Cerebral palsy - Knowledge

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same age can perform. For example, a three-year-old child who is not able to walk has a disability because a normal three-year-old can walk independently. A handicapped child or adult is one who, because of the disability, is unable to achieve the normal role in society commensurate with his age and socio-cultural milieu. As an example, a sixteen-year-old who is unable to prepare his own meal or care for his own toilet or hygiene needs is handicapped. On the other hand, a sixteen-year-old who can walk only with the assistance of crutches but who attends a regular school and is fully independent in activities of daily living is disabled but not handicapped. All disabled people are impaired, and all handicapped people are disabled, but a person can be impaired and not necessarily be disabled, and a person can be disabled without being handicapped.

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affects almost 50% of children and is considered the main factor contributing to decreased activity and participation. As the hands are used for many self-care tasks, sensory and motor impairments of the hands make daily self-care more difficult. Motor impairments cause more problems than sensory impairments. The most common impairment is that of finger dexterity, which is the ability to manipulate small objects with the fingers. Compared to other disabilities, people with cerebral palsy generally need more help in performing daily tasks. Occupational therapists are healthcare professionals that help individuals with disabilities gain or regain their independence through the use of meaningful activities.

822: 1509:, context-focused therapy, fitness training, goal-directed training, hip surveillance, home programmes, occupational therapy after botulinum toxin, pressure care) and surgery. There is also research on whether the sleeping position might improve hip migration, but there are not yet high-quality evidence studies to support that theory. Research papers also call for an agreed consensus on outcome measures which will allow researchers to cross-reference research. Also, the terminology used to describe orthoses needs to be standardised to ensure studies can be reproduced and readily compared and evaluated. 1689:

their environment. Barriers can exist on three levels: micro, meso, and macro. First, the barriers at the micro level involve the person. Barriers at the micro level include the child's physical limitations (motor, sensory and cognitive impairments) or their subjective feelings regarding their ability to participate. For example, the child may not participate in group activities due to lack of confidence. Second, barriers at the meso level include the family and community. These may include negative attitudes of people toward disability or lack of support within the family or in the community.

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for the effectiveness of intervention programs reflecting the philosophy of independence has not yet caught up: effective interventions for body structures and functions have a strong evidence base, but evidence is lacking for effective interventions targeted toward participation, environment, or personal factors. There is also no good evidence to show that an intervention that is effective at the body-specific level will result in an improvement at the activity level or vice versa. Although such cross-over benefit might happen, not enough high-quality studies have been done to demonstrate it.

496:, due to tightness of the hip adductors. These gait patterns are among the most common gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy. However, orthopaedic manifestations of cerebral palsy are diverse. Additionally, crouch gait (also described as knee flexion gait) is prevalent among children who possess the ability to walk. The effects of cerebral palsy fall on a continuum of motor dysfunction, which may range from slight clumsiness at the mild end of the spectrum to impairments so severe that they render coordinated movement virtually impossible at the other end of the spectrum. 12738: 10202: 1647:

children with CP affect how the child interacts with their surroundings, including the environment and other people. Not only do physical limitations affect a child's ability to play, the limitations perceived by the child's caregivers and playmates also affect the child's play activities. Some children with disabilities spend more time playing by themselves. When a disability prevents a child from playing, there may be social, emotional and psychological problems, which can lead to increased dependence on others, less motivation, and poor social skills.

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care to locations with less-than-adequate medical care has shown any decreases. The incidence of CP increases with premature or very low-weight babies regardless of the quality of care. As of 2016, there is a suggestion that both incidence and severity are slightly decreasing – more research is needed to find out if this is significant, and if so, which interventions are effective. It has been found that high-income countries have lower rates of children born with cerebral palsy than low or middle-income countries.

2234: 484:, reflexes, or motor development and coordination. The neurological lesion is primary and permanent while orthopedic manifestations are secondary to high muscle tone and progressive. In cerebral palsy with high muscle tone, unequal growth between muscle-tendon units and bone eventually leads to bone and joint deformities. At first, deformities are dynamic. Over time, deformities tend to become static, and joint contractures develop. Deformities in general and static deformities in specific ( 945: 2389: 1878:(1856–1939) made further refinements to the classification of the disorder. He produced the system still being used today. Freud's system divides the causes of the disorder into problems present at birth, problems that develop during birth, and problems after birth. Freud also made a rough correlation between the location of the problem inside the brain and the location of the affected limbs on the body and documented the many kinds of movement disorders. 1867:(1849–1919) reviewed dozens of CP cases to further classify the disorders by the site of the problems on the body and by the underlying cause. Osler made further observations tying problems around the time of delivery with CP, and concluded that problems causing bleeding inside the brain were likely the root cause. Osler also suspected polioencephalitis as an infectious cause. Through the 1890s, scientists commonly confused CP with 1538:

functional elements enable the rigidity to be specifically adapted to the requirements that fits to the gait pattern of the CP patient. The adjustment of the stiffness has a decisive influence on the gait pattern and on the energy cost of walking. It is of great advantage if the stiffness of the orthosis can be adjusted separately from one another via resistances of the two functional elements in the two directions of movement,

699:. Children with cerebral palsy are at risk of learned helplessness and becoming passive communicators, initiating little communication. Early intervention with this clientele, and their parents, often targets situations in which children communicate with others so that they learn that they can control people and objects in their environment through this communication, including making choices, decisions, and mistakes. 960:. However, the vast majority of CP cases are connected to brain damage during birth and in infancy. There is a small percentage of CP cases caused by brain damage that stemmed from the prenatal period, which is estimated to be less than 5% of CP cases overall. Moreover, there is no one reason why some CP cases come from prenatal brain damage, and it is not known if those cases have a genetic basis. 1582:. Others only need assistance with certain activities, and still others do not require any physical assistance. But regardless of the severity of a person's physical impairment, a person's ability to live independently often depends primarily on the person's capacity to manage the physical realities of his or her life autonomously. In some cases, people with CP recruit, hire, and manage a staff of 1099:

with another problem, especially if the child is 18 months of age or younger. Infants may have temporary problems with muscle tone or control that can be confused with CP, which is permanent. A metabolism disorder or tumors in the nervous system may appear to be CP; metabolic disorders, in particular, can produce brain problems that look like CP on an MRI. Disorders that deteriorate the

