Developmental disability

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zero and five and their caregivers, eliciting a sense of safety and improving emotional regulation and behavior. Children with developmental disabilities have a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than children within the general population. Child-parent psychotherapy can accommodate non-verbal communication, making it a good fit for children with a wide range of abilities. Child-parent psychotherapy has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children with developmental disabilities and may help enhance caregivers' understanding of their children's disabilities and individual needs. Two 2014 case studies demonstrated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy with two children who were exposed to traumatic events. One of the children was 14 months with global developmental delays, and the other was six with autism spectrum disorder. At the time of this study, most studies that evaluated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy did not include any information about children with autism or intellectual disabilities. Both children and their families had about one year of weekly therapy, and both saw improvements in attachment relations, decreased trauma symptoms, and overall improvements in functioning.

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with developmental, and particularly intellectual, disabilities. Still, there is evidence that trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be adapted using metaphors and simplified examples to be accessible and beneficial for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. In a 2016 case study, therapists used a metaphor to describe post-traumatic stress disorder and aid treatment for a young man diagnosed with an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. They explained his symptoms by describing his brain as a kitchen cupboard and his traumatic memories as tins that had not been organized properly, and therefore kept falling out. The young man had a significant improvement in mood and symptoms after 12 sessions of adapted trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy.

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insensitivity of staff and services to the person's wishes and needs), environmental (physical aspects such as noise and lighting, or gaining access to preferred objects or activities), psychological (feeling excluded, lonely, devalued, labelled, disempowered, living up to people's negative expectations) or simply a means of communication. A lot of the time, challenging behavior is learned and brings rewards and it is very often possible to teach people new behaviors to achieve the same aims. Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities can often be associated with specific mental health problems.

959:). Support services are funded through government block funding (paid directly to service providers by the government), through individualized funding packages (paid directly to the individual by the government, specifically for the purchase of services) or privately by the individual (although they may receive certain subsidies or discounts, paid by the government). There also are a number of non-profit agencies dedicated to enriching the lives of people living with developmental disabilities and erasing the barriers they have to being included in their community. 701:

likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, hair-pulling), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, shouting, screaming, spitting, kicking, swearing, headbutting, hair-pulling), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking,

1079:, adult family homes, congregate living facilities, etc.) with other people with similar assessed needs. These homes are usually staffed around the clock, usually house between three and fifteen residents, and tend to be highly structured. The prevalence of this type of support is gradually decreasing, however, as residential accommodation is replaced by at-home and community support, which can offer increased choice and self-determination for individuals. Some U.S. states still provide institutional care, such as the 717:

dissatisfaction with the failure of those providing services to focus on what kind of life makes the most sense to the person and is often the only recourse a developmentally disabled person has against unsatisfactory services or treatment and the lack of opportunities made available to the person. This is especially the case where the services deliver lifestyles and ways of working that are centered on what suits the service provider and its staff, rather than what best suits the person.

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intrusive treatment. Furthermore, exhaustion resulting from adaptation or stress could damage or disturb development. In addition, the highly stimulating hospital environment and the lack of social interactive experiences with the mother or the abundant interaction with others could add to the risk. In short, many reasons are conceivable that by itself or in different combinations could result in developmental problems of very preterm children.

5229: 1175: 893:, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of "retardates" and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population. 747: 4758: 1004:) requires educational institutions and training providers to make "reasonable adjustments" to curriculum and teaching methods in order to accommodate the learning needs of students with disabilities, wherever possible. There are also some vocational training centers that cater specifically to people with disabilities, providing the skills necessary to work in integrated settings, one of the largest being 919:, a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within state institutions created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services. By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization, and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of 1040:, and personal care such as showering, dressing and the administration of medication). The need for full 24-hour support is usually associated with difficulties recognizing safety issues (such as responding to a fire or using a telephone) or for people with potentially dangerous medical conditions (such as asthma or diabetes) who are unable to manage their conditions without assistance. 1141:. High functioning individuals with developmental disabilities can find it difficult to work in an environment that requires teamwork and direct communication due to their lack of social awareness. Working with employers to better understand the disorders and barriers that may come from the struggles associated with them, can greatly impact the quality of life for these individuals. 526:

improve understanding of treatment approaches. Frequent prompting, repetition of explanations, and developing detailed timelines of life events may also improve focus and engagement in psychological treatment. Providers should clearly understand individual needs and abilities and ensure that expectations for treatment are consistent with individual abilities and functioning.

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to focus solely on the provision of basic needs. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Heavy tranquilization and assembly line methods of support (such as "birdfeeding" and cattle herding) were the norm, and the

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disorder across individuals with varying severity of intellectual disabilities; it has the most evidence for treating individuals with developmental disabilities based on numerous case studies. Eye-movement desensitization can be adapted for individuals with limited language abilities, making it accessible to a wide range of developmental disabilities.

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used a shield analogy, in which they encouraged the client to envision newly learned relaxation techniques and coping statements as a shield protecting her. They used modified exposure to reduce the risk of re-traumatizing the client; she imagined her nightmares and flashbacks rather than the trauma itself.

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In the United States, a variety of initiatives have been launched in the past decade to reduce unemployment among workers with disabilities—estimated by researchers at over 60%. Most of these initiatives are directed at employment in mainstream businesses. They include heightened placement efforts by

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in Pennsylvania which housed 7,000 people through the 1960s), many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued

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People with developmental disabilities (particularly autistic spectrum disorders) can exhibit challenging behavior, defined as "culturally abnormal behaviours of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is

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can reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with developmental disabilities. In a 2009 case study, a 24-year-old woman with an intellectual disability experienced a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following nine exposure therapy sessions. The therapists

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is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living".

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Non-vocational day services are usually known as day centers, and are traditionally segregated services offering training in life skills (such as meal preparation and basic literacy), center-based activities (such as crafts, games and music classes) and external activities (such as day trips). Some

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is a short-term treatment that focuses on reducing and changing negative and unhelpful thought processes related to traumatic experiences and processing and managing associated negative emotions. Differences in language and thinking can make cognitive-based interventions challenging for individuals

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is a burgeoning support field for people with developmental disabilities. Advocacy groups now exist in most jurisdictions, working collaboratively with people with disabilities for systemic change (such as changes in policy and legislation) and for changes for individuals (such as claiming welfare

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and appropriate behavior and communication difficulties are strong contributing factors to the high incidence of abuse among this population. A study on the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism has also shown that physical neglect during

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Child-parent psychotherapy is a relational treatment that focuses on improving child-parent relationships and functioning following a young child's exposure to one or more traumatic experiences. This treatment is designed to enhance the attachment relationships between children between the ages of

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and is characterized by negative thoughts, memories, or dreams about the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, adverse changes in thinking and mood, and heightened acute stress response. Post-traumatic stress disorder often goes undiagnosed among individuals with developmental disabilities

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Access to health care providers: in the United States, all federal- or state-funded residences require the residents to have annual visits to various health care providers. With consistent visits to health care providers more people with developmental disabilities are likely to receive appropriate

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Additionally, state-level initiatives are being launched to increase employment among workers with disabilities. In California, the state senate in 2009 created the Senate Select Committee on Autism and Related Disorders. The committee has been examining additions to existing community employment

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Workers with developmental disabilities have historically been paid less for their labor than those in the general workforce, although this is gradually changing with government initiatives, the enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation and changes in perceptions of capability in the general

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The provision of specific employment opportunities within segregated business services. Although these are designed as "transitional" services (teaching work skills needed to move into integrated employment), many people remain in such services for the duration of their working life. The types of

