Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

2840:, the chairman of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Cornell University Medical College. Doctors recommended a small amount of alcohol to calm the uterus during contractions in early pregnancy or Braxton Hicks contractions. In later stages of pregnancy, the alcohol was administered intravenously and often in large amounts. "Women experienced similar effects as occur with oral ingestion, including intoxication, nausea and vomiting, and potential alcohol poisoning, followed by hangovers when the alcohol was discontinued." Vomiting put the mother at a high risk for aspiration and was "a brutal procedure for all involved". Because the alcohol was being given intravenously, the doctor could continue giving the treatment to the mother long after she had passed out, resulting in her being more intoxicated than would otherwise be possible. Such heavy intoxication was highly likely to contribute to FASD. In a 2015 review, ethanol was found to be no better than placebo (sugar water) in suppressing preterm birth and neonatal mortality. Not only was ethanol worse than other beta-mimetic drugs (tocolytic agents) at postponing birth, it also led to a higher rate of low birthweight babies, babies with breathing problems at birth, and neonatal death. 2916:(FAE) was used for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious physical anomalies. Smith (1981) described FAE as an "extremely important concept" to highlight the debilitating effects of brain damage, regardless of the growth or facial features. This term fell out of favor with clinicians in the 1990s because it was often regarded by the public as a less severe disability than FAS, when in fact its effects could be just as detrimental. In 1996 the replacement terms ARBD and ARND were introduced. In 2002, the US Congress mandated that the CDC develop diagnostic guidelines for FAS and in 2004 a definition of a term that already had been used by some in the nineties, the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) was adopted,> to include FAS as well as other conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Currently, FAS is the only expression of prenatal alcohol exposure defined by the 2970:

child-bearing age not to drink at all, in case they might accidentally fall pregnant, and called them "scare tactics" and "shaming recommendations". Julie Beck said that the infographic insinuated that "your womb is a Schrodinger's box and you shouldn't pour alcohol into it unless you've peeked in there to be 100 percent sure the coast is clear". The CDC later clarified that the infographic was not intended to make any new guidelines or recommendations for women who are pre-pregnant, but rather to encourage conversations about alcohol with health professionals. Nonetheless, half of the pregnancies in developed countries and over 80% in developing countries are unplanned. Many women don't realize they are pregnant during the early stages and continue drinking when pregnant.

2648:. In Australia, only 12% of Australian health professionals are aware of the diagnostics and symptoms of FASD. In Western Australia, the rate of births resulting in FASD is 0.02 per 1,000 births for non-Indigenous Australians, however among indigenous births the rate is 2.76 per 1,000 births. In Victoria, there have been no registered FASD related births for indigenous Australians, but the rate for the general population in Victoria is 0.01–0.03 per 1000 births. There have been no dedicated FASD clinics within Western Australia, but there are also no nationally supported diagnostic criteria anywhere in Australia. Passive surveillance is a prevention technique used within Australia to assist in monitoring and establishing detectable defects during pregnancy and childhood. 798:

effects of low levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is inconsistent and contradictory: many studies find no significant effect, but some find beneficial associations, and others find detrimental associations, even on the same outcomes. Summarizing studies by country shows some similarity in results, due to using the same data source. The definition of low alcohol consumption varies significantly among studies and often fails to incorporate all aspects of timing, dose, and duration. Recall bias and socioeconomic and psychosocial factors have been controlled for in most studies, but it is likely that residual confounding due to missing factors and variation in methods still exists and is larger than any observed effects.

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no known cure, treatment can improve outcomes. Treatment needs vary but include psychoactive medications, behavioral interventions, tailored accommodations, case management, and public resources. Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20. The rates of alcohol use, FAS, and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. Some have argued that the FAS label stigmatizes alcohol use, while authorities point out that the risk is real. The condition has appeared in several works of fiction.

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nervous system damage are the critical elements of the spectrum of FASD, and a positive finding in these two features is sufficient for an FASD diagnosis in all FASD systems. But different researchers and systems may use a wide variety of terminology to describe an individual's FASD condition, as the nomenclature is still evolving. Most individuals with deficits resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure do not express all features of FAS and fall into other FASD conditions. The Canadian guidelines recommend the assessment and descriptive approach of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" for each key feature of FASD and the terminology of the IOM in diagnostic categories, excepting ARBD.

2957:). The UK's abstinence recommendation was not chosen based on scientific evidence, but rather because it was simple advice that would ensure no one underestimated the risk. Tennessee's 2014 fetal assault law (which expired in 2016) was criticized for not addressing alcohol use. The law criminalized opioid use during pregnancy and resulted in women avoiding professional medical care for fear of prosecution. A wide variety of professional organizations oppose criminalization. Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have statutory authorization for the involuntary civil commitment of women who abuse alcohol during pregnancy. 466: 1335:(IOM) diagnostic system ("low birth weight..., decelerating weight not due to nutrition..., disproportional low weight to height" p. 4 of executive summary), while the CDC use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" allows for mid-range gradations in growth deficiency (between the 3rd and 10th percentiles) and severe growth deficiency at or below the 3rd percentile. Growth deficiency (at severe, moderate, or mild levels) contributes to diagnoses of FAS and pFAS, but not ARND or static encephalopathy. 819: 1489:

Code" and CDC guidelines allow for a positive CNS finding in any of the three areas for any FASD diagnosis, but functional anomalies must measure at two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains for a diagnosis of FAS, PFAS, and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" also allows for an FASD diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further elaborates the degree of CNS damage according to four ranks:

2744: 453:. The variance seen in outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is poorly understood. Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multi-disciplinary team of professionals. The main criteria for diagnosis of FASD is nervous system damage and alcohol exposure, with FAS including congenital malformations of the lips and growth deficiency. FASD is often misdiagnosed as or comorbid with ADHD. 1835:

diagnosis. The standardized approach is referred to as the Ten Brain Domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems' recommendations for assessing CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. The framework provides clear definitions of brain dysfunction, specifies empirical data needed for accurate diagnosis, and defines intervention considerations that address the complex nature of FASD with the intention to avoid common secondary disabilities.

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years (14.3%), white (8.3%), college graduates (10.0%), or employed (9.6%). In 2015, about 10% of pregnant women drank alcohol in the past month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy. Of pregnant American women, 3.6% met criteria for an alcohol use disorder in a 2001 epidemiological study. As of 2016, the US Centers for Disease Control estimated 3 million women in the United States are at risk of having a baby with FASD.

34: 1253:. The behavioral effects of ARND are not necessarily unique to alcohol however, so use of the term must be within the context of confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure. ARND may be gaining acceptance over the terms FAE and ARBD to describe FASD conditions with central nervous system abnormalities or behavioral or cognitive abnormalities or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure without regard to growth deficiency or FAS facial features. 2869:, colleagues of Ulleland at University of Washington, who identified a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in eight children. The pattern of malformations indicated that the damage was prenatal. They named these defects "fetal alcohol syndrome". News of the discovery shocked some, while others were skeptical of the findings. While many 153: 1373: 1485:, can damage the brain across a continuum of gross to subtle impairments, depending on the amount, timing, and frequency of the exposure as well as genetic predispositions of the fetus and mother. While functional abnormalities are the behavioral and cognitive expressions of the FASD disability, CNS damage can be assessed in three areas: structural, neurological, and functional impairments. 4003: 1014:(causing birth defects), the exact biological mechanisms for the development of FAS or FASD are unknown. However, clinical and animal studies have identified a broad spectrum of pathways through which maternal alcohol can negatively affect the outcome of a pregnancy. Clear conclusions with universal validity are difficult to draw, since different ethnic groups show considerable 2825:—popular in the early 1900s—represents this earlier perspective, though later researchers have suggested that the Kallikaks almost certainly had FAS. General studies and discussions on alcoholism throughout the mid-1900s were typically based on a heredity argument. Researchers were often temperance advocates and funded by like-minded organizations such as the 1981:

Many are reluctant to admit to drinking or to provide an accurate report of the quantity they drank. In these cases, all diagnostic systems use an unknown prenatal alcohol exposure designation. A diagnosis of FAS is still possible with an unknown exposure level if other key features of FASD are present at clinical levels.

2264:) and fall into three basic categories. An advocate for FAS: (1) interprets FAS and the disabilities that arise from it and explains it to the environment in which the person operates, (2) engenders change or accommodation on behalf of the person, and (3) assists the person in developing and reaching attainable goals. 2877:, i.e. named after the physician first reporting the association of symptoms, Smith named FAS after the causal agent of the symptoms. He reasoned that doing so would encourage prevention, believing that if people knew maternal alcohol consumption caused the syndrome, then abstinence during pregnancy would follow from 1328:), although birth height and weight are the preferred measurements. Deficiencies are documented when height or weight falls at or below the 10th percentile of standardized growth charts appropriate to the population. Prenatal or postnatal presentation of growth deficits can occur, but are most often postnatal. 769:, it is considered unethical to do randomized controlled trials on pregnant women to determine the precise toxicity effects of alcohol. Among women who consume any quantity of alcohol during pregnancy, the risk of giving birth to a child with FASD is about 15%, and to a child with FAS about 1.5%. Drinking 2 2807:

popularized these and other claims, including the teratogenic effects of alcohol on animal embryos, but they were often sensationalized, so much so that any finding that alcohol was harmful was largely denounced as propaganda. A prominent observation of possible links between maternal alcohol use and

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In a recent count, the prevalence of having any FASD disorder was 1 person out of 20, but some people estimate it could be as high as 1 in 7. The rates of FAS and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children

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The secondary disabilities of FAS are those that arise later in life secondary to CNS damage. These disabilities often emerge over time due to a mismatch between the primary disabilities and environmental expectations; secondary disabilities can be ameliorated with early interventions and appropriate

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guidelines recommend that medications not be used to treat alcohol use disorder in pregnant women except in cases of acute alcohol withdrawals or other co-existing conditions. Instead, behavioral interventions are usually preferred as treatments for pregnant women with AUD. Medications should only be

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Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited. Observational evidence regarding the

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Other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS where the central nervous system shows clinical deficits. In these other FASD conditions, an individual may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes because brain damage is present without associated visual cues of poor growth or the "FAS face" that

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is common and appears to be rising in prevalence. In 2006–2010, an estimated 7.6% of pregnant women used alcohol, while 1.4% of pregnant women reported binge drinking during their pregnancy. The highest prevalence estimates of reported alcohol use during pregnancy were among women who are aged 35–44

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An understanding of the developmental framework would presumably inform and enhance the advocacy model, but advocacy also implies interventions at a systems level as well, such as educating schools, social workers, and so forth on best practices for FAS. However, several organizations devoted to FAS

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for the hepatic enzymes responsible for ethanol detoxification. Genetic examinations have revealed a continuum of long-lasting molecular effects that are not only timing specific but are also dosage specific; with even moderate amounts being able to cause alterations. Additionally, ethanol may alter

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Evidence is insufficient for the use of chemical biomarkers to detect prenatal alcohol exposure. Biomarkers being studied include fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) detected in the meconium (first feces of an infant) and hair. FAEE may be present if chronic alcohol exposure occurs during the second and

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No Risk: Confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. Confirmed absence of exposure would apply to planned pregnancies in which no alcohol was used or pregnancies of women who do not use alcohol or report no use during the pregnancy. This designation is relatively rare, as most people presenting

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Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) is the specific diagnosis of the non-dysmorphic type of FASD, where a majority of the symptoms are witnessed. The diagnosis was initially suggested by the Institute of Medicine to replace the terms FAE (fetal alcohol effects). It focuses on central

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Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. As the woman may not become aware that she has conceived until several weeks into the pregnancy, it is also recommended to abstain while attempting to become pregnant. Although the condition has

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FASD is estimated to affect between 1-2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States. Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified 0.2 to 1.5 infants with FAS for every 1,000 live

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Confirmed exposure: The CDC guidelines are silent on using information on amount, frequency, and timing of prenatal alcohol use for diagnostic purposes. The IOM and Canadian guidelines explore this further, acknowledging the importance of significant alcohol exposure from regular or heavy episodic

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A recent effort to standardize assessment of functional CNS damage has been suggested by an experienced FASD diagnostic team in Minnesota. The proposed framework attempts to harmonize IOM, 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, CDC, and Canadian guidelines for measuring CNS damage vis-à-vis FASD evaluations and

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Partial FAS (pFAS) was previously known as atypical FAS in the 1997 edition of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code". People with pFAS have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. Central nervous system damage is present at the same

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After a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, the alcohol crosses through the placenta and umbilical cord to the developing fetus. Alcohol metabolizes slowly in the fetus and remains for a long time when compared to an adult. A human fetus appears to be at triple risk from maternal alcohol consumption:

923:. The long-term effects of naltrexone on the fetus are currently unknown. Animal studies show that naltrexone administered during pregnancy increases the incidence of early fetal loss; however, there are insufficient data available to identify the extent to which this is a risk in pregnant women. 2927:

Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), formerly known as possible fetal alcohol effect (PFAE), was a term proposed as an alternative to FAE and PFAE. The IOM presents ARBD as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of FASD. PFAE and ARBD have

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domain, for instance, then interventions would be recommended to target specific delays through additional education and practice (e.g., practiced instruction on tying shoelaces), giving reminders, or making accommodations (e.g., using slip-on shoes) to support the desired functioning level. This

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Unknown Risk: Unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy. For many adopted or adults and children in foster care, records or other reliable sources may not be available for review. Reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing.

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All four diagnostic systems allow for assessment of CNS damage in these areas, but criteria vary. The IOM system requires structural or neurological impairment for a diagnosis of FAS, but also allows a "complex pattern" of functional anomalies for diagnosing PFAS and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic

2727:(6.775): "Drinking to excess is a practice that is nowhere seemly ... nor yet safe. ... It behooves both bride and bridegroom to be sober ... in order to ensure, as far as possible, in every case that the child that is begotten may be sprung from the loins of sober parents." The sixth-century AD 833:

Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. A pregnant woman may not become aware that she has conceived until several weeks into the pregnancy, so it is also recommended to abstain from alcohol while attempting to become pregnant. The

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increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that "binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD". Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral

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Alcohol can also harm the fertility of women who are planning for pregnancy. Adverse effects of alcohol can lead to malnutrition, seizures, vomiting and dehydration. The mother can suffer from anxiety and depression which can result in child abuse/neglect. It has also been observed that when the

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and have four or more alcoholic drinks per single occasion. The use of alcohol during pregnancy occurs at different rates across the world, potentially due to various cultural differences and legislation. The five countries with the highest prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy are Ireland

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When structural or neurological impairments are not observed, all four diagnostic systems allow CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure to be assessed in terms of functional impairments. Functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure

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Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) is the spectrum-wide term for the psychiatric, behavioral, and neurological symptoms of all FASDs. It was introduced into the DSM-V as a "condition for further study" and as a specified condition under, "other specified

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a day, or 6 standard drinks in a short time, carries a 4.3% risk of a FAS birth (i.e. one of every 23 heavy-drinking pregnant women will deliver a child with FAS). Furthermore, alcohol-related congenital abnormalities occur at an incidence of roughly one out of 67 women who drink alcohol during

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for 120 alcoholic female prisoners than their sober female relatives. He suggested the causal agent to be alcohol use. This contradicted the predominating belief at the time that heredity caused intellectual disability, poverty, and criminal behavior, which contemporary studies on the subjects

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on the effects of strong drink when consumed by pregnant women saying that such drinking is "too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country". There are many other such historical references during that

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A positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of FAS, and the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). However, there are differences among systems when full criteria for FAS are not met. Prenatal alcohol exposure and central

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The developing fetal nervous system appears particularly sensitive to ethanol toxicity. The latter interferes with proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, axonic outgrowth, integration, and fine-tuning of the synaptic network. In short, all major processes in the developing central

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The most current advocacy perspectives encourage people and systems to approach FASD with interventions and support for individuals who are already living with FASD. Focusing on prevention often only further stigmatizes individuals with FASD and their birth parents. Advocates say, if you are

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press release and infographic entitled "More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy" caused controversy. The CDC release contained the message "The risk is real. Why take the chance?". Darlena Cunha of Times Magazine interpreted the infographic as telling all women of

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by alcohol exposure during gestational development. If an individual was not exposed to alcohol before birth, they will not have FASD. However, not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FAS, FASD, or pregnancy complications.

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Prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother's alcohol use during the pregnancy (if available), prenatal health records (if available), and review of available birth records, court records (if applicable),

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characteristics used to establish criteria for the syndrome. That is, growth deficiency is a key feature of FASD because growth deficiency was a criterion for inclusion in the study that defined FAS. Growth deficiency may be less critical for understanding the disabilities of FASD than the

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to assist those with FAS. It is related to the advocacy model but promoted at a systems level (rather than with the individual or family), such as developing community education and supports, state or province level prevention efforts (e.g., screening for maternal alcohol use during

2238:). FAS interferes with normal development, which may cause stages to be delayed, skipped, or immaturely developed. Over time, an unaffected child can negotiate the increasing demands of life by progressing through stages of development normally, but not so for a child with FAS. 1637:

All four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for CNS damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a CNS neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS or pFAS, and functional impairments are highly likely.

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nervous system damage, rather than growth deficiency or FAS facial features. The Canadian guidelines also use this diagnosis and the same criteria. While the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" includes these criteria for three of its diagnostic categories, it refers to this condition as

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60b) cautions, "One who drinks intoxicating liquor will have ungainly children." However, ancient sources rarely if ever distinguish maternal alcohol consumption from paternal, and are more concerned with conception than pregnancy. The sources can often be viewed as expressing

2322:, but the underlying CNS damage is the originating source of a functional difficulty, rather than a mental health condition, which is considered a secondary disability. The exact mechanisms for functional problems of primary disabilities are not always fully understood, but 1907:

in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains to determine CNS damage. However, the Ten Brain Domains are easily incorporated into any of the four diagnostic systems' CNS damage criteria, as the framework only proposes the domains, rather than the cut-off criteria for FASD.

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because of underlying brain damage. Many indications of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are developmental. Therefore, although a child may appear 'normal' at birth, intellectual disabilities caused by alcohol before birth may not appear until the child begins school.

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The most severe condition is called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which refers to individuals who have a specific set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders characteristic of the diagnosis. The following criteria must be fully met for an FAS diagnosis:

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remains exposed to ethanol in the amniotic fluid for periods far longer than the decay time of ethanol in the maternal circulation. The lack of significant quantities of ADH and ALDH means that fetal tissues have much lower quantities of antioxidant enzymes, like

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In France in 1957, Jacqueline Rouquette had described 100 children whose parents were alcoholics in a thesis, which was not published. "She gave a good description in certain cases of the facies" according to her mentor, Paul Lemoine. In 1968, Paul Lemoine of

1168:, or chemical health counselor. These professionals work together as a team to assess and interpret data of each key feature for assessment and develop an integrative, multi-disciplinary report to diagnose FAS (or other FASD conditions) in an individual. 1042:

During the fourth week of gestation, the limbs are being formed and it is at this point that alcohol can affect the development of arms, legs, fingers and toes. The eyes and ears also form during the fourth week and are more susceptible to the effects of

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receptors, although its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. Acamprosate has been shown to be effective at preventing alcohol relapse during abstinence. Animal data, however, suggests that acamprosate can have possible teratogenic effects on

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Not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FASD or pregnancy complications. The risk of FASD increases with amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly

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Medical School conducted an 18-month study in 1968–1969 documenting the risk of maternal alcohol consumption among the offspring of 11 alcoholic mothers. This study is arguably is the true source of the modern understanding. The infants were studied by

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fetuses are created by receiving alcohol transfusions (Bokanovsky Process) to reduce intelligence and height, thus conditioning them for simple, menial tasks. Connections between alcohol and incubating embryos are made multiple times in the novel.

