248:(a) form of expression of language often including the assertion of a statement that is disbelieved by the expresser (e.g., where the sentential meaning is disbelieved by the expresser), although the intended meaning is different from the sentence meaning. The recognition of sarcasm without the accompaniment of a cue develops around the beginning of adolescence or later. Sarcasm involves the expression of an insulting remark that requires the interpreter to understand the negative emotional connotation of the expresser within the context of the situation at hand. Irony, contrarily, does not include derision, unless it is sarcastic irony. The problems with these definitions and the reason why this dissertation does not thoroughly investigate the distinction between irony and sarcasm involves the ideas that: (1) people can pretend to be insulted when they are not or pretend not to be insulted when they are seriously offended; (2) an individual may feel ridiculed directly after the comment and then find it humorous or neutral thereafter; and (3) the individual may not feel insulted until years after the comment was expressed and considered.
107:
244:, sarcasm is hypothesized to develop as a cognitive and emotional tool that adolescents use in order to test the borders of politeness and truth in conversation. Sarcasm recognition and expression both require the development of understanding forms of language, especially if sarcasm occurs without a cue or signal (e.g., a sarcastic tone or rolling the eyes). Sarcasm is argued to be more sophisticated than lying because lying is expressed as early as the age of three, but sarcastic expressions take place much later during development (Brant, 2012). According to Brant (2012, 145–6), sarcasm is
22:
193:
264:, includes a warning to be especially careful with it as it "may not travel well." Another study of sarcasm over email verifies these claims. A professional translator has advised that international business executives "should generally avoid sarcasm in intercultural business conversations and written communications" because of the difficulties in translating sarcasm.
208:
Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia and
648:
The findings ... show that the target sentences, when presented in isolation, were not seen as being conventionally sarcastic in nature. These same target sentences, however, when surrounded by contextual information provided by the participants asked to create a sarcastic context, were later coded
101:
In sarcasm, ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in "What a fine musician you turned out to be!," "It's like you're a whole different person now...," and "Oh... Well then
324:
in the 19th century. Both of these marks were represented visually by a ⸮ backwards question mark (Unicode U+2E2E). Each of these punctuation marks are primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood as ironic, but not necessarily designate sarcasm that is not ironic. By contrast,
599:
Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, bitter, cutting, caustic, or acerbic manner: it is the instrument of indignation, a weapon of offence, whereas irony is one of the vehicles of wit. In Locke's 'If ideas were innate, it
284:
cues by speaking more slowly and with a lower pitch. Similarly, Dutch uses a lowered pitch; sometimes to such an extent that the expression is reduced to a mere mumble. But other research shows that there are many ways that real speakers signal sarcastic intentions. One study found that in
166:
Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words.
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thanks for all the first aid over the years!" or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, "You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants." The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection ...
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While sarcasm (harsh ridicule or mockery) is often directly associated with verbal irony (meaning the opposite of what is said) and the two are frequently used together; sarcasm is not necessarily ironic by definition, and either element can be used without the other.
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The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary
147:
First, situations may be ironic, but only people can be sarcastic. Second, people may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by the speaker as a form of verbal
267:
A 2015 study by L. Huang, F. Gino and A.D. Galinsky of the
Harvard Business School "tests a novel theoretical model in which both the construction and interpretation of sarcasm lead to greater creativity because they activate abstract thinking."
432:, an aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the end of suffering. He opines that sarcasm is an unskillful and unwholesome method of humor, which he contrasts with an approach based on frankly highlighting the ironies inherent in life.
260:, on the other hand, recognized in it a cry of pain: Sarcasm, he said, was "usually the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded." RFC 1855, a collection of
307:
Though in the
English language there is not any standard accepted method to denote irony or sarcasm in written conversation, several forms of punctuation have been proposed. Among the oldest and frequently attested are the
40:. Most noticeable in spoken word, sarcasm is mainly distinguished by the inflection with which it is spoken or, with an undercurrent of irony, by the extreme disproportion of the comment to the situation, and is largely
142:
writes: "There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, and literary theorists in particular often treat sarcasm as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony." Also, he adds:
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disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven a conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation".