1193:. It can help increase range of motion which could help mitigate CPs effects on the growing bones of children. There may be an improvement in motor functions in the children and ability to walk. however, the main benefit derived from botulinum toxin A comes from its ability to reduce muscle tone and spasticity and thus prevent or delay the development of fixed muscle contractures. 1909:(GMFCS) as an improvement over the previous rough assessment of limitation as either mild, moderate, or severe. The GMFCS grades limitation based on observed proficiency in specific basic mobility skills such as sitting, standing, and walking, and takes into account the level of dependency on aids such as wheelchairs or walkers. The GMFCS was further revised and expanded in 2007. 1128:, and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System have been proposed to describe those functions. There are three main CP classifications by motor impairment: spastic, ataxic, and dyskinetic. Additionally, there is a mixed type that shows a combination of features of the other types. These classifications reflect the areas of the brain that are damaged. 3761: 1693:

children with CP. These may be environmental barriers to participation such as architectural barriers, lack of relevant assistive technology, and transportation difficulties due to limited wheelchair access or public transit that can accommodate children with CP. For example, a building without an elevator can prevent the child from accessing higher floors.

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physiotherapists and orthotists, a simple description of the gait pattern is useful. J. Rodda and H. K. Graham already described in 2001 how gait patterns of CP patients can be more easily recognized and defined gait types which they compared in a classification. They also described that gait patterns can vary with age. Building on this, the

1216:, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, making the hand shake. As the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies, which makes it even more difficult to complete. 1815:(10 BCE–54 CE) is suspected of having CP, as historical records describe him as having several physical problems in line with the condition. Medical historians have begun to suspect and find depictions of CP in much later art. Several paintings from the 16th century and later show individuals with problems consistent with it, such as 744:, communication disorders, malnutrition, sleep disorders, and mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Epilepsy is often found in the child before they are 1 year old, or also before they are four or five. In addition to these, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities contributing to bowel obstruction, vomiting, and 1534:

in such a way that it achieves the effectiveness of the necessary levers, matching the gait pattern, in order to support the proprioceptive approaches of physiotherapy. The characteristics of the stiffness of the orthosis shells and the adjustable dynamics in the ankle joint are important elements of the orthosis to be considered.

1558:(meaning the brain damage does not worsen), but the symptoms can become more severe over time. A person with the disorder may improve somewhat during childhood if he or she receives extensive care, but once bones and musculature become more established, orthopedic surgery may be required. People with CP can have varying degrees of 849:. More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. Most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with CP. Cerebral palsy is not contagious and cannot be contracted in adulthood. CP is almost always developed en utero, or prior to birth. 2270:, play-by-play broadcaster for ESPN, Fox Sports, Westwood One, and Time Warner covering football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and basketball. From 2016 until 2023, he was the television play-by-play announcer for Chicago White Sox home games. Since 2024, Benetti has been the play-by-play announcer for the Detroit Tigers. 2040:(2012), a film by Vegitha Reddy and Aman Tripathi, delves into the dilemma of parents whose child has cerebral palsy. While films made with children with special needs as central characters have been attempted before, the predicament of parents dealing with the stigma associated with the condition and beyond is dealt in 1597:. Delayed puberty is thought to be a consequence of nutritional deficiencies. There is currently no evidence that CP affects fertility, although some of the secondary symptoms have been shown to affect sexual desire and performance. Adults with CP were less likely to get routine reproductive health screening as of 2005. 601:. Both soft tissue and bony procedures aim at prevention of hip dislocation in the early phases or aim at hip containment and restoration of anatomy in the late phases of disease. Equinus deformity is managed by conservative methods especially when dynamic. If fixed/static deformity ensues surgery may become mandatory. 1212:, which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy experience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) 712:, etc. Hip migration or dislocation is a recognizable source of pain in CP children and especially in the adolescent population. Nevertheless, the adequate scoring and scaling of pain in CP children remains challenging. Pain in CP has a number of different causes, and different pains respond to different treatments. 566:(GMFCS) levels who cannot walk. This further affects a child's mobility, strength, and experience of pain, and can lead to missed schooling or child abuse suspicions. These children generally have fractures in the legs, whereas non-affected children mostly fracture their arms in the context of sporting activities. 1972:"Cerebral" means "of, or pertaining to, the cerebrum or the brain" and "palsy" means "paralysis, generally partial, whereby a local body area is incapable of voluntary movement". It has been proposed to change the name to "cerebral palsy spectrum disorder" to reflect the diversity of presentations of CP. 1987:

Impairment is the correct term to use to define a deviation from normal, such as not being able to make a muscle move or not being able to control an unwanted movement. Disability is the term used to define a restriction in the ability to perform a normal activity of daily living which someone of the

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It is difficult to directly compare the cost and cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or the cost of interventions to manage CP. Access Economics has released a report on the economic impact of cerebral palsy in Australia. The report found that, in 2007, the financial cost of

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can be included in the therapy concept. An orthosis can support physiotherapeutic treatment in setting the right motor impulses in order to create new cerebral connections. The orthosis must meet the requirements of the medical prescription. In addition, the orthosis must be designed by the orthotist

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A Cochrane review published in 2004 found a trend toward the benefit of speech and language therapy for children with cerebral palsy but noted the need for high-quality research. A 2013 systematic review found that many of the therapies used to treat CP have no good evidence base; the treatments with

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Pain is common and may result from the inherent deficits associated with the condition, along with the numerous procedures children typically face. When children with cerebral palsy are in pain, they experience worse muscle spasms. Pain is associated with tight or shortened muscles, abnormal posture,

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is also common where eating difficulties exist, caused by undetected aspiration of food or liquids. Fine finger dexterity, like that needed for picking up a utensil, is more frequently impaired than gross manual dexterity, like that needed for spooning food onto a plate. Grip strength impairments are

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of scoliosis in children with CP is between 21% and 64%. Higher levels of impairment on the GMFCS are associated with scoliosis and hip dislocation. Scoliosis can be corrected with surgery, but CP makes surgical complications more likely, even with improved techniques. Hip migration can be managed by

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A 2013 review stated that outcomes for adults with cerebral palsy without intellectual disability in the 2000s were that "60–80% completed high school, 14–25% completed college, up to 61% were living independently in the community, 25–55% were competitively employed, and 14–28% were involved in long

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Participation is involvement in life situations and everyday activities. Participation includes self-care, productivity, and leisure. In fact, communication, mobility, education, home life, leisure, and social relationships require participation, and indicate the extent to which children function in

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Leisure activities can have several positive effects on physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and psychological growth for people with physical disabilities like CP. Common benefits identified are stress reduction, development of coping skills, companionship, enjoyment, relaxation and a

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Play is included as a productive occupation as it is often the primary activity for children. If play becomes difficult due to a disability, like CP, this can cause problems for the child. These difficulties can affect a child's self-esteem. In addition, the sensory and motor problems experienced by

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Over time, the approach to CP management has shifted away from narrow attempts to fix individual physical problems – such as spasticity in a particular limb – to making such treatments part of a larger goal of maximizing the person's independence and community engagement. However, the evidence base

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in the brain and problems that cause spasms and weakness in the legs, may be mistaken for CP if they first appear early in life. However, these disorders get worse over time, and CP does not (although it may change in character). In infancy it may not be possible to tell the difference between them.