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Refinements in diagnostic criteria since 1975 have yielded three distinctive and diagnostically significant facial features which distinguish FAS from other disorders with partially overlapping characteristics. The three FAS facial features are:

717:: Alcohol is known to be a folic acid antagonist, and a baby's palate and lip develop during the first trimester of the pregnancy (first 12 weeks). Heavy alcohol consumption and binge drinking during this time have been linked to orofacial cleft. 2948:

Criminalization of substance use during pregnancy because of harm to the fetus or child is fiercely debated. Elizabeth Armstrong has questioned the zero-tolerance approach taken towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy, describing it as a

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after consumption of alcohol which leads to headache, nausea, and vomiting. Some evidence suggests that disulfiram use during the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations such as reduction defects and

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Children with FAS benefit from behavioral and functional training, social skill training and tutoring. Support groups and talk therapy not only help the children suffering from FAS, but also help the parents and siblings of these children.

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Between 2017 and 2019 researchers made a breakthrough when they discovered a possible cure using neural stem cells (NSCs); they propose that if applied to a newborn, the damage can be reversed and prevent any lasting effects in the future.

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will determine growth deficiency and FAS facial features. While a qualified physician may also assess central nervous system structural abnormalities and/or neurological problems, usually central nervous system damage is determined through

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pregnancy. Among those mothers who have an alcohol use disorder, an estimated one-third of their children have FAS. The variance seen in outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is poorly understood. Aggravating factors may include

1689:. There is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure and only CDC guidelines label developmental delays as such, so criteria (and FASD diagnoses) vary somewhat across diagnostic systems. 1082:

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS) refers to individuals with a known, or highly suspected, history of prenatal alcohol exposure who have alcohol-related physical and neurodevelopmental deficits that do not meet the full criteria for

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By the sixth week of gestation, the teeth and palate are forming and alcohol consumption at this time will affect these structures. Alcohol use in this window is responsible for many of the facial characteristics of fetal alcohol

441:(ARND), and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). Other terms used are fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and static 2111:

Although the condition has no available cure, treatment can improve outcomes. Because CNS damage, symptoms, secondary disabilities, and needs vary widely by individual, there is no one treatment type that works for everyone.

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without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. While other FASD conditions may not yet be included as an

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Six main secondary disabilities were identified in a University of Washington research study of 473 subjects diagnosed with FAS, PFAS (partial fetal alcohol syndrome), and ARND (alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder):

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problems which can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person and evidence of alcohol use. These diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are currently recognized:

4653: 1676:, while others are determined through clinical judgment. "Clinical judgment" is only as good as the clinician, and soft signs should be assessed by either a pediatric neurologist, a pediatric neuropsychologist, or both. 1035:

From conception and to the third week, the most susceptible systems and organs are the brain, spinal cord, and heart. The effects of alcohol consumption early in the pregnancy can result in defects to these systems and

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pregnant mother withdraws from alcohol, its effects are visible on the infant as well. The baby remains in an irritated mood, cries frequently, doesn't sleep properly, weakening of sucking ability and increased hunger.

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By knowing what developmental stages and tasks children follow, treatment and interventions for FAS can be tailored to helping a person meet developmental tasks and demands successfully. If a person is delayed in the

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model takes the point of view that someone is needed to actively mediate between the environment and the person with FAS. Advocacy activities are conducted by an advocate (for example, a family member, friend, or

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techniques by a trained physician. Because imaging procedures are expensive and relatively inaccessible to most people, diagnosis of FAS is not frequently made via structural impairments, except for microcephaly.

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Ethanol exposure in the second trimester reduces nutrition levels and can affect the functioning of the endocrine system in both fetus and mother. This is because blood flow via umbilical artery to fetal brain is

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Coriale G, Fiorentino D, Di Lauro F, Marchitelli R, Scalese B, Fiore M, Maviglia M, Ceccanti M (2013). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment".

1388:, although brain damage may also exist in their absence. FAS facial features (and most other visible, but non-diagnostic, deformities) are believed to be caused mainly during the 10th to 20th week of gestation. 7357:

Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE): Final report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Grant No.

2953:. While heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be damaging to the unborn child, the effects of low intakes remain debatable, particularly in the absence of randomized controlled trials (c.f. 1097:

accepts only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. The agency feels it is unclear if identifying a FASD-related condition benefits the diagnosed individual.

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Microcephaly is determined by comparing head circumference (often called occipitofrontal circumference, or OFC) to appropriate OFC growth charts. Other structural impairments must be observed through

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Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains – Sufficient for a pFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelines

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Women can experience serious symptoms that accompany alcohol withdrawal during pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, these symptoms can be treated during pregnancy with brief use of

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alcohol consumption in determining, but offer no standard for diagnosis. Canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that "heavy alcohol use" is defined by the

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Malbin (2002) has identified the following areas of interests and talents as strengths that often stand out for those with FASD and should be utilized, like any strength, in treatment planning:

6107:"Ethanol exposure during pregnancy persistently attenuates cranially-directed blood flow in the developing fetus: Evidence from ultrasound imaging in a murine second trimester equivalent model" 5214:"Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently 'safe' levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses" 5015:"Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently 'safe' levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses" 14990: 4496: 1999:

third trimester since this is when the meconium begins to form. Concentrations of FAEE can be influence by medication use, diet, and individual genetic variations in FAEE metabolism however.

2900:, Sweden. Researchers in France, Sweden, and the United States were struck by how similar these children looked, though they were not related, and how they behaved in the same unfocused and 1556:

on infants known to have FAS. The first was in 1973, on an infant who died shortly after birth. The examination revealed extensive brain damage, including microcephaly, migration anomalies,

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Lippert T, Gelineau L, Napoli E, Borlongan CV (January 2018). "Harnessing neural stem cells for treating psychiatric symptoms associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy".

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Functional difficulties may result from CNS damage in more than one domain, but common functional difficulties by domain include: Note that this is not an exhaustive list of difficulties.

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with representative photographs of lip and philtrum combinations ranging from normal (ranked 1) to severe (ranked 5). Palpebral fissure length (PFL) is measured in millimeters with either

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births in certain areas of the United States. A more recent CDC study of 2010 data analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age.

8642:

Olegård R, Sabel KG, Aronsson M, Sandin B, Johansson PR, Carlsson C, et al. (1979). "Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Retrospective and prospective studies".

7558:

Elliott EJ, Payne J, Haan E, Bower C (November 2006). "Diagnosis of foetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol use in pregnancy: a survey of paediatricians' knowledge, attitudes and practice".

1953:

as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30-day period. "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code" ranking system distinguishes between levels of prenatal alcohol exposure as

1031:

Different body systems in the infant grow, mature and develop at specific times during gestation. The effect of consumption of alcohol differs during each of these developmental stages:

2131:. Medications are used to specifically treat symptoms of FASDs and not FAS entirely. Some of the medications used are antidepressants, stimulants, neuroleptics and anti-anxiety drugs. 1135:

Canadian guidelines for FASD diagnoses, which established criteria for diagnosing FASD in Canada and harmonized most differences between the IOM and University of Washington's systems.

2829:, so clinicians viewed all such research with heavy skepticism. The temperance movement effectively shut down serious research into the subject for nearly 50 years after Prohibition. 1965:(BAC) greater than 100 mg/dL delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. This BAC level is typically reached by a 55 kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting. 16146: 14983: 6162: 4074: 9460: 1132:'s "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis", which established consensus on the diagnosis FAS in the U.S. but deferred addressing other FASD conditions; and 14924: 11859: 1820:

Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using Canadian guidelines

1355:

In the initial studies that described FAS, growth deficiency was a requirement for inclusion in the studies; thus, all the original people with FAS had growth deficiency as an

1160:

assessments to ascertain clinically significant impairments in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains. Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician,

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Structural abnormalities of the brain are observable, physical damage to the brain or brain structures caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Structural impairments may include

8308:

Armstrong, E. M. (2003). Conceiving risk, bearing responsibility: Fetal alcohol syndrome & the diagnosis of moral disorder. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

1549:, which plays a role in memory, learning, emotion, and encoding visual and auditory information, all of which can create neurological and functional CNS impairments as well. 1139:

Each diagnostic system requires an assessment of four key features: growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure. To determine any FASD condition, a

8256:

Karp RJ, Qazi QH, Moller KA, Angelo WA, Davis JM (January 1995). "Fetal alcohol syndrome at the turn of the 20th century: An unexpected explanation of the Kallikak family".

6792:

Astley SJ, Stachowiak J, Clarren SK, Clausen C (November 2002). "Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population".

2307:

The prognosis of FASD is variable depending on the type, severity, and if treatment is issued. Prognostic disabilities are divided into primary and secondary disabilities.

1437:

Ranking FAS facial features is complicated because the three separate facial features can be affected independently by prenatal alcohol. A summary of the criteria follows:

16663: 16532: 16527: 1538:

Evidence of a CNS structural impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS, and neurological and functional impairments are highly likely.

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Music, playing instruments, composing, singing, art, spelling, reading, computers, mechanics, woodworking, skilled vocations (welding, electrician, etc.), writing, poetry

1441:

Severe: All three facial features ranked independently as severe (lip ranked at 4 or 5, philtrum ranked at 4 or 5, and PFL two or more standard deviations below average).

16544: 16522: 8327: 5114:

Mamluk L, Jones T, Ijaz S, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Moore TH, von Hinke S, Lewis SJ, Donovan JL, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Fraser A, Zuccolo L (23 January 2021).

2884:

In 1978, within nine years of the Washington discovery, animal studies, including non-human monkey studies carried out at the University of Washington Primate Center by

2518:

Confinement: For inpatient psychiatric care, inpatient chemical dependency care, or incarcerated for a crime, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

16618: 14917: 6999:

Mattson, S.N., & Riley, E.P. (2002). "Neurobehavioral and Neuroanatomical Effects of Heavy Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol," in Streissguth and Kantor. (2002). p. 10.

2011:

that have overlapping features with FAS; however, none of these syndromes include all three FAS facial features, and none are the result of prenatal alcohol exposure:

6914:

Coles CD, Brown RT, Smith IE, Platzman KA, Erickson S, Falek A (1991). "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development".

4735:

Burd L, Blair J, Dropps K (17 May 2012). "Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn".

2326:

have begun to shed light on some correlates between functional problems and brain structures damaged by prenatal alcohol exposure. Representative examples include:

1050:

During the twelfth week, frequent alcohol exposure can negatively impact the brain development which affects cognitive, learning and behavioral skills before birth.

15695: 11248: 5116:"Evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring birthweight and neurodevelopment from a systematic review of quasi-experimental studies" 2837: 2299:

or prenatal medical care visits), or national awareness programs. Several organizations and state agencies in the U.S. are dedicated to this type of intervention.

850:, and many others. In the United States, federal legislation has required that warning labels be placed on all alcoholic beverage containers since 1988 under the 12604: 2210:, even though most do not specify it as such and provide little theoretical background. Optimal human development generally occurs in identifiable stages (e.g., 7091: 515:

conditions as co-occurring in individuals with FAS. Excluding conditions used in FAS diagnosis, co-occurring conditions with 50% prevalence or greater include:

863:

supporting people currently living with FASD then you are spreading the awareness needed for successful prevention efforts; "Intervention is Prevention". Many

7608:

Burns L, Breen C, Bower C, O' Leary C, Elliott EJ (September 2013). "Counting fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia: the evidence and the challenges".

7192: 1053:

By the 20th week of gestation the formation of organs and organ systems is well-developed. The infant is still susceptible to the damaging effects of alcohol.

847: 600: 2535:

Problems with employment: Required ongoing job training or coaching, could not keep a job, unemployed, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older)

14488: 14037: 12124: 10501: 4835: 4449:"Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3919:"The Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Implications for Research, Clinical Practice and Population Health" 2684:

The lifetime cost per child with FAS in the United States was estimated at $ 2 million (for an overall cost across the country of over $ 4 billion) by the

7922: 11172: 3817: 2315:

The primary disabilities of FAS are the functional difficulties with which the child is born as a result of CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

312:

Fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, alcohol-related birth defects

2247:

approach is an advance over behavioral interventions, because it takes the person's developmental context into account while developing interventions.

1950: 6042:

Shabtai Y, Fainsod A (April 2018). "Competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis in the induction of fetal alcohol syndrome".

2740:, that children are likely to turn out like their (alcoholic) parents, rather than presenting the modern viewpoint that alcohol itself has an impact. 12466: 11177: 10582: 2928:

fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol consumption and are not criteria for diagnosis of FASD.

2769:

period. Gin specifically was implicated as affecting children's health and causing stillbirth and infant mortality, as depicted in William Hogarth's

6300: 15891: 13367: 7463:

Zimmerberg B, Mickus LA (December 1990). "Sex differences in corpus callosum: influence of prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal undernutrition".

2532:

Dependent living: Group home, living with family or friends, or some sort of assisted living, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older)

1823:

Cognition, communication, academic achievement, memory, executive functioning, adaptive behavior, motor skills, social skills, social communication

51: 5463: 4417: 16673: 16648: 11559: 11121: 5702:

Thibaut F, Chagraoui A, Buckley L, Gressier F, Labad J, Lamy S, Potenza MN, Kornstein SG, Rondon M, Riecher-Rössler A, Soyka M (2 January 2019).

4171:"Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a meta-analysis" 2892:. By 1978, 245 cases of FAS had been reported by medical researchers, and the syndrome began to be described as the most frequent known cause of 2223: 6849: 2593:. With the average life span of 34 years old, a study found that 44% of the deaths were of "external cause", with 15% of deaths being suicides. 15886: 4625: 2544:

Eight factors were identified in the same study as universal protective factors that reduced the incidence rate of the secondary disabilities:

8446:

Lemoine P., Harousseau H., Borteyru J.B., Menuet J.C. (1968). "Les enfants de parents alcooliques. Anomalies observées, à propos de 127 cas".

6829: 5770:

Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, Eyler AE, Hilty DM, Horvitz-Lennon M, Mahoney J, Pasic J, Weaver M, Wills CD, McIntyre J (1 January 2018).

5316: 2912:

Over time, subsequent research and clinical experience suggested that a range of effects could arise from prenatal alcohol exposure. The term

2512:

Disrupted school experience: Suspended or expelled from school or dropped out of school, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

1125:

of one to four and yields 256 descriptive codes that can be categorized into 22 distinct clinical categories, ranging from FAS to no findings;

98: 16668: 12975: 10069: 8030: 3033: 1685:(rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as 1574:

In 1977, Clarren described a second infant whose mother was a binge drinker. The infant died ten days after birth. The autopsy showed severe

8458:

Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (April 2003). "Children of alcoholic parents--observed anomalies: discussion of 127 cases".

6301:"Ten Brain Domains: A Proposal for Functional Central Nervous System Parameters for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Follow-up" 2656:

A 2015 review article estimated the overall costs to Canada from FASD at $ 9.7 billion (including from crime, healthcare, education, etc.).

2521:

Inappropriate sexual behavior: Sexual advances, sexual touching, or promiscuity, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

785:

The risk of FASD increases with amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

70: 15688: 15371: 13987: 10463: 8130:

too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country

6757:

Astley SJ, Clarren SK (July 1996). "A case definition and photographic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome".

2433: 965:

used for pregnant women after carefully considering potential risks and harms of the medications versus the benefits of alcohol cessation.

9465: 9177: 2063:

Other disorders that have overlapping behavioral symptoms and/or that might be comorbid to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder might include:

16638: 15386: 15376: 14717: 14587: 13120: 12970: 12597: 10038: 4794: 4564: 4058: 2178:), and these are sometimes thought to benefit from behavioral interventions. Frequently, a person's poor academic achievement results in 7420:

Meyer LS, Kotch LE, Riley EP (1990). "Neonatal ethanol exposure: functional alterations associated with cerebellar growth retardation".

7034:

Bager H, Christensen LP, Husby S, Bjerregaard L (February 2017). "Biomarkers for the Detection of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Review".

6879:

Clarren SK, Alvord EC, Sumi SM, Streissguth AP, Smith DW (January 1978). "Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol".

989:

Fetal tissues are quite different from adult tissues in function and purpose. For example, the main detoxicating organ in adults is the

13796: 12960: 11762: 11332: 6234: 2966: 2685: 77: 9260: 5378: 1692:

The four diagnostic systems list various CNS domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an FASD diagnosis:

16514: 11314: 10664: 9474: 9234: 9138: 9032:

Darlington CK, Compton PA, Hutson SP (May 2021). "Revisiting the Fetal Assault Law in Tennessee: Implications and the Way Forward".

8779:

Sokol RJ, Clarren SK (August 1989). "Guidelines for use of terminology describing the impact of prenatal alcohol on the offspring".

2881:

and public awareness. At the time, nobody was aware of the full range of possible birth defects from FAS or its rate of prevalence.

1622:. A determination of a neurological problem must be made by a trained physician, and must not be due to a postnatal insult, such as 14063: 14030: 10705: 8071:"Were our forebears aware of prenatal alcohol exposure and its effects? A review of the history of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 3845: 3038: 587: 563: 231: 5874:

Brien JF, Loomis CW, Tranmer J, McGrath M (May 1983). "Disposition of ethanol in human maternal venous blood and amniotic fluid".

16504: 15681: 11302: 10821: 8555:

Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth P (June 1973). "Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers".

5772:"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder" 5165:"Low to Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Narrative Review and Methodological Considerations" 4522: 2103:

Most people with an FASD have most often been misdiagnosed with ADHD due to the large overlap between their behavioral deficits.

957:. Additionally, the effects of disulfiram can involve hypertension which can be harmful to both the pregnant woman and the fetus. 84: 2853:, himself published a study in a French medical journal about children with distinctive features whose mothers were alcoholics. 1545:, which can create structural deformities or deficits within the brain. During the third trimester, damage can be caused to the 16484: 16157: 15366: 14860: 13284: 12849: 12590: 11184: 9159: 9112: 8319: 5067:"The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis" 2067: 1606:

When structural impairments are not observable or do not exist, neurological impairments are assessed. In the context of FASD,

16643: 16509: 16141: 14384: 13714: 12104: 12071: 11285: 10234: 10164: 8170: 5412: 4558: 4068: 3380: 10379: 1364:

neurobehavioral sequelae to the brain damage. Canadian guidelines updated in 2016 deleted growth as a diagnostic criterion.

66: 16347: 16335: 15797: 15269: 13485: 13360: 10798: 9739: 7185: 2143: 1936:

by the IOM, CDC and Canadian diagnostic systems. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further distinguishes confirmed exposure as

835: 5297: 2777:

shows commerce and happiness, suggesting that the alcohol in beer was not known to have deleterious effects at this time.

1106:

Presently, four FASD diagnostic systems that diagnose FAS and other FASD conditions have been developed in North America:

16658: 14023: 13741: 13653: 11519: 11444: 10338: 9506: 9086: 5909:

Nava-Ocampo AA, Velázquez-Armenta Y, Brien JF, Koren G (June 2004). "Elimination kinetics of ethanol in pregnant women".

5431: 4581:

Gupta KK, Gupta VK, Shirasaka T (August 2016). "An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment".

2455: 1665: 1519:(small head size) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure (e.g., 227: 3814: 16613: 16566: 16499: 16054: 15274: 14891: 14738: 14187: 12119: 11417: 11243: 10855: 10517: 10204: 3241: 2701:

Some hold that ancient sources describe the negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy, identifying admonitions from

823: 7957: 7732:"Consumption of Alcohol Beverages and Binge Drinking Among Pregnant Women Aged 18-44 Years - United States, 2015-2017" 6399:"Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs): Guidelines of Interdisciplinary Group of Polish Professionals" 5756:

Alkermes. VIVITROL (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) U.S. Food and Drug Administration website.