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Kinesic/prosodic cues are among five cues to sarcasm's presence noted by Diana Boxer, 2002:100; the other cues are counter-factual statements, extreme exaggeration, tag questions, and direct cues.
600:
would save much trouble to many worthy persons', worthy is ironical; the principal clause as a whole is sarcastic as also is the complete sentence. Both are instruments of satire and vituperation.
204:. The German text means "Alois, we will never forget you!", subtly playing with the contradiction between a disease deteriorating the human memory, the purpose of the memorial and the added text.
637:
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Huang, L.; Gino, F.; Galinsky, A.D. (2015). "The
Highest Form of Intelligence: Sarcasm Increases Creativity Through Abstract Thinking for Both Expressers and Recipients".
130:. That is, the utterance which appears, on the surface, to maintain or enhance the face of the recipient actually attacks and damages the face of the recipient. ...
833:
Lazarus, Clifford N. "Think
Sarcasm is Funny? Think Again: Sarcasm is really just hostility disguised as humor" Psychology Today, Jun 26, 2012; accessed 15 Oct 2016
110:
Use of sarcasm in an ad sticker of a boxing studio. The message is negative and directly mocks, or even jokingly insults, the person targeted by the advertisement.
1239:
843:
Shamay-Tsoory, Simone G.; Tomer, R.; Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). "The
Neuroanatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition".
233:, stated that this type of research could help doctors distinguish between different types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia and
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Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively, particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be a maladaptive
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despised it: "Sarcasm I now see to be, in general, the language of the devil; for which reason I have long since as good as renounced it".
252:
Cultural perspectives on sarcasm vary widely with more than a few cultures and linguistic groups finding it offensive to varying degrees.
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A French company has developed an analytics tool that claims to have up to 80% accuracy in identifying sarcastic comments posted online.
85:, meaning "Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic", does not appear until 1695.
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Kruger, Justin; Epley, Nicholas; Parker, Jason; Ng, Zhi-Wen (2005). "Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think?".
643:
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Critique of sarcastic reason: the epistemology of the cognitive neurological ability called "theory-of-mind" and deceptive reasoning
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After a popular teacher apologizes to the class for answering his phone in the other room: "I don't know if we can forgive you!"
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Bousfield, Derek (2010-04-21). "17: 'Never a truer word said in jest': A Pragmastylistic
Analysis of Impoliteness as Banter in
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In certain
Ethiopic languages, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at the end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called
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are specifically intended to denote sarcasm rather than irony. A bracketed exclamation point or question mark as well as
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After an onlooker comments on one being drunk: "My dear, tomorrow I will be sober, and you will still be ugly!"
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have difficulty understanding non-verbal aspects of language like tone. Neuroscientist David Salmon at the
1218:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 36–37, 217–219, 221, 232–233, 239–244.
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appear to be appropriate to the situation, but are meant to be taken as meaning the opposite in terms of
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for those with unresolved anger or frustrations. Psychologist
Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as "
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is the caustic use of words, often in a humorous way, to mock someone or something. Sarcasm may employ
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663:
425:
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261:
118:, and referring to the use of irony in sarcasm, linguist Derek Bousfield writes that sarcasm is:
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1266:"A Roadmap to the Extension of the Ethiopic Writing System Standard Under Unicode and ISO-10646"
1600:
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Briggs, Thomas H. (1928) "Sarcasm". The School Review Vol. 36, No. 9 (Nov., 1928), pp. 685-695
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344:, a character that looks like an inverted exclamation point ¡. The usage directly parallels
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Cheang, H. S.; Pell, M. D. (2009). "Acoustic markers of sarcasm in
Cantonese and English".
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8:
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Shady
Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks
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Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks
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Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks
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as an irony mark. A proposal by Asteraye Tsigie and Daniel Yacob in 1999 to include the
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1294:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 212–215, 231–232.
