory aids are any type of assistive technology that helps a user learn and remember certain information. Many memory aids are used for cognitive impairments such as reading, writing, or organizational difficulties. For example, a

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reality) or by the inclusion of implantable products/components. Such emerging assistive products are either more sophisticated or more functional versions of conventional assistive products, or completely novel assistive devices.

741:(BWSTT) is used to enhance walking ability of people with neurological injury. These machines are therapist-assisted devices that are used in the clinical setting, but is limited by the personnel and labor requirements placed on 1677:'s applicability and its commercialization potential. There is typically a lag between filing a patent application and commercialization, with a product being classified in various stages of readiness levels, research concept, 1200:

In human–computer interaction, computer accessibility (also known as accessible computing) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment, examples include

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care policies which address functional difficulties among older people will ought to be mainstreamed, resolve out-of-pocket spending for assistive technologies will need to look at government schemes for social protection.

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Wearable technology are smart electronic devices that can be worn on the body as an implant or an accessory. New technologies are exploring how the visually impaired can receive visual information through wearable devices.

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Educational software is software that assists people with reading, learning, comprehension, and organizational difficulties. Any accommodation software such as text readers, notetakers, text enlargers, organization tools,

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good for users who are actively trying to carry out some task. Supine standers distribute the body weight to the back and are good for cases where the user has more limited mobility or is recovering from injury.

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and other alternative keyboard layouts, which offer more ergonomic layouts of the keys. Assistive technology devices have been created to enable disabled people to use modern touch screen mobile computers such as the

1754:), or replace the human caregiver and human interaction, or collect and use data on cloud-based services or interconnected devices (e.g., companion robots, smart nursing and health-monitoring technologies), raising 707:(a floor or ceiling-suspended sling lift) which though invented in 1955 and in common use since the early 1960s is still considered the state-of-the-art transfer device by OSHA and the American Nursing Association. 1417:, where an existing sport is modified to enable players with a disability to participate; or, assistive technology may be used to invent completely new sports with athletes with disabilities exclusively in mind. 1630:

assistive technologies are growing almost three times as fast as those pertaining to conventional ones. Patent filings in both conventional and emerging assistive technology are highly concentrated on mobility,

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Libraries, ATM, Information kiosks etc. The concept is encompassed by the CEN EN 1332-4 Identification Card Systems – Man-Machine Interface. This development of this standard has been supported in Europe by

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bands and tubes. "High-tech" devices can include all-terrain wheelchairs and adaptive bicycles. Accordingly, assistive technology can be found in sports ranging from local community recreation to the elite

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have an added importance for the field of assistive technology. Assistive technology is often not adopted, or else abandoned entirely, because of issues to do with design (lack of appeal) or comfort (poor

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The terms "prosthetic" and "orthotic" are adjectives used to describe devices such as a prosthetic knee. The terms "prosthetics" and "orthotics" are used to describe the respective allied health fields.

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Francisco Sandoval, et al. "Wheelchair Collaborative Control For Disabled Users Navigating Indoors." Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 52.3 (2011): 177–191. Academic Search Complete. Web. 9 April 2013

1642:. In the conventional sector, mobility represent 54% of all patents fillings, and is an indication of increased interest in advanced mobility assistive product categories, such as advanced prosthetics, 2539:

Hermansson, Liselotte N.; Turner, Kristi (October 2017). "Occupational Therapy for Prosthetic Rehabilitation in Adults with Acquired Upper-Limb Loss: Body-Powered and Myoelectric Control Systems".

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Parant, Aymeric; Schiano-Lomoriello, Sandrine; Marchan, Francis (October 2017). "How would I live with a disability? Expectations of bio-psychosocial consequences and assistive technology use".

1666:. and Japan. Patenting activity has, however, been declining in these two jurisdictions. At the same time, there has been a surge in patent filings in China and an increase in filings in the 4424: 1171: 1186:). Notably, these alerts can be customized to the particular person's risks. When the alert is triggered, a message is sent to a caregiver or contact center who can respond appropriately. 934:

Screen readers are used to help the visually impaired to easily access electronic information. These software programs run on a computer to convey the displayed information through voice (

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For users with physical disabilities a large variety of switches are available and customizable to the user's needs varying in size, shape, or amount of pressure required for activation.

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Assistive Technology for Cognition (ATC) is the use of technology (usually high tech) to augment and assist cognitive processes such as attention, memory, self-regulation, navigation,

946:) in combination with magnification for low vision users in some cases. There are a variety of platforms and applications available for a variety of costs with differing feature sets. 4460: 3739: 3764:

Nicolson, Amy; Moir, Lois; Millsteed, Jeannine (March 22, 2012). "Impact of assistive technology on family caregivers of children with physical disabilities: a systematic review".