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is warranted when the cause of a person's cerebral palsy has not been established. An MRI is preferred over CT, due to diagnostic yield and safety. When abnormal, evidence from neuroimaging may suggest the timing of the initial damage. The CT or MRI is also capable of revealing treatable conditions,

2093:(2012–) has featured two episodes with actor Colin Young, who himself has cerebral palsy, playing a character with the same disability. His storylines have focused on the segregation of those with disabilities in the UK in the 1950s, and also romantic relationships between people with disabilities. 1759:

As of 2005, advances in the care of pregnant mothers and their babies did not result in a noticeable decrease in CP. This is generally attributed to medical advances in areas related to the care of premature babies (which results in a greater survival rate). Only the introduction of quality medical

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process as they head into their 30s. Young adults with cerebral palsy experience problems with aging that non-disabled adults experience "much later in life". 25% or more adults with cerebral palsy who can walk experience increasing difficulties walking with age. Hand function does not seem to have

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Children with CP may not successfully transition into using adult services because they are not referred to one upon turning 18, and may decrease their use of services. Quality of life outcomes tend to decline for adults with cerebral palsy. Because children with cerebral palsy are often told that

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One of the main reasons for this limited support appears to be the result of a lack of awareness and knowledge regarding the child's ability to engage in activities despite his or her disability. Third, barriers at the macro level incorporate the systems and policies that are not in place or hinder

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For many children with CP, parents are heavily involved in self-care activities. Self-care activities, such as bathing, dressing, and grooming, can be difficult for children with CP, as self-care depends primarily on the use of the upper limbs. For those living with CP, impaired upper limb function

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Due to these requirements, the development of orthoses has changed significantly in recent years, especially since around 2010. At about the same time, care concepts were developed that deal intensively with the orthotic treatment of the lower extremities in cerebral palsy. Modern materials and new

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Various forms of therapy are available to people living with cerebral palsy as well as caregivers and parents. Treatment may include one or more of the following: physical therapy; occupational therapy; speech therapy; water therapy; drugs to control seizures, alleviate pain, or relax muscle spasms

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In patients with spastic hemiplegia or diplegia, various gait patterns can be observed, the exact form of which can only be described with the help of complex gait analysis systems. In order to facilitate interdisciplinary communication in the interdisciplinary team between those affected, doctors,

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The age when CP is diagnosed is important, but medical professionals disagree over the best age to make the diagnosis. The earlier CP is diagnosed correctly, the better the opportunities are to provide the child with physical and educational help, but there might be a greater chance of confusing CP

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Between 40% and 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Most of these cases (75–90%) are believed to be due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth. Multiple-birth infants are also more likely than single-birth infants to have CP. They are

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may atrophy, leading to narrowed joint spaces. Depending on the degree of spasticity, a person with the spastic form of CP may exhibit a variety of angular joint deformities. Because vertebral bodies need vertical gravitational loading forces to develop properly, spasticity and an abnormal gait can

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In India, the government-sponsored program called "NIRAMAYA" for the medical care of children with neurological and muscular deformities has proved to be an ameliorating economic measure for persons with such disabilities. It has shown that persons with mental or physically debilitating congenital

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Speech impairments may be seen in children with CP depending on the severity of brain damage. Communication in a school setting is important because communicating with peers and teachers is very much a part of the "school experience" and enhances social interaction. Problems with language or motor

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Mixed cerebral palsy has symptoms of dyskinetic, ataxic and spastic CP appearing simultaneously, each to varying degrees, and both with and without symptoms of each. Mixed CP is the most difficult to treat as it is extremely heterogeneous and sometimes unpredictable in its symptoms and development

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Cognitive assessments and medical observations are also useful to help confirm a diagnosis. Additionally, evaluations of the child's mobility, speech and language, hearing, vision, gait, feeding and digestion are also useful to determine the extent of the disorder. Early diagnosis and intervention

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secondary to both physical and environmental factors. Children with cerebral palsy have significantly higher rates of sleep disturbance than typically developing children. Babies with cerebral palsy who have stiffness issues might cry more and be harder to put to sleep than non-disabled babies, or

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was formed. The term "spastics" was used by the charity as a term for people with CP. The word "spastic" has since been used extensively as a general insult to disabled people, which some see as extremely offensive. They are also frequently used to insult non-disabled people when they seem overly

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In school, students are asked to complete many tasks and activities, many of which involve handwriting. Many children with CP have the capacity to learn and write in the school environment. However, students with CP may find it difficult to keep up with the handwriting demands of school and their

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appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy. It is unclear if it helps those who are born at term. In those at high risk of preterm labor a review found that moderate to severe CP was reduced by the administration of magnesium sulphate, and that adverse effects on the babies from the magnesium

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Babies born with severe cerebral palsy often have irregular posture; their bodies may be either very floppy or very stiff. Birth defects, such as spinal curvature, a small jawbone, or a small head sometimes occur along with CP. Symptoms may appear or change as a child gets older. Babies born with

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for people with disabilities. It is difficult to sustain behavioural change in terms of increasing physical activity of children with CP. Gender, manual dexterity, the child's preferences, cognitive impairment and epilepsy were found to affect children's leisure activities, with manual dexterity

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CP can significantly reduce a person's life expectancy, depending on the severity of their condition and the quality of care they receive. 5–10% of children with CP die in childhood, particularly where seizures and intellectual disability also affect the child. The ability to ambulate, roll, and

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Classification of the gait pattern according to the Amsterdam Gait Classification: In gait type 1, the knee angle is normal and the foot contact is complete. In gait type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete. In gait type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot

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Cerebral palsy is defined as "a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain." While movement problems are the central feature of CP,

2034:. Focusing on how people with cerebral palsy are generally ignored or disregarded in Japan, Hara challenges his society's taboos about physical handicaps. Using a deliberately harsh style, with grainy black-and-white photography and out-of-sync sound, Hara brings a stark realism to his subject. 1315:

patient is viewed visually or via a video recording from the side of the leg to be assessed. At the point in time at which the leg to be viewed is in mid stance and the leg not to be viewed is in mid swing, the knee angle and the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed on the one hand.