3863: 16269: 16072: 15052: 14440: 12522: 12377: 12304: 11999: 11802: 11782: 11542: 11225: 10239: 10104: 8626: 8598: 7381: 7300: 7272: 6582: 5995:"Long-lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs could underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice" 3791: 2476: 1707: 117: 1899:

The Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program (FADP) uses unpublished Minnesota state criteria of performance at 1.5 or more

15595: 15570: 15361: 14493: 12859: 12549: 11236: 11032: 10456: 10343: 10043: 9568: 6595:

Del Campo M, Jones KL (January 2017). "A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders".

2932: 2268: 2142:

from birth to age 3 has been shown to improve the development of a child born with FASD. Interventions may include

961: 388: 789:

has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk.

16633: 15662: 15612: 15180: 14975: 14450: 14359: 13420: 13353: 13113: 12170: 11908: 11412: 10892: 10845: 10395: 10109: 4057:

Institute of Medicine Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (1995). Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia FC (eds.).

2515:

Trouble with the law: Charged with or convicted of a crime, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

2261: 2215: 2087: 1520: 908:. Currently, the FDA has approved three medications—naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram—for the treatment of 851: 834:

recommendations of abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy and while attempting to become have been made by the

670: 525: 2799:

lobbied against alcohol consumption during pregnancy to avoid dependence and mental deficiency in children. The

15903: 15879: 15709: 14844: 14499: 14093: 12051: 11057: 10875: 10679: 10159: 9068: 7914: 7645:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: notifications to the Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies" 6080: 5643: 4137: 2421:, poor at perceiving patterns, poor cause and effect reasoning, inconsistent at linking words to actions, poor 2163: 1778:) at or below the 3rd percentile on standardized testing – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines 1481:(CNS) damage is the primary feature of any FASD diagnosis. Prenatal alcohol exposure, which is classified as a 1114:'s guidelines for FAS, the first system to standardize diagnoses of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure; 839: 591: 55: 5757: 16693: 16582: 16467: 16383: 16325: 16095: 15874: 15354: 14671: 13415: 13129: 12253: 10577: 10184: 10091: 9593: 7393:

Abel EL, Jacobson S, Sherwin BT (1983). "In utero alcohol exposure: functional and structural brain damage".

6856:. University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network. Retrieved on 2007-04-11 5471: 2619: 2082: 1649:, or soft signs. Soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired 864: 370: 91: 4679:"Committee opinion no. 496: At-risk drinking and alcohol dependence: obstetric and gynecologic implications" 4138:"Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy" 1975:

Some Risk: Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy with use less than High Risk or unknown usage patterns.

1499:

Possible: Mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains

16698: 16551: 15925: 15590: 15513: 15331: 15279: 14353: 14318: 13598: 13495: 13163: 12834: 12537: 12320: 12165: 11498: 11465: 11253: 10727: 10669: 10587: 10572: 10562: 10189: 10149: 9648: 8348:

King, T. L., & Brucker, M. C. (2011). Pharmacology for women's health. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

4365:"Association Analysis: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Hypertension Status in Children and Adolescents" 2429: 2235: 2171: 2077: 1313: 627: 15090: 8814:

Angelotta C, Appelbaum PS (June 2017). "Criminal Charges for Child Harm from Substance Use in Pregnancy".

8004: 7915:"More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC" 7076:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

6275: 4834:

Cite error: The named reference "Williams2015" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

3524:"Hospitalizations and mortality among patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a prospective study" 2436:

language disorders, grasp parts but not whole concepts, lack understanding of metaphor, idioms, or sarcasm

2127:

are frequently tried as many FASD symptoms are mistaken for or overlap with other disorders, most notably

1496:

Probable: Significant dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains.

1434:

or a clear ruler and then compared to a PFL growth chart, also developed by the University of Washington.

982:

into the fetal compartment. The so-called placental barrier is practically absent with respect to ethanol.

912:(AUD). However, there is insufficient data regarding the safety of these medications for pregnant women. 16653: 16061: 15580: 15485: 15422: 14884: 14748: 14677: 14665: 14323: 14077: 13901: 13194: 12333: 11851: 11840: 11192: 10506: 10449: 10018: 9829: 9802: 8408: 6315: 6163:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) – conditions and interventions" 5642:

Fairbanks J, Umbreit A, Kolla BP, Karpyak VM, Schneekloth TD, Loukianova LL, Sinha S (1 September 2020).

2465: 2418: 2183: 2151: 1808: 1654: 1297: 1129: 1071: 786: 16688: 2836:, a method to stop preterm labor (born at less than 37 weeks gestation). The method originated with Dr. 16539: 16089: 15761: 15427: 15417: 15308: 15303: 14445: 14158: 14112: 14049: 13593: 13106: 13041: 12444: 12243: 12217: 11953: 11899: 11708: 11671: 11449: 10700: 10592: 10224: 10061: 9819: 9744: 9714: 8134: 2796: 2035: 1686: 1400:: The divot or groove between the nose and upper lip flattens with increased prenatal alcohol exposure. 1384:

abnormalities are often visible in individuals with FAS. The presence of FAS facial features indicates

954: 13663: 1023:

signaling as acetaldehyde can compete with retinaldehyde and prevents its oxidation to retinoic acid.

16489: 16457: 16431: 16409: 16258: 15837: 15457: 15166: 15162: 15122: 14964: 14754: 14548: 13972: 13588: 13455: 13028: 12819: 12481: 12471: 12389: 12289: 11607: 11273: 11162: 10715: 10624: 10567: 10274: 9886: 9626: 9550: 6846: 6518:

Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, et al. (October 2016).

5771: 3862:

Popova S, Lange S, Shield K, Mihic A, Chudley AE, Mukherjee RA, Bekmuradov D, Rehm J (5 March 2016).

3628:

Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, et al. (October 2016).

3334:"Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective" 2524:

Alcohol and drug problems: Abuse or dependency, experienced by 35% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

2097: 1785:

in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines

1669: 1615: 1426:. The lip and philtrum are measured by a trained physician with the Lip-Philtrum Guide, a five-point 1360: 1283:

neurodevelopmental disorders" as a way to better study the behavioral aspects of all FASD disorders.

1143:

evaluation is necessary to assess each of the four key features for assessment. Generally, a trained

843: 643: 338: 14909: 9014: 7009: 4621: 2560:

Experiencing a "good quality home" (meeting 10 or more defined qualities) from age 8 to 12 years old

16678: 16556: 16330: 15744: 15523: 15444: 14954: 14313: 14277: 14211: 14195: 14148: 14121: 13982: 13505: 13189: 13036: 12007: 11736: 9636: 9383: 7330: 7319: 6826: 3985: 2857: 2747: 2207: 2072: 2050: 2045: 1882: 1619: 1541:

During the first trimester of pregnancy, alcohol interferes with the migration and organization of

1423: 1356: 1202:

FAS is the only expression of FASD that has garnered consensus among experts to become an official

1118: 930: 655: 211: 11138: 8038: 6960:

Jones KL, Smith DW (November 1973). "Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy".

4553:(9 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 527. 16561: 16494: 16250: 16068: 15920: 15910: 15754: 15619: 15585: 15190: 15110: 15100: 15047: 14959: 14733: 14365: 14219: 13500: 12406: 12328: 12086: 11787: 11592: 11529: 11427: 11402: 10674: 10209: 10074: 9812: 9573: 9540: 9499: 8617:

Clarren, S.K. (2005). A thirty year journey from tragedy to hope. Foreword to Buxton, B. (2005).

7078:

Tenth special report to the U.S Congress on alcohol and health: Highlights frfom current research

4291: 2893: 2472: 2400: 2191: 1842: 1455:

Mild: A mild ranking of FAS facial features covers a broad range of facial feature combinations:

401:

Varies based on severity with FAS having a life expectancy of 34 years old without interventions.

250: 243: 44: 15673: 9185: 7293:

Recognizing and Managing Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects: A Guidebook

6638:

Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, Anderson SM, Baldwin ME, Chudley AE, et al. (February 2016).

1219:

level as FAS. These individuals have the same functional disabilities but "look" less like FAS.

838:, the Centers for Disease Control, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the 16426: 16418: 16373: 16049: 16021: 15869: 15500: 15318: 15227: 15210: 14819: 14780: 14611: 14509: 14389: 14329: 14308: 14267: 14256: 14200: 14103: 14068: 13731: 12869: 12527: 12501: 12279: 12099: 12094: 12066: 12043: 11943: 11360: 11307: 11263: 11148: 11116: 10907: 10880: 10328: 10144: 9709: 9588: 4961:

Sundermann AC, Zhao S, Young CL, Lam L, Jones SH, Velez Edwards DR, Hartmann KE (August 2019).

4056: 3473:

May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, Zellner J, Feldman H, Buckley D, et al. (February 2018).

2629: 2374: 2162:, such strategies are frequently used by default for treating those with FAS, as the diagnoses 1703: 1631: 1611: 1568: 1478: 1003: 696: 582:

might ordinarily trigger an FASD evaluation. Such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary

507:

Nervous system damage: Clinically significant structural neurological, or functional impairment

465: 345: 11549: 9423: 9287:"A Brief History of Awareness of the Link Between Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder" 8105: 8005:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Children Aged 7–9 Years — Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 2010" 4548: 3405:

Roszel EL (April 2015). "Central nervous system deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder".

1493:

Definite: Structural impairments or neurological impairments for FAS or static encephalopathy.

445:, but these terms have fallen out of favor and are no longer considered part of the spectrum. 16441: 16315: 16133: 16111: 16026: 15949: 15859: 15846: 15771: 15434: 15142: 14514: 14298: 14237: 13490: 13082: 13077: 12918: 12747: 12491: 12486: 11938: 11153: 10737: 10732: 10636: 10598: 10491: 10323: 10179: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 9948: 9901: 9896: 9864: 9684: 5299:

Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives on the Role of Fathers in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

3028: 2187: 1969: 1962: 1862: 1792: 1746: 1740: 1524: 1332: 1250: 1149: 1111: 775: 725: 20: 6231: 5419:

In 1981, the surgeon general put out the now-ubiquitous warning about alcohol and pregnancy.

5371: 1641:

Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as

16378: 16195: 16084: 15472: 15462: 15264: 15220: 14770: 14543: 14283: 14125: 14015: 13709: 13648: 13548: 13522: 13143: 13072: 12496: 12365: 12260: 12081: 12056: 11713: 11700: 11644: 11459: 11077: 10870: 10789: 10722: 10619: 10430: 10369: 10229: 10086: 10010: 9918: 9908: 9704: 9605: 9583: 8510: 7828:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age - United States, 2011-2013" 7429: 6923: 6836:. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. 5918: 3535: 2641: 2408: 2040: 1904: 1782: 1736: 1673: 1256:

The following criteria must be fully met for a diagnosis of ARND or static encephalopathy:

1157: 1015: 999: 647: 552: 12582: 11422: 7877:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age--United States, 2006-2010" 7789:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age--United States, 2006-2010" 4854: 4523:"CDC to younger women: Better take your birth control before you drink that glass of wine" 3852:. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10 1464:

One facial feature ranked severe, one ranked moderate and one ranked within normal limits.

430:

during gestation. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly mis- and under-diagnosed.

8: 16683: 16623: 16307: 15954: 15809: 15749: 15657: 15640: 15490: 15346: 15256: 14803: 14688: 14632: 14622: 14465: 14376: 14230: 14225: 14117: 14088: 13977: 13962: 12922: 12839: 12810: 12532: 12476: 12370: 12299: 12284: 12265: 12114: 11928: 11792: 11666: 11407: 11392: 11342: 11047: 11037: 10816: 10746: 10534: 10333: 10244: 10199: 10099: 9958: 9876: 9859: 9824: 9679: 9600: 9560: 9372: 8269: 7979: 7360:(Tech. Report No. 96-06). Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit. 5704:"WFSBP and IAWMH Guidelines for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in pregnant women" 4364: 4337: 4251:"Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies" 3015: 2822: 2804: 2502: 2386: 2378: 2368: 2330: 1918: 1699: 1583: 1140: 920: 765:

No safe level of fetal alcohol exposure has been established. Because alcohol is a known

651: 366: 235: 8514: 7433: 7193:"Overlapping Behavioral Characteristics of FASD's & Related Mental Health Diagnosis" 6927: 5922: 5212:

Mamluk L, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Jones T, Moore TH, et al. (August 2017).

5189: 5164: 5013:

Mamluk L, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Jones T, Moore TH, et al. (August 2017).

3842: 3539: 2935:

introduced neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE).

1610:

are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure which causes general neurological damage to the

1578:, abnormal neuronal migration, and a small corpus callosum. FAS has also been linked to 806:

Fathers who consume alcohol prior to conception may contribute to FAS through long term

16628: 16477: 16462: 16450: 16200: 16151: 15988: 15851: 15739: 15575: 15531: 15508: 15398: 15175: 14617: 14559: 14348: 13470: 13008: 12798: 12760: 12617: 12506: 12461: 12436: 12401: 12248: 12238: 11933: 11624: 11567: 11483: 11382: 11375: 11337: 11297: 11103: 11004: 10919: 10897: 10751: 10710: 10472: 10219: 10114: 10079: 9938: 9787: 9699: 9664: 9545: 9492: 9377: 9311: 9286: 8957: 8932: 8859: 8842: 8792: 8667: 8655: 8534: 8522: 8483: 8424: 8384: 8359: 8101: 7764: 7731: 7674: 7583: 7532: 7507: 7488: 7243: 7169: 7144: 7122: 7059: 6664: 6639: 6620: 6544: 6519: 6490: 6457: 6433: 6398: 6139: 6106: 6019: 5994: 5851: 5818: 5739: 5681: 5614: 5581: 5251: 5238: 5213: 5140: 5115: 5039: 5014: 4987: 4962: 4938: 4913: 4879: 4824: 4768: 4714: 4478: 4392: 4319: 4195: 4170: 4114: 3951: 3918: 3899: 3864:"Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3708: 3683: 3654: 3629: 3605: 3580: 3556: 3523: 3499: 3474: 3418: 3350: 3333: 2826: 2732: 2461: 2276: 2139: 1900: 1732: 1444:

Moderate: Two facial features ranked as severe and one feature ranked as moderate (lip

1039:

During the third week, alcohol can also damage the central nervous system of the fetus.

205: 8568: 6973: 6892: 6770: 6374: 6341: 5550: 5533: 4465: 4448: 3879: 3306: 3281: 2601:

Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy. Out of this population, 20%

1989:

to have had a prenatal alcohol exposure due to presence of other key features of FASD.

16240: 16206: 16178: 16169: 16101: 16077: 15944: 15792: 15408: 15326: 15296: 15237: 15215: 15032: 14660: 14248: 14046: 13684: 13623: 13445: 13206: 13184: 12864: 12829: 12778: 12411: 12383: 12343: 12338: 12273: 12147: 11948: 11923: 11891: 11654: 11524: 11387: 11365: 11268: 11143: 11087: 10865: 10804: 10794: 10766: 10742: 10298: 10174: 9913: 9854: 9694: 9674: 9669: 9394: 9316: 9049: 8962: 8913: 8905: 8864: 8823: 8796: 8761: 8734: 8707: 8659: 8622: 8594: 8572: 8526: 8475: 8471: 8428: 8389: 8273: 8166: 8121: 8082: 7896: 7888: 7857: 7849: 7808: 7800: 7769: 7751: 7705: 7693: 7666: 7625: 7575: 7571: 7537: 7519: 7480: 7476: 7445: 7441: 7402: 7377: 7296: 7268: 7235: 7174: 7114: 7051: 6977: 6939: 6935: 6896: 6809: 6774: 6739: 6735: 6722:

Renwick JH, Asker RL (July 1983). "Ethanol-sensitive times for the human conceptus".

6704: 6669: 6612: 6578: 6549: 6495: 6477: 6438: 6420: 6379: 6361: 6144: 6126: 6122: 6059: 6024: 5975: 5934: 5891: 5887: 5856: 5838: 5799: 5791: 5731: 5723: 5685: 5673: 5665: 5619: 5601: 5555: 5514: 5408: 5278: 5243: 5194: 5145: 5096: 5088: 5044: 4992: 4943: 4884: 4816: 4760: 4752: 4718: 4706: 4698: 4598: 4554: 4470: 4396: 4384: 4323: 4311: 4272: 4200: 4106: 4064: 3956: 3938: 3891: 3883: 3787: 3713: 3659: 3610: 3561: 3504: 3452: 3443:

Thanh NX, Jonsson E (2016). "Life Expectancy of People with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome".

3422: 3355: 3311: 2866: 2633: 2606:(60%), Belarus (47%), Denmark (46%), the UK (41%), and the Russian Federation (37%). 2451: 2440: 2243: 2231: 2179: 2124: 2030: 2020: 1847: 1754: 1650: 1411: 1309: 1277: 700: 615:

Intellectual disability, both in overall IQ measurements and in many functional tests

604: 535: 497: 478: 332: 165: 8933:"Making Sense of Advice About Drinking During Pregnancy: Does Evidence Even Matter?" 8619:

Damaged Angels: An Adoptive Mother Discovers the Tragic Toll of Alcohol in Pregnancy

8538: 8070: 7678: 7587: 7492: 7265:

Damaged Angels: An Adoptive Mother Discovers the Tragic Toll of Alcohol in Pregnancy

7247: 6624: 5743: 4828: 4118: 3903: 2896:. In 1979, the Washington and Nantes findings were confirmed by a research group in 16363: 16234: 16229: 16014: 16009: 15650: 15477: 15137: 15078: 15042: 14850: 14334: 13578: 13553: 12643: 12294: 12233: 11965: 11637: 11587: 11231: 11167: 11133: 11126: 11009: 10976: 10966: 10269: 9881: 9754: 9749: 9643: 9306: 9298: 9041: 8952: 8944: 8895: 8854: 8843:"Ethical, legal and policy issues in management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 8788: 8699: 8671: 8651: 8564: 8518: 8487: 8467: 8420: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8265: 8225: 8158: 8153:

Price AD (2021). "Overview of FASD: How Our Understanding of FASD Has Progressed".