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is a psychological treatment in which the patient's stress is reduced by associating traumatic experiences with bilateral stimulation such as rapid, rhythmic eye movements or tapping. Eye-movement desensitization is demonstrated to be highly effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress

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Some individuals with developmental disabilities may have difficulty understanding and articulating negative thought processes and emotions associated with traumatic events. Metaphors, simplified explanations, and explicit examples may help elucidate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and

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Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment approaches for post-traumatic stress disorder typically require verbal communication and insight into cognitions, emotions, and functioning. Individual differences in communication and intellectual ability among individuals with developmental, and particularly

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External monitoring factor: all federal- or state-funded residences are required to have some form of behavioral monitoring for each person with developmental disability at the residence. With this information psychological diagnoses are more easily given than with the general population that has

391:, are more likely to occur in people with developmental disabilities than in the general population, including amongst children who need the support of caregivers who have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support. A number of factors are attributed to the high incidence rate of dual diagnoses: 371:

among people with developmental disabilities as a group is estimated at 20 years below average, although this is improving. Society has advanced in its adaptive and medical technologies, and other methods to help people lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. In addition, some conditions (such as

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is associated with psychological disturbance. Sequeira, Howlin, & Hollins found that sexual abuse was associated with increased rates of mental illness and behavioral problems, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Psychological reactions to abuse were similar to those observed in the

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are among the most common treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure therapy involves exposing a patient to a source of stress (such as a memory or reminder of a traumatic event) to increase tolerance to feared stimuli, overcome avoidance, and gradually reduce acute stress response

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Many physical health factors associated with developmental disabilities. For some specific syndromes and diagnoses, these are inherent, such as poor heart function in people with Down syndrome. People with severe communication difficulties find it difficult to articulate their health needs and,

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premature birth could already have resulted from earlier and longer existing difficulties. Second, being born at such an immature gestation could immediately have damaged the main organs (lungs and brain) or, third, such damage could arise in the neonatal period, for instance from the necessary

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Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities may be caused by a number of factors, including biological (pain, medication, the need for sensory stimulation), social (boredom, seeking social interaction, the need for an element of control, lack of knowledge of community norms,

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Programs are set up around the country in hopes to educate individuals with and without developmental disabilities. Studies have tested specific scenarios on the most beneficial way to educate people. Interventions are one way to educate people, but are also the most time-consuming: with busy

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Supports of this type also include assistance to identify and undertake new hobbies or to access community services (such as education), learning appropriate behavior or recognition of community norms, or with relationships and expanding circles of friends. Most programs offering at-home and

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Individuals with developmental disabilities may develop more intense symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared to the general population due to maladaptive coping and neurological differences. These symptoms may manifest differently depending on the severity of the disability;

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is recognized as a significant, if misunderstood, problem. Rates of criminal offenses among people with developmental disabilities are also disproportionately high, and it is widely acknowledged that criminal justice systems throughout the world are ill-equipped for the needs of people with

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Developmental disabilities affect between 1 and 2% of the population in most western countries, although many government sources acknowledge that statistics are flawed in this area. The worldwide proportion of people with developmental disabilities is believed to be approximately 1.4%. Such

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Experience and research suggest that what professionals call "challenging behavior" is often a reaction to the challenging environments that those providing services create around people with developmental disabilities. "Challenging behavior" in this context is a method of communicating

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Individuals with developmental disabilities are not fully integrated into society. Person-centered planning and person-centered approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with a developmental disability

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has been found to be effective in reducing specific challenging behavior. Recently, efforts have been placed on developing a developmental pathway model in the behavior analysis literature to prevent challenging behavior from occurring. This method is controversial according to the

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more progressive day centers also support people to access vocational training opportunities (such as college courses), and offer individualized outreach services (planning and undertaking activities with the individual, with support offered one-to-one or in small groups).

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Larson, Sheryl A.; Lakin, K. Charlie; Anderson, Lynda; Kwak Lee, Nohoon; Lee, Jeoung Hak; Anderson, Deborah (2001). "Prevalence of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities: Estimates from the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements".

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such as aggression and self-harm, and communication of symptoms may be limited by verbal ability. Mental health problems are often reported by proxy rather than self-report, which can increase the risk of underreporting and of psychological symptoms going undiagnosed.

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schedules, the intervention approach can be difficult. Another less beneficial but more realistic scenario, in the time sense, was the psychoeducational approach. It focuses on informing people on what abuse is, how to spot abuse, and what to do when it is spotted.

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symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Exposure therapy should be carefully tailored to the individual when treating individuals with developmental disabilities to reduce the risk of re-traumatization. There is preliminary evidence that exposure therapy paired with

1133:, to support students with autism on the college level. Other Committee efforts include mutual support employment efforts, such as disability job networks, job boards, and identifying business lines that build on the strengths of persons with disabilities. 822:, led to housing and care using the asylum model. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large institutions (of up to 3,000 people, although some institutions were home to many more, such as the 159:

disabilities are twice as common in males as in females, and some researchers have found that the prevalence of mild developmental disabilities is likely to be higher in areas of poverty and deprivation, and among people of certain ethnicities.

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Brady, Nancy C.; Bruce, Susan; Goldman, Amy; Erickson, Karen; Mineo, Beth; Ogletree, Bill T.; Paul, Diane; Romski, Mary Ann; Sevcik, Rose; Siegel, Ellin; Schoonover, Judith; Snell, Marti; Sylvester, Lorraine; Wilkinson, Krista (1 March 2016).

854:. The eugenics movement was later thought to be seriously flawed and in violation of human rights and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid 20th century. 1095:

Support to access or participate in integrated employment, in a workplace in the general community. This may include specific programs to increase the skills needed for successful employment (work preparation), job placement assistance or a

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The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and remain unknown in a large proportion of cases. Even in cases of known etiology, the line between "cause" and "effect" is not always clear, leading to difficulty in categorizing causes.

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Around 61 million people (nearly one in four) people in the United States are living with some sort of disability. But people with disabilities are often excluded from social relationships, community participation, leisure activities, and

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Chaplin, Eddie; Paschos, Dimitrios; O'Hara, Jean; McCarthy, Jane; Holt, Geraldine; Bouras, Nick; Tsakanikos, Elias (2010). "Mental ill-health and care pathways in adults with intellectual disability across different residential types".

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community support are designed with the goal of increasing the individual's independence, although it is recognized that people with more severe disabilities may never be able to achieve full independence in some areas of daily life.

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Education and training opportunities for people with developmental disabilities have expanded greatly in recent times, with many governments mandating universal access to educational facilities, and more students moving out of

878:, which he described as a "snake pit" and the publication the next year of Christmas in Purgatory, a photoessay featuring photos covertly taken of institutions, shone a light on the inhumane conditions in public institutions. 1136:

Though efforts are being made to integrate individuals with developmental disabilities into the workforce, businesses are still reluctant to employ individuals with IDD because of their poor communication skills and

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Anneloes L. van Baar, PhD, Aleid G. van Wassenaer, MD, PhD, Judy M. Briët, PhD, Friedo W. Dekker, PhD, Joke H. Kok, MD, PhD, "Very Preterm Birth is Associated with Disabilities in Multiple Developmental Domains",

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In the United States, the segregation of people with developmental disabilities and the conditions of these institutions was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1960s. US President

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is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy affects the development of the body and brain, causing a range of physical and mental impairments for the

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Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as

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Many people with developmental disabilities live in the general community, either with family members, in supervised-group homes or in their own homes (that they rent or own, living alone or with

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Roane, H.S., Ringdahl, J.E., Vollmer, T.R., Whitmarsh, E.L. and Marcus, B.A. (2007). A Preliminary Description of the Occurrence of Proto-injurious Behavior in Typically Developing Children.