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A special feature of this classification is that it makes different gait patterns very easy to recognize and can be used in CP patients in whom only one leg and both legs are affected. According to the Amsterdam Gait Classification, five gait types are described. To assess the gait pattern, the

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Individuals with CP bear 37% of the financial costs, and their families and friends bear a further 6%. The federal government bears around one-third (33%) of the financial costs (mainly through taxation revenues forgone and welfare payments). State governments bear under 1% of the costs, while

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is common in children with CP. Children with CP may have too little or too much sensitivity around and in the mouth. Poor balance when sitting, lack of control of the head, mouth, and trunk, not being able to bend the hips enough to allow the arms to stretch forward to reach and grasp food or

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Like they did in childhood, adults with cerebral palsy experience psychosocial issues related to their CP, chiefly the need for social support, self-acceptance, and acceptance by others. Workplace accommodations may be needed to enhance continued employment for adults with CP as they age.

1108:(a cause of autism and intellectual disability) and general intellectual disability must also be ruled out. Cerebral palsy specialist John McLaughlin recommends waiting until the child is 36 months of age before making a diagnosis because, by that age, motor capacity is easier to assess. 1771:

Cerebral palsy has affected humans since antiquity. A decorated grave marker dating from around the 15th to 14th century BCE shows a figure with one small leg and using a crutch, possibly due to cerebral palsy. The oldest likely physical evidence of the condition comes from the mummy of

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Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the

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hinder proper or full bone and skeletal development. People with CP tend to be shorter in height than the average person because their bones are not allowed to grow to their full potential. Sometimes bones grow to different lengths, so the person may have one leg longer than the other.

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As of 2013, it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. As of 2015 it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia.

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are the main early symptoms of CP. Symptoms and diagnosis typically occur by the age of two, although depending on factors like malformations and congenital issues, persons with milder forms of cerebral palsy may be over the age of five, if not in adulthood, when finally diagnosed.

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Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include

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term relationships with partners or had established families". Adults with cerebral palsy may not seek physical therapy due to transport issues, financial restrictions and practitioners not feeling like they know enough about cerebral palsy to take people with CP on as clients.

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Cerebral palsy occurs in about 2.1 per 1000 live births. In those born at term rates are lower at 1 per 1000 live births. Within a population it may occur more often in poorer people. The rate is higher in males than in females; in Europe it is 1.3 times more common in males.

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during preterm labor before her membranes have ruptured (water is not yet not broken) may increase the risk of cerebral palsy for the child. Additionally, for preterm babies for whom there is a chance of fetal compromise, allowing the birth to proceed rather than trying to

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are seen as being a key part of managing cerebral palsy. Machine learning algorithms facilitate automatic early diagnosis, with methods such as deep neural network and geometric feature fusion producing high accuracy in predicting cerebral palsy from short videos. It is a

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The ability to live independently with CP varies widely, depending partly on the severity of each person's impairment and partly on the capability of each person to self-manage the logistics of life. Some individuals with CP require personal assistant services for all

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cerebral palsy do not immediately present with symptoms. Classically, CP becomes evident when the baby reaches the developmental stage at 6 to 9 months and is starting to mobilise, where preferential use of limbs, asymmetry, or gross motor developmental delay is seen.

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Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals. This may include

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self-feed has been associated with increased life expectancy. While there is a lot of variation in how CP affects people, it has been found that "independent gross motor functional ability is a very strong determinant of life expectancy". According to the

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dysfunction can lead to underestimating a student's intelligence. In summary, children with CP may experience difficulties in school, such as difficulty with handwriting, carrying out school activities, communicating verbally, and interacting socially.

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writing may be difficult to read. In addition, writing may take longer and require greater effort on the student's part. Factors linked to handwriting include postural stability, sensory and perceptual abilities of the hand, and writing tool pressure.

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The effects of sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments affect self-care occupations in children with CP and productivity occupations. Productivity can include but is not limited to, school, work, household chores, or contributing to the community.

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in people with cerebral palsy-related high muscle tone are commonly thought to arise from overactivation. Although most people with CP have problems with increased muscle tone, some have low muscle tone instead. High muscle tone can either be due to

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Kerkum YL, Harlaar J, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Brehm MA (May 2016). "An individual approach for optimizing ankle-foot orthoses to improve mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy walking with excessive knee flexion".

1458:; rolling walkers; and communication aids such as computers with attached voice synthesisers. Intensive rehabilitation is practiced in certain countries, but obtaining reliable data on its medium and long-term effectiveness is challenging. 1392:

are sometimes taken by pregnant women expecting a preterm birth to provide neuroprotection to their baby. Taking corticosteroids during pregnancy is shown to have no significant correlation with developing cerebral palsy in preterm births.

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Ataxic cerebral palsy is observed in approximately 5–10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy. Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures. Because of the damage to the

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and nausea. However, guidelines for the use of magnesium sulfate in mothers at risk of preterm labour are not strongly adhered to; in 2017 only 2 in 3 eligible women in the UK received the medication despite it being recommended by

2168:. It is the first film to depict a person with cerebral palsy parachuting. It tells the story of three men with cerebral palsy seeking to live in their communities instead of institutions. Upon seeing the film, American politician 2080:

for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Brenda Fricker). It was also nominated for Best Director, Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. It also won the

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Van Zelst BR, Miller MD, Russo R, Murchland S, Crotty M (September 2006). "Activities of daily living in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional evaluation using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills".

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Drooling is common among children with cerebral palsy, which can have a variety of impacts including social rejection, impaired speaking, damage to clothing and books, and mouth infections. It can additionally cause choking.