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in order to undertake household surveys which can measure various parameters needed to access assistive technology and to make informed policies for governments around the world.

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motors which manage the gears. The exoskeleton supports the shoulder, waist and thigh, and assists movement for lifting and holding heavy items, while lowering back stress.

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or other input devices. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing or input devices for caregivers. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom

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Mathy; Yorkston, K.; Guttman (2000). "Augmentative Communication for Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". In Beukelman, D.; Yorkston, K.; Reichle, J. (eds.).

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LoPresti, E.F., Mihailidis, A. & Kirsch, N. (2004). Assistive Technology for cognitive rehabilitation: State of the art. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 14, 5–39.

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In the United States there are two major pieces of legislation that govern the use of assistive technology within the school system. The first is Section 504 of the

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may be placed near any area of the body which has consistent and reliable mobility and less subject to fatigue. Common sites include the hands, head, and feet.

745:. The BWSTT device, and many others like it, assist physical therapists by providing task-specific practice of walking in people following neurological injury. 1750:

Among these aspects, acceptability and ethical considerations are particularly relevant to those technologies that are extremely invasive (such as cortical or

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DeCoste, Denise C. (1997). "Chapter 10: Introduction to Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems". In Glennen, Sharon; DeCoste, Denise C. (eds.).

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is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. People with both sitting and walking disability often need to use a wheelchair or walker.

4134:"Toward Functional Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Students With Autism: Manual Signs, Graphic Symbols, and Voice Output Communication Aids" 1475:

device which allows a person with substantial disability to make selections and navigate computerized interfaces by controlling inhalations and exhalations

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adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often refers specifically to electronic and information technology access.

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into braille or braille into inkprint. A braille translator can be an app on a computer or be built into a website, a smartphone, or a braille device.

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and finally commercial product. According to the 2021 WIPO report, the emerging technologies closest to a fully commercial product were for example:

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identified advanced assistive products are distinguished from the conventional ones by the use of one or more enabling technologies (for instance,

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Conventional assistive technologies patent filings between 2013 and 2017. 177,398 patent families have been filed. 64% of the filings are in the

644: 4890: 1340:, which provides companionship and reminds users to take medicine and calls for help if something is wrong, and telephone Reassurance systems. 535: 1562:

Emerging assistive technologies patent fillings between 2013 and 2017. 15,592 patents families have been filed. 32% of the filings are in the

4455: 3146: 3034: 2116: 4004:"Roles and Responsibilities of Speech-Language Pathologists With Respect to Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Position Statement" 3728: 494: 819:

seeing less common use but under active technology development. Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include

4293: 3561: 1438: 1333: 321: 4644: 2753:"Free play time of children with learning disabilities in a noninclusive preschool setting: an analysis of play and nonplay behaviours" 2362:

Lee, Fani N.; Balcazar, Fabricio; Hsieh, Kelly; Sposato Bonfiglio, Brenda; Parker Harris, Sarah; Feldner, Heather A. (April 11, 2024).

1844: 1295: 4048:"Effects of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on speech production in children with autism: a systematic review" 2164: 576: 3922: 1211: 174: 3136:

Wilson, et al. (1997). Evaluation of NeuroPage: A new memory aid. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 63, 113–115.

4679: 4543: 4445: 2516:

C. Barrué. Personalization and Shared Autonomy in Assistive Technologies. Ph. Thesis. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. 2012

4786: 1280: 3603: 3447:

Chubon, R.A.; Hester, M.R. (1988). "An enhanced standard computer keyboard system for single-finger and typing-stick typing".

1662:

In the past, the top patent offices for filing, and therefore perceived target markets, in assistive technology have been the

4869:"ACVREP. (2024). Certified Assistive Technology Instructional Specialist for People with Visual Impairments (CATIS) - ACVREP" 4215: 4192: 4122: 4092: 4036: 2426: 2340: 4512: 285: 4755: 4221: 4003: 1309:

They may be as basic as pictures on a board that are used to request food, drink, or other care; or they can be advanced

2218: 4649: 4548: 4502: 361: 3476:

Anson, D.; George, S.; Galup, R.; Shea, B.; Vetter, R. (2001). "Efficiency of the Chubon versus the QWERTY keyboard".

1573:

is happening in assistive technology either through improvements to existing devices or the creation of new products.