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Leslau, Wolf. Reference Grammar of Amharic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995. 45. Print.
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Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych ...
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217:. Research on the anatomy of sarcasm has shown, according to Richard Delmonico, a
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289:, sarcasm is indicated by raising the fundamental frequency of one's voice. In
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is an insincere form of politeness which is used to offend one's interlocutor.
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1319:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 231–232.
1084:"International Business: Sarcasm is never lost in translation: yeah, right!"
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376:"What a fine artist you've become!" (When meaning to express displeasure).
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A sarcastic response written on a table that reads: Wow, you are SO deep!
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Sarcasm and Other Mixed Messages: The Ambiguous Ways People Use Language
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Cason, H. (1930) Methods of preventing and eliminating annoyances. The
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Talk is cheap : sarcasm, alienation, and the evolution of language
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974:. Saarbrücken, : Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften.
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ITC Guidance on Public Consultation: Codes & Guidance Notes
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It is first recorded in English in 1579, in an annotation to
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1382:"Oh, wow. US Secret Service wants a Twitter sarcasm-spotter"
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are also sometimes used to express irony or ironic sarcasm.
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requested bids for software that would identify sarcasm in
1356:"Authorities 'use analytics tool that recognises sarcasm'"
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sometimes autism, and this perception has been located by
1784:
1159:
60:) meaning "to tear flesh, bite the lip in rage, sneer".
373:"My you're early!" (After one arrives extremely late).
675:
1341:"Exploring the Difference Between Irony and Sarcasm"
1110:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
781:
1038:
1271:. 15th International Unicode Conference. p. 6
1824:
722:". In Lambrou, Marina; Stockwell, Peter (eds.).
761:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20.
579:
546:
276:In English, sarcasm is often telegraphed with
196:Sarcastic comment below a memorial plaque for
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944:"Understanding Sarcasm is a Complex Business"
941:
639:Investigating Components of Sarcastic Context
635:
293:, rising intonation is used to show sarcasm.
1163:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1041:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
888:"The Science of Sarcasm (Not That You Care)"
369:Examples of sarcasm and irony used together:
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585:Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English
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822:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
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52:The word comes from the Greek σαρκασμός (
1437:BBC News Magazine - The rules of sarcasm
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791:. Oxford University Press. p. 513.
668:
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20:
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1240:"Guidance on Standards for Subtitling"
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428:has identified sarcasm as contrary to
262:guidelines for Internet communications
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969:
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788:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
649:as being sarcastic by a naïve rater.
359:
348:' 1668 proposal to use the inverted
159:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
1001:Originally published in 1833-34 in
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325:more recent proposals, such as the
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231:University of California, San Diego
13:
1082:Wooten, Adam (September 9, 2011).
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14:
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393:Example of irony without sarcasm:
380:Example of sarcasm without irony:
225:, that people with damage in the
56:) which is taken from σαρκάζειν (
36:, although it is not necessarily
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680:, Oxford University Press, 2008
223:University of California, Davis
1380:Pauli, Darren (June 4, 2014).
1354:Kleinman, Zoe (July 3, 2013).
926:10.1080/21674086.1966.11926375
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329:, or the use of the following
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942:Singer, Emily (23 May 2005).
824:, Vol 25(1), Apr 1930, 40-48.
688:: on-line text of the passage
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356:in Unicode was unsuccessful.
122:The use of strategies which,
913:The Psychoanalytic Quarterly
886:Hurley, Dan (June 3, 2008),
410:United States Secret Service
242:Critique of Sarcastic Reason
114:Distinguishing sarcasm from
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7:
1122:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.07.001
754:"Sarcasm and Its Neighbors"
435:
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857:10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.288
382:(frequently attributed to
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677:Oxford English Dictionary
664:Oxford English Dictionary
547:Rockwell, P. A. (2006).
97:describes sarcasm thus:
88:
66:The Shepheardes Calender
1315:Houston, Keith (2013).
1290:Houston, Keith (2013).
1214:Houston, Keith (2013).