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Children with cerebral palsy may face challenges when it comes to participating in sports. This comes with being discouraged from physical activity because of these perceived limitations imposed by their medical condition.

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is also a problem. When adulthood and cerebral palsy is discussed, as of 2011, it is not discussed in terms of the different stages of adulthood. About half of people with CP report some loss of function as of their 40s.

7051:"Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society" 1319:

contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). In gait type 4, the knee angle is bent and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). With gait type 5, the knee angle is bent and the foot contact is complete.

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Cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children, occurring in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births. It has been documented throughout history, with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of

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Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA, Miller G, Sandler A, Shevell M, et al. (Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society) (March 2004).

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In the early 20th century, the attention of the medical community generally turned away from CP until orthopedic surgeon Winthrop Phelps became the first physician to treat the disorder. He viewed CP from a

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it occurs in 8%. Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally. In those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal).

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van der Slot WM, Benner JL, Brunton L, Engel JM, Gallien P, Hilberink SR, et al. (May 2021). "Pain in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data".

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Bult MK, Verschuren O, Jongmans MJ, Lindeman E, Ketelaar M (September 2011). "What influences participation in leisure activities of children and youth with physical disabilities? A systematic review".

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Carlon SL, Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, Shields N (April 2013). "Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: a systematic review".

6436: 1091:, and a vermian tumour (which a few studies suggest are present 5–22% of the time). Furthermore, abnormalities detected by neuroimaging may indicate a high likelihood of associated conditions, such as 2722: 724:

is under-recognized in children with cerebral palsy, even though three out of four children with cerebral palsy experience pain. Adults with CP also experience more pain than the general population.

1844:(1810–1894) was the first person to study CP extensively. In his doctoral thesis he stated that CP was a result of a problem around the time of birth. He later identified a difficult delivery, a 1302:

facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in CP patients. It helps to facilitate communication in the interdisciplinary team between those affected, doctors, physiotherapists and orthotists.

10575:

Alves-Nogueira AC, Silva N, McConachie H, Carona C (January 2020). "A systematic review on quality of life assessment in adults with cerebral palsy: Challenging issues and a call for research".

2578:, regards as causing an exodus from the profession. In the latter half of the 20th century, obstetric litigation about the cause of cerebral palsy became more common, leading to the practice of 619:

Due to sensory and motor impairments, those with CP may have difficulty preparing food, holding utensils, or chewing and swallowing. An infant with CP may not be able to suck, swallow or chew.

11752: 597:

soft tissue procedures such as adductor musculature release. Advanced degrees of hip migration or dislocation can be managed by more extensive procedures such as femoral and pelvic corrective

8245:"National PReCePT Programme: a before-and-after evaluation of the implementation of a national quality improvement programme to increase the uptake of magnesium sulfate in preterm deliveries" 3575:

El-Sobky TA, Fayyad TA, Kotb AM, Kaldas B (May 2018). "Bony reconstruction of hip in cerebral palsy children Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III to V: a systematic review".

1856:

form of CP came to be known as Little's disease. At around this time, a German surgeon was also working on cerebral palsy, and distinguished it from polio. In the 1880s British neurologist

1574:, as it does in the general population, and experts have stated that it is important not to underestimate the capabilities of a person with CP and to give them every opportunity to learn. 1676:

associated with more leisure activity. Although leisure is important for children with CP, they may have difficulties carrying out leisure activities due to social and physical barriers.

1946:

In per capita terms, this amounts to a financial cost of A$ 43,431 per person with CP per annum. Including the value of lost well-being, the cost is over $ 115,000 per person per annum.

1277:. Choreo-athetotic CP is characterized by involuntary movements, whereas dystonic CP is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass the whole body. 1261:, due to the affected individual's inability to control muscle tone. Clinical diagnosis of DCP typically occurs within 18 months of birth and is primarily based upon motor function and 9655:

Fedrizzi E, Pagliano E, Andreucci E, Oleari G (February 2003). "Hand function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: prospective follow-up and functional outcome in adolescence".

1379:

and reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in premature babies, but there are also concerns of long term negative effects. A moderate quality level of evidence indicates that giving women

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are the two most common deformities among children with cerebral palsy. Additionally, flexion deformity of the hip and knee can occur. Torsional deformities of long bones such as the

10303:

King G, Law M, King S, Rosenbaum P, Kertoy MK, Young NL (2003). "A conceptual model of the factors affecting the recreation and leisure participation of children with disabilities".

1860:

built on Little's work by linking paralysis in newborns to difficult births. He named the problem "birth palsy" and classified birth palsies into two types: peripheral and cerebral.

13155: 9534:

Nieuwenhuijsen C, Donkervoort M, Nieuwstraten W, Stam HJ, Roebroeck ME (November 2009). "Experienced problems of young adults with cerebral palsy: targets for rehabilitation care".

3165:

Elliott CM, Reid SL, Alderson JA, Elliott BC (1 February 2011). "Lycra arm splints in conjunction with goal-directed training can improve movement in children with cerebral palsy".

2014: 516: 12712: 8638:"Methodological Considerations to Investigate Dosage Parameters of Intensive Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review of RCTs" 1308: 1299: 680:

disorders that are due to restricted movement in the oral-facial muscles. There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), and ataxic.

12788: 11838: 10686:

Peterson MD, Gordon PM, Hurvitz EA (February 2013). "Chronic disease risk among adults with cerebral palsy: the role of premature sarcopoenia, obesity and sedentary behaviour".

1886:

perspective instead of a neurological one. Phelps developed surgical techniques for operating on the muscles to address issues such as spasticity and muscle rigidity. Hungarian

1348:

have acknowledged that there are no long-term benefits of electronic fetal monitoring. Before this, electronic fetal monitoring was widely used to prop up obstetric litigation.

2076:, an Irishman born with cerebral palsy, who could control only his left foot. Christy Brown grew up in a poor, working-class family, and became a writer and artist. It won the 1715:, is also higher among adults with cerebral palsy than the general population. Common problems include increased pain, reduced flexibility, increased spasms and contractures, 9740: 1586:(PCAs). PCAs facilitate the independence of their employers by assisting them with their daily personal needs in a way that allows them to maintain control over their lives. 12474: 11506: 4598:

Donkervoort M, Roebroeck M, Wiegerink D, van der Heijden-Maessen H, Stam H (March 2007). "Determinants of functioning of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy".