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intellectual disabilities can limit identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Thus, diagnosis and treatment approaches should be modified to fit the individual.

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Genetic factors have long been implicated in causing developmental disabilities. These conditions are also believed to have a large environmental component, and the relative contributions of

76:) that cause difficulties in communications. Autistic spectrum disorders affect speech, understanding body language, social interactions, difficulty in understanding others in areas such as 4337: 686:

developmental disabilities, both as perpetrators and victims of crime. Failings in care have been identified in one in eight deaths of people with learning difficulties under NHS England.

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for family members caring for their loved ones with disabilities. This is slowly changing, however, as programs offered become more skills-based and focused on increasing independence.

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providers. Support services address most aspects of life for people with developmental disabilities, and are usually theoretically based in community inclusion, using concepts such as

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The following trauma-specific treatments have demonstrated efficacy among individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly when tailored to individual needs and presentation.

4373: 923:. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including Massachusetts. 2265:

Spratt, Eve G.; Nicholas, Joyce S.; Brady, Kathleen T.; Carpenter, Laura A.; Hatcher, Charles R.; Meekins, Kirk A.; Furlanetto, Richard W.; Charles, Jane M. (January 2012).

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Throughout history, people with developmental disabilities have been viewed as incapable and incompetent in their capacity for decision-making and development. Until the

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From the 1960s to the present, most U.S. states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions. Along with the work of Wolfensberger and others including

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work performed in business services include mailing and packaging services, cleaning, gardening and landscaping, timberwork, metal fabrication, farming, and sewing.

889:'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", was very influential. This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as 125:(ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction. It has effects on attention span, cognition, self-control, and emotional regulation. 5734: 2428:"Trauma Treatment in Young Children with Developmental Disabilities: Applications of the Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) Model to the Cases of "James" and "Juan"" 4353: 456:

These problems are exacerbated by difficulties in diagnosis of mental health issues, and in appropriate treatment and medication, as for physical health issues.

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against governments and an increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the

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Kupferstein, H. (2018), "Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis", Advances in Autism, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 19-29.

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Chaplin, E.; Gilvarry, C.; Tsakanikos, E. (2011). "Recreational substance use patterns in adults with intellectual disability and co-morbid psychopathology".

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childhood plays a critical role in the repeated crime, independent of mental-health problems for high-risk adults involved with the criminal justice system.

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Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. / Sequeira, H; Howlin, P; Hollins, S.In:

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or mental retardation, is defined as assessed to have an IQ below 70, along with limitations in adaptive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years.

4938: 3293: 3627: 2612:"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a person with an Autism Spectrum Condition and Intellectual Disability: A Case Study" 113:

is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. They are the most common motor disability in childhood.

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Hemmings, C.; Underwood, L.; Tsakanikos E.; Holt, G.; Bouras, N. (2008). "Clinical predictors of challenging behaviour in intellectual disability".

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is known to be a predictor for potential developmental disabilities later in childhood, which complicates the question of nature versus nurture, as

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in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the Church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of

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Current theories on causation focus on genetic factors; more than 1,000 known genetic conditions include developmental disabilities as a symptom.

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Therapeutic services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, massage, aromatherapy, art, dance/movement or music therapy

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Whitney, David J.; Warren, Christopher R.; Smith, Jenni; Arenales, Milady; Meyers, Stephanie; Devaney, Melissa; Christian, LeeAnn (2021-10-01).

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Stenfert Kroese, Biza; Willott, Sara; Taylor, Frances; Smith, Philippa; Graham, Ruth; Rutter, Tara; Stott, Andrew; Willner, Paul (2016-09-05).

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is also increasing for people with these types of disabilities, although many programs offer only segregated "access" courses in areas such as

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benefits or when responding to abuse). Most advocacy groups also work to support people, throughout the world, to increase their capacity for

5194: 5177: 4988: 4368: 905: 586: 203: 2147:"Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a high secure forensic learning disability population: future directions for practice" 4107:

Wishart, Guy (2003-09-01). "The sexual abuse of people with learning difficulties: do we need a social model approach to vulnerability?".

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Neef, N. A. (2001). "The Past and Future of Behavior Analysis in Developmental Disabilities: When Good News is Bad and Bad News is Good".

2217:"Trauma-Specific Treatment for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of the Literature From 2008 to 2018" 1817:"A prospective study of the relationship between adverse life events and trauma in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities" 1024:). At-home and community supports range from one-to-one assistance from a support worker with identified aspects of daily living (such as 4206: 1916:"Association between perceived social support and strain, and positive and negative outcome for adults with mild intellectual disability" 900:

in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful

574: 6206: 6162: 5265: 4943: 4557: 1129:, the former director of the state labor department, has established a program at the California state university system, starting at 705:

or elective incontinence). Such behaviors can be assessed to suggest areas of further improvement, using assessment tools such as the

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Specialist behavior support services, such as high-security services for people with high-level, high-risk challenging behaviors

1083:. The type of residential accommodation is usually determined by the level of developmental disability and mental health needs. 5757: 4699: 3981: 1772: 831:

prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the human needs of the individual.

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Andrews, Erin E.; Forber-Pratt, Anjali J.; Mona, Linda R.; Lund, Emily M.; Pilarski, Carrie R.; Balter, Rochelle (May 2019).

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McLain, Kimberly B.; O'Hara-Leslie, Erin K.; Wade, Andrea C. (2016). "Working with People with Developmental Disabilities".

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to a person, who may be classified by age group resulting from their test scores. This, in turn, can be used to calculate a

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Jones, Jessica (December 2007). "Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues".

1130: 6523: 6218: 5366: 4998: 4668: 4064:"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study" 1299: 706: 2975:"Communication Services and Supports for Individuals With Severe Disabilities: Guidance for Assessment and Intervention" 2872: 2826: 5468: 5443: 5278: 4983: 4958: 4562: 4461: 4415: 3136: 2573:"Trauma-focussed cognitive-behaviour therapy for people with mild intellectual disabilities: outcomes of a pilot study" 1001: 107:

are a group of conditions caused prior to birth that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.

1963:"Relationships between Social Support, Stress and Mother-Child Interactions in Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities" 6254: 6074: 5972: 4761: 3826: 3805: 3269: 3111: 1222: 786: 73: 1788:"CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ADULTS WITH LEARNING [INTELLECTUAL] DISABILITIES" 1204: 6346: 5583: 5554: 5495: 4973: 4953: 4260: 2777:"Type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism in adult probationers: a cross-sectional study" 2697: 2572: 1791: 1071:

Most people with developmental disabilities live with their parents or in residential accommodation (also known as

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Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C.; Elias, Ellen Roy; Feldman, Heidi M.; Coleman, William L. (April 28, 2009).

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Initial efforts focused around reforming the institution; however, that began to change by the late 1960s. The

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services, and also new employment approaches. Committee member Lou Vismara, chairman of the MIND Institute at

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The social and developmental restrictions placed upon people with developmental disabilities (such as lack of

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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing

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and appropriate behavior, inability of those around to allow/understand expressions of grief and other human

3989:. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch.: Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from 2751: 473:

compared to the general population due to heightened vulnerability to negative life experiences, including:

6430: 5967: 5500: 5345: 4633: 4430: 2515:"My shield will protect me against the ANTS: Treatment of PTSD in a client with an intellectual disability" 1915: 1863: 1340: 568: 373: 1500: 1121:, is pursuing the development of a planned community for persons with autism and related disorders in the 1113:

the community agencies serving people with developmental disabilities, as well as by government agencies.