7839: 7759: 7743: 7656: 7617: 7567: 7527: 7472: 7437: 7227: 7164: 7156: 7106: 7063: 7043: 6969: 6931: 6888: 6801: 6766: 6731: 6696: 6659: 6651: 6604: 6539: 6531: 6485: 6469: 6428: 6410: 6369: 6353: 6134: 6118: 6051: 6014: 6006: 5965: 5930: 5926: 5883: 5846: 5830: 5783: 5715: 5655: 5609: 5593: 5545: 5506: 5255: 5233: 5225: 5184: 5176: 5135: 5127: 5078: 5034: 5026: 4982: 4974: 4933: 4925: 4874: 4866: 4806: 4772: 4744: 4690: 4590: 4482: 4460: 4376: 4303: 4262: 4224: 4190: 4182: 4098: 3946: 3930: 3875: 3703: 3695: 3649: 3641: 3600: 3592: 3551: 3543: 3494: 3486: 3414: 3376: 3345: 3301: 3293: 2885: 2878: 2818: 2765: 2447: 2382: 2167: 2159: 2092: 2015: 1646: 1591: 1153: 818: 685: 681: 570: 519: 482: 362: 358: 146:

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders, FASD, FAS, PAE, Prenatal substance exposure, PSE

15005: 9434: 7694:"Costs of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Canadian Criminal Justice System" 7126: 6228:

Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code

5787: 5719: 433:

The several forms of the condition (in order of most severe to least severe) are:

411:

Unconfirmed; between 1 in 20 (~390 million) and 1 in 13 (~600 million) (all types)

16285: 15976: 15607: 15393: 15285: 15205: 14655: 14477: 14108: 14082: 14002: 13952: 13881: 13856: 13826: 13736: 13643: 13583: 13334: 13250: 12671: 12625: 12449: 12416: 12205: 12190: 11970: 11807: 11488: 11473: 11454: 10959: 10954: 10828: 10318: 10033: 9928: 9797: 9689: 9578: 9527: 9455: 9388: 9207: 7334: 7323: 7160: 6853: 6833: 6458:"What Happens When Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Become Adults?" 6238: 6171:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

5660: 5597: 4963:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4694: 3849: 3821: 2984: 2723: 2645: 2637: 2590: 2414: 2357: 2291: 2056: 2025: 1557: 1531: 1317: 1308:

or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure and can be assessed at any point in the

1121:'s "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code", which ranks the four key features of FASD on a 1095:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

721: 547: 283: 239: 13098: 8980: 8703: 8162: 7980:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome --- Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 1995--1997" 7874: 7786: 7231: 6640:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan" 6397:

Okulicz-Kozaryn K, Maryniak A, Borkowska M, Śmigiel R, Dylag KA (15 July 2021).

5703: 5229: 5030: 4307: 3057:

ICD-codes in Popova study: R62.8††, R62.8¶¶, P05.9, P07.1, R62.8§§, R62.8‡‡, Q02

2918:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

1503:

by judgment of the clinical evaluation team that CNS damage cannot be dismissed.

1185:

Prenatal or postnatal height or weight (or both) at or below the 10th percentile

16:

Group of conditions resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

16342: 16291: 16119: 15828: 15705: 15232: 14725: 14415: 14171: 13992: 13876: 13816: 13480: 13475: 13465: 13460: 13425: 13274: 12755: 12676: 12544: 12454: 12350: 12210: 12199: 12139: 12017: 11822: 11632: 11612: 11574: 11439: 10860: 10850: 10840: 10648: 10614: 10480: 10364: 10279: 9985: 9933: 9631: 9399: 8445: 6608: 5954:"Genetic polymorphisms: impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders" 3547: 2702: 2506: 2422: 2323: 1739:

in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS, pFAS or

1587: 1565: 1345:

Moderate: Either height or weight at or below the 3rd percentile, but not both.

1325: 902: 790: 770: 450: 442: 427: 321: 9362: 8948: 8900: 8883: 7090:

McQuire C, Paranjothy S, Hurt L, Mann M, Farewell D, Kemp A (September 2016).

6473: 5510: 5438: 4929: 4550:

Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk

3699: 473:

The key signs of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) required for diagnosis include:

16607: 16368: 16320: 16190: 15959: 15915: 15766: 15171: 15011: 14072: 13997: 13967: 13947: 13806: 13781: 13704: 13618: 13608: 13603: 13517: 13410: 13018: 12713: 12663: 12426: 12396: 12129: 12012: 11797: 11678: 11582: 11478: 11067: 10999: 10949: 10944: 10929: 10924: 10902: 10811: 10778: 10643: 10512: 10374: 10264: 10053: 10028: 9780: 9621: 9535: 9480:

Center for Disease Control's page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

9479: 9450: 9302: 9045: 8909: 8432: 7892: 7853: 7804: 7755: 7523: 6481: 6424: 6365: 6130: 5993:

Laufer BI, Mantha K, Kleiber ML, Diehl EJ, Addison SM, Singh SM (July 2013).

5842: 5795: 5727: 5669: 5605: 5518: 5092: 4756: 4702: 4007: 3942: 3934: 3887: 3237: 2979: 2889: 2862: 2792: 2781: 2632:. The only states that have registered birth defects in Australian youth are 2353: 2287: 2283: 1893: 1804: 1758: 1711: 1575: 1415: 1020: 934: 733: 704: 574: 270: 215: 7949: 7788: 6805: 6700: 6340:

Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N (1 March 2005).

5644:"Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapies for Alcohol Use Disorder: Clinical Pearls" 5534:"The international charter on prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 5494: 5341: 4678: 4267: 4250: 3596: 3490: 2206:

Many books and handouts on FAS recommend a developmental approach, based on

1338:

The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" from 2004 ranks growth deficiency as follows:

15864: 15734: 15717: 15291: 15132: 14571: 13836: 13831: 13811: 13791: 13777: 13721: 13568: 13450: 13400: 12891: 12874: 12805: 12765: 12681: 12653: 12638: 12421: 12355: 11757: 11747: 11537: 10833: 10410: 9990: 9943: 9891: 9849: 9484: 9320: 9053: 8966: 8917: 8868: 8827: 8591:

The Challenge in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Overcoming Secondary Disabilities.

8479: 8393: 8229: 8125: 8086: 7900: 7876: 7861: 7844: 7827: 7812: 7773: 7747: 7709: 7670: 7629: 7579: 7541: 7374:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Effects: Strategies for Professionals

7239: 7178: 7118: 7110: 7055: 6813: 6673: 6616: 6553: 6535: 6499: 6442: 6415: 6383: 6148: 6063: 6028: 5979: 5938: 5860: 5803: 5758:

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/021897s052lbl.pdf

5735: 5677: 5623: 5559: 5282: 5247: 5198: 5180: 5149: 5100: 5048: 4996: 4947: 4888: 4820: 4811: 4764: 4710: 4602: 4474: 4388: 4315: 4276: 4204: 4110: 3960: 3895: 3717: 3663: 3645: 3614: 3565: 3508: 3456: 3426: 3359: 3315: 3010: 2743: 2706: 2219: 1877: 1661: 1657: 1595: 1516: 1427: 1385: 1381: 1348:

Mild: Either height or weight or both between the 3rd and 10th percentiles.

1305: 1301: 1161: 1122: 1089:

Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE)

1067: 979: 949: 745: 729: 714: 639: 583: 530: 486: 223: 11881: 9345: 8800: 8765: 8752:

Aase JM, Jones KL, Clarren SK (March 1995). "Do we need the term "FAE"?".

8738: 8576: 8530: 8277: 8155:

Prevention, Recognition and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

7484: 7449: 7406: 6981: 6943: 6778: 6743: 6708: 6055: 5895: 4870: 4060:

Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment

3280:

Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N (March 2005).

15823: 15784: 15726: 15635: 15537: 15403: 15105: 14811: 14762: 13942: 13937: 13911: 13801: 13786: 13767: 13726: 13694: 13689: 13527: 13405: 13345: 13329: 13296: 13279: 13067: 13062: 12793: 12360: 12109: 12061: 11994: 11975: 11960: 11688: 11683: 11554: 11434: 11324: 11217: 10989: 10934: 10539: 10400: 9995: 9953: 9871: 9418: 8711: 8663: 6900: 6357: 5834: 5495:"History and implications of the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act of 1988" 5131: 3297: 2950: 2901: 2800: 2625: 2602: 2404: 2344: 2338: 2267:

The advocacy model is often recommended, for example, when developing an

2227: 2211: 2147: 1972:(100 mg/dL or greater) delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. 1968:

High Risk: Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy known to be at high

1921:

records (if applicable), chemical biomarkers, or other reliable sources.

1796: 1762: 1715: 1546: 1222:

The following criteria must be fully met for a diagnosis of Partial FAS:

1165: 990: 926: 619: 539: 426:) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to 262: 219: 194: 186: 152: 8996:"Legislators clash with doctors, judges over renewing fetal assault law" 7355:

Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F.L. (1996).

6655: 5317:"Foetal alcohol syndrome: Why fathers need to watch what they drink too" 1372: 744:

In 2019, a study found that individuals with FASD have a higher risk of

15934: 15804: 15645: 15602: 15543: 15381: 14898: 14455: 14409: 13921: 13866: 13861: 13851: 13846: 13699: 13573: 13435: 13430: 13386: 13301: 13216: 13179: 13087: 13057: 12950: 12911: 12906: 12886: 12613: 11980: 11887: 11817: 11649: 11597: 11397: 11370: 11280: 11062: 11042: 10971: 10554: 10544: 10405: 9923: 9845: 9724: 9519: 9087:"Medical and Public Health Groups Oppose Punishment of Pregnant People" 8106:"Considerations on the Increase of Crime, and the Degree of its Extent" 7047: 7029: 7027: 6575:

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Trying Differently Rather Than Harder

6396: 6010: 5970: 5083: 5066: 4978: 4748: 4594: 4380: 4186: 4102: 2897: 2813: 2348: 2155: 1627: 1623: 1561: 1542: 945: 916: 909: 905: 807: 692: 659: 623: 279: 266: 198: 190: 178: 174: 170: 7661: 7644: 7621: 7092:"Objective Measures of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review" 5908: 5065:

Flak AL, Su S, Bertrand J, Denny CH, Kesmodel US, Cogswell ME (2014).

4576: 4574: 2385:, stubbornness, intrusive behavior, too friendly with strangers, poor 1458:

Two facial features ranked severe and one ranked within normal limits,

16044: 15995: 15983: 15966: 15898: 15548: 15007: 14939: 14792: 13906: 13772: 13751: 13633: 13558: 13510: 13440: 13395: 13255: 13013: 13003: 12980: 12927: 12824: 12814: 12725: 12698: 12686: 12648: 12024: 11883: 11752: 11659: 11493: 11292: 11258: 11111: 11082: 11052: 10984: 10939: 10912: 10760: 10695: 10529: 10524: 10441: 9515: 9429: 8725:

Smith DW (1981). "Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects".

8589:

Streissguth, A.P. (2002). In A. Streissguth, & J. Kanter (Eds.),

7826:

Tan CH, Denny CH, Cheal NE, Sniezek JE, Kanny D (25 September 2015).

3438: 3436: 2833: 2809: 2761: 2673: 2589:

One study found that the people with FAS had a significantly shorter

2563:

Having been found eligible for developmental disability (DD) services

2008: 1886: 1857: 1852: 1812: 1788: 1766: 1723: 1607: 1579: 1482: 1404: 1321: 1144: 1011: 978:

The placenta allows free entry of ethanol and toxic metabolites like

827: 766: 710: 674: 396: 325: 182: 9160:"More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy" 8213: 7024: 6520:"Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure" 6342:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis" 6276:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis (PDF).

5953: 4087: 3630:"Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure" 3581:"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities" 3475:"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities" 3282:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis" 3019:, was born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which he calls "the Drome". 2471:

Social communication: Intrude into conversations, inability to read

611:

More broadly, alcohol use during pregnancy is also associated with:

33: 16519:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

16224: 16216: 16182: 16036: 15939: 15341: 14865: 14706: 14701: 14600: 14582: 14429: 14288: 13957: 13896: 13886: 13821: 13658: 13638: 13563: 12945: 12901: 12896: 12773: 12730: 12718: 12703: 12633: 11918: 11352: 11016: 10284: 10000: 5342:"Alcohol and Pregnancy Questions and Answers | FASD | NCBDDD | CDC" 4571: 3002: 2989: 2870: 2737: 2334: 2256: 1867: 1642: 1431: 1397: 501: 8360:"Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor" 4175:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

3433: 1811:, social communication, memory, difficulties responding to common 1422:

Measurement of FAS facial features uses criteria developed by the

1278:

Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure

919:

is a nonselective opioid antagonist that is used to treat AUD and

160:

Only 10% of individuals with FASD have associated facial features.

15703: 15064: 14831: 14532: 13916: 13891: 13668: 13306: 13245: 13199: 12985: 12881: 12223: 11514: 11072: 10631: 9807: 8244:

The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness

7875:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (20 July 2012).

7787:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (20 July 2012).

6403:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

5958:

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology

5269:"Pregnancy and alcohol: occasional, light drinking may be safe". 4006:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3522:

Oh SS, Kim YJ, Jang SI, Park S, Nam CM, Park EC (November 2020).

1553: 779: 8214:"A note on the influence of maternal inebriety on the offspring" 8202:(Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 27,28. 7220:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry

7033: 6687:

Jones KL, Smith DW (August 1975). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".

3731: 2580:

Participation in non-impact sport or physical fitness activities

2407:, difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality, slower 1006:, resulting in antioxidant protection being much less effective. 16263: 16004: 15971: 15068: 14644: 13841: 13628: 13613: 13376: 13240: 13211: 13153: 13148: 12995: 12785: 12735: 12708: 12227: 10313: 9775: 9770: 9469: 9357: 8690:

Clarren SK, Smith DW (May 1978). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".

8457: 8117: 5701: 4292:"Maternal alcohol consumption and oral clefts: a meta-analysis" 3923:

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie

3331: 2874: 2850: 2728: 2710: 2296: 1872: 1750: 1719: 1274:

Growth or height may range from normal to minimally deficient.

1267:

functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains

1233:

functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains

1207: 560:

Congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae or cervical spin fusion

512: 354: 9015:"State Enacts Law To Incarcerate Pregnant Women Who Use Drugs" 8501:

Ulleland CN (May 1972). "The offspring of alcoholic mothers".

8120:: John Hatchard and Son ... and T. and G. Underwood ...: 325. 7217: 6791: 6517: 3824:

National Center for Growth Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-10

3627: 2569:

Having a diagnosis of FAS (rather than another FASD condition)

1243: 15452: 15199: 13746: 13313: 13291: 13269: 13260: 13221: 13158: 12691: 12186: 12157: 11990: 11812: 11720: 10885: 10359: 10023: 9792: 9261:"No, The Government Did Not Just Tell Women To Stop Drinking" 8816:

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

8554: 8358:

Haas DM, Morgan AM, Deans SJ, Schubert FP (5 November 2015).

2993: 2921: 2718: 2714: 1203: 994: 666: 544:

Developmental delay, cognitive disorder, or mental deficiency

14045: 12125:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

7698:

Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

6878: 5823:

Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

5816: 5641: 3986:"An Alcohol-free pregnancy is the best choice for your baby" 3784:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities

3445:

Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

3332:

Rasmussen C, Andrew G, Zwaigenbaum L, Tough S (March 2008).

2907: 2832:

From the 1960s to the 1980s, alcohol was commonly used as a

2664:

In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%.

1582:

and cerebellar changes, agenesis of the corpus callosum and

1469:

None: All three facial features ranked within normal limits.

1461:

One facial feature ranked severe and two ranked moderate, or

1312:. Growth measurements must be adjusted for parental height, 669:

anomalies including abnormal position and function, altered

573:) and/or an abnormally increased distance between the eyes ( 13532: 12612: 7607: 3917:

Brown JM, Bland R, Jonsson E, Greenshaw AJ (3 March 2019).

3736:

Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD

2498: 2393: 2175: 2128: 1800: 1452:

PFL between one and two standard deviations below average).

603:

diagnosis, they nonetheless pose significant impairment in

350: 9284: 9235:"CDC to Women: Don't Drink Unless You're On Birth Control" 8641: 5769: 4447:

Popova S, Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J (March 2017).

4422:

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

3916: 2548:

Living in a stable and nurturing home for over 73% of life

522:, behavioral problems, disruptive behavior, or impulsivity 12937: 9285:

Brown JM, Bland R, Jonsson E, Greenshaw AJ (March 2019).

8304: 8302: 8300: 7089: 5873: 5432:"Framework for alcohol policy in the WHO European Region" 5295: 5211: 5012: 4914:"Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women" 4911: 4855:"Counting the costs of drinking alcohol during pregnancy" 3472: 2917: 2808:

fetal damage was made in 1899 by Dr. William Sullivan, a

2785: 2557:

Remaining in each living situation for at least 2.8 years

1418:

width decreases with increased prenatal alcohol exposure.

1342:

Severe: Height and weight at or below the 3rd percentile.

596: 493: 11249:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

5992: 5810: 2528:

Two additional secondary disabilities exist for adults:

2468:, sensory defensiveness, undersensitivity to stimulation 2347:

and functioning are associated with reduced size of the

724:

of the eyelid, microphthalmia, webbed neck, short neck,

391:, efforts to modify child behavior, possibly medications 9031: 8357: 7326: 7315: 6913: 6637: 5372:"A 2005 Message to Women from the U.S. Surgeon General" 2672:

In the United States, alcohol use at some point during

1775: 1351:

None: Height and weight both above the 10th percentile.

9208:"The CDC's Alcohol and Pregnancy Warning Shames Women" 8884:"Fetal alcohol syndrome: the origins of a moral panic" 8297: 7730:

Denny CH, Acero CS, Naimi TS, Kim SY (26 April 2019).

7017: 6230:. Seattle: University of Washington. PDF available at 5817:

Bhuvaneswar CG, Chang G, Epstein LA, Stern TA (2007).

5113: 4960: 3861: 3732:"FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder" 1066:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders encompass a range of

7557: 6339: 5819:"Alcohol Use During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Impact" 4446: 4248: 4168: 3279: 3147:

Coccygeal fovea (Q14.1‡). Retinal tortuosity (Q14.1§)

2396:(ADHD), poor attention or concentration, distractible 1376:

Smooth philtrum seen on a six-month-old baby with FAS

1300:

deficiency is defined as significantly below average

1240:

Growth or height may range from normal to deficient.

848:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

794:

problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage.