1898:, widely used for children with CP today. Through the remaining decades, physical therapy for CP has evolved, and has become a core component of the CP management program. 1828:

The modern understanding of CP as resulting from problems within the brain began in the early decades of the 1800s with a number of publications on brain abnormalities by

12107: 5474: 7331: 2380:, the self-described "Palestinian Muslim virgin with cerebral palsy, from New Jersey", who is an actress, stand-up comedian, and activist. Zayid has been a resident of 1763:

Prevalence of cerebral palsy is best calculated around the school entry age of about six years; the prevalence in the U.S. is estimated to be 2.4 out of 1000 children.

8318:

Atik A, Harding R, De Matteo R, Kondos-Devcic D, Cheong J, Doyle LW, et al. (January 2017). "Caffeine for apnea of prematurity: Effects on the developing brain".

3200: 1716: 798:

are common co-occurring diseases in adults with CP. The associated disorders that co-occur with cerebral palsy may be more disabling than the motor function problems.

11281: 2165: 2121:. From season 2 onwards, it features Gavin McHugh (who himself has cerebral palsy) in the recurring role as Christopher Diaz – a young child who has cerebral palsy. 1562:

or none whatsoever. The full intellectual potential of a child born with CP is often not known until the child starts school. People with CP are more likely to have

3009:"Efficacy and safety of nerve growth factor for the treatment of neurological diseases: a meta-analysis of 64 randomized controlled trials involving 6,297 patients" 1780:

who ruled from about 1196 to 1190 BCE and died at about 20 years of age. The presence of cerebral palsy has been suspected due to his deformed foot and hands.

11709: 1185:

responsible for the planning and completion of voluntary movement. Spastic CP is the most common type of overall cerebral palsy, representing about 80% of cases.

12059: 12291: 6390:

Case 6 had cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and Case 7 had global cerebellar hypoplasia (vermis and cerebellar hemispheres), both these cases were clinically stable.

2717: 11676: 1014:

Infections in the mother, even those not easily detected, can triple the risk of the child developing cerebral palsy. Infection of the fetal membranes known as

12216: 8898: 559: 10739: 6444: 1950:

employers bear 5% and the rest of society bears the remaining 19%. If the burden of disease (lost well-being) is included, individuals bear 76% of the costs.

1748:

of infants and the increased survival rate of these infants. The increased survival rate of infants with CP in the 1970s and 80s may be indirectly due to the

13176: 7595: 2712: 1426:

Because cerebral palsy has "varying severity and complexity" across the lifespan, it can be considered a collection of conditions for management purposes. A

1396:

Cooling high-risk full-term babies shortly after birth may reduce disability, but this may only be useful for some forms of the brain damage that causes CP.

1345: 9437:"Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, 3303.0 - Causes of Death, Australia - 1. Underlying causes of death (Australia), 2014, data cube: Excel spreadsheet" 9436: 852:

While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection,

652:

in children with cerebral palsy. Due to challenges in feeding, evidence has shown that children with cerebral palsy are at a greater risk of malnutrition.

628:

can make self-feeding difficult. Feeding difficulties are related to higher GMFCS levels. Dental problems can also contribute to difficulties with eating.

12125: 11557: 9107:"Stiffness modification of two ankle-foot orthosis types to optimize gait in individuals with non-spastic calf muscle weakness - a proof-of-concept study" 2158:(2019–) features a character with mild cerebral palsy, teenage girl Sabine Rosso, depicted by an actor who herself has mild cerebral palsy, Bridie McKim. 879:, and infections in newborns of the central nervous system are main cause. Many cases of CP in Africa could be prevented with better resources available. 11810: 10619: 10491:

Frisch D, Msall ME (August 2013). "Health, functioning, and participation of adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy: a review of outcomes research".

1337: 11787: 8798:"Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review" 7779: 4558:

Pediatric and Adult Nutrition in Chronic Diseases, Developmental Disabilities, and Hereditary Metabolic Disorders: Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment

3067:"Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials" 12185: 2851: 1933:

A$ 131 million (9.0%) was other indirect costs such as direct program services, aides and home modifications, and the bringing-forward of funeral costs

7829:

Rodda J, Graham HK (November 2001). "Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia: a basis for a management algorithm".

6847: 4168:

Riad J, Finnbogason T, Broström E (December 2010). "Leg length discrepancy in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study".

11939: 11760: 6833: 1362: 1038:

The diagnosis of cerebral palsy has historically rested on the person's history and physical examination and is generally assessed at a young age. A

12378:

Ms. Zayid, who has a home in Cliffside Park, N.J., recently returned from Hollywood, where she lived while working on developing her one-woman show.

1116:

CP is classified by the types of motor impairment of the limbs or organs, and by restrictions to the activities an affected person may perform. The

895:

In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg (2.2 lbs) and 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs) CP occurs in 6%. Among those born before 28 weeks of

2082: 9830:

Hestenes LL, Carroll DE (2000). "The play interactions of young children with and without disabilities: Individual and environmental influences".

4680:"Improving nutritional status of children with Cerebral palsy: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and community-based training in Ghana" 538:

For bones to attain their normal shape and size, they require the stresses from normal musculature. People with cerebral palsy are at risk of low

13186: 8685:

Hallman-Cooper JL, Rocha Cabrero F. Cerebral Palsy. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from:

9610: 8589: 1430:

approach for cerebral palsy management is recommended, focusing on "maximising individual function, choice and independence" in line with the

13124: 11889: 11643: 11597: 11350: 11196:

Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R (January 2007). "How common are the "common" neurologic disorders?".

9971:

Smith M, Sandberg AD, Larsson M (2009). "Reading and spelling in children with severe speech and physical impairments: a comparative study".

3802: 1621:

died of cerebral palsy. The most common causes of death in CP are related to respiratory causes, but in middle age cardiovascular issues and

8292: 3290: 2172:

interviewed one of the film's protagonists and publicly stated that her top priority was deinstitutionalization through Medicaid expansion.

1664:

positive effect on life satisfaction. In addition, for children with CP, leisure appears to enhance adjustment to living with a disability.

13099: 12085: 5315:

Jones KB, Wilson B, Weedon D, Bilder D (December 2015). "Care of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Cerebral Palsy".

3247:

Panteliadis C, Panteliadis P, Vassilyadi F (April 2013). "Hallmarks in the history of cerebral palsy: from antiquity to mid-20th century".