4848: 3311: 3264: 2832:"Support for AAC Use in Preschool, and Growth in Language Skills, for Young Children with Developmental Disabilities" 1774:). Design often plays a role after the patenting activity, as a product needs to be re-designed for mass production. 465: 3578: 3198:

Van der Roest, Henriëtte G; Wenborn, Jennifer; Pastink, Channah; Dröes, Rose-Marie; Orrell, Martin (June 11, 2017).

4347: 1689: 487: 351: 194: 91: 1626:

offering to their citizens and ISO 9999 defining those products which are already well established in the market.

4913: 4750: 4286: 4133: 4108:(Doutorado em Educação) (in Portuguese). Salvador, Brazil: Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal da Bahia. 669: 4664: 4608: 4083:

Augmentative & alternative communication: supporting children & adults with complex communication needs

3520: 2684:"Postural Asymmetries and Assistive Devices Used by Adults With Cerebral Palsy in Lying, Sitting, and Standing" 1546: 356: 213: 2950: 1214:

specifications, but with limited success due to the lack of interest from public computer terminal suppliers.

4908: 4715: 4476: 4352: 1900: 1103: 978: 169: 144: 2194: 1558: 4720: 4517: 1771: 788: 290: 3969: 1095:

in this case by the organization using the keyboards, help the user find the right keys in a tactile way.

4522: 4497: 4326: 2784:"The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds" 1042: 943: 480: 305: 300: 57: 4266: 2631: 1354:

recorders are also used to record "in the moment" information for fast and easy recall at a later time.

654:

Newer advancements in wheelchair design enable wheelchairs to climb stairs, go off-road or propel using

4918: 4791: 4583: 4419: 4331: 4279: 2024:"Usefulness of robotic gait training plus neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury: a case report" 1751: 1484: 1434: 1265: 631: 519: 217: 164: 62: 4253: 3879:"Rehabilitation robotics research at the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research" 3628: 1613:

For instance, in conventional self-care assistive technology, technologies involved typically include

4507: 4362: 2115:

Kamath, Ramachandra; Fernandes, Edmond; Dsouza, Neevan; Ghai, Glory; Kamath, Surekha R. (June 2024).

1864: 1821: 539: 310: 104: 86: 2320: 4684: 4659: 2911: 2880: 2501: 1895: 1386: 1310: 803:. Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury (traumatic) or missing from birth ( 523: 189: 4185:

Augmentative and Alternative Communication Disorders for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disorders

3154: 4798: 4745: 4740: 4669: 3041: 2990: 2413:, International Perspectives on Inclusive Education, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 17–36, 1885: 1854: 1582: 1252: 832: 674: 663: 589:(UTAUT 2) by Venkatesh, Thong & Xu (2012). Also, OTPs may seek advanced training through the 438: 3406:

Abdullah, Hussein A.; Tarry, Cole; Datta, Rahul.; Mittal, Gauri S.; Abderrahim, Mohamed (2007).

4781: 4674: 3548: 3362:"Stay in the Box! Embedded Assistive Technology Improves Access for Students with Disabilities" 3280: 2117:"Unmet Needs and Barriers to Assistive Technology in the Coastal Districts of Karnataka, India" 1682: 1618: 1594: 1462: 1405: 1195: 808: 582: 428: 4372: 3341: 2002: 1740: 1723: 1673:

Patenting activity indicates the amount of interest and the investment made in respect to an

1483:

Assistive technology may attempt to improve the ergonomics of the devices themselves such as

179: 4081: 3653: 3408:"Dynamic Biomechanical Model for Assessing and Monitoring Robot-Assisted Upper-Limb Therapy" 2752: 2022:

Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore; Naro, Antonino; Leo, Antonino; Bramanti, Placido (March 4, 2016).

4705: 4689: 4654: 3679: 2912:"The Positive Effects of Early Powered Mobility on Children's Psychosocial and Play Skills" 2806:"Using Assistive Technology Tools to Support Learning in the Inclusive Preschool Classroom" 1875: 1800: 1759: 1367: 893: 572: 139: 67: 2407:"The SETT Framework: A Model for Selection and Use of Assistive Technology Tools and More" 1085:

This large-print keyboard has tactile elements and special keys for the visually impaired.

876:

user's body pressure is distributed equally without inhibiting movement in a desired way.

8: 4838: 4357: 3680:"Prescribing Assistive-Technology Systems: Focus on Children With Impaired Communication" 1963: 1880: 1707: 1647: 1639: 1328: 1322: 1120: 972:

Braille is a system of raised dots representing letters, numbers, punctuation, and words.