10502:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

9335: 8255: 7825: 5579: 4338:"Dangers of Drinking While Pregnant - DrugAbuse.com" 2843: 16664:

Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

11173:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

7392: 6105:Bake S, Tingling JD, Miranda RC (5 December 2011). 6104: 5531: 5064: 4912:McHugh RK, Wigderson S, Greenfield SF (June 2014). 4580: 2784:, the mother and nurse were not allowed to consume 2539: 1195:

functional impairment of the central nervous system

58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9139:"CDC faces backlash over alcohol warning to women" 8813: 7729: 6075: 6073: 5760:. Revised March 2021. Accessed September 12, 2021. 5162: 4918:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 4169:Kingdon D, Cardoso C, McGrath JJ (February 2016). 3681: 2158:strategies and interventions. Along with ordinary 1951:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1086:Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) 632:Domestic violence and potential harm to the infant 16619:Congenital malformation due to exogenous toxicity 14940:Congenital malformation due to substance exposure 13128: 12467:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 11178:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 10583:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 9069:"Court Says Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Isn't a Crime" 8550: 8548: 7642: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 4296:British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1263:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 1229:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 1191:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 16605: 14583:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip) 8751: 8258:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 8189:(New York: Carlton & Lanahan, 1870), 173–175 7462: 7327:Minnesota Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 5637: 5635: 5633: 4418:"Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" 2856:Independently, in the U.S., Christy Ulleland at 782:, poor diet, genetics, and social risk factors. 11560:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7553: 7551: 7419: 7316:National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 6070: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4734: 3684:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview" 3468: 3466: 2566:Having basic needs met for at least 13% of life 2290:level promotes FAS prevention and diversion of 2146:, efforts to modify child behavior, and drugs. 1781:Performance at or below the 16th percentile on 1407:thins with increased prenatal alcohol exposure. 948:prevents relapse by blocking the metabolism of 642:that frequently disappears by one year of age. 618:Fetal mortality, such as spontaneous abortion ( 8924: 8875: 8781:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 8545: 8320:"Dr. Fritz Fuchs, 76, Who Advanced Obstetrics" 8290:Haggard, H. W., & Jellinek, E. M. (1942). 7340: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7036:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 6594: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6111:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 6041: 5986: 5697: 5695: 5071:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4967:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4583:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4369:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4362: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 1198:Confirmed or Unknown prenatal alcohol exposure 437:(FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), 15689: 14991: 14925: 14031: 13871:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 13361: 13114: 12598: 11867: 10457: 9500: 8881: 8583: 8494: 8187:Arts of Intoxication: The Aim and the Results 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8075:The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7368: 7366: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6955: 6953: 6756: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 5876:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5630: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5532:Jonsson E, Salmon A, Warren KR (March 2014). 5008: 5006: 4792: 4671: 4442: 4440: 4438: 3682:Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR (June 2011). 3521: 3515: 3371: 3369: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3034:Environmental toxicants and fetal development 1961:. It operationalizes high risk exposure as a 11122:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 9514: 8778: 8689: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8053: 7937: 7691: 7548: 7311: 7309: 6847:Backside of Lip-Philtrum Guides (2004) (PDF) 6820: 6721: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 4779: 4063:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 3991:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3463: 3442: 2318:Often, primary disabilities are mistaken as 2182:services, which also utilizes principles of 2154:, which is the basis for many parenting and 1331:Criteria for FASD are least specific in the 16408: 14588:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder 8847:The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society 8637: 8635: 7950:"Data & Statistics Prevalence of FASDs" 7881:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7832:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7793:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7736:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7643:Mutch RC, Watkins R, Bower C (April 2015). 7133: 5692: 5437:. World Health Organisation. Archived from 5060: 5058: 4730: 4728: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4363:Cook JC, Lynch ME, Coles CD (5 June 2019). 3797: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 2812:prison physician who noted higher rates of 2458:(e.g., riding a bicycle at appropriate age) 2271:(IEP) for the person's progress at school. 2134: 1244:Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder 748:independent of race/ethnicity and obesity. 439:alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder 19:"FASD" redirects here. For other uses, see 15696: 15682: 14998: 14984: 14932: 14918: 14038: 14024: 13375: 13368: 13354: 13121: 13107: 12605: 12591: 11874: 11860: 11763:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 11333:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 10464: 10450: 9507: 9493: 9232: 9178:"Alcohol and Pregnancy | VitalSigns | CDC" 9164:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8503:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8139: 7636: 7594: 7508:"The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure" 7363: 7278: 7259: 7257: 6988: 6959: 6950: 6686: 6455: 6189: 5708:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 5566: 5003: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4435: 4290:Yin X, Li J, Li Y, Zou S (November 2019). 4289: 4229:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4218: 4216: 4214: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3855: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3366: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3197: 2201: 892:Access to mental health care and treatment 469:Facial characteristics of a child with FAS 380:Avoiding drinking alcohol during pregnancy 151: 10665:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 9310: 9258: 8956: 8930: 8899: 8858: 8727:Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 8718: 8644:Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement 8604: 8383: 7954:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 7843: 7763: 7660: 7531: 7505: 7395:Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 7306: 7168: 6663: 6560: 6543: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6489: 6432: 6414: 6373: 6138: 6018: 5969: 5850: 5659: 5613: 5549: 5237: 5188: 5139: 5082: 5038: 4986: 4937: 4907: 4905: 4878: 4859:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4810: 4464: 4266: 4194: 3950: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3707: 3653: 3604: 3555: 3498: 3400: 3398: 3349: 3327: 3325: 3305: 2509:, experienced by over 90% of the subjects 2483: 2356:is associated with decreased size of the 2174:(RAD) often overlap with FAS (along with 2002: 1473: 1260:Minimal or no FAS facial features present 1175: 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 9459:) is being considered for deletion. See 9066: 9034:Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 8993: 8632: 8500: 8439: 8211: 7143:Dejong K, Olyaei A, Lo JO (March 2019). 6785: 6278:CDC (July 2004). Retrieved on 2019-10-19 5951: 5580:DeVido J, Bogunovic O, Weiss RD (2015). 5296:Liyanage-Zachariah V, Harding K (2019), 5055: 4725: 4654:"UpToDate: Alcohol intake and pregnancy" 4640: 3749: 3039:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption 2742: 2443:, inconsistent memory and knowledge base 2394:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 1838:The proposed Ten Brain Domains include: 1743:diagnosis using 4-Digit Diagnostic Code 1371: 1226:Two or three FAS facial features present 817: 813: 564:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 464: 14718:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) 11303:Legal drinking age in the United States 9012: 8840: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8406: 8364:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8099: 8068: 7649:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 7560:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 7254: 6462:Current Developmental Disorders Reports 6456:Moore EM, Riley EP (3 September 2015). 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6155: 5369: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4609: 4567:from the original on 10 September 2017. 4533: 4211: 4155: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4081: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3670: 3256: 2960: 2551:Being diagnosed with FAS before age six 2497:Mental health problems: Diagnosed with 2310: 1026: 801: 16674:Syndromes with intellectual disability 16649:Congenital disorders of nervous system 16606: 16485:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies 16158:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS 14861:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy 10471: 6506: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 5492: 5402: 5396: 5384:from the original on 24 September 2015 4902: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3827: 3404: 3395: 3322: 2938: 2068:Attention deficit hyperactive disorder 1019:fetal development by interfering with 889:Generational and sociocultural traumas 15677: 14979: 14913: 14385:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions 14019: 13349: 13102: 12976:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 12586: 12105:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 12072:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 11855: 11286:List of dry communities by U.S. state 10445: 9488: 9113:"Civil Commitment: About This Policy" 8724: 8317: 8152: 7925:from the original on 21 November 2016 7002: 6750: 6232:FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network 5365: 5363: 5163:Bandoli G, Hayes S, Delker E (2023). 5120:International Journal of Epidemiology 4546: 4520: 4249:Strömland K, Pinazo-Durán MD (2002). 2696: 2446:Motor skills: Poor handwriting, poor 1552:As of 2002, there were 25 reports of 1188:All three FAS facial features present 485:or height, small head circumference ( 460: 16669:Mental disorders due to brain damage 16336:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 15725: 15270:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 13486:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 12171:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 10799:List of methanol poisoning incidents 9233:Khazan O, Beck J (3 February 2016). 8678: 8270:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170130047010 6869:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6644:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6597:European Journal of Medical Genetics 6346:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6298: 6281: 5582:"Alcohol Use Disorders in Pregnancy" 5405:Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 4842: 4125: 3967: 3286:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3000:The main character of the 2009 film 2788:during pregnancy and breastfeeding. 2764:, British physicians petitioned the 2479:cues, "chatty" but without substance 1985:for an FASD evaluation are at least 1829: 1586:, neuronal migration errors, absent 1506:Unlikely: No evidence of CNS damage. 1286: 836:Surgeon General of the United States 810:modification of the father's sperm. 635:Sleep and sucking problems as a baby 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 12971:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 11520:Alcohol consumption recommendations 11445:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 10339:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 8981:"'No alcohol in pregnancy' advised" 8692:The New England Journal of Medicine 8409:"The letter from Professor Lemoine" 8028: 6244: 5424: 4833: 4222: 4077:from the original on 11 March 2016. 4013: 3578: 2888:, had confirmed that alcohol was a 2817:usually concluded. A case study by 1911: 1270:Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure 1236:Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure 929:functions as both an antagonist of 13: 16639:Neurological disorders in children 16567:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy 15275:Transient tachypnea of the newborn 14892:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse 14521:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder 12120:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 11244:Alcohol packaging warning messages 10856:Alcohol use among college students 10518:Drunk driving in the United States 8937:The Journal of Perinatal Education 8793:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00384.x 8656:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb06170.x 8523:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb28142.x 8425:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03364.x 8135:Biography of author Randle Jackson 7149:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 6577:. Portland, Oregon: FASCETS, Inc. 5407:. St. Martin's Press. p. 14. 5360: 4795:"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" 3640:(4). AAP Publications: e20151553. 3419:10.1097/01.NPR.0000444650.10142.4f 3006:is implied to have the condition. 2943: 2721:writes in his fourth-century B.C. 2224:stages of psychosocial development 1801:attention and hyperactive problems 1774:General cognitive deficits (e.g., 1367: 1010:Although alcohol is known to be a 986:nervous system appear compromised. 14: 16710: 16270:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases 16073:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 15053:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 14441:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder 12378:Pain management during childbirth 12305:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 11803:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 11783:Index of alcohol-related articles 11226:Administrative License Suspension 9463:to help reach a consensus. › 9331: 9117:Alcohol Policy Information System 8593:Seattle: University of WA Press. 8330:from the original on 27 June 2017 7960:from the original on 29 June 2015 7512:Alcohol Health and Research World 5470:. 2 December 2020. Archived from 5464:"Drinking alcohol while pregnant" 5169:Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 4651: 4628:from the original on 10 June 2015 4143:. World Health Organization. 2014 3786:. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. 3383:from the original on 28 June 2015 2844:Western Medicine Defines Syndrome 2780:In Gaelic Scotland, according to 2554:Never having experienced violence 2403:, confusion under pressure, poor 2275:also use the advocacy model at a 2250: 1101: 874:Poverty/Access to nutritious food 760: 557:Congenital malformation of retina 67:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 16290:For more detailed coverage, see 16268:For more detailed coverage, see 16239:For more detailed coverage, see 16205:For more detailed coverage, see 16156:For more detailed coverage, see 15571:Vertically transmitted infection 14494:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome 12564: 12563: 12550:Sexual activity during pregnancy 11836: 11835: 11237:Alcoholic beverage control state 11033:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 10344:Postpartum physiological changes 10044:Postpartum physiological changes 9569:Assisted reproductive technology 9278: 9252: 9226: 9200: 9170: 9152: 9131: 9105: 9079: 9060: 9025: 9006: 8987: 8973: 8834: 8807: 8772: 8745: 8621:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 8472:10.1097/00007691-200304000-00002 8400: 8351: 8342: 8311: 8284: 8249: 8236: 8205: 8192: 8179: 8093: 8022: 7997: 7972: 7907: 7868: 7819: 7780: 7723: 7685: 7572:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00954.x 7499: 7456: 7413: 7386: 7267:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 7211: 7083: 7080:. Washington, DC: The Institute. 7070: 6907: 6872: 6859: 6839: 6177:from the original on 6 June 2017 6123:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01676.x 4689:(2 Pt 1): 383–388. August 2011. 4001: 3244:from the original on 23 May 2015 2988:(where all fetuses are gestated 2933:American Psychiatric Association 2667: 2540:Protective factors and strengths 2464:and soft neurological problems: 2269:individualized education program 2144:parent–child interaction therapy 1002:, glutathione transferases, and 962:American Psychiatric Association 707:, or involuntary eye movements). 420:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 389:Parent-child interaction therapy 138:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 32: 15663:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder 15613:Group B streptococcal infection 15181:Intrauterine growth restriction 14950:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 14451:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder 14343:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 13421:Breastfeeding and mental health 10846:Alcohol in association football 10396:Adaptation to extrauterine life 9466:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 9259:Schumaker E (4 February 2016). 9184:. 20 March 2017. Archived from 6715: 6680: 6631: 6588: 6449: 6390: 6333: 6098: 6035: 5999:Disease Models & Mechanisms 5952:Warren KR, Li TK (April 2005). 5945: 5902: 5867: 5763: 5750: 5525: 5486: 5456: 5334: 5309: 5289: 5262: 5205: 5156: 5107: 4954: 4514: 4489: 4410: 4356: 4330: 4283: 4242: 3910: 3724: 3621: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3111:H54,H52.2,H52.6,H54.2/54.4/54.5 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 2908:"Spectrum" rather than Syndrome 2659: 2596: 2456:delayed motor skill development 2419:information-processing disorder 2216:theory of cognitive development 2150:interventions are based on the 2088:Sensory integration dysfunction 1601: 1521:agenesis of the corpus callosum 852:Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act 566:or otherwise impaired attention 526:Developmental language disorder 230:, behavior problems similar to 43:needs additional citations for 15006:Conditions originating in the 14845:Sudden sniffing death syndrome 14500:Intravenous marijuana syndrome 14094:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome 12052:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 11058:List of deaths through alcohol 10876:Epidemiology of binge drinking 10680:Subjective response to alcohol 10039:Maternal physiological changes 9291:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 9067:Picciuto E (9 December 2014). 8882:Armstrong EM, Abel EL (2000). 8376:10.1002/14651858.CD011445.pub2 7422:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 6916:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 5931:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.02.012 5776:American Journal of Psychiatry 5305:, Canada FASD Research Network 4793:Williams JF, Smith VC (2015). 3572: 3338:Paediatrics & Child Health 2164:oppositional defiance disorder 2119: 1924:Exposure level is assessed as 1571:covering the left hemisphere. 1213: 840:American Academy of Pediatrics 826:promoting zero alcohol during 677:, and small fifth fingernails. 592:oppositional defiance disorder 1: 16583:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 16468:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 16326:Normal pressure hydrocephalus 15355:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding 14672:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy 13416:Breastfeeding and medications 13130:Development of the human body 12254:Prelabor rupture of membranes 11543:Sweat alcohol content monitor 10578:Alcoholism in rural Australia 9594:partner-assisted reproduction 9448: 8569:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91291-9 7376:. Center City, MN: Hazelden. 6974:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91092-1 6893:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80072-9 6867:Alcohol and Brain Development 6771:10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70187-7 6081:"Drinking and Your Pregnancy" 6044:Biochemistry and Cell Biology 5788:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101 5720:10.1080/15622975.2018.1510185 5551:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70173-6 5277:(124): 44–50. February 2012. 4466:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30021-9 3880:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01345-8 3190: 3009:Tony Loneman, a character in 2973: 2760:In 1725, in the midst of the 2620:Drinking culture in Australia 2333:are associated with impaired 2083:Oppositional defiant disorder 1993: 1934:confirmed absence of exposure 1919:chemical dependency treatment 1679: 1510: 896: 865:social determinants of health 511:Popova et al. identified 428 371:oppositional defiant disorder 16644:Neurodevelopmental disorders 16552:Progressive muscular atrophy 15514:Periventricular leukomalacia 15332:Persistent fetal circulation 15280:Meconium aspiration syndrome 14885:Anabolic-androgenic steroids 14412:(alcohol use disorder (AUD)) 14354:Positional alcohol nystagmus 14319:Alcohol-related brain damage 13978:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 13599:Infant cognitive development 13496:Neonatal intensive care unit 12533:Systemic lupus erythematosus 12184:Maternal care related to the 12166:Gestational thrombocytopenia 11466:Adult Children of Alcoholics 11254:Drunk driving law by country 10670:Long-term effects of alcohol 10588:Disease theory of alcoholism 10573:Alcoholism in family systems 10563:Alcohol and Native Americans 8994:Humphrey T (20 March 2016). 7692:Thanh NX, Jonsson E (2015). 7477:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90347-e 7442:10.1016/0892-0362(90)90107-N 7161:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000414 6936:10.1016/0892-0362(91)90084-A 6736:10.1016/0378-3782(83)90065-8 6308:Journal of the FAS Institute 5888:10.1016/0002-9378(83)91050-5 5661:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.01.030 5598:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000070 5586:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 5493:Deaver EL (1 January 1997). 