2024: 1667:

Leisure can be divided into structured (formal) and unstructured (informal) activities. Children and teens with CP engage in less habitual

1125: 350:

during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an

12313: 9907:

Howard L (December 1996). "A Comparison of Leisure-Time Activities between Able-Bodied Children and Children with Physical Disabilities".

6466: 4782:

Myrden A, Schudlo L, Weyand S, Zeyl T, Chau T (August 2014). "Trends in communicative access solutions for children with cerebral palsy".

4147:

Kerkovich, D, & Aisen, M 2009, 'Chapter 4: Cerebral Palsy', Medical Management of Adults with Neurologic Disabilities pp. 41–53 n.p.:

2969:[Therapeutic effect of injectable mouse nerve growth factor combined with rehabilitation training on cerebral palsy in children]. 33: 13196: 12702: 11244: 1811:

in particular, describe a group of problems that matches up very well with the modern understanding of cerebral palsy. The Roman Emperor

1744:

There was a "moderate, but significant" rise in the prevalence of CP between the 1970s and 1990s. This is thought to be due to a rise in

11372: 12504: 9158:"The effect of cerebral palsy on arithmetic accuracy is mediated by working memory, intelligence, early numeracy, and instruction time" 6872:

Graham D, Paget SP, Wimalasundera N (February 2019). "Current thinking in the health care management of children with cerebral palsy".

2384:. She is considered one of America's first Muslim women comedians and the first person ever to perform standup in Palestine and Jordan. 1906: 1117: 769: 684: 664:

is estimated to range from 31% to 88%, and around a quarter of people with CP are non-verbal. Speech problems are associated with poor

563: 12399: 12340: 8102:

Nguyen TM, Crowther CA, Wilkinson D, Bain E (February 2013). "Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus".

7358: 1131:

Cerebral palsy is also classified according to the topographic distribution of muscle spasticity. This method classifies children as

12564: 12534: 12033: 9868:"Play deprivation in children with physical disabilities: the role of the occupational therapist in preventing secondary disability" 2551:, an Irish Poet and Author, he wrote Damn-Burst of Dreams, The Banyan Tree, and Under The Eye Of The Clock. He passed away in 2009. 1894:

developed a system to teach children with CP how to walk and perform other basic movements. Pető's system became the foundation for

12972: 12355: 11320: 9722: 7509: 12478: 9009:"Ankle foot orthoses in cerebral palsy: Effects of ankle stiffness on trunk kinematics, gait stability and energy cost of walking" 3721:"Single-event multilevel surgery for crouching cerebral palsy children: Correlations with quality of life and functional mobility" 1671:

than their peers. Children with CP primarily engage in physical activity through therapies aimed at managing their CP, or through

1177:

and – where solely one limb or one specific area of the body is affected – spastic monoplegia. Spastic cerebral palsy affects the

12395: 11498: 10352: 9909: 8053:"Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis" 2431: 2023:

criticises the mores and customs of Japanese society in an unsentimental portrait of adults with cerebral palsy in his 1972 film

1030:

It has been hypothesised that some cases of cerebral palsy are caused by the death in very early pregnancy of an identical twin.

10915:

Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ (February 2006). "The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors".

1960:

beneficiaries to use their Medicaid funds to hire their own PCAs, instead of forcing them to use institutional or managed care.

326:. Often, babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children. Other symptoms may include 12448:"REVIEW: Zach Anner's If at Birth You Don't Succeed Is an Inspiring, Hilarious Memoir About One Man's Life with Cerebral Palsy" 3824:

Walshe M, Smith M, Pennington L (November 2012). Walshe M (ed.). "Interventions for drooling in children with cerebral palsy".

12111: 9944:

Rigby P, Schwellnus H (January 1999). "Occupational Therapy Decision Making Guidelines for Problems in Written Productivity".

7250: 1927:

A$ 1.03 billion (69.9%) was productivity lost due to lower employment, absenteeism, and premature death of Australians with CP

13150: 11301:"Economic costs associated with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and vision impairment--United States, 2003" 9734: 9482: 9056:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level" 8881: 8854: 6841: 5908: 5720: 5163: 4931:

McKearnan KA, Kieckhefer GM, Engel JM, Jensen MP, Labyak S (October 2004). "Pain in children with cerebral palsy: a review".

4876: 4836: 4573: 3998: 3771: 3468: 1104:

In the UK, not being able to sit independently by the age of 8 months is regarded as a clinical sign for further monitoring.

8876:. AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 487–500. 5590:"Epidemiology of Cerebral Palsy in Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Most Frequently Studied Outcomes" 4893: 3208: 2327:

Robert Softley Gale, British actor and theatre practitioner, and Artistic Director of the Birds of Paradise theatre company.

13093: 12793: 11628: 11285: 4081:"Informing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for children with cerebral palsy at risk of osteoporosis: an update" 1121: 925: 5469: 5101:"Sleep and Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of Current Evidence and Environmental Non-Pharmacological Interventions" 542:. The shafts of the bones are often thin (gracile), and become thinner during growth. When compared to these thin shafts ( 13206: 13191: 13145: 12859: 12421: 11999: 7574: 3412:"Relationships between Physical and Cognitive Functioning and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy" 2893: 2591: 2181: 1506: 952:

Cerebral palsy is not commonly considered a genetic disease. About 2% of all CP cases are expected to be inherited, with

12055: 11717: 417:

are helpful with mobility. Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment. While

12447: 9832: 6413: 6238:

Teng J, Chang T, Reyes C, Nelson KB (October 2012). "Placental weight and neurologic outcome in the infant: a review".

2278: 2154: 12283: 10643:

Morgan P, McGinley J (17 April 2013). "Gait function and decline in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review".

3942:"Lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic findings in children and adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review" 12208: 11668: 11282:"Access Economics (2008) The Economic Impact of Cerebral Palsy in Australia in 2007. Access Economics, Canberra, ACT" 6338:

a putative new gene had been found in Case 7, which is currently under investigation and will be presented elsewhere.

4504:"Upper limb motor and sensory impairments in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Can they be measured reliably?" 4156: 2005:

in 1994. In the United States the word spaz has the same usage as an insult but is not generally associated with CP.

550:) often appear quite enlarged (ballooning). Due to more than normal joint compression caused by muscular imbalances, 11403: 8910: 3897:

Sewell MD, Eastwood DM, Wimalasundera N (September 2014). "Managing common symptoms of cerebral palsy in children".