863: 800: 742: 460: 114: 3066: 2133: 1313:, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words. 4771: 4593: 4321: 4239:"Giving families a voice in augmentative and alternative communication decision-making" 4164: 4025: 3791: 3501: 3232: 3199: 2965: 2856: 2831: 2718: 2683: 2608: 2583: 2564: 2500:

Doyle, Glynda Rees; McCutcheon, Jodie Anita (November 23, 2015). "3.2 Body Mechanics".

2332: 2172: 2097: 2048: 2023: 1990: 1946: 1849: 1586: 1534: 1009: 997: 962: 421: 47: 4152: 4063: 2830:

Barker, Michael; Akaba, Sanea; Brady, Nancy; Theimann-Bourque, Kathy (November 2013).

2584:"The relevance of clinical balance assessment tools to differentiate balance deficits" 2406: 1445:

students, parents and teachers about the assistive technology they may interact with.

4725: 4628: 4578: 4389: 4211: 4188: 4156: 4118: 4088: 4067: 4032: 3900: 3840: 3832: 3783: 3709: 3701: 3493: 3458: 3429: 3383: 3307: 3260: 3237: 3219: 2931: 2861: 2723: 2705: 2613: 2595: 2556: 2422: 2418: 2387: 2379: 2336: 2275: 2267: 2146: 2138: 2089: 2053: 1994: 1982: 1938: 1766: 1744: 1703: 1667: 1635: 1614: 1602: 1202: 828: 824: 796: 780: 726: 722: 716: 266: 226: 109: 4168: 4105:

Tecnologia Assistiva para uma Escola Inclusiva: apropriação, demandas e perspectivas

4047: 3505: 2804:

Lohmann, Marla; Hovey, Katrina; Gauvreau, Ariane; Higgins, Joanna (September 2019).

2568: 2101: 1281:

Telecommunications device for the deaf#Other devices for the deaf or hard of hearing

4818: 4813: 4710: 4623: 4367: 4148: 4059: 3890: 3822: 3795: 3775: 3691: 3489: 3485: 3419: 3373: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3177:"Using External Aids to Compensate for Memory and Organizational Problems Post-TBI" 2923: 2892: 2851: 2843: 2805: 2764: 2713: 2695: 2603: 2548: 2414: 2371: 2363: 2328: 2259: 2128: 2081: 2043: 2035: 1974: 1950: 1930: 1732: 1714: 1678: 1422: 1160: 1072: 1027: 812: 531: 397: 392: 261: 134: 4007: 2657: 2375: 2039: 1978: 1934: 4527: 4238: 3779: 2927: 2896: 2847: 2552: 1859: 1839: 1606: 1530: 1505: 1414: 1374: 1057: 958: 816: 792: 784: 776: 236: 3654:"Considering Assistive Technology | Center for Parent Information and Resources" 3405: 1377:, and talking word processors falls under the category of educational software. 914: 4776: 4384: 1450: 935: 880: 696: 433: 407: 295: 3895: 3878: 3424: 3407: 3125:

Cognitive function and Assistive Technology for cognition: A systematic review

2700: 2473: 2263: 996:

to read the code of raised dots. Assistive technology using braille is called

4902: 4868: 4613: 4379: 3944: 3836: 3705: 3387: 3223: 2709: 2599: 2560: 2383: 2271: 2222: 2142: 2085: 1890: 1834: 1743:

approval. This is mainly the case for assistive technology that qualifies as

1663: 1513: 1081: 929: 251: 99: 3827: 3810: 2248:"Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process—Fourth Edition" 591:

Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America

4730: 4598: 4558: 4243:

Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities

4160: 4113:

Gillam, Ronald Bradley; Marquardt, Thomas P.; Martin, Frederick N. (2000).

4071: 3904: 3844: 3787: 3713: 3696: 3497: 3433: 3378: 3361: 3241: 2935: 2865: 2727: 2617: 2391: 2279: 2150: 2093: 2057: 1986: 1942: 1643: 1551: 1517: 1472: 1130: 820: 804: 704: 686: 640: 602: 366: 315: 241: 21: 3462: 1400: 1300: 4808: 1696: 1350: 1246: 1179: 1164: 1107: 1015: 968: 402: 1820:

The rapid assistive technology assessment (rATA) is a tool developed by

4803: 4618: 4316: 4302: 4115:

Communication sciences and disorders: from science to clinical practice

3811:"The Impact of Assistive Technologies on Formal and Informal Home Care" 1570: 1497: 954: 772: 754: 624: 543: 515: 384: 256: 32: 4103: 3035:"Assistive Technology for Individuals who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing" 2951:"Go baby go! Solutions for maximizing augmented mobility for children" 2768: 2448: 1467: 4603: 1674: 1138: 950: 879:

Positioning devices have been developed to aid in allowing people to

700: 659: 612: 246: 3475: 3127:. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 1–19. 607: 514:) is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for 4735: 3009:"CEN EN 1332-4 Identification Card Systems – Man-Machine Interface" 2881:"AAC and scripting activities to facilitate communication and play" 1598: 1337: 1183: 1175: 1150: 977:

the text-to-speech software. To solve this issue, people often use

843: 836: 636: 4461:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

4236: 1304:

An AAC user uses number coding on an eye gaze communication board.

518:

and the elderly. Disabled people often have difficulty performing

4414: 2361: 1755: 1631: 990: 939: 648: 371: 52: 3197: 2829: 567: 4078: 3301: 3254: 3096: 1920: 1736: 1590: 1493: 1134: 655: 2910:

Guerette, Paula; Furumasu, Jan; Tefft, Donita (January 2013).

2658:"Assistive Technology for Students with Learning Disabilities" 2319:

Cook, Albert M.; Polgar, Janice M.; Encarnação, Pedro (2020),

1638:. Investment in emerging assistive technology also focuses on 1014:

A braille translator is a computer program that can translate

4271: 3521:"Assistive technology – devices to help with everyday living" 2819:(2): 1–11 – via Education Resources Information Center. 2070: 1808: 1796: 1289: 1207: 3726: 2293:

Clark, Laura; Iqbal, Danielle; Myers, Edwin (July 1, 2022).

2258:(Supplement_2): 7412410010p1–7412410010p87. August 1, 2020. 1793:

National institute on disability and rehabilitation research

1762:, or raise safety concerns, such as autonomous wheelchairs. 1480:

engineers develop new engineering concepts for prosthetics.

1182:

risk), flooding and unlit gas sensors (for people with mild

1155: 555:

Adaptive technology and assistive technology are different.

3556: 2803: 1869: 1577: 1489: 3916: 3914: 3859: 1692:

of advanced prosthetics and wheelchair control (mobility),

807:) or to supplement defective body parts. Inside the body, 4045: 2114: 1815: 1501: 559:

is something that is used to help disabled people, while

4182: 3729:"Research Summary on Assistive Technology Interventions" 3678:

Desch, Larry W.; Gaebler-Spira, Deborah (June 1, 2008).

3446: 2948: 2588:

European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

4208:

Augmentative Communication in Practice: An Introduction

4201: 3911: 3327: 2681: 4237:

Parette, H. P.; Brotherson, M. J; Huer, M. B. (2000).

4027:

Handbook Of Augmentative And Alternative Communication

4002:

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2005).

3883:

The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development

3809:

Anderson, Wayne L.; Wiener, Joshua M. (June 1, 2015).

2021: 1541: 1144: 4451:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

3763: 3200:"Assistive technology for memory support in dementia" 2909: 1129:

Some wearable devices for visual impairment include:

4254:

Assistive Technology in Education: A Teacher's Guide

4087:(3rd ed.). Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 3549:"WIPO Technology Trends 2021 – Assistive Technology" 2318: 1735:, and so on), the societal acceptance and potential 1089: 902:

Augmentative Alternative Communication (AAC) devices

3970:"rapid Assistive Technology Assessment tool (rATA)" 3767:

Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology

2966:"The Wearables Giving Computer Vision to the Blind" 2813:

Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship (JOSEA)

2411:

Assistive Technology to Support Inclusive Education

2242: 2240: 2165:"Assistive Technology Act of 1998 | Section508.gov" 1923:

Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology

870: 4204:"Chapter 6: High Technology Aids to Communication" 4080: 4024: 3677: 3450:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 3412:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 3123:Gillespie, A., Best, C. & O'Neill, B. (2012). 2949:Huang, H; Rodby-Bousquet, E; Paleg, G (May 2015). 2682:Rodby-Bousquet, Elisabet; Agustsson, Atli (2021). 587:Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 4141:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 1807:Since this grant, many others have been written. 1224:Assistive Technology for Deaf and Hard of Hearing 984: 4900: 3328:"National Instructional Materials Access Center" 3084: 2751:Fallon, Joanne; MacCobb, Siobhan (August 2013). 2538: 2237: 1274: 1210:and has been successfully incorporated into the 1066: 2499: 2292: 536:Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health 3808: 3727:Dunst, Trivette; Hamby, Simkus (August 2013). 1259: 1036: 892:Children with severe disabilities can develop 16:Assistive devices for people with disabilities 4879: 4456:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 4287: 4052:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 2879:Taylor, Rebecca; Lacono, Teresa (July 2009). 2781: 2750: 2441: 1500:. The Pererro is a plug and play adapter for 568:Occupational therapy and assistive technology 488: 4112: 4101: 4031:. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 3102: 2878: 2582:Mancini, Martina; Horak, Fay B (June 2010). 2581: 2252:The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2121:WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health 2007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3923:"Robotic aids for the disabled and elderly" 1872:: Open Source Assistive Technology Software 1706:, along with Virtual and Augmented Reality 1439:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 795:to assist or enhance motor control lost by 4844: 4645:Augmentative and alternative communication 4294: 4280: 4079:Beukelman, David R.; Mirenda, Pat (2005). 3401: 3399: 3397: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3302:Scherer, Marcia; Stefano Federici (2012). 3255:Scherer, Marcia; Stefano Federici (2012). 2836:Augmentative and Alternative Communication 2782:Ginsberg M.D., Kenneth R. (January 2007). 2503:Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care 1845:Augmentative and alternative communication 1296:Augmentative and alternative communication 1290:Augmentative and alternative communication 1051: 981:accompanied with text-to-speech software. 495: 481: 3894: 3826: 3695: 3423: 3377: 3231: 2855: 2717: 2699: 2607: 2405:Zabala, Joy Smiley (September 25, 2020), 2219:"Assessing for Adaptive Technology Needs" 2132: 2047: 1456: 1189: 949:Some example of screen readers are Apple 3304:Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook 3257:Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook 2757:British Journal of Learning Disabilities 1652: 1557: 1545: 1466: 1399: 1316: 1299: 1154: 1098: 1080: 979:Optical Character Recognition technology 967: 668: 606: 20: 4889:was invoked but never defined (see the 4680:Disproportionality in special education 4131: 4022: 3394: 3348: 3204:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2655: 1361: 739:Bodyweight-supported treadmill training 596: 4901: 4267:WHO fact sheet on assistive technology 3876: 2404: 1816:rATA Tool by World Health Organization 1217: 1114: 658:technology or additional add-ons like 550: 92:Individualized Education Program (IEP) 4275: 4178:from the original on October 9, 2022. 3567:from the original on October 9, 2022. 3543: 3541: 2885:Advances in Speech Language Pathology 2799: 2797: 2534: 2532: 2519: 1380: 1003: 908: 362:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI) 4046:Schlosser, R. W.; Wendt, O. (2008). 4001: 3921:Gary, Rotstein (November 14, 2007). 3920: 3745:from the original on October 9, 2022 3360:Koch, Katherine (November 8, 2017). 3359: 3090: 2541:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 2321:"Principles of Assistive Technology" 2286: 1720:smart home appliances (environment); 1408:competitor uses a racing wheelchair. 1336:which prompts users about meetings, 771:is a device that replaces a missing 286:Social Security Disability Insurance 4884: 4787:Disability in children's literature 3857: 2134:10.4103/WHO-SEAJPH.WHO-SEAJPH_57_23 2028:The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 1542:Assistive technology and innovation 1172:Personal emergency response systems 1145:Personal emergency response systems 1104:Assistive technology for navigation 1021: 680: 673:A wheelchair propelled by attached 13: 4650:Emotional or behavioral disability 4202:Jans, Deborah; Clark, Sue (1998). 