4695:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822c9906 2613: 2413:Executive functioning: Poor 2302: 2236:developmental stage theories 2172:reactive attachment disorder 2106: 2078:Reactive attachment disorder 1079:Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 1061: 968: 880:Poor social support networks 628:sudden infant death syndrome 492:Congenital malformations of 7: 16062:Primary progressive aphasia 15423:Intraventricular hemorrhage 14749:Benzodiazepine use disorder 14678:Opioid-induced constipation 14666:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia 14360:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 14324:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome 14113:Substance-related disorders 14078:Substance-induced psychosis 14050:substance-related disorders 13902:Supplemental nursing system 12334:Cephalopelvic disproportion 11193:International whisk(e)y day 10507:Driving under the influence 9830:Traditional birth attendant 9013:Bassett L (30 April 2014). 8841:Hackler C (November 2011). 8704:10.1056/NEJM197805112981906 8460:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 8163:10.1007/978-3-030-73966-9_2 8100:Jackson R (24 April 1828). 7232:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.021 5499:Journal of Substance Misuse 5403:Rankin L (23 August 2011). 5230:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410 5031:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410 4521:Welch A (4 February 2016). 4308:10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.08.013 3022: 2954: 2584: 2466:sensory processing disorder 1963:blood alcohol concentration 1809:sensory processing disorder 1731:Performance at two or more 1130:Centers for Disease Control 867:impact the effects of PAE: 787:Blood alcohol concentration 684:, aplastic, dysplastic, or 10: 16715: 16659:Health issues in pregnancy 16384:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 16090:Posterior cortical atrophy 15911:Striatonigral degeneration 15762:Cavernous sinus thrombosis 15428:Germinal matrix hemorrhage 15418:Velamentous cord insertion 15309:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 14446:Caffeine-induced psychosis 14377:Respiratory tract diseases 14362:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis) 14159:Combined drug intoxication 13654:Prenatal development table 13594:Irritant diaper dermatitis 12961:Reproductive endocrinology 12445:Breastfeeding difficulties 12244:Constriction ring syndrome 12218:Braxton Hicks contractions 11709:Christian views on alcohol 11315:List of alcohol laws of US 10593:High-functioning alcoholic 10062:Brain health and pollution 7145:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 6609:10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.10.004 6241:. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. 4497:"Alcohol during pregnancy" 4225:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 3548:10.1038/s41598-020-76406-6 3377:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 2691: 2617: 1687:developmental disabilities 1560:dysgenesis, and a massive 660:cardiac rhythm dysfunction 18: 16614:Health effects of alcohol 16490:Spinal muscular atrophies 16458:Primary lateral sclerosis 16440: 16417: 16401: 16356: 16316:Intracranial hypertension 16306: 16278: 16249: 16215: 16177: 16166: 16132: 16110: 16096:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 16035: 15845: 15836: 15822: 15782: 15716: 15628: 15563: 15522: 15499: 15471: 15458:Necrotizing enterocolitis 15443: 15340: 15317: 15255: 15248: 15189: 15167:Large for gestational age 15163:Small for gestational age 15155: 15119: 15087: 15061: 15029: 15018: 14965:Prenatal cocaine exposure 14945: 14876: 14830: 14791: 14755:Benzodiazepine dependence 14739:Benzodiazepine withdrawal 14700: 14643: 14599: 14570: 14549:Prenatal cocaine exposure 14531: 14476: 14428: 14402: 14375: 14297: 14266: 14247: 14212:Gastrointestinal diseases 14210: 14186: 14179: 14170: 14136: 14056: 13973:Prenatal cocaine exposure 13930: 13761:Infant care and equipment 13760: 13678:Socialization and Culture 13677: 13589:Infant visual development 13541: 13456:Infant and toddler safety 13384: 13322: 13230: 13172: 13136: 13050: 13029:Human reproductive system 13027: 12994: 12959: 12936: 12848: 12746: 12662: 12624: 12558: 12515: 12482:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 12472:Pubic symphysis diastasis 12435: 12319: 12183: 12156: 12138: 12080: 12042: 12033: 11989: 11907: 11898: 11831: 11775: 11729: 11699: 11623: 11608:Alcoholic spirits measure 11593:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 11507: 11351: 11323: 11274:Ignition interlock device 11216: 11207: 11163:Drunken monkey hypothesis 11096: 11025: 10996:Routes of administration 10777: 10688: 10657: 10625:Alcohol congener analysis 10607: 10568:Alcoholism in adolescence 10553: 10490: 10479: 10423: 10388: 10352: 10306: 10297: 10275:Chorionic villus sampling 10257: 10052: 10009: 9978: 9971: 9838: 9763: 9732: 9723: 9657: 9627:Obstetric ultrasonography 9614: 9559: 9551:Pre-conception counseling 9526: 9409: 9339: 8949:10.1891/1058-1243.26.2.65 8407:Lemoine P (August 1994). 8218:Journal of Mental Science 6881:The Journal of Pediatrics 6865:West, J.R. (Ed.) (1986). 6794:The Journal of Pediatrics 6759:The Journal of Pediatrics 6474:10.1007/s40474-015-0053-7 6173:(SBU). 14 December 2016. 5511:10.3109/14659899709081975 4930:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.001 4683:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4453:The Lancet. Global Health 3700:10.1007/s11065-011-9166-x 2773:. In contrast, Hogarth's 2651: 2036:Brachman-DeLange syndrome 1616:peripheral nervous system 1291: 883:Lack of personal autonomy 857: 844:World Health Organization 824:label on alcoholic drinks 751: 644:Ventricular septal defect 538:, including blindness or 413:0.2 and 9 per 1,000 (FAS) 407: 403:Unconfirmed (other types) 395: 384: 376: 344: 339:prenatal alcohol exposure 331: 316: 308: 300: 292: 249: 204: 164: 159: 150: 142: 137: 16557:Progressive bulbar palsy 16348:Intracranial hypotension 16331:Choroid plexus papilloma 15745:Herpesviral encephalitis 14955:Fetal hydantoin syndrome 14314:Alcoholic polyneuropathy 14278:Alcohol-related dementia 14196:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 14149:Polysubstance dependence 14122:Psychological dependence 13983:Parental child abduction 13506:Oral rehydration therapy 12008:Gestational hypertension 10165:Intrahepatic cholestasis 9461:templates for discussion 9303:10.1177/0706743718777403 9046:10.1177/1527154421989994 8318:Saxon W (4 March 1995). 8185:Jonathan Townley Crane, 7506:Larkby C, Day N (1997). 7295:. Washington, DC: CWLA. 7010:"fadpmn.org, Nisan 2022" 6237:16 December 2006 at the 5538:The Lancet Global Health 4622:"Fetal Alcohol Exposure" 3935:10.1177/0706743718777398 3782:Streissguth, A. (1997). 3093:F80, F80.1, F80.2, F80.9 3044: 2865:Kenneth Lyons Jones and 2858:University of Washington 2756:, William Hogarth (1751) 2628:youth is more common in 2373:Adaptive behavior: Poor 2208:developmental psychology 2135:Behavioral interventions 2073:Autism spectrum disorder 2051:Fetal valproate syndrome 2046:Fetal hydantoin syndrome 1883:Multisensory integration 1757:, academic achievement, 1702:, academic achievement, 1674:norm-referenced criteria 1620:autonomic nervous system 1608:neurological impairments 1424:University of Washington 1119:University of Washington 656:coarctation of the aorta 16069:Frontotemporal dementia 15755:Encephalitis lethargica 15620:Neonatal conjunctivitis 15111:Single umbilical artery 15101:Umbilical cord prolapse 15048:Placental insufficiency 15021:complicating pregnancy, 14960:Fetal warfarin syndrome 14734:Benzodiazepine overdose 14366:Wernicke encephalopathy 14220:Alcoholic liver disease 14188:Cardiovascular diseases 13988:Parental responsibility 13501:Newborn care and safety 12407:Umbilical cord prolapse 12329:Amniotic fluid embolism 12087:dermatoses of pregnancy 11788:Alcohol and spaceflight 11530:Alcohol server training 11403:Managed alcohol program 10981:Binge drinking devices 10675:Pharmacology of ethanol 10235:Motor vehicle emissions 10096:Concomitant conditions 10070:environmental toxicants 9813:Auxiliary nurse midwife 9574:artificial insemination 9541:Natural family planning 9000:Knoxville News Sentinel 8901:10.1093/alcalc/35.3.276 8242:Goddard, H. H. (1912). 7610:Drug and Alcohol Review 7337:Retrieved on 2007-04-11 6832:8 February 2007 at the 6806:10.1067/mpd.2002.129030 6724:Early Human Development 6701:10.1002/tera.1420120102 5911:Reproductive Toxicology 5648:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 5271:Prescrire International 4737:Journal of Perinatology 3848:27 October 2007 at the 3820:3 December 2010 at the 3815:Clinical growth charts. 3597:10.1001/jama.2017.21896 3491:10.1001/jama.2017.21896 3102:H65.2,H90.2,H90.5,H65.0 2894:intellectual disability 2401:Intellectual disability 2202:Developmental framework 2192:outcome-based education 1672:. Many soft signs have 1380:Several characteristic 1004:glutathione peroxidases 846:, the United Kingdom's 673:patterns, small distal 584:mental health disorders 244:Intellectual disability 16634:Neurological disorders 16374:Hepatic encephalopathy 15596:ureaplasma urealyticum 15304:Wilson–Mikity syndrome 15228:Brachial plexus injury 14820:Amphetamine dependence 14781:Barbiturate dependence 14612:Green Tobacco Sickness 14510:Amotivational syndrome 14390:Alcoholic lung disease 14330:Alcoholic hallucinosis 14309:Alcoholic hallucinosis 14257:Alcoholic ketoacidosis 14201:Alcohol flush reaction 14069:Substance intoxication 13732:Grandparent visitation 13051:Diseases and disorders 12860:Sexual differentiation 12523:Concomitant conditions 12502:Postpartum thyroiditis 12280:Circumvallate placenta 12100:Impetigo herpetiformis 12095:Gestational pemphigoid 12067:Hyperemesis gravidarum 12000:hypertensive disorders 11393:Alcohol rehabilitation 11361:Alcohol detoxification 11264:Field sobriety testing 11149:Health effects of wine 11117:International Beer Day 10881:Holiday heart syndrome 10329:Postpartum confinement 9589:in vitro fertilisation 8888:Alcohol and Alcoholism 8294:. New York: Doubleday. 8246:. New York: Macmillan. 8230:10.1192/bjp.45.190.489 7845:10.15585/mmwr.mm6437a3 7748:10.15585/mmwr.mm6816a1 7291:McCreight, B. (1997). 7199:. Cathy Bruer-Thompson 7111:10.1542/peds.2016-0517 6536:10.1542/peds.2015-1553 6416:10.3390/ijerph18147526 6314:: 1–11. Archived from 5181:10.35946/arcr.v43.1.01 4812:10.1542/peds.2015-3113 4255:Alcohol and Alcoholism 4091:Rivista di Psichiatria 3688:Neuropsychology Review 3646:10.1542/peds.2015-1553 3407:The Nurse Practitioner 3066:Q10.3†, Q38.0*, Q38.0† 2757: 2630:indigenous Australians 2484:Secondary disabilities 2389:, developmental delays 2007:The CDC reviewed nine 2003:Differential diagnosis 1755:social/adaptive skills 1632:traumatic brain injury 1612:central nervous system 1479:Central nervous system 1474:Central nervous system 1448:philtrum ranked at 3, 1377: 1176:Fetal alcohol syndrome 937:and an agonist at GABA 830: 697:optic nerve hypoplasia 470: 435:fetal alcohol syndrome 346:Differential diagnosis 337:Based on symptoms and 16432:Ataxia–telangiectasia 16389:Static encephalopathy 16112:Mitochondrial disease 15950:Spasmodic torticollis 15860:Basal ganglia disease 15544:Congenital hypertonia 15435:Anemia of prematurity 15143:Shoulder presentation 14515:Cannabis use disorder 14238:Auto-brewery syndrome 13491:Infant sleep training 13083:Premature ejaculation 13078:Hard flaccid syndrome 12748:Human sexual activity 12492:Postpartum infections 12487:Postpartum depression 11645:Disulfiram-like drugs 11185:Ritual use of alcohol 11154:Wine and food pairing 11139:Apéritif and digestif 10790:Adulterated moonshine 10637:Blood alcohol content 10599:Seeing pink elephants 10324:Postpartum depression 10205:Pruritic folliculitis 9949:Unassisted childbirth 8931:Armstrong EM (2017). 6226:Astley, S.J. (2004). 6056:10.1139/bcb-2017-0132 4871:10.2471/BLT.17.030517 4268:10.1093/alcalc/37.1.2 3029:Smoking and pregnancy 2992:in a factory), lower 2914:fetal alcohol effects 2791:In the 19th century, 2746: 2489:supportive services. 2369:Learning disabilities 2188:behavior modification 1863:Executive functioning 1793:executive functioning 1747:Executive functioning 1741:static encephalopathy 1700:Learning disabilities 1670:eye–hand coordination 1525:cerebellar hypoplasia 1375: 1333:Institute of Medicine 1251:static encephalopathy 1112:Institute of Medicine 821: 814:Prevention and Stigma 776:advanced maternal age 726:radioulnar synostosis 720:Occasional problems: 504:, and thin upper lip. 477:Growth deficiency or 468: 21:FASD (disambiguation) 16694:Congenital disorders 16379:Toxic encephalopathy 16085:Lewy bodies dementia 15549:Congenital hypotonia 15463:Meconium peritonitis 15265:Intrauterine hypoxia 15221:Subgaleal hemorrhage 14771:Barbiturate overdose 14544:Cocaine intoxication 14284:Alcohol intoxication 14126:Substance dependence 13649:Prenatal development 13549:Attachment parenting 13523:Shaken baby syndrome 13073:Erectile dysfunction 12497:Postpartum psychosis 12366:Obstetrical bleeding 12261:Obstetrical bleeding 12082:Integumentary system 12057:Gestational diabetes 12036:related to pregnancy 12034:Other, predominantly 11714:Alcohol in the Bible 11701:Religion and alcohol 11667:General anaesthetics 11460:Alcoholics Anonymous 11418:List of mixed drinks 10871:Alcohol intoxication 10786:Adulterated alcohol 10431:Gravidity and parity 10411:Congenital disorders 10370:Lactation consultant 10240:Pre-existing disease 9919:Childbirth positions 9909:Rupture of membranes 9606:Unintended pregnancy 9584:fertility medication 9188:on 26 September 2016 8212:Sullivan WC (1899). 8200:The Poisoned Chalice 7333:5 April 2007 at the 7322:5 April 2007 at the 7197:www.fasdfamilies.com 7020:on 23 February 2007. 6852:19 June 2007 at the 6358:10.1503/cmaj.1040302 6321:on 26 September 2006 5835:10.4088/PCC.v09n0608 4865:(5): 320–321. 2017. 4501:www.marchofdimes.org 3298:10.1503/cmaj.1040302 2961:2016 CDC controversy 2805:temperance movements 2409:cognitive processing 2331:Learning impairments 2311:Primary disabilities 2282:Treating FAS at the 2232:attachment framework 1970:blood alcohol levels 1905:standardized testing 1783:standardized testing 1737:standardized testing 1403:Thin vermilion: The 1158:occupational therapy 1027:Developmental stages 1016:genetic polymorphism 910:alcohol use disorder 886:Access to healthcare 802:Paternal Alcohol Use 648:atrial septal defect 569:Small eye openings ( 553:Substance dependence 481:: slow fetal growth 52:improve this article 16699:Drugs and pregnancy 16427:Friedreich's ataxia 15810:Meningoencephalitis 15750:Limbic encephalitis 15658:Neonatal withdrawal 15641:Perinatal mortality 15491:Sclerema neonatorum 15347:hematologic disease 14804:Stimulant psychosis 14689:Opioid use disorder 14633:Nicotine dependence 14623:Nicotine withdrawal 14466:Caffeine dependence 14226:Alcoholic hepatitis 14118:Physical dependence 14089:Neonatal withdrawal 13963:Infant ear piercing 12852:reproductive system 12840:Vaginal lubrication 12618:sexual reproduction 12477:Postpartum bleeding 12300:Placental abruption 12285:Monochorionic twins 12115:Prurigo gestationis 11793:Gateway drug effect 11579:Low-alcohol drinks 11408:Non-alcoholic drink 11343:Temperance movement 11325:Alcohol prohibition 11048:Gilbert Paul Jordan 11038:Dionysian Mysteries 10822:on college campuses 10817:Alcohol advertising 10535:Public intoxication 10334:Sex after pregnancy 10141:Endocrine diseases 10087:Prenatal depression 9959:Placental expulsion 9877:Uterine contraction 9860:cervical effacement 9601:Fertility awareness 8563:(7815): 1267–1271. 8515:1972NYASA.197..167U 8069:Sanders JL (2009). 7921:. 2 February 2016. 7434:1990NTxT...12...15M 7372:Malbin, D. (1993). 7263:Buxton, B. (2005). 6928:1991NTxT...13..357C 6827:Lip-philtrum guides 6656:10.1503/cmaj.141593 6573:Malbin, D. (2002). 6352:(5 Suppl): S1–S21. 5923:2004RepTx..18..613N 5474:on 31 December 2020 5370:Carmona RH (2005). 4223:CDC (24 May 2021). 3843:FAS facial features 3540:2020NatSR..1019512O 3292:(5 Suppl): S1–S21. 3238:"Facts about FASDs" 2939:Society and culture 2823:the Kallikak family 2503:clinical depression 2387:daily living skills 2379:personal boundaries 1901:standard deviations 1733:standard deviations 1584:anterior commissure 921:opioid use disorder 686:hypoplastic kidneys 652:tetralogy of Fallot 605:functional behavior 367:learning disability 212:Abnormal appearance 16654:Spectrum disorders 16463:Pseudobulbar palsy 16201:Status epilepticus 16152:Multiple sclerosis 15989:Myoclonic epilepsy 15852:movement disorders 15798:Acute disseminated 15740:Viral encephalitis 15591:mycoplasma hominis 15576:Neonatal infection 15532:Gray baby syndrome 15509:Perinatal asphyxia 15399:Hyperbilirubinemia 15176:Postterm pregnancy 15023:labour or delivery 14618:Nicotine poisoning 14560:Cocaine dependence 14489:Cannabis arteritis 14349:Korsakoff syndrome 14249:Endocrine diseases 13471:Infant food safety 13285:Emerging adulthood 12850:Development of the 12761:Sexual intercourse 12507:Puerperal mastitis 12462:Breast engorgement 12249:Monoamniotic twins 12239:Chorionic hematoma 11625:Addiction medicine 11568:Get Your Sexy Back 11508:Alcohol limitation 11484:Sober living house 11450:Twelve-step groups 11383:Brief intervention 11376:Open-container law 11338:Neo-prohibitionism 11298:Legal drinking age 11104:Alcoholic beverage 11005:Alcohol inhalation 10920:Drinking in public 10898:Blackout Wednesday 10756:Beverage-specific 10473:Alcohol and health 10110:Hypercoagulability 9939:Natural childbirth 9788:Postterm pregnancy 9546:Male contraceptive 9410:External resources 9166:. 2 February 2016. 8324:The New York Times 8198:Jennifer L. Tait, 7048:10.1111/acer.13309 6968:(7836): 999–1001. 6085:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 6011:10.1242/dmm.010975 5971:10.1002/bdra.20125 5132:10.1093/ije/dyz272 5084:10.1111/acer.12214 4979:10.1111/acer.14124 4805:(5): e1395–e1406. 4749:10.1038/jp.2012.57 4595:10.1111/acer.13135 4381:10.1111/acer.14121 4187:10.1111/jcpp.12451 4103:10.1708/1356.15062 3874:(10022): 978–987. 3528:Scientific Reports 2827:Anti-Saloon League 2758: 2697:Before designation 2462:Sensory processing 2452:gross motor skills 2277:community practice 2140:Early intervention 2125:Psychoactive drugs 1926:confirmed exposure 1412:palpebral fissures 1378: 1296:In terms of FASD, 1141:multi-disciplinary 1072:neurodevelopmental 831: 713:with or without a 471: 461:Signs and symptoms 16601: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16397: 16396: 16302: 16301: 16241:Template:Headache 16207:Template:Epilepsy 16128: 16127: 16102:Vascular dementia 15945:Status dystonicus 15818: 15817: 15793:Encephalomyelitis 15671: 15670: 15559: 15558: 15409:Neonatal jaundice 15327:Pneumopericardium 15297:Pneumomediastinum 15238:Klumpke paralysis 15216:Caput succedaneum 15151: 15150: 15019:Maternal factors 14973: 14972: 14907: 14906: 14661:Opioid withdrawal 14424: 14423: 14398: 14397: 14013: 14012: 13873: 13710:Children's rights 13624:Object permanence 13446:Failure to thrive 13343: 13342: 13207:Adult development 13185:Child development 13096: 13095: 12865:Sexual dimorphism 12830:Postpartum period 12580: 12579: 12538:Thyroid disorders 12528:Diabetes mellitus 12412:Uterine inversion 12344:Shoulder dystocia 12339:Obstructed labour 12315: 12314: 12179: 12178: 12148:Chorea gravidarum 11924:Ectopic pregnancy 11849: 11848: 11771: 11770: 11721:Islam and alcohol 11655:Calcium carbimide 11525:Alcohol education 11413:List of cocktails 11388:Designated driver 11366:Alcohol-free zone 11269:Hip flask defence 11203: 11202: 11144:Hangover remedies 11088:Whiskey Rebellion 11078:Six o'clock swill 10866:Austrian syndrome 10805:Surrogate alcohol 10795:Denatured alcohol 10767:Red wine headache 10439: 10438: 10424:Obstetric history 10419: 10418: 10380:Confinement nanny 10293: 10292: 10160:Acute fatty liver 9967: 9966: 9855:cervical dilation 9444: 9443: 9214:. 5 February 2016 9091:Pregnancy Justice 8698:(19): 1063–1067. 8172:978-3-030-73965-2 8157:. pp. 9–22. 8041:on 4 January 2017 8031:"History of FASD" 7956:. 16 April 2015. 7838:(37): 1042–1046. 7662:10.1111/jpc.12746 7622:10.1111/dar.12047 5414:978-1-4299-5932-2 4560:978-1-60831-708-0 4547:Yaffe SJ (2011). 4527:Los Angeles Times 4070:978-0-309-05292-4 3379:. 17 April 2014. 3240:. 16 April 2015. 2879:patient education 2867:David Weyhe Smith 2634:Western Australia 2448:fine motor skills 2441:short-term memory 2345:motor development 2320:behavior problems 2244:adaptive behavior 2180:special education 2031:Dubowitz syndrome 2021:Williams syndrome 1848:Adaptive behavior 1830:Ten brain domains 1797:motor functioning 1708:social perception 1651:fine motor skills 1647:seizure disorders 1287:Specific criteria 701:light sensitivity 699:(which may cause 536:Visual impairment 498:palpebral fissure 479:failure to thrive 417: 416: 333:Diagnostic method 228:poor coordination 132:Medical condition 128: 127: 120: 102: 16706: 16415: 16414: 16406: 16405: 16364:Brain herniation 16175: 16174: 16015:Intention tremor 16010:Essential tremor 15875:Postencephalitic 15843: 15842: 15834: 15833: 15723: 15722: 15704:Diseases of the 15698: 15691: 15684: 15675: 15674: 15651:Infant mortality 15486:Erythema toxicum 15478:thermoregulation 15445:Gastrointestinal 15253: 15252: 15249:Affected systems 15126: 15094: 15079:Chorioamnionitis 15072: 15043:Placenta praevia 15036: 15027: 15026: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14977: 14976: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14911: 14910: 14851:Toluene toxicity 14335:Delirium tremens 14231:Zieve's syndrome 14184: 14183: 14177: 14176: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14017: 14016: 13869: 13554:Baby-led weaning 13370: 13363: 13356: 13347: 13346: 13323:Social and legal 13123: 13116: 13109: 13100: 13099: 12835:Mechanics of sex 12644:Follicular phase 12614:Human physiology 12607: 12600: 12593: 12584: 12583: 12567: 12566: 12402:Postmature birth 12390:Placenta accreta 12295:Placenta praevia 12290:Placenta accreta 12234:Chorioamnionitis 12044:Digestive system 12040: 12039: 11966:Fetal resorption 11954:Rudimentary horn 11911:abortive outcome 11905: 11904: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11853: 11852: 11839: 11838: 11638:Chlordiazepoxide 11588:Low-alcohol beer 11232:Alcohol monopoly 11214: 11213: 11134:Drinking culture 11127:Women in brewing 11010:Vodka eyeballing 10977:Passive drinking 10488: 10487: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10443: 10442: 10304: 10303: 10270:Cardiotocography 9976: 9975: 9882:Vaginal delivery 9755:Nesting instinct 9730: 9729: 9715:Rudimentary horn 9644:Prenatal testing 9509: 9502: 9495: 9486: 9485: 9337: 9336: 9325: 9324: 9314: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9010: 9004: 9003: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8903: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8687: 8676: 8675: 8639: 8630: 8615: 8602: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8552: 8543: 8542: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8455: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8419:(8): 1021–1023. 8404: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8370:(11): CD011445. 8355: 8349: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8295: 8292:Alcohol Explored 8288: 8282: 8281: 8253: 8247: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8224:(190): 489–503. 8209: 8203: 8196: 8190: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8150: 8137: 8132: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8066: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8037:. Archived from 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7946: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7847: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7767: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7664: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7605: 7592: 7591: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7471:(1–2): 115–122. 7460: 7454: 7453: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7390: 7384: 7370: 7361: 7353: 7338: 7313: 7304: 7289: 7276: 7261: 7252: 7251: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7172: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7105:(3): e20160517. 7096: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7016:. Archived from 7006: 7000: 6997: 6986: 6985: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6843: 6837: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6592: 6586: 6571: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6530:(4): e20151553. 6515: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6418: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6305: 6296: 6279: 6273: 6242: 6224: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6022: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5663: 5654:(9): 1964–1977. 