5675: 5473: 4435: 4410: 4239: 3904: 2374:"Comparison of Self- and Proxy Report of Mental Health Symptoms in People With Intellectual Disabilities" 1616:

Yoo, Ahrang; Kim, Monique; Ross, Melissa M.; Vaughn-Lee, Angela; Butler, Beverly; dosReis, Susan (2018).

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The movement towards individualism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the opportunities afforded by the

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Constraint and restrictive practices (such as turning off an electric wheelchair so a person cannot move)

69: 55: 6488: 6425: 5340: 4993: 4704: 4496: 4332: 4244: 4192: 3951:

People with Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries

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for the individual with a developmental disability, in communicating their needs, self-expression and

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The publication of this book may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the

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Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review

931:, encouraging a focus on the person as someone with capacities and gifts, as well as support needs. 6483: 6399: 6394: 6091: 6054: 6046: 5864: 5833: 5559: 5116: 5111: 5003: 4787: 4597: 4572: 4167: 3971: 1185: 985: 948: 916: 875: 168: 3795: 2323: 1618:"Engaging Caregivers in the Treatment of Youth with Complex Developmental and Mental Health Needs" 1514: 504:

due to providers' and caregivers' lack of understanding and differences in communication ability.

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treatment than the general population that is not required to visit various health care providers.

6420: 5927: 5777: 5772: 5729: 5546: 5204: 4711: 4658: 4653: 4582: 3381: 2514: 1672: 1189: 956: 867: 757: 559: 555: 116: 3774: 6298: 5937: 5828: 5787: 5762: 5670: 5151: 4887: 4847: 4694: 4587: 4074:(3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235. 3404: 3179: 1138: 846:

for those with developmental disabilities in most of the developed world and was later used by

172: 39: 3321:"Crisis and Revolution in Developmental Disabilities: The Dilemma of Community Based Services" 6493: 6226: 6106: 6013: 5992: 5232: 5199: 5074: 5049: 4968: 4822: 4285: 3949: 3756:"Single-Session Intervention for Abuse Awareness Among People with Developmental Disabilities 1545: 1032:

or paying bills) to full 24-hour support (including assistance with household tasks, such as

819: 804: 695: 509: 139: 1816: 1261:

Short-stay respite services (for people who live with family members or other unpaid carers)

6318: 6231: 5987: 5807: 5408: 5388: 5126: 5121: 4867: 4857: 4817: 4618: 4602: 4567: 4501: 2659:"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder" 1154: 989: 839: 800: 551: 500: 396: 176: 167:

Developmental disabilities can be initially suspected when a child does not reach expected

3738:

Melrose, Sherri; Dusome, Debra; Simpson, John; Crocker, Cheryl; Athens, Elizabeth (2015).

885:

movement began to gain ground in the US and internationally. In the US the publication of

601:

is a significant issue for people with developmental disabilities. They are regarded as a

8: 6368: 6350: 6313: 6303: 6157: 6059: 6036: 5884: 5876: 5655: 5633: 5361: 5044: 4902: 4882: 4862: 4780: 4751: 4270: 2426:

Harley, Eliza K.; Williams, Marian E.; Zamora, Irina; Lakatos, Patricia P. (2014-11-07).

2216: 1595: 1080: 3675:, 32+ Personnel Publications Ltd. Gale Academic OneFile Document Number: GALE|A397218906 2611: 1962: 870:

and was in an institution, created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961.

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Challenging behaviour: analysis and intervention with people with learning difficulties

2803: 2776: 2674: 2639: 2550: 2401: 2299: 2266: 2244: 2092: 2056: 2037: 1961:

Feldman, Maurice A.; Varghese, Jean; Ramsay, Jennifer; Rajska, Danuta (December 2002).

1738: 1703: 1653: 1126: 952: 886: 812: 662:

Systemic abuse (denied access to an appropriate service due to perceived support needs)

94: 6277: 5802: 5792: 5724: 5650: 5534: 5222: 5218: 5106: 4872: 4638: 4541: 4491: 4302: 4124: 4085: 4080: 4063: 4042: 4034: 3865: 3855: 3832: 3822: 3801: 3770: 3643: 3635: 3578: 3570: 3562: 3546: 3497: 3449: 3441: 3265: 3259: 3132: 3107: 3004: 2946: 2808: 2717: 2678: 2631: 2592: 2542: 2534: 2495: 2475: 2449: 2405: 2393: 2351: 2343: 2304: 2286: 2248: 2236: 2166: 2127: 2117: 2084: 2076: 2029: 2021: 1982: 1978: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1844: 1836: 1754: 1746: 1695: 1645: 1637: 1617: 1468: 1460: 1097: 1051:(DSP). The DSP works in assisting the individual with their ADLs and also acts as an 968: 928: 871: 65: 5243: 4097: 4054: 3990: 2958: 2643: 2554: 2096: 2041: 2001: 1707: 6147: 6101: 6069: 5917: 5895: 5860: 5623: 5505: 5456: 5403: 5378: 5373: 5330: 5318: 5091: 4731: 4726: 4623: 4536: 4280: 4116: 4075: 4018: 3930:

Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment

3763: 3528: 3487: 3433: 3332: 3031: 2994: 2986: 2938: 2798: 2788: 2709: 2670: 2623: 2584: 2526: 2487: 2439: 2385: 2335: 2294: 2278: 2228: 2158: 2068: 2013: 1974: 1927: 1875: 1828: 1730: 1687: 1657: 1629: 1501:"Valuing People — A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century" 1452: 1294: 1056: 863: 850:

as rationale for the mass murder of intellectually disabled individuals during the

546: 6276: 2389: 2321: 6323: 6281: 6152: 6139: 6086: 6081: 6064: 5944: 5739: 5711: 5512: 5335: 5274: 5141: 5101: 5059: 4907: 4897: 4852: 4440: 4172: 3966: 3914: 3411: 2017: 1691: 1519: 1376:

Improving health outcomes for children and youth with developmental disabilities,

1289: 859: 650: 633: 469:

Individuals with developmental disabilities have an increased risk of developing

368: 6373: 3492: 3475: 3152: 2990: 2480:

The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention

6308: 6249: 6173: 5982: 5949: 5932: 5922: 5136: 4922: 4917: 4689: 4297: 3928: 3437: 3255: 2713: 2588: 2339: 1864:"Life events and psychiatric symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities" 1734: 1569:. St. George's University of London/Down's Syndrome Association. Archived from 1251:

Other types of support for people with developmental disabilities may include:

975: 944: 609: 388: 110: 5024:

Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes

4120: 3836: 3767: 3066:

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016/full/html

2942: 2793: 2530: 2322:

Fujiura, Glenn T.; the RRTC Expert Panel on Health Measurement (August 2012).

2282: 2002:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability" 1673:"Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability" 1633: 629:. The more serious the abuse, the more severe the symptoms that were reported. 6517: 6342: 6293: 5611: 5156: 4912: 4526: 4292: 4128: 4089: 4038: 4030: 4022: 3639: 3550: 3542: 3501: 3445: 3234:""Hell on Earth" two case studies on institutionalization that led to change" 3129:

War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race

2899: 2876: 2830: 2721: 2682: 2596: 2538: 2499: 2453: 2444: 2397: 2347: 2290: 2240: 2170: 2131: 2080: 2057:"#SaytheWord: A disability culture commentary on the erasure of "disability"" 2025: 1986: 1939: 1887: 1840: 1750: 1742: 1641: 1486: 1464: 1240: 1044: 1009: 912: 808: 665:

Passive neglect (a caregiver's failure to provide adequate food, and shelter)

602: 384: 143: 87: 4062:

Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009).