1018:Dostoyevsky, R (1864).
970:Brant, William (2012).
724:Contemporary Stylistics
528:www.merriam-webster.com
524:"Definition of SARCASM"
93:In its entry on irony,
1025:Notes from Underground
636:Campbell, JD. (2012).
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751:Haiman, John (1998).
728:Bloomsbury Publishing
316:in the 1580s—and the
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215:parahippocampal gyrus
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906:Slap, J. W. (1966).
783:Fowler, Henry Watson
686:Shepheardes Calendar
200:who first described
16:Sharp, bitter remark
1797:Rhetorical question
1176:2009ASAJ..126.1394C
1020:"Part 2 section VI"
646:on April 24, 2021.
240:In William Brant's
235:Alzheimer's disease
202:Alzheimer's disease
154:Henry Watson Fowler
557:Edwin Mellen Press
553:Lewiston, New York
426:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu
424:The Buddhist monk
408:In June 2014, the
310:percontation point
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112:
81:However, the word
27:
1838:Figures of speech
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1819:
1591:Hysteron proteron
1473:Figures of speech
1413:Access to Insight
1326:978-0-393-06442-1
1301:978-0-393-06442-1
1225:978-0-393-06442-1
1184:10.1121/1.3177275
1003:Fraser's Magazine
981:978-3-8381-3457-4
798:978-0-19-860506-5
768:978-0-19-511524-6
707:. Dictionary.com.
684:Spenser, Edmund,
594:978-0-393-31709-1
587:. Penguin Press.
566:978-0-7734-5917-5
384:Winston Churchill
360:Sarcasm and irony
350:exclamation point
322:Alcanter de Brahm
303:Irony punctuation
258:Fyodor Dostoevsky
227:prefrontal cortex
219:neuropsychologist
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730:. p. 213.
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1047:(6): 925–936.
1031:
1010:
987:
980:
962:
931:
898:
893:New York Times
878:
851:(3): 288–300.
835:
826:
813:
804:
797:
774:
767:
743:
736:
710:
692:
667:
653:
628:
618:Dictionary.com
604:
593:
572:
565:
539:
514:
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361:
358:
320:—furthered by
312:—furthered by
301:Main article:
298:
295:
273:
270:
254:Thomas Carlyle
189:
186:
173:
170:
152:Lexicographer
124:on the surface
95:Dictionary.com
90:
87:
71:Edmund Spenser
49:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1780:Procatalepsis
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1576:Homeoteleuton
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949:New Scientist
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737:9781441183842
733:
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689:
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443:Facetiousness
441:
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398:
395:
394:
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387:
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381:
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354:temherte slaq
351:
347:
343:
342:temherte slaq
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
269:
265:
263:
259:
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245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:in the right
212:
203:
199:
194:
188:Understanding
185:
183:
179:
172:In psychology
168:
163:
161:
160:
155:
149:
144:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
108:
103:
98:
96:
86:
84:
78:
74:
72:
68:
67:
61:
59:
55:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
1790:Antanaclasis
1742:
1694:Epanorthosis
1611:Polysyndeton
1504:Antimetabole
1489:Alliteration
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:The Register
1385:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1349:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1291:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1088:Deseret News
1087:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1013:
1004:
1000:
990:
971:
965:
953:. Retrieved
947:
917:
911:
908:"On Sarcasm"
901:
891:
881:
848:
844:
838:
829:
816:
807:
787:
777:
758:
746:
723:
719:
713:
704:
695:
685:
676:
670:
647:
644:the original
638:
631:
622:
616:
607:
598:
584:
575:
548:
542:
531:. Retrieved
527:
518:
430:right speech
423:
407:
404:
396:
392:
391:
388:
379:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
363:
353:
346:John Wilkins
339:
335:scare quotes
314:Henry Denham
306:
275:
266:
251:
247:
241:
239:
207:
175:
165:
157:
151:
146:
137:
131:
127:
123:
121:
113:
100:
92:
82:
80:
76:
64:
62:
57:
53:
51:
44:-dependent.