5639: 5628: 5627: 5617: 5577: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5544:(3): e135–e137. 5529: 5523: 5522: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5241: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5126:(6): 1972–1995. 5111: 5105: 5104: 5086: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4973:(8): 1606–1616. 4958: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4882: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4814: 4790: 4777: 4776: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4658:www.uptodate.com 4649: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4607: 4606: 4589:(8): 1594–1602. 4578: 4569: 4568: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4468: 4459:(3): e290–e299. 4444: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4375:(8): 1727–1733. 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4134: 4123: 4122: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4054: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3982: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3825: 3812: 3795: 3780: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3402: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3277: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3234: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 2886:Sterling Clarren 2863:dysmorphologists 2819:Henry H. Goddard 2766:House of Commons 2383:anger management 2292:public resources 2168:conduct disorder 2160:parenting styles 2093:Bipolar disorder 2041:Toluene syndrome 2016:Aarskog syndrome 1930:unknown exposure 1912:Alcohol exposure 1769:, activity level 1592:meningomyelocele 1318:premature infant 1093:As of 2016, the 571:blepharophimosis 520:Conduct disorder 500:lengths, smooth 483:low birth weight 363:conduct disorder 359:bipolar disorder 155: 135: 134: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 16714: 16713: 16709: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16679:Human pregnancy 16604: 16603: 16602: 16589: 16515:Congenital DSMA 16436: 16393: 16352: 16298: 16286:Sleep disorders 16274: 16251:Cerebrovascular 16245: 16211: 16168: 16162: 16124: 16106: 16031: 15977:Choreoathetosis 15850: 15827: 15814: 15778: 15712: 15702: 15672: 15667: 15624: 15608:Neonatal sepsis 15555: 15524:Musculoskeletal 15518: 15495: 15476: 15467: 15439: 15394:Hydrops fetalis 15345: 15336: 15313: 15286:Pleural disease 15244: 15206:Cephalohematoma 15185: 15147: 15120: 15115: 15088: 15083: 15062: 15057: 15030: 15022: 15020: 15014: 15004: 14974: 14969: 14941: 14938: 14908: 14903: 14872: 14833: 14826: 14787: 14705: 14696: 14656:Opioid overdose 14639: 14595: 14566: 14527: 14472: 14420: 14394: 14371: 14300: 14293: 14270:system diseases 14269: 14262: 14243: 14206: 14166: 14138: 14132: 14109:Substance abuse 14052: 14044: 14014: 14009: 14003:Paternity fraud 13953:Closed adoption 13926: 13882:Infant clothing 13857:Haberman Feeder 13827:Car seat safety 13756: 13737:Infant swimming 13715:UN Child rights 13673: 13584:Gestational age 13537: 13380: 13374: 13344: 13339: 13335:Age of majority 13318: 13251:Early childhood 13226: 13173:Birth and after 13168: 13164:Gestational age 13132: 13127: 13097: 13092: 13046: 13023: 12990: 12963:and infertility 12962: 12955: 12932: 12851: 12844: 12742: 12672:Spermatogenesis 12658: 12626:Menstrual cycle 12620: 12611: 12581: 12576: 12554: 12511: 12455:Cracked nipples 12450:Low milk supply 12431: 12417:Uterine rupture 12311: 12206:Oligohydramnios 12191:amniotic cavity 12185: 12175: 12152: 12134: 12085: 12076: 12035: 12029: 11998: 11985: 11971:Molar pregnancy 11910: 11894: 11880: 11850: 11845: 11827: 11808:Self-medication 11767: 11725: 11695: 11633:Benzodiazepines 11619: 11503: 11489:Sobering center 11474:Sober companion 11455:Al-Anon/Alateen 11347: 11319: 11209: 11199: 11092: 11021: 10961:In vino veritas 10955:Hair of the dog 10773: 10689:Adverse effects 10684: 10653: 10603: 10549: 10493: 10492:Alcohol-related 10483: 10475: 10470: 10440: 10435: 10415: 10384: 10348: 10319:Postpartum care 10289: 10253: 10156:Liver diseases 10150:Thyroid disease 10048: 10034:Gestational age 10005: 9963: 9929:Labor induction 9834: 9825:Perinatal nurse 9798:Birth attendant 9759: 9719: 9653: 9649:Medical imaging 9610: 9579:fertility fraud 9555: 9522: 9513: 9464: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9405: 9404: 9348: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9283: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9257: 9253: 9243: 9241: 9231: 9227: 9217: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9191: 9189: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9073:The Daily Beast 9065: 9061: 9030: 9026: 9011: 9007: 8992: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8929: 8925: 8880: 8876: 8839: 8835: 8812: 8808: 8777: 8773: 8750: 8746: 8723: 8719: 8688: 8679: 8640: 8633: 8616: 8605: 8588: 8584: 8553: 8546: 8499: 8495: 8444: 8440: 8405: 8401: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8285: 8254: 8250: 8241: 8237: 8210: 8206: 8197: 8193: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8151: 8140: 8110:The Pamphleteer 8098: 8094: 8067: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8029:Oba PS (2007). 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7948: 7947: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7887:(28): 534–538. 7873: 7869: 7824: 7820: 7799:(28): 534–538. 7785: 7781: 7742:(16): 365–368. 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7690: 7686: 7641: 7637: 7606: 7595: 7566:(11): 698–703. 7556: 7549: 7504: 7500: 7461: 7457: 7418: 7414: 7391: 7387: 7371: 7364: 7354: 7341: 7335:Wayback Machine 7324:Wayback Machine 7314: 7307: 7290: 7279: 7262: 7255: 7226:(Pt A): 10–22. 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7141: 7134: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7071: 7032: 7025: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6989: 6958: 6951: 6912: 6908: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6854:Wayback Machine 6845:Astley, Susan. 6844: 6840: 6834:Wayback Machine 6825: 6821: 6790: 6786: 6755: 6751: 6720: 6716: 6685: 6681: 6636: 6632: 6593: 6589: 6572: 6561: 6516: 6507: 6454: 6450: 6395: 6391: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6303: 6299:Lang J (2006). 6297: 6282: 6274: 6245: 6239:Wayback Machine 6225: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6071: 6040: 6036: 5991: 5987: 5950: 5946: 5907: 5903: 5872: 5868: 5815: 5811: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5700: 5693: 5640: 5631: 5578: 5567: 5530: 5526: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5348:. 4 August 2017 5340: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5210: 5206: 5161: 5157: 5112: 5108: 5063: 5056: 5011: 5004: 4959: 4955: 4910: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4853: 4852: 4843: 4791: 4780: 4733: 4726: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4650: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4579: 4572: 4561: 4545: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4445: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4288: 4284: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4221: 4212: 4167: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4086: 4082: 4071: 4055: 4014: 4002: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3968: 3915: 3911: 3860: 3856: 3850:Wayback Machine 3841: 3828: 3822:Wayback Machine 3813: 3798: 3781: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3680: 3671: 3626: 3622: 3577: 3573: 3520: 3516: 3471: 3464: 3441: 3434: 3403: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3330: 3323: 3278: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3025: 2985:Brave New World 2976: 2963: 2946: 2944:Criminalization 2941: 2924:and diagnoses. 2910: 2846: 2717:. For example, 2699: 2694: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2646:South Australia 2638:New South Wales 2622: 2616: 2599: 2591:life expectancy 2587: 2542: 2486: 2405:abstract skills 2375:impulse control 2358:corpus callosum 2313: 2305: 2279:level as well. 2253: 2204: 2184:learning theory 2152:learning theory 2137: 2122: 2109: 2026:Noonan syndrome 2005: 1996: 1914: 1832: 1718:, math skills, 1704:impulse control 1682: 1604: 1588:olfactory bulbs 1558:corpus callosum 1532:medical imaging 1513: 1476: 1370: 1368:Facial features 1324:insults (e.g., 1314:gestational age 1294: 1289: 1280: 1246: 1216: 1178: 1154:speech-language 1104: 1064: 1029: 971: 940: 899: 860: 816: 804: 771:standard drinks 763: 754: 548:Premature birth 463: 412: 402: 288: 284:substance abuse 240:speech problems 224:small head size 220:low body weight 133: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16712: 16702: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16689:Women's health 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16599: 16598: 16595: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16554: 16549: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16487: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16446: 16444: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16434: 16429: 16423: 16421: 16412: 16403: 16399: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16360: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16343:Cerebral edema 16340: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16312: 16310: 16304: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16292:Template:Sleep 16282: 16280: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16272: 16266: 16261: 16255: 16253: 16247: 16246: 16244: 16243: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16221: 16219: 16213: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16187: 16185: 16172: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16138: 16136: 16130: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16122: 16120:Leigh syndrome 16116: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16104: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16058: 16057: 16041: 16039: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16012: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15969: 15964: 15963: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15931: 15930: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15907: 15906: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15884: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15856: 15854: 15847:Extrapyramidal 15840: 15831: 15829:encephalopathy 15820: 15819: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15801: 15800: 15789: 15787: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15774: 15764: 15759: 15758: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15731: 15729: 15720: 15714: 15713: 15706:nervous system 15701: 15700: 15693: 15686: 15678: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15654: 15653: 15648: 15638: 15632: 15630: 15626: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15605: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15586:herpes simplex 15583: 15573: 15567: 15565: 15561: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15505: 15503: 15501:Nervous system 15497: 15496: 15494: 15493: 15488: 15482: 15480: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15449: 15447: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15437: 15432: 15431: 15430: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15396: 15391: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15358: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15334: 15329: 15323: 15321: 15319:Cardiovascular 15315: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15261: 15259: 15250: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15225: 15224: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15195: 15193: 15187: 15186: 15184: 15183: 15178: 15169: 15159: 15157: 15153: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15129: 15127: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15097: 15095: 15091:umbilical cord 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15075: 15073: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15024: 15016: 15015: 15003: 15002: 14995: 14988: 14980: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14936: 14929: 14922: 14914: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14866:Inhalant abuse 14863: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14838: 14836: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14797: 14795: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14752: 14743: 14742: 14741: 14736: 14726:benzodiazepine 14722: 14721: 14720: 14711: 14709: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14692: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14663: 14658: 14649: 14647: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14585: 14576: 14574: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14563: 14562: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14546: 14537: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14525: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14512: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14491: 14482: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14434: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14416:Binge drinking 14413: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14392: 14387: 14381: 14379: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14363: 14357: 14351: 14346: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14332: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14305: 14303: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14274: 14272: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14253: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14216: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14190: 14181: 14174: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14142: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14115: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14091: 14080: 14075: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14043: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14020: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14005: 13995: 13993:Parenting plan 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13934: 13932: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13877:Infant carrier 13874: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13817:Baby transport 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13775: 13770: 13764: 13762: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13481:Infant massage 13478: 13476:Infant formula 13473: 13468: 13466:Infant feeding 13463: 13461:Infant bathing 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13426:Bottle feeding 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13392: 13390: 13382: 13381: 13379:and their care 13373: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13350: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13289: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13275:Preadolescence 13267: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13182: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13126: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13103: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13054: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13031: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13000: 12998: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12965: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12856: 12854: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12808: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12788: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12756:Sexual arousal 12752: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12677:spermatogonium 12668: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12630: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12610: 12609: 12602: 12595: 12587: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12545:Maternal death 12542: 12541: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12441: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12380: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12351:Fetal distress 12348: 12347: 12346: 12336: 12331: 12325: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12220: 12215: 12214: 12213: 12211:Polyhydramnios 12208: 12200:amniotic fluid 12195: 12193: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12173: 12168: 12162: 12160: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12140:Nervous system 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12018:HELLP syndrome 12010: 12004: 12002: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11921: 11915: 11913: 11909:Pregnancy with 11902: 11896: 11895: 11879: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11823:French paradox 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11705: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11679:Sulfonic acids 11676: 11675: 11674: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11613:Standard drink 11610: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11577: 11575:Liquor license 11572: 11571: 11570: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11511: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11447: 11442: 11440:Temperance bar 11437: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11295: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11229: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11187: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11146: 11141: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10861:Binge drinking 10858: 10853: 10851:Alcohol powder 10848: 10843: 10841:Alcohol myopia 10838: 10837: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10814: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10792: 10783: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10763: 10754: 10749: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10649:Wine chemistry 10646: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10615:Beer chemistry 10611: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10559: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10496: 10485: 10477: 10476: 10469: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10446: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10365:Health visitor 10362: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10280:Nonstress test 10277: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10196:Skin diseases 10194: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10147: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10064: 10058: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10015: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9986:Amniotic fluid 9982: 9980: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9934:Multiple birth 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9740:Bradley method 9736: 9734: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9632:Pregnancy test 9629: 9624: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9565: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9512: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9475:Harvard health 9472: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9426: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9391: 9380: 9365: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340:Classification 9333: 9332:External links 9330: 9327: 9326: 9297:(3): 164–168. 9277: 9251: 9225: 9199: 9169: 9151: 9130: 9104: 9078: 9059: 9024: 9005: 8986: 8983:. 25 May 2007. 8972: 8923: 8894:(3): 276–282. 8874: 8833: 8822:(2): 193–203. 8806: 8787:(4): 597–598. 8771: 8760:(3): 428–430. 8744: 8717: 8677: 8631: 8603: 8582: 8544: 8509:(1): 167–169. 8493: 8466:(2): 132–136. 8438: 8399: 8350: 8341: 8310: 8296: 8283: 8248: 8235: 8204: 8191: 8178: 8171: 8138: 8092: 8081:(2): e288-95. 8052: 8021: 7996: 7971: 7936: 7906: 7867: 7818: 7779: 7722: 7704:(1): e125-31. 7684: 7655:(4): 433–436. 7635: 7616:(5): 461–467. 7593: 7547: 7518:(3): 192–198. 7498: 7465:Brain Research 7455: 7412: 7401:(3): 363–366. 7385: 7362: 7339: 7305: 7277: 7253: 7210: 7184: 7155:(1): 142–155. 7132: 7082: 7069: 7042:(2): 251–261. 7023: 7001: 6987: 6949: 6922:(4): 357–367. 6906: 6871: 6858: 6838: 6819: 6800:(5): 712–717. 6784: 6749: 6714: 6679: 6650:(3): 191–197. 6630: 6587: 6559: 6505: 6468:(3): 219–227. 6448: 6389: 6332: 6280: 6243: 6188: 6154: 6117:(5): 748–758. 6097: 6069: 6050:(2): 148–160. 6034: 6005:(4): 977–992. 5985: 5964:(4): 195–203. 5944: 5917:(4): 613–617. 5901: 5882:(2): 181–186. 5866: 5829:(6): 455–460. 5809: 5762: 5749: 5691: 5629: 5592:(2): 112–121. 5565: 5524: 5505:(4): 234–237. 5485: 5455: 5423: 5413: 5395: 5359: 5333: 5308: 5288: 5261: 5224:(7): e015410. 5204: 5155: 5106: 5077:(1): 214–226. 5054: 5025:(7): e015410. 5002: 4953: 4924:(2): 177–189. 4901: 4841: 4778: 4743:(9): 652–659. 4724: 4670: 4639: 4624:. April 2015. 4608: 4570: 4559: 4532: 4513: 4488: 4434: 4409: 4355: 4344:. 27 July 2016 4329: 4302:(9): 839–846. 4282: 4241: 4210: 4181:(2): 116–131. 4154: 4124: 4097:(5): 359–369. 4080: 4069: 4012: 3966: 3929:(3): 169–176. 3909: 3854: 3826: 3796: 3748: 3723: 3669: 3620: 3591:(5): 474–482. 3579:May P (2018). 3571: 3514: 3485:(5): 474–482. 3462: 3451:(1): e53–e59. 3432: 3394: 3365: 3344:(3): 185–191. 