3579:"Priority Assistive Products list" 3538: 2963: 2794: 2529: 2333:10.1016/b978-0-323-52338-7.00001-9 2295:"Adaptive technology on the water" 1731:fitting, additional equipment for 1702:multifocal intraocular lenses and 1524: 1163:disability is making choices on a 14: 4930: 4260: 4117:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 1090:Large-print and tactile keyboards 923: 775:part. It is part of the field of 611:Wheelchair propelled by attached 530:A recent study from India led by 4885:Cite error: The named reference 4843: 4834: 4833: 4256:, Amy Foxwell, 15 February 2022. 4187:. Baltimore: P. H. Brookes Pub. 3518: 3342:"Building the Legacy: IDEA 2004" 2419:10.1108/s1479-363620200000014005 1504:devices which uses the built in 1251:A hearing aid or deaf aid is an 871:Adaptive seating and positioning 842:Prostheses are specifically not 455: 454: 352:National Telecommuting Institute 4861: 3995: 3962: 3937: 3870: 3851: 3802: 3757: 3720: 3671: 3646: 3621: 3596: 3571: 3512: 3469: 3440: 3334: 3320: 3295: 3273: 3248: 3191: 3169: 3139: 3130: 3117: 3108: 3059: 3027: 3001: 2983: 2957: 2942: 2903: 2872: 2823: 2775: 2744: 2734: 2675: 2649: 2624: 2575: 2510: 2493: 2484: 2478:acvrep.org/certifications/catis 2466: 2398: 2355: 2312: 1428: 1240: 887: 857: 4665:Disability and LGBT identities 4301: 3490:10.1080/10400435.2001.10132032 3216:10.1002/14651858.cd009627.pub2 2788:American Academy of Pediatrics 2211: 2187: 2157: 2108: 2064: 2015: 1957: 1914: 1726:and smart diapers (self-care). 1343: 985:Braille and braille technology 618: 357:Society for Disability Studies 214:Unlicensed assistive personnel 1: 4477:Services for mental disorders 2376:10.1080/10400435.2024.2322722 2195:"Tennessee Science Standards" 2040:10.1080/10790268.2016.1153275 1979:10.1080/10400435.2016.1140689 1935:10.1080/17483107.2016.1218555 1907: 1901:Universal access to education 1765:Beyond the patent landscape, 1275:Amplified telephone equipment 1067:Screen magnification software 748: 733: 4482:Services for disabled people 3780:10.3109/17483107.2012.667194 2928:10.1080/10400435.2012.685824 2897:10.1080/14417040510001669111 2848:10.3109/07434618.2013.848933 2553:10.1097/JPO.0000000000000154 1965:rehabilitation technology". 1395: 944:refreshable braille displays 695:The most common devices are 291:Supplemental Security Income 53:Ableism / Disablism 7: 4765:Arts, media, culture, sport 4210:. University of Edinburgh. 4153:10.1044/0161-1461(2003/017) 4064:10.1044/1058-0360(2008/021) 3067:"Guide to Amplified Phones" 2327:, Elsevier, pp. 1–15, 1827: 1752:auditory brainstem implants 1739:concerns, and the need for 1617:, adaptive eating devices, 1260:Assistive listening devices 1043:Refreshable braille display 1037:Refreshable braille display 915:Blindness § Management 306:Disabled students allowance 301:Disability Living Allowance 10: 4935: 4792:Disability in horror films 4584:Activities of daily living 4206:. In Wilson, Allan (ed.). 3877:Jaeger, Robert J. (2006). 3306:. CRC Press. p. 427. 3259:. CRC Press. p. 425. 1786: 1777: 1460: 1435:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 1384: 1365: 1320: 1293: 1278: 1266:Assistive listening device 1263: 1244: 1221: 1193: 1148: 1118: 1070: 1055: 1040: 1025: 1007: 988: 927: 912: 752: 714: 710: 684: 632:activities of daily living 622: 600: 520:activities of daily living 165:Disability rights movement 4829: 4764: 4698: 4637: 4571: 4536: 4490: 4469: 4433: 4407: 4400: 4340: 4309: 4102:Galvão Filho, T. (2009). 3925:. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3896:10.1682/JRRD.2006.05.0041 3425:10.1682/JRRD.2006.03.0025 2701:10.3389/fneur.2021.758706 2656:LDAOeng (June 10, 2014). 2264:10.5014/ajot.2020.74S2001 1865:Durable medical equipment 1822:World Health Organization 1437:and the second being the 1311:speech generating devices 311:Disabled Persons Railcard 4685:Sexuality and disability 4660:Disability and disasters 4572:Structural and assistive 3281:"Assistive technologies" 2995:Mental Health Foundation 2086:10.1177/0269215516642606 1896:Transgenerational design 1695:environment-controlling 1387:Assistive eating devices 1233:, alerting devices, and 524:assistive eating devices 516:people with disabilities 324:the Severely Handicapped 280:Socioeconomic assistance 190:Sexuality and disability 4799:Disability in the media 4670:Disability and religion 4609:Personal Care Assistant 3658:www.parentcenterhub.org 3147:"Telephone reassurance" 3103:Gilliam & Marquardt 2074:Clinical Rehabilitation 1886:Rehabilitation