29:
28:
18:
1679:Catachresis
1664:Antonomasia
1659:Antiphrasis
1601:Parallelism
1551:Epanalepsis
1514:Aposiopesis
1494:Anadiplosis
1250:10 November
1116:: 162–177.
478:Sardonicism
420:In religion
401:Identifying
297:Punctuation
148:aggression.
140:John Haiman
34:ambivalence
1827:Categories
1807:Synecdoche
1711:Dysphemism
1684:Ecphonesis
1674:Apostrophe
1616:Spoonerism
1606:Polyptoton
1586:Hyperbaton
1561:Epistrophe
1546:Consonance
1509:Antithesis
1419:2022-03-25
1275:22 January
1093:2 November
955:October 3,
920:: 98–107.
705:Dictionary
533:2020-09-23
510:References
327:snark mark
318:irony mark
156:writes in
1812:Tautology
1738:Apophasis
1716:Euphemism
1699:Hyperbole
1689:Ekphrasis
1581:Hypallage
1571:Hendiadys
1566:Epizeuxis
1556:Epiphrase
1524:Asyndeton
1519:Assonance
1130:0749-5978
624:material.
503:Witticism
473:Poe's law
453:Hyperbole
287:Cantonese
182:hostility
138:Linguist
83:sarcastic
58:sarkázein
54:sarkasmós
48:Etymology
1843:Rhetoric
1775:Pleonasm
1765:Oxymoron
1760:Metonymy
1755:Metaphor
1728:Innuendo
1704:Adynaton
1669:Aphorism
1654:Allusion
1649:Allegory
1621:Symploce
1596:Isocolon
1529:Chiasmus
1499:Anaphora
1360:BBC News
1192:19739753
1138:20129578
1061:16393025
865:15910115
785:(2002).
583:(1969).
463:Oxymoron
448:Guiltive
436:See also
282:prosodic
1750:Litotes
1743:Sarcasm
1721:Meiosis
1481:Schemes
1393:June 4,
1365:July 4,
1172:Bibcode
1069:1998520
873:6048965
701:"Irony"
613:"Irony"
468:Paradox
291:Amharic
278:kinesic
132:sarcasm
42:context
30:Sarcasm
1833:Humour
1802:Simile
1641:Tropes
1631:Zeugma
1626:Tmesis
1534:Climax
1415:. 1999
1323:
1298:
1222:
1190:
1136:
1128:
1067:
1059:
978:
871:
863:
795:
765:
734:
591:
563:
414:tweets
116:banter
38:ironic
1848:Irony
1733:Irony
1269:(PDF)
1246:. ITC
1134:S2CID
1065:S2CID
869:S2CID
493:Sneer
488:Snarl
483:Smirk
458:Irony
331:tilde
89:Usage
1539:Anti
1395:2014
1367:2013
1321:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1277:2011
1252:2012
1220:ISBN
1188:PMID
1126:ISSN
1095:2023
1057:PMID
976:ISBN
957:2012
861:PMID
793:ISBN
763:ISBN
732:ISBN
589:ISBN
561:ISBN
1785:Pun
1180:doi
1168:126
1118:doi
1114:131
1049:doi
922:doi
853:doi
682:; (
221:at
211:MRI
69:by
1829::
1411:.
1384:.
1358:.
1242:.
1186:.
1178:.
1166:.
1132:.
1124:.
1112:.
1086:.
1063:.
1055:.
1045:89
1043:.
1022:.
998:.
946:.
934:^
918:35
916:.
910:.
890:,
867:.
859:.
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847:.
757:.
726:.
703:.
656:^
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597:.
559:.
555::
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162::
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1451:v
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1397:.
1369:.
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1329:.
1304:.
1279:.
1254:.
1228:.
1194:.
1182::
1174::
1140:.
1120::
1097:.
1071:.
1051::
1028:.
1007:.
984:.
959:.
928:.
924::
875:.
855::
801:.
771:.
740:.
690:)
569:.
536:.
280:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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