3574: 3482:. Emploi et Handicap : Le vécu des personnes en situation de handicap. 3077: 2162: 1243:, teaching the skills necessary for people to advocate for their own needs. 6196: 5977: 5529: 5131: 5096: 4643: 4511: 4471: 4046: 3974:

Invisible Victims: Violence against persons with developmental disabilities

3647: 3582: 3453: 3062: 3008: 2950: 2812: 2635: 2546: 2355: 2308: 2088: 2033: 1947: 1895: 1848: 1758: 1699: 1649: 1472: 1158: 1037: 674: 637: 621: 437: 426:

opportunities, limited opportunities for fulfilling relationships, boredom)

364: 180: 3741:

Supporting Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities & Mental Illness

3533: 3516: 2928: 2111: 1366:, 4th Edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994) 815:

for people with epilepsy) were prominent in social attitudes of the time.

6181: 5912: 5643: 5393: 4721: 4136: 3261:

Willowbrook: A Report on How it is and Why it Doesn't Have to Be That Way

670: 656: 51: 4159: 3558: 3190:

from the original on Jul 11, 2010 – via Disability History Museum.

1406: 618:(withholding help when required, e.g., assistance with personal hygiene) 355:

without adequate support and education, might not recognize ill health.

6498: 6191: 6096: 5797: 5522: 5517: 5313: 4803: 4716: 4531: 4229: 4215: 2232: 2072: 1122: 1072: 771: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 682: 423: 408: 335:{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100} 47: 3286:"The Importance of Community Integration for People with Disabilities" 2627: 1832: 807:

such as food, shelter and clothing. Stereotypes such as the dimwitted

6451: 6383: 6201: 5660: 5398: 5323: 4892: 4516: 4011:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

3939:

The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia

3336: 3035: 2491: 1076: 1025: 851: 702: 415: 399:

events throughout their lifetime (such as abandonment by loved ones,

43: 3739: 3671:

Lewis, Grace. (2014, December). Business is still scared of autism.

1174: 746: 6186: 5856: 5823: 5749: 4648: 3922:

Real Lives: Contemporary supports to people with mental retardation

3184:

Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded

2698:"EMDR treatment for PTSD and Intellectual Disability: a case study" 1235: 1052: 1029: 1021: 997: 993: 843: 835: 626: 441: 430: 404: 356: 175:

may be used to diagnose an underlying disease, which may include a

81: 35: 4374:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

2113:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5

729:, saying that this type of therapy can lead to the development of 4327: 4135:

Piper, Julia. (Michaelmas 2007). "The Case of the Pillow Angel".

2570: 2116:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 1862:

Hastings, R. P.; Hatton, C.; Taylor, J. L.; Maddison, C. (2004).

1033: 901: 890: 641: 615: 419: 360: 77: 3869: 3566: 3422: 3186:. President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C. 1327: 5904: 5719: 3848:

Levine, Melvin D; Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C. (1999).

2979:

American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

847: 653:(charging unnecessary fees, holding onto pensions, wages, etc.) 98: 80:

and other's feelings, and causes repetitive behaviors known as

61: 2378:

Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1567:"Health Guidelines for Adults with an Intellectual Disability" 1364:

DSM-IV - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

838:

movement became popular throughout the world. This led to the

6341: 5682: 4772: 4184: 3906:

A History of the Treatment of Persons with Mental Retardation

3777: 3476:"Work expectations of adults with developmental disabilities" 2324:"Self-Reported Health of People with Intellectual Disability" 1503:. Secretary of State (UK) for Health. March 2001. p. 16. 1091:

Employment support usually consists of two types of support:

939:

Today, support services are provided by government agencies,

720:

In general, behavioral interventions or what has been termed

605:

people in most jurisdictions. Common types of abuse include:

598: 400: 3320: 3159:. Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities 2775:

Kim, Eun Young; Park, Jiung; Kim, Bongseog (December 2016).

2267:"Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism" 2264: 1861: 1100:, assistive technology, or extra support from other workers. 5855: 4068:

Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities

3840: 3737: 3517:"United States Disability Policy in a Changing Environment" 3363: 3157:

Parallels In Time | A History of Developmental Disabilities

3050:

Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 3(4),

2425: 2221:

Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities

2054: 1960: 1457:

10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0231:POMRAD>2.0.CO;2

1441: 1389:

Introduction to special issue on developmental disabilities

3899:

US Administration on Developmental Disabilities fact sheet

3686:"Services For Individuals With Developmental Disabilities" 3473: 3082:

Parallels in Time: A History of Developmental Disabilities

2696:

Barrowcliff, Alastair L.; Evans, Gemma A. L (2015-03-02).

1264:

Transport services, such as dial-a-ride or free bus passes

186:

The degree of disability can be quantified by assigning a

5009:

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

3104:

A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics

2971: 2903: 2000:

Martorell, Almudena; Tsakanikos, Elias (September 2008).

1720: 1594:. NSW Council for Intellectual Disability. Archived from 1556:, in turn citing Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 4061: 3793: 2616:

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1967:

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

1622:

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research

1153:

Traditional day centers were based on the principles of

681:

In addition to abuse from people in positions of power,

436:

Developmental factors (such as lack of understanding of

379: 6128: 2702:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

2577:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

2151:

Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities

1391:. National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc. 749-751. 3350: 3318: 2519:

Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability

1670: 1000:

and other basic skills. Legislation (such as the UK's

359:, sensory problems (such as poor vision and hearing), 5273: 4364:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

3690:

New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services

2372:

Scott, Haleigh M.; Havercamp, Susan M. (2018-04-03).

2145:

Brackenridge, Irene; Morrissey, Catrin (2010-09-27).

2144: 1405:, Volume 30, Issue 3, April/May 2005, Pages 247–255, 811:, and potentially harmful characterizations (such as 206: 5019:

Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

4149: 3945:

2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability

2900:

Failings in learning disability deaths, report finds

2476:"Exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder" 1615: 1418: 612:(withholding food, hitting, punching, pushing, etc.) 4939:

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

3180:"The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models" 2855:"Family Violence and People with a Mental Handicap" 1999: 1775:. Mind (UK National Association for Mental Health). 1326:Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). 673:and self-advocacy skills, lack of understanding of 34:Motor disorders, and learning difficulties such as 5291: 3847: 3780:1573-6717 Proquest Central document ID 1500659797. 1814: 334: 3937:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper 3405:Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services 2513:Fernando, Kumari; Medlicott, Louisa (June 2009). 2512: 459: 433:, illicit and prescribed drug and alcohol misuse) 97:, most frequent among males, is thought to cause 6515: 5700: 3890:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2695: 2109: 1592:"Health and People with Intellectual Disability" 1285:American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities 1015: 30:The most common developmental disabilities are: 3872:. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023 3254: 3145: 1773:"Learning Disabilities: Mental Health Problems" 1378:A literature review/Surrey Place Services, 2013 162: 6473: 3514: 2931:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2875:. The Arc of the United States. Archived from 2861:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 4 July 2011. 2371: 1815:Wigham, S.; Taylor, J. L.; Hatton, C. (2014). 659:or civil abuse (restricted access to services) 508:post-traumatic stress disorder may present as 5259: 4989:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 4788: 4369:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 4200: 3754:Lund, Emily, & Hammond, Marilyn. (2014). 3598:"With Housing that Caters to All, We all Win" 3177: 2609: 2271:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 906:Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act 625:general population, but with the addition of 587:Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing 582:Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing 4141:. University of Cambridge The Triple Helix. 3932:, bilingual reports on 14 European countries 3854:(3 ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. 1913: 1785: 1419:"OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man" 1066: 3814: 3208:. Disability History Museum. Archived from 2328:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 1920:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1868:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1821:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 1341:"Types of Developmental Delays in Children" 1270:Specialist relationships and sex education. 1203:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 575:Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy 6163:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 5430: 5266: 5252: 4944:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology 4795: 4781: 4757: 4558:Augmentative and alternative communication 4207: 4193: 3815:Gray, Barry; Jackson, Robin, eds. (2002). 3228: 3226: 2774: 2741:, Vol. 183, No. NOV., 11.2003, p. 451–456. 2610:Carrigan, Neil; Allez, Kate (March 2017). 2473: 593: 429:Biological factors (such as brain injury, 4079: 3532: 3491: 3370:. Foundations for Assisting in Home Care. 3070: 2998: 2859:National Clearinghouse on Family Violence 2802: 2792: 2663:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2474:Joseph, Jeremy S.; Gray, Matt J. (2008). 2443: 2298: 1246: 1223:Learn how and when to remove this message 962: 787:Learn how and when to remove this message 733:and worsening of symptoms later in life. 367:are over-represented in this population. 349: 6426:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 6022:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 3979: 3515:Burkhauser, Richard; Daly, Mary (2002). 3178:Wolfensberger, Wolf (January 10, 1969). 3078:"Part One: The Ancient Era to the 1950s" 3063:https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016 123:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 4593:Disproportionality in special education 4106: 3625: 3595: 3290:United Disabilities Services Foundation 3223: 2919:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2432:Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 2214: 1305:List of disability rights organizations 934: 689: 6516: 3426:Research in Developmental Disabilities 3296:from the original on 21 September 2022 3101: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1810: 1808: 1723:Research in Developmental Disabilities 1515:"Definition of DEVELOPMENTAL QUOTIENT" 1445:American Journal on Mental Retardation 6472: 6340: 6275: 6127: 5854: 5699: 5609: 5429: 5290: 5247: 5178:Neurological conditions and disorders 4949:American Neuropsychiatric Association 4776: 4188: 4008: 3972:The American Bar Association's paper 3762:1, 99-105. Netherlands NY: Springer. 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3382:"Direct Support Professionals (DSPs)" 3126: 2733: 2731: 2656: 2566: 2564: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2367: 2365: 2260: 2258: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1671:Martorell, A.; Tsakanikos E. (2008). 1407:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsi035 1322: 1320: 1086: 736: 380:Mental health issues (dual diagnoses) 16:Disability beginning before adulthood 5610: 3800:(4 ed.). Elsevier: RELX Group. 3021: 1201:adding citations to reliable sources 1168: 1131:California State University East Bay 834:Early in the twentieth century, the 769:adding citations to reliable sources 740: 395:The high likelihood of encountering 344: 6129:Physiological and physical behavior 4999:National Institute of Mental Health 4700:Disability in children's literature 3851:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics 3797:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics 2752:"The British Journal of Psychiatry" 1805: 1300:List of disability rights activists 1125:region. Another committee member, 707:Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form 13: 6075:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 5469:Emotional and behavioral disorders 4984:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists 4959:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse 4563:Emotional or behavioral disability 3959:Education and Employment in the UK 3787: 3460: 2728: 2675:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00142.x 2561: 2460: 2412: 2362: 2255: 2215:Keesler, John M. (December 2020). 2177: 1914:Lunsky, Y.; Benson, B. A. (2001). 1902: 1317: 1002:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 68:are a series of conditions called 14: 6535: 6255:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 4145: 1047:, a support worker is known as a 376:) do not affect life expectancy. 74:pervasive developmental disorders 5555:X-linked intellectual disability 5227: 5217: 4974:European Psychiatric Association 4954:American Psychiatric Association 4756: 4747: 4746: 4081:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x 3818:Advocacy and learning disability 3604:. Sacramento Bee. Archived from 3596:Vismara, Louis A. (2008-09-18). 3521:Journal of Economic Perspectives 1979:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2002.00132.x 1932:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00334.x 1880:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00584.x 1173: 745: 105:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 5384:Intermittent explosive disorder 5309:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 5228: 4979:Global Initiative on Psychiatry 4828:Child and adolescent psychiatry 4109:The Journal of Adult Protection 3903:Goode, David. (December 1998). 3748: 3731: 3702: 3678: 3665: 3626:Bernick, Michael (2009-08-04). 3619: 3589: 3508: 3416: 3398: 3374: 3357: 3343: 3319:Kormann & Petronko (2003). 3312: 3278: 3194: 3171: 3120: 3095: 3055: 3042: 3015: 2965: 2922: 2909: 2893: 2865: 2847: 2819: 2768: 2744: 2689: 2650: 2603: 2506: 2315: 2138: 2103: 2048: 1993: 1954: 1855: 1779: 1765: 1714: 1664: 1609: 1584: 1559: 1534: 1507: 1493: 1403:Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1144: 1119:University of California, Davis 756:needs additional citations for 142:have been debated for decades. 6027:Dissociative identity disorder 5292:Adult personality and behavior 5195:Psychiatric survivors movement 5085:Psychiatric survivors movement 5055:Controversies about psychiatry 5014:Royal College of Psychiatrists 4802: 4578:Disability and LGBT identities 4214: 4096:Byzek, Julie. (January 1998). 1790:. St. George's. Archived from 1479: 1435: 1411: 1394: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1333: 941:non-governmental organizations 731:post-traumatic stress disorder 727:Autistic Self Advocacy Network 471:post-traumatic stress disorder 460:Post-traumatic stress disorder 1: 5080:Political abuse of psychiatry 5029:World Psychiatric Association 4964:Chinese Society of Psychiatry 4390:Services for mental disorders 3760:Sexuality and Disability (32) 2739:British Journal of Psychiatry 2390:10.1080/19315864.2018.1431746 2006:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1680:Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1542:"developmental quotient (DQ)" 1310: 1016:At-home and community support 6431:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 5968:Generalized anxiety disorder 5701:Neurological and symptomatic 5346:Sexual relationship disorder 4395:Services for disabled people 3821:. London: Jessica Kingsley. 