robotics 1855:Design for All (in ICT) 1583:artificial intelligence 1052:Desktop video magnifier 811:are in common use with 809:artificial heart valves 779:, the science of using 538:which was published in 439:Disability in the media 4914:Educational technology 4782:Disability in the arts 4675:Disability and poverty 4614:Physical accessibility 3697:10.1542/peds.2008-0695 3379:10.3390/educsci7040082 3283:. Spaulding Framingham 2688:Frontiers in Neurology 2632:"Assistive technology" 2325:Assistive Technologies 1683:minimum viable product 1659: 1595:Additive Manufacturing 1567: 1555: 1476: 1463:Computer accessibility 1457:Computer accessibility 1409: 1406:New York City Marathon 1305: 1196:Computer accessibility 1190:Accessibility software 1168: 1086: 973: 677: 615: 542:Journal informed that 429:Disability in the arts 252:Physical accessibility 26: 4373:driver rehabilitation 3828:10.1093/geront/gnt165 3525:www.alzheimers.org.uk 1758:issues and requiring 1724:medication management 1713:smart assistants and 1656: 1566:assistive technology. 1561: 1554:assistive technology. 1549: 1470: 1403: 1317:Cognitive impairments 1303: 1235:communication support 1158: 1099:Navigation assistance 1084: 971: 672: 610: 180:People-first language 158:Societal implications 24: 4909:Assistive technology 4873:ACVREP Certification 4706:Models of disability 4690:Youth and disability 4655:Invisible disability 4604:Orthotics and braces 4589:Assistive technology 4401:Rights, law, support 4132:Mirenda, P. (2003). 4010:on February 13, 2009 3478:Assistive Technology 2916:Assistive Technology 2368:Assistive Technology 1967:Assistive Technology 1876:Occupational therapy 1801:Gaulladet University 1368:Educational software 1362:Educational software 1106:has expanded on the 955:CheckMeister browser 894:learned helplessness 725:or walking frame or 597:Mobility impairments 573:Occupational Therapy 557:Assistive technology 508:Assistive technology 247:Orthotics and braces 232:Assistive technology 4358:Learning disability 3629:"Technology Trends" 3105:, pp. 356–359. 1881:Powered exoskeleton 1690:myoelectric control 1646:, wheelchairs, and 1329:emotion recognition 1323:Cognitive orthotics 1218:Hearing impairments 1167:with a head dauber. 1121:Wearable technology 1115:Wearable technology 900:with disabilities. 864:powered exoskeleton 783:devices with human 743:physical therapists 561:adaptive technology 551:Adaptive technology 532:Dr Edmond Fernandes 208:Personal assistance 115:Learning disability 4772:Disability culture 4699:Disability studies 4594:Independent living 4322:Disability studies 3366:Education Sciences 3015:on October 5, 2013 2225:on August 10, 2014 1850:Braille technology 1767:industrial designs 1745:medical technology 1660: 1587:Internet of things 1568: 1556: 1535:assistive domotics 1477: 1410: 1381:Eating impairments 1306: 1231:Hearing Technology 1169: 1159:This voter with a 1087: 1010:Braille translator 1004:Braille translator 998:braille technology 974: 963:Microsoft Narrator 909:Visual impairments 678: 616: 322:Assured Income for 27: 4919:Web accessibility 4857: 4856: 4726:Neuroqueer theory 4629:Web accessibility 4579:Accessible toilet 4567: 4566: 4420:Disability rights 4415:Ableism/disablism 4217:978-1-898042-15-0 4194:978-1-55766-473-0 4124:978-0-7693-0040-5 4094:978-1-55766-684-0 4038:978-1-56593-684-3 3815:The Gerontologist 3151:assistivetech.net 2964:Pardes, Arielle. 2769:10.1111/bld.12052 2428:978-1-78769-520-7 2342:978-0-323-52338-7 2175:on March 29, 2016 1704:artificial retina 1668:Republic of Korea 1615:adaptive clothing 1203:web accessibility 829:palatal obturator 813:artificial hearts 505: 504: 267:Web accessibility 227:Accessible toilet 110:Special education 48:Disability theory 41:Theory and models 4926: 4894: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4865: 4847: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4819:Special Olympics 4711:Inspiration porn 4624:Universal design 4425:Pejorative terms 4405: 4404: 4368:Physical therapy 4296: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4250: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4220:. 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570: 553: 501: 470: 444: 443: 424: 414: 413: 412: 387: 377: 376: 347: 346: 330: 329: 326: 323: 281: 273: 272: 271: 237:Assisted living 209: 201: 200: 199: 159: 151: 150: 149: 129: 121: 120: 119: 82: 74: 73: 72: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4896: 4895: 4878: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4779: 4777:Disability art 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 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