3321: 3255: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3013:'s 2018 novel 2982:'s 1932 novel 2975: 2972: 2962: 2959: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2909: 2906: 2845: 2842: 2797:Thomas Trotter 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2615: 2612: 2598: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507:mental illness 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2469: 2459: 2444: 2437: 2426: 2423:generalization 2411: 2397: 2390: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2351: 2341: 2324:animal studies 2312: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2252: 2251:Advocacy model 2249: 2203: 2200: 2136: 2133: 2121: 2118: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1913: 1910: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1681: 1678: 1603: 1600: 1566:leptomeningeal 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1442: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1401: 1369: 1366: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1326:poor nutrition 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1261: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1215: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1177: 1174: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1115: 1103: 1102:Classification 1100: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1008: 1007: 987: 983: 970: 967: 959: 958: 943: 938: 924: 903:benzodiazepine 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 859: 856: 815: 812: 803: 800: 791:Binge drinking 762: 761:Exposure limit 759: 753: 750: 738: 737: 718: 708: 689: 678: 663: 636: 633: 630: 616: 579: 578: 567: 561: 558: 555: 550: 545: 542: 533: 528: 523: 509: 508: 505: 490: 462: 459: 451:binge drinking 443:encephalopathy 415: 414: 409: 405: 404: 399: 393: 392: 386: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 348: 342: 341: 335: 329: 328: 318: 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 287: 286: 273: 255: 253: 247: 246: 208: 202: 201: 168: 162: 161: 157: 156: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 131: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16711: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16584: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16443: 16439: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16407: 16404: 16400: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16369:Reye syndrome 16367: 16365: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16321:Hydrocephalus 16319: 16318: 16317: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16305: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16277: 16271: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16252: 16248: 16242: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16218: 16214: 16208: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16165: 16159: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16134:Demyelinating 16131: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16109: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16098: 16097: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16051: 16048: 16047: 16046: 16043: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16022:Restless legs 16020: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15994: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15960:Blepharospasm 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15916:Hemiballismus 15914: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15867: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15848: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15825: 15821: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15786: 15781: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15767:Brain abscess 15765: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15736: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15728: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15699: 15694: 15692: 15687: 15685: 15680: 15679: 15676: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15627: 15621: 15618: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15566: 15562: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15540: 15539: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15525: 15521: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15506: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15479: 15474: 15470: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15363: 15360: 15359: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15343: 15339: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15289: 15288: 15287: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15258: 15254: 15251: 15247: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15188: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15172:Preterm birth 15170: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15118: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15086: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15066: 15060: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15028: 15025: 15017: 15013: 15012:fetal disease 15009: 15001: 14996: 14994: 14989: 14987: 14982: 14981: 14978: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14944: 14935: 14930: 14928: 14923: 14921: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14886: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14875: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14840: 14839: 14837: 14835: 14829: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14708: 14703: 14699: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14679: 14676: 14673: 14670: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14598: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14573: 14569: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14519: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14475: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14367: 14364: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14344: 14341: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14304: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14250: 14246: 14239: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14189: 14185: 14182: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14169: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139:substance use 14135: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14102: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14073:Drug overdose 14070: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14041: 14036: 14034: 14029: 14027: 14022: 14021: 14018: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13968:Open adoption 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13948:Child neglect 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13929: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782:Hidden camera 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13705:Child custody 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13676: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13619:Nursery rhyme 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13609:Kangaroo care 13607: 13605: 13604:Infant crying 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13540: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13518:Preterm birth 13516: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13411:Breastfeeding 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13371: 13366: 13364: 13359: 13357: 13352: 13351: 13348: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13321: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13268: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13229: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13124: 13119: 13117: 13112: 13110: 13105: 13104: 13101: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13049: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13019:Breastfeeding 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12964: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12811:Fertilization 12809: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12664:Gametogenesis 12661: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12608: 12603: 12601: 12596: 12594: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12573: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12514: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12427:Uterine atony 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12397:Preterm birth 12395: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12182: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12130:Stretch marks 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12013:Pre-eclampsia 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11882:Pathology of 11877: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11842: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11798:Mood disorder 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11672:Nitrous oxide 11670: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11583:Fermented tea 11581: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11506: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11479:Sober curious 11477: 11475: 11472: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11206: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11168:Ladies' night 11166: 11164: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11068:Rum Rebellion 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 11000:Alcohol enema 10998: 10997: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10950:Flaming drink 10948: 10946: 10945:Dutch courage 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10930:Drunk walking 10928: 10926: 10925:Drunk dialing 10923: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10903:Drinking game 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10812:Alcohol abuse 10810: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10779:Social issues 10776: 10768: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10716:breast cancer 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10644:Fusel alcohol 10642: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10514: 10513:Drunk driving 10511: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10455: 10453: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10375:Monthly nurse 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10265:Amniocentesis 10263: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10225:Vaginal flora 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10115:Substance use 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Fundal height 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9781:Preterm birth 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9745:Hypnobirthing 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9622:3D ultrasound 9620: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Birth control 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9281: 9266: 9262: 9255: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9140: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9040:(2): 93–104. 9039: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8982: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8636: 8628: 8627:0-7867-1550-2 8624: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8600: 8599:0-295-97650-0 8596: 8592: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8549: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8456:Reprinted in 8453: 8449: 8448:Quest Medical 8442: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8345: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8293: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7552: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7383: 7382:0-89486-951-5 7379: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7359: 7358:RO4/CCR008515 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7302: 7301:0-87868-607-X 7298: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7273:0-7867-1550-2 7270: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7137: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7005: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6842: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6730:(2): 99–111. 6729: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6583:0-9729532-0-5 6580: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6270: 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5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5444:on 3 May 2010 5440: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4342:drugabuse.com 4339: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4008:public domain 3987: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 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3196: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980:Aldous Huxley 2971: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2955:§ Causes 2952: 2936: 2934: 2931:In 2013, the 2929: 2925: 2923: 2920:and assigned 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793:Benjamin Rush 2789: 2787: 2783: 2782:Martin Martin 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:ancient Greek 2689: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2668:United States 2665: 2657: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2611: 2610:and mothers. 2607: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2439:Memory: Poor 2438: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2367:Achievement: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354:Hyperactivity 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288:public policy 2285: 2284:public health 2280: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2059:fetal effects 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2000: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1894:communication 1891: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:social skills 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753:, cognition, 1752: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1712:communication 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:hydrocephalus 1572: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1320:), and other 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166:social worker 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:psychological 1146: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1021:retinoic acid 1017: 1013: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 981: 977: 976: 975: 966: 963: 956: 951: 947: 944: 936: 932: 928: 925: 922: 918: 915: 914: 913: 911: 907: 906:tranquilizers 904: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 868: 866: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 829: 825: 820: 811: 809: 799: 795: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 772: 768: 758: 749: 747: 742: 735: 734:hydrocephalus 731: 727: 723: 719: 716: 712: 709: 706: 705:visual acuity 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 683: 679: 676: 672: 671:palmar crease 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 613: 612: 609: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 585: 576: 575:hypertelorism 572: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 543: 541: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 521: 518: 517: 516: 514: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475: 474: 467: 458: 454: 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 410: 406: 400: 398: 394: 390: 387: 383: 379: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 347: 343: 340: 336: 334: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 285: 281: 277: 274: 272: 271:preterm birth 268: 264: 260: 257: 256: 254: 252: 251:Complications 248: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 167: 163: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 136: 130: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 16577: 16476: 16449: 16410:Degenerative 16388: 16147:Inflammatory 16094: 16027:Stiff-person 15865:Parkinsonism 15838:Degenerative 15735:Encephalitis 15718:Inflammation 15708:, primarily 15536: 15292:Pneumothorax 15284: 15198: 15191:Birth trauma 15133:Breech birth 15123:presentation 15121: 15089: 15063: 15031: 14949: 14883: 14810: 14761: 14724: 14572:Hallucinogen 14342: 14299:Neurological 14047:Psychoactive 13931:Other topics 13870: 13837:Cradle board 13832:Cloth diaper 13792:Baby shampoo 13778:Baby monitor 13768:Baby bouncer 13722:Circumcision 13569:Birth defect 13451:Immunization 13401:Birth weight 13302:Middle adult 13237:Early years 13137:Before birth 12923:Paternal age 12919:Maternal age 12892:Tanner scale 12875:Virilization 12870:Feminization 12820:Implantation 12806:Insemination 12790:Ejaculation 12766:Masturbation 12682:spermatocyte 12654:Luteal phase 12639:Menstruation 12569: 12562: 12422:Vasa praevia 12382: 12356:Locked twins 12272: 12222: 12198: 11944:Interstitial 11758:Gin Act 1751 11748:Bratt System 11741: 11737: 11604:Measurement 11538:Breathalyzer 11308:Shoulder tap 10960: 10834:Beer goggles 10105:Hypertension 10092:Immunization 10075:in pregnancy 9991:Amniotic sac 9944:Silent birth 9887:Presentation 9850:Bishop score 9820:Obstetrician 9710:Interstitial 9637:home testing 9454: 9428: 9417: 9393: 9382: 9367: 9352: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9268:. 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Retrieved 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3014: 3011:Tommy Orange 3008: 3001: 2999: 2983: 2977: 2964: 2947: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2911: 2883: 2855: 2847: 2831: 2790: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2722: 2700: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2660:South Africa 2655: 2623: 2608: 2600: 2597:Epidemiology 2588: 2572: 2543: 2527: 2491: 2487: 2362: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2306: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2262:case manager 2254: 2240: 2234:, and other 2220:Erik Erikson 2205: 2196: 2156:professional 2138: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2062: 2006: 1997: 1986: 1958: 1954: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1915: 1898: 1887:neurological 1878:Motor skills 1837: 1833: 1763:motor skills 1691: 1683: 1658:hearing loss 1655:neurosensory 1640: 1636: 1605: 1602:Neurological 1596:porencephaly 1573: 1551: 1540: 1537: 1529: 1517:microcephaly 1514: 1500: 1487: 1477: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1428:Likert scale 1421: 1390: 1386:brain damage 1382:craniofacial 1379: 1354: 1337: 1330: 1295: 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formula 13406:Breast pump 13307:Elder adult 13297:Young adult 13280:Adolescence 13144:Development 13068:Dyspareunia 13063:Dysorgasmia 13009:Development 12361:Nuchal cord 12110:Linea nigra 12062:Hepatitis E 11995:proteinuria 11976:Miscarriage 11961:Embryo loss 11939:Heterotopic 11738:Beer Street 11689:Homotaurine 11684:Acamprosate 11555:Dry January 11534:Monitoring 11435:Teetotalism 11428:Malt drinks 11218:Alcohol law 10990:Yard of ale 10935:Drunkorexia 10747:intolerance 10540:Rum-running 10401:Apgar score 10185:Hepatitis C 10171:Infections 10011:Development 9996:Endometrium 9954:Water birth 9872:Bloody show 9803:Men's roles 9733:Preparation 9685:Heterotopic 9449:‹ The 9419:MedlinePlus 9182:www.cdc.gov 8650:: 112–121. 8334:16 February 8045:20 November 8009:www.cdc.gov 7984:www.cdc.gov 7929:20 November 7919:www.cdc.gov 7715:14 November 6695:(1): 1–10. 6090:16 November 5478:31 December 5346:www.cdc.gov 5321:www.bbc.com 4348:17 November 3138:F10.2/F19.2 3016:There There 2965:In 2016, a 2951:moral panic 2902:hyperactive 2838:Fritz Fuchs 2801:teetotalism 2775:Beer Street 2749:Beer Street 2624:FASD among 2603:binge drink 2505:, or other 2399:Cognition: 2392:Attention: 2339:hippocampus 2228:John Bowlby 2212:Jean Piaget 2120:Medications 1843:Achievement 1716:abstraction 1668:, and poor 1614:(CNS), the 1569:heterotopia 1547:hippocampus 1543:brain cells 1214:Partial FAS 1210:diagnosis. 927:Acamprosate 620:Miscarriage 540:astigmatism 293:Usual onset 263:Miscarriage 195:neonatology 187:gynaecology 143:Other names 16684:Obstetrics 16624:Teratogens 16608:Categories 16170:paroxysmal 16142:Autoimmune 15935:Dyskinesia 15805:Meningitis 15783:Brain and 15646:Stillbirth 15603:Omphalitis 15564:Infections 15473:Integument 14793:Stimulants 14456:Caffeinism 14410:Alcoholism 14083:Withdrawal 13922:Travel cot 13867:Infant bed 13862:High chair 13852:Baby wipes 13847:Diaper bag 13812:Baby swing 13700:Child care 13685:Attachment 13574:Childbirth 13436:Cradle cap 13387:Pediatrics 13217:Senescence 13088:Vaginismus 13058:Anorgasmia 12912:Adrenarche 12907:Spermarche 12887:Gonadarche 12371:Postpartum 12266:Antepartum 11981:Stillbirth 11892:puerperium 11890:, and the 11888:childbirth 11818:Town drunk 11650:Disulfiram 11598:Small beer 11564:Campaigns 11398:Drunk tank 11371:Dry campus 11281:Dry county 11063:Rum ration 11043:Dipsomania 10972:Pantsdrunk 10765:Red wine: 10555:Alcoholism 10545:Wine fraud 10406:Child care 10299:Postpartum 10258:Procedures 10210:Dermatoses 10066:Nutrition 9924:Home birth 9846:Pelvimetry 9725:Childbirth 9705:Unintended 9561:Conception 9520:childbirth 9395:DiseasesDB 8754:Pediatrics 8733:(2): 127. 8454:: 476–482. 7099:Pediatrics 7014:fadpmn.org 6689:Teratology 6524:Pediatrics 6325:4 February 6167:www.sbu.se 4799:Pediatrics 4261:(1): 2–8. 3868:The Lancet 3741:4 December 3634:Pediatrics 3191:References 2974:In fiction 2898:Gothenburg 2814:stillbirth 2713:, and the 2626:Australian 2618:See also: 2430:Expressive 2428:Language: 2349:cerebellum 2148:Behavioral 2098:Depression 1994:Biomarkers 1726:, judgment 1680:Functional 1666:clumsiness 1628:concussion 1624:meningitis 1562:neuroglial 1511:Structural 946:Disulfiram 917:Naltrexone 897:Medication 808:epigenetic 693:Strabismus 624:stillbirth 377:Prevention 280:Alcoholism 267:stillbirth 199:pediatrics 191:obstetrics 179:psychiatry 175:toxicology 171:Embryology 78:newspapers 16629:Syndromes 16167:Episodic/ 16045:Tauopathy 15996:Akathisia 15984:Myoclonus 15967:Athetosis 15899:Tauopathy 15372:Anti-Kell 15010:period / 15008:perinatal 14899:Chocolate 14301:disorders 13998:Paternity 13907:Swaddling 13773:Baby gate 13752:Wet nurse 13742:Milk bank 13634:Parenting 13559:Baby talk 13511:Pedialyte 13441:Esotropia 13396:Baby food 13292:Adulthood 13256:Childhood 13014:Lactation 13004:Thelarche 12981:Andrology 12928:Menopause 12825:Pregnancy 12815:Fertility 12770:Erection 12726:Germ cell 12699:Oogenesis 12687:spermatid 12649:Ovulation 12437:Puerperal 12025:Eclampsia 11929:Abdominal 11900:Pregnancy 11884:pregnancy 11753:Dry state 11660:Cyanamide 11494:Sobrietol 11293:Last call 11259:DWI court 11112:Beer mile 11083:Speakeasy 11053:Gin Craze 10985:Beer bong 10940:Dry drunk 10913:Pregaming 10761:Potomania 10743:Tolerance 10733:Pregnancy 10608:Chemistry 10530:Nip joint 10525:Moonshine 9914:Caesarean 9680:Abdominal 9516:Pregnancy 9430:eMedicine 8910:0735-0414 8433:0965-2140 8413:Addiction 7893:1545-861X 7854:1545-861X 7805:1545-861X 7756:1545-861X 7524:0090-838X 6482:2196-2987 6425:1661-7827 6366:0820-3946 6131:0145-6008 5843:1523-5998 5796:0002-953X 5728:1562-2975 5686:218872499 5670:0025-6196 5606:1067-3229 5519:1357-5007 5175:(1): 01. 5093:1530-0277 4894:11 August 4836:help page 4757:0743-8346 4719:205474115 4703:1873-233X 4397:174811433 4324:201716448 4147:11 August 3995:10 August 3943:0706-7437 3888:0140-6736 2890:teratogen 2875:eponymous 2871:syndromes 2834:tocolytic 2810:Liverpool 2762:Gin Craze 2733:Kethuboth 2688:in 2002. 2674:pregnancy 2614:Australia 2473:nonverbal 2434:receptive 2343:Impaired 2335:dendrites 2303:Prognosis 2107:Treatment 2055:Maternal 2009:syndromes 1987:suspected 1959:some risk 1955:high risk 1942:Some Risk 1938:High Risk 1858:Cognition 1853:Attention 1815:practices 1813:parenting 1789:Cognition 1767:attention 1724:attention 1645:or other 1618:, or the 1580:brainstem 1554:autopsies 1483:teratogen 1405:upper lip 1396:A smooth 1322:postnatal 1145:physician 1062:Diagnosis 1047:syndrome. 1012:teratogen 969:Mechanism 935:glutamate 828:pregnancy 767:teratogen 711:Cleft lip 682:Horseshoe 680:Kidneys: 675:phalanges 658:, and/or 638:Heart: A 601:DSM-IV-TR 408:Frequency 397:Prognosis 385:Treatment 326:pregnancy 320:Drinking 183:neurology 166:Specialty 16533:SMALED2B 16528:SMALED2A 16225:Migraine 16217:Headache 16183:epilepsy 16179:Seizures 16037:Dementia 15940:Dystonia 15342:Bleeding 15033:placenta 14832:Volatile 14707:hypnotic 14702:Sedative 14601:Nicotine 14478:Cannabis 14430:Caffeine 14289:Hangover 14137:Combined 13958:Cry room 13897:Stroller 13887:Pacifier 13822:Bassinet 13797:Baby toy 13659:Teething 13639:Peekaboo 13579:Crawling 13564:Babbling 13385:Health ( 12951:Vivipary 12921: / 12902:Menarche 12897:Pubarche 12779:Clitoral 12731:gonocyte 12704:oogonium 12634:Menarche 12571:Category 12384:placenta 12274:placenta 11934:Cervical 11919:Abortion 11841:Category 11742:Gin Lane 11499:Quit lit 11423:Spritzer 11353:Sobriety 11208:Alcohol 11189:Whiskey 11017:Sconcing 10967:Nightcap 10893:Blackout 10723:Cortisol 10620:Congener 10307:Maternal 10285:Abortion 10230:Bleeding 10180:COVID-19 10145:Diabetes 10130:Cannabis 10080:prenatal 10001:Placenta 9972:Prenatal 9902:shoulder 9897:cephalic 9865:position 9839:Delivery 9700:Postterm 9665:Cervical 9528:Planning 9451:template 9321:29807454 9270:15 March 9265:HuffPost 9244:15 March 9123:15 March 9097:15 March 9054:33567969 9019:HuffPost 8967:30723369 8918:10869248 8869:23252025 8828:28619859 8539:84514766 8480:12657907 8394:26544539 8328:Archived 8102:Valpy AJ 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14533:Cocaine 14326:(AWS): 14268:Nervous 14222:(ALD): 14172:Alcohol 14057:General 13917:Teether 13892:Playpen 13669:Weaning 13664:Walking 13377:Infants 13246:Toddler 13200:Puberty 12986:Hormone 12882:Puberty 12224:chorion 11949:Ovarian 11776:Related 11730:History 11515:0-0-1-3 11210:control 11097:General 11073:Shebeen 11026:History 10696:Anxiety 10658:Effects 10632:Ethanol 10481:Alcohol 10216:Others 10190:Malaria 10135:Opioids 10125:Alcohol 10120:Smoking 9979:Anatomy 9808:Midwife 9776:Newborn 9695:Ovarian 9675:Ectopic 9670:Cryptic 9615:Testing 9453:below ( 9435:ped/767 9389:D005310 9312:6405809 9218:6 April 9192:6 April 9144:6 April 9119:. NIAAA 8958:6353268 8860:4049518 8801:2679217 8766:7862486 8739:7254460 8672:2799171 8577:4126070 8531:4504588 8511:Bibcode 8488:8894309 8385:8944412 8278:7827659 8126:1761801 8104:(ed.). 7964:10 June 7765:6483284 7533:6826810 7485:2085766 7450:2314357 7430:Bibcode 7407:6877477 7203:28 July 7170:7061927 7064:2595225 6982:4127281 6944:1921915 6924:Bibcode 6779:8757560 6744:6884260 6709:1162620 6665:4754181 6545:5477054 6491:4629517 6434:8304012 6140:3297711 6020:3701217 5919:Bibcode 5896:6846436 5852:2139915 5615:4530607 5388:12 June 5256:2941340 5239:5642770 5141:7825937 5040:5642770 4988:6677630 4939:4068964 4880:5418824 4773:1513758 4652:Chang. 4632:10 June 4506:17 July 4483:5002534 4196:5760222 3952:6405816 3709:3779274 3655:5477054 3606:5839298 3557:7658994 3536:Bibcode 3500:5839298 3387:10 June 3351:2529423 3248:10 June 2692:History 2450:, poor 2425:ability 2381:, poor 2377:, poor 2337:of the 2166:(ODD), 1892:Social 1660:, poor 1634:, etc. 1316:(for a 1036:organs. 780:smoking 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