3602:Disability Rights California 3202:"Gunnar and Rosemary Dybwad" 3153:"The Reawakening 1950 -1980" 2018:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e 1692:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e60e 569:cognitive behavioral therapy 163:Diagnosis and quantification 101:and intellectual disability. 7: 6207:REM sleep behavior disorder 5676:Seasonal affective disorder 5474:Separation anxiety disorder 4678:Arts, media, culture, sport 3493:10.1016/j.alter.2020.06.010 3432:(2). Elsevier BV: 458–463. 2991:10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.121 1328:Developmental disabilities. 1278: 1164: 1049:direct support professional 1006:Dale Rogers Training Center 829:medical model of disability 824:Philadelphia State Hospital 669:Lack of education, lack of 448:less consistent monitoring. 70:autistic spectrum disorders 56:nonverbal learning disorder 10: 6540: 6524:Developmental disabilities 6474:Symptoms and uncategorized 5575:developmental disabilities 5341:Sexual maturation disorder 4994:Indian Psychiatric Society 4705:Disability in horror films 4497:Activities of daily living 3980:Endicott, Orville (1991). 3438:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.015 3325:The Behavior Analyst Today 3264:. New York: Random House. 3024:The Behavior Analyst Today 2714:10.1108/AMHID-09-2014-0034 2589:10.1108/AMHID-05-2016-0008 2340:10.1352/1934-9556-50.4.352 1735:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.002 1330:Retrieved October 18, 2013 966: 898:social model of disability 693: 533:Child–parent psychotherapy 25:global developmental delay 6479: 6468: 6444: 6436:Simple-type schizophrenia 6413: 6405:Schizophreniform disorder 6382: 6361: 6357: 6336: 6289: 6271: 6240: 6217: 6171: 6138: 6134: 6123: 6045: 6012: 5960: 5903: 5894: 5875: 5871: 5850: 5816: 5783:Mild cognitive impairment 5768:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5748: 5710: 5706: 5695: 5666:Major depressive disorder 5619: 5605: 5571:Psychological development 5570: 5545: 5442: 5438: 5425: 5354: 5301: 5297: 5286: 5213: 5165: 5070:Electroconvulsive therapy 5065:Biopsychiatry controversy 5037: 4931: 4838:Cross-cultural psychiatry 4833:Cognitive neuropsychiatry 4810: 4742: 4677: 4611: 4550: 4484: 4449: 4403: 4382: 4346: 4320: 4313: 4253: 4222: 4153: 4138:Science in Society Review 4121:10.1108/14668203200300021 4098:'Fighting to keep 'em in' 3768:10.1007/s11195-013-9335-3 3410:February 6, 2007, at the 2943:10.1007/s00127-008-0370-9 2794:10.1186/s12888-016-1001-8 2531:10.1080/13668250902845228 2283:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0 2110:DSM-5 Task Force (2013). 2061:Rehabilitation Psychology 1634:10.1007/s11414-018-9604-0 1067:Residential accommodation 982:classrooms with support. 874:'s visit with TV crew to 722:applied behavior analysis 489:Diminished social support 129: 6484:Impulse-control disorder 6400:Schizoaffective disorder 6395:Brief reactive psychosis 6092:Mass psychogenic illness 6055:Body dysmorphic disorder 5834:Post-concussion syndrome 5444:Emotional and behavioral 5117:Psychiatric epidemiology 5112:Philosophy of psychiatry 5004:Philadelphia Association 4843:Developmental disability 4598:Sexuality and disability 4573:Disability and disasters 4485:Structural and assistive 4023:10.1177/0306624X07299343 3238:The Arc of Massachusetts 3106:(3rd ed.). Stroud. 2445:10.14713/pcsp.v10i3.1869 986:Post-secondary education 949:social role valorization 876:Willowbrook State School 547:Exposure-based therapies 483:Dependence on caregivers 374:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome 169:child development stages 20:Developmental disability 6421:Childhood schizophrenia 5773:Frontotemporal dementia 5730:High-functioning autism 5547:Intellectual disability 5183:Psychiatric medications 4712:Disability in the media 4583:Disability and religion 4522:Personal Care Assistant 3913:August 5, 2016, at the 3717:Alberta Health Services 3634:. Hearst. p. A-9. 3632:San Francisco Chronicle 3628:"College for Autistics" 3353:. Bloomfield Hills, MI. 2163:10.5042/amhid.2010.0544 1729:(6). Elsevier: 2981–6. 957:Person Centred Planning 868:intellectual disability 594:Abuse and vulnerability 556:cognitive restructuring 517:Psychological treatment 117:Intellectual disability 5938:Specific social phobia 5829:Organic brain syndrome 5671:Melancholic depression 5432:Childhood and learning 5152:Psychosomatic medicine 4888:Nutritional psychiatry 4848:Descriptive psychiatry 4695:Disability in the arts 4588:Disability and poverty 4527:Physical accessibility 3386:US Department of Labor 2873:"Criminal Justice FAQ" 2657:Feske, Ulrike (1998). 1247:Other types of support 1157:, and were created as 1139:emotional intelligence 963:Education and training 955:(using models such as 627:stereotypical behavior 350:Physical health issues 336: 194:developmental quotient 173:differential diagnosis 153: 6494:Psychomotor agitation 6284:and substance-related 6227:Postpartum depression 6107:Somatization disorder 5993:Acute stress reaction 5758:AIDS dementia complex 5075:Insulin shock therapy 5050:Clinical neuroscience 4969:Democratic Psychiatry 4823:Biological psychiatry 4286:driver rehabilitation 4115:(3). Emerald: 14–27. 3534:10.1257/0895330027067 3127:Black, Edwin (2012). 1546:TheFreeDictionary.com 820:Industrial Revolution 696:Challenging behaviour 552:relaxation techniques 510:challenging behaviors 465:Risks and development 389:psychiatric illnesses 337: 148: 140:nature versus nurture 6489:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 6319:Substance dependence 6232:Postpartum psychosis 5778:Huntington's disease 5560:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 5409:Personality disorder 5188:by condition treated 5127:Psychiatric hospital 5122:Psychiatric genetics 4868:Geriatric psychiatry 4858:Emergency psychiatry 4818:Addiction psychiatry 4619:Models of disability 4603:Youth and disability 4568:Invisible disability 4517:Orthotics and braces 4502:Assistive technology 4314:Rights, law, support 4102:Ragged Edge magazine 4017:(6). Sage: 723–733. 3102:Porter, Roy (1987). 1487:"Enable, Scotland -" 1197:improve this section 1155:occupational therapy 935:Services and support 840:forced sterilization 805:basic physical needs 765:improve this article 690:Challenging behavior 495:Stigma and prejudice 477:Interpersonal trauma 204: 177:physical examination 6369:Delusional disorder 6314:Stimulant psychosis 6304:Physical dependence 6158:Rumination syndrome 6060:Conversion disorder 6037:Psychogenic amnesia 5887:with depressed mood 5885:Adjustment disorder 5788:Parkinson's disease 5763:Alzheimer's disease 5656:Atypical depression 5492:Social functioning 5367:Munchausen syndrome 5362:Factitious disorder 5045:Behavioral medicine 4903:Palliative medicine 4883:Military psychiatry 4863:Forensic psychiatry 4271:Learning disability 3710:"Adult Day Program" 1387:Finucane, B.(2012) 1081:Texas State Schools 990:vocational training 842:and prohibition of 40:Tourette's syndrome 6388:schizophrenia-like 6032:Dissociative fugue 5481:Movement disorders 5147:Psychopharmacology 4878:Liaison psychiatry 4685:Disability culture 4612:Disability studies 4507:Independent living 4235:Disability studies 3965:2009-09-27 at the 3909:. AHRC. New York. 3843:on 11 August 2020. 2915:Emerson, E. 1995. 2827:"Sexual Abuse FAQ" 2233:10.1111/jppi.12347 2073:10.1037/rep0000258 1786:Sally-Ann Cooper. 1258:Supported holidays 1098:career counselling 1087:Employment support 953:self-determination 887:Wolf Wolfensberger 813:demonic possession 737:Societal attitudes 332: 171:. Subsequently, a 95:Fragile X syndrome 6511: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6332: 6331: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6008: 6007: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5803:Vascular dementia 5725:Asperger syndrome 5691: 5690: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5535:Tourette syndrome 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5241: 5240: 5173:Counseling topics 5107:Pentylenetetrazol 4873:Immuno-psychiatry 4770: 4769: 4639:Neuroqueer theory 4542:Web accessibility 4492:Accessible toilet 4480: 4479: 4333:Disability rights 4328:Ableism/disablism 4182: 4181: 3673:People Management 3206:Beyond Affliction 2628:10.1111/jar.12243 2123:978-0-89042-554-1 1833:10.1111/jir.12107 1827:(12): 1131–1140. 1489:. 16 August 2023. 1233: 1232: 1225: 969:Special education 872:Robert F. Kennedy 797: 796: 789: 632:Psychological or 345:Associated issues 324: 313: 260: 198:(DQ) as follows: 188:developmental age 72:(formerly called 66:Asperger syndrome 6531: 6470: 6469: 6359: 6358: 6338: 6337: 6273: 6272: 6148:Anorexia nervosa 6136: 6135: 6125: 6124: 6102:Psychogenic pain 6070:Globus pharyngis 5918:Childhood phobia 5901: 5900: 5873: 5872: 5852: 5851: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5607: 5606: 5506:Selective mutism 5457:Conduct disorder 5440: 5439: 5427: 5426: 5404:Trichotillomania 5379:Gender dysphoria 5374:Fear of intimacy 5331:Sexual anhedonia 5299: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5275:Mental disorders 5268: 5261: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5092:Imaging genetics 4797: 4790: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4760: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4732:Special Olympics 4624:Inspiration porn 4537:Universal design 4338:Pejorative terms 4318: 4317: 4281:Physical therapy 4209: 4202: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4093: 4083: 4058: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3844: 3839:. Archived from 3811: 3781: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3650:. Archived from 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3536: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3471: 3458: 3457: 3420: 3414: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3337:10.1037/h0099996 3316: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3292:. 2 March 2021. 3282: 3276: 3275: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3240:. Archived from 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3131:. Dialog Press. 3124: 3118: 3117: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3036:10.1037/h0099950 3019: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2829:. 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Kennedy 793: 782: 776: 773: 762: 750: 739: 698: 692: 651:Financial abuse 644:and belittling) 634:emotional abuse 596: 567:Trauma focused 560:problem-solving 462: 382: 369:Life expectancy 352: 347: 271: 218: 216: 205: 202: 201: 193: 192: 165: 132: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6355: 6354: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Rebound effect 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6250:Hypersexuality 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5985: 5983:Panic disorder 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5950:Claustrophobia 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5933:Anthropophobia 5925: 5923:Social anxiety 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Pick's disease 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5551: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5283: 5279:Classification 5271: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5137:Psychoanalysis 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5038:Related topics 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4923:Telepsychiatry 4920: 4918:Sleep medicine 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4811:Subspecialties 4808: 4807: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4692: 4690:Disability art 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154:Classification 4147: 4146:External links 4144: 4143: 4142: 4133: 4104: 4094: 4059: 4006: 3996:on 1 July 2013 3977: 3969: 3957:Policy brief: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3901: 3896: 3860: 3845: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3747: 3730: 3701: 3677: 3664: 3630:. Open forum. 3618: 3588: 3527:(1): 213–224. 3507: 3486:(4): 321–340. 3459: 3415: 3397: 3373: 3356: 3342: 3331:(4): 434–443. 3311: 3277: 3270: 3222: 3193: 3170: 3144: 3138:978-0914153290 3137: 3119: 3112: 3094: 3069: 3054: 3041: 3030:(4): 336–343. 3014: 2985:(2): 121–138. 2964: 2921: 2908: 2892: 2864: 2846: 2818: 2781:BMC Psychiatry 2767: 2756:Cambridge Core 2743: 2727: 2688: 2669:(2): 171–181. 2649: 2622:(2): 326–335. 2602: 2583:(5): 299–310. 2560: 2525:(2): 187–192. 2505: 2459: 2438:(3): 156–195. 2411: 2384:(2): 143–156. 2361: 2334:(4): 352–369. 2314: 2254: 2227:(4): 332–345. 2176: 2137: 2122: 2102: 2067:(2): 111–118. 2047: 2012:(5): 445–448. 1992: 1973:(4): 314–323. 1953: 1926:(2): 106–114. 1901: 1854: 1804: 1778: 1764: 1713: 1686:(5): 445–448. 1663: 1628:(3): 440–453. 1608: 1583: 1558: 1533: 1506: 1492: 1478: 1451:(3): 231–252. 1434: 1410: 1393: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1345:nyulangone.org 1332: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 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6390: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6343:Schizophrenia 6339: 6335: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:Drug overdose 6292: 6291: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6242:Sexual desire 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5928:Social phobia 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863:-related and 5862: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5234: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Psychiatrists 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5157:Psychosurgery 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932:Organizations 4930: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Psychotherapy 4911: 4909: 4908:Pain medicine 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4763: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551:Social issues 4549: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4293:Special needs 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4276:Mainstreaming 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240:Medical model 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 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3315: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3271:0-394-71844-5 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3244:on 2010-07-11 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3212:on 2007-10-25 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3113:9780752437309 3109: 3105: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2882:on 2007-01-06 2878: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2836:on 2007-01-06 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2497: 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1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1598:on 2006-03-03 1597: 1593: 1587: 1573:on 2009-05-04 1572: 1568: 1562: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1502: 1496: 1488: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1241:self-advocacy 1237: 1227: 1224: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1182:This section 1180: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:United States 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1010:Oklahoma City 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 981: 977: 970: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 930: 924: 922: 921:normalization 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 883:normalization 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 809:village idiot 806: 802: 801:Enlightenment 791: 788: 780: 770: 766: 760: 759: 754:This section 752: 748: 743: 742: 734: 732: 728: 723: 718: 714: 710: 708: 704: 697: 687: 684: 679: 676: 672: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 607: 606: 604: 600: 591: 588: 584: 583: 579: 576: 572: 571: 570: 564: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 543: 539: 535: 534: 530: 527: 523: 519: 518: 514: 511: 505: 502: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 475: 474: 472: 467: 466: 457: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 392: 390: 386: 385:Mental health 377: 375: 370: 366: 365:dental health 362: 358: 342: 329: 326: 320: 317: 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Retrieved 2755: 2746: 2738: 2708:(2): 90–98. 2705: 2701: 2691: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2580: 2576: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2486:(4): 69–79. 2483: 2479: 2435: 2431: 2381: 2377: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2277:(1): 75–81. 2274: 2270: 2224: 2220: 2157:(3): 49–56. 2154: 2150: 2140: 2112: 2105: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1923: 1919: 1874:(1): 42–46. 1871: 1867: 1857: 1824: 1820: 1796:. Retrieved 1792:the original 1781: 1767: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1683: 1679: 1666: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1600:. Retrieved 1596:the original 1586: 1575:. Retrieved 1571:the original 1561: 1549:. Retrieved 1536: 1525:. Retrieved 1518: 1509: 1495: 1481: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1426:. Retrieved 1422: 1413: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1348:. Retrieved 1344: 1335: 1273: 1250: 1234: 1219: 1213:October 2021 1210: 1195:Please help 1183: 1152: 1148: 1145:Day services 1135: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1090: 1070: 1061: 1042: 1019: 984: 972: 938: 925: 910: 895: 880: 856: 833: 817: 798: 783: 774: 763:Please help 758:verification 755: 719: 715: 711: 699: 680: 675:social norms 668: 638:verbal abuse 622:Sexual abuse 597: 585: 581: 580: 573: 566: 565: 545: 541: 540: 536: 532: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 515: 506: 498: 468: 464: 463: 455: 438:social norms 387:issues, and 383: 353: 200: 191: 187: 185: 166: 157: 154: 149: 137: 133: 29: 19: 18: 6347:schizotypal 6182:Hypersomnia 6172:Nonorganic 5913:Agoraphobia 5644:Cyclothymia 5639:Bipolar NOS 5614:(affective) 5486:Stereotypic 5394:Kleptomania 4727:Paralympics 4722:Deaflympics 4532:Prosthetics 4223:Main topics 3744:. 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