2566:

Because of the perception that cerebral palsy is mostly caused by trauma during birth, as of 2005, 60% of obstetric

1408:

Researchers are developing an electrical stimulation device specifically for children with cerebral palsy, who have

334:. While symptoms may get more noticeable over the first years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time. 13211: 8380:"Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews" 4123:

Postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a comprehensive definition, framework and reproducible assessment

2207:, an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting 1840:. Later physicians used this research to connect problems in the brain with specific symptoms. The English surgeon 421:

are frequently used, there is no evidence to support their use. Potential treatments are being examined, including

298:

that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, but include poor coordination,

7591: 5344:"Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options" 776:. Other medical issues can be mistaken for being symptoms of cerebral palsy, and so may not be treated correctly. 12752: 12182:"Pageant Is Her Crowning Achievement: Miss Iowa, In Las Vegas For Miss USA Pageant, Was Born With Cerebral Palsy" 11007:

Dalembert G, Brosco JP (June 2013). "Do politics affect prevalence? An overview and the case of cerebral palsy".

9389:"Extrapolating published survival curves to obtain evidence-based estimates of life expectancy in cerebral palsy" 7220:"Pediatric rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy: general management, classification of motor disorders" 2595: 1614: 853: 12133: 6958:"A Pose-Based Feature Fusion and Classification Framework for the Early Prediction of Cerebral Palsy in Infants" 5821:

Nelson KB, Blair E (September 2015). "Prenatal Factors in Singletons with Cerebral Palsy Born at or near Term".

1095:

and intellectual disability. There is a small risk associated with sedating children to facilitate a clear MRI.

460:, 58% having difficulties with communication, at least 42% having problems with their vision, and 23–56% having 12244: 11553: 7619:"The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: a systematic review" 4861:

Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Management of severe communication disorders in children and adults

2029: 11783: 10626: 9157: 13181: 12645: 3204: 2856: 2571: 2250: 2109:(2016–2019), which explores both the serious and humorous challenges a family faces with a teenager with CP. 2100: 1953:

The average lifetime cost for people with CP in the US is US$ 921,000 per individual, including lost income.

1356:

sulphate were not significant. Mothers who received magnesium sulphate could experience side effects such as

833: 357:

Sub-types are classified, based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have

6492:

Bersani I, Thomas W, Speer CP (April 2012). "Chorioamnionitis--the good or the evil for neonatal outcome?".

5017:"Pathophysiology of chronic pain in cerebral palsy: implications for pharmacological treatment and research" 2861: 13116: 13073: 12965: 7666:

Jones MW, Morgan E, Shelton JE, Thorogood C (2007). "Cerebral palsy: introduction and diagnosis (part I)".

6824: 5738: 5589: 4472: 3539: 2511: 1857: 1417: 1039: 673: 508: 11449:

Shevell M (December 2018). "Cerebral palsy to cerebral palsy spectrum disorder: Time for a name change?".

9444: 1833: 801:

Managing respiratory illnesses in children with severe CP is considered complex due to the need to manage

456:

difficulties with thinking, learning, feeling, communication and behavior often co-occur, with 28% having

10048:

Cassidy T (March 1996). "All work and no play: A focus on leisure time as a means for promoting health".

8970:"The effect of ankle foot orthosis stiffness on trunk movement and walking energy cost in cerebral palsy" 6350:

Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, et al. (July 2015).

6298:

Parolin Schnekenberg R, Perkins EM, Miller JW, Davies WI, D'Adamo MC, Pessia M, et al. (July 2015).

6048:

Hallman M (April 2012). "Premature birth and diseases in premature infants: common genetic background?".

5155: 1333: 12802: 12586: 11966: 11732: 9633: 8611: 8139:"Effects and Safety of Magnesium Sulfate on Neuroprotection: A Meta-analysis Based on PRISMA Guidelines" 7804: 7363:

Neuroscience online: An electronic textbook of the neurosciences from the University of Texas at Houston

6142:"A systematic review of risk factors for cerebral palsy in children born at term in developed countries" 11593: 10169:"Evidence for increasing physical activity in children with physical disabilities: a systematic review" 9008: 2548: 2381: 2338: 2204: 1749: 1579: 1555: 1474: 1330:

Because the causes of CP are varied, a broad range of preventive interventions have been investigated.

1080: 641: 406: 8243:

Edwards HB, Redaniel MT, Sillero-Rejon C, Margelyte R, Peters TJ, Tilling K, et al. (July 2023).

6790: 13055: 13004: 12744: 12737: 10528:"Effectiveness of Exercise on Functional Mobility in Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review" 7496:

Cheney PD (1997). "Pathophysiology of the corticospinal system and basal ganglia in cerebral palsy".

4976:"Pain Assessment and Treatment in Children With Significant Impairment of the Central Nervous System" 3940:

Samijn B, Van Laecke E, Renson C, Hoebeke P, Plasschaert F, Vande Walle J, et al. (March 2017).

2309: 1598: 1442:, a teacher specialising in helping children with visual impairment, an educational psychologist, an 1225: 620: 12181: 10201: 6537:"Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review" 1601:

may have to be performed under anesthesia due to spasticity, and equipment is often not accessible.

12873: 11139:

McIntyre S, Goldsmith S, Webb A, Ehlinger V, Hollung SJ, McConnell K, et al. (December 2022).

9618: 8577: 5179:

Kingsnorth S, Orava T, Provvidenza C, Adler E, Ami N, Gresley-Jones T, et al. (October 2015).

4148: 2606: 2118: 1124:

are used to describe mobility and manual dexterity in people with cerebral palsy, and recently the

1052: 810: 794:

Seizure management is more difficult in people with CP as seizures often last longer. Epilepsy and

393:

has been shown to improve outcomes and has been available in China since 2003. Medications such as

11653: 11583: 11342: 7952:"Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews" 7005:

Kolawole TM, Patel PJ, Mahdi AH (1989). "Computed tomographic (CT) scans in cerebral palsy (CP)".

5959:

Demeši Drljan Č, Mikov A, Filipović K, Tomašević-Todorović S, Knežević A, Krasnik R (April 2016).

4565: 3794: 3118:"Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy" 1605:

may be difficult, so partners or carers may have to perform it. Men with CP have higher levels of

13105: 13050: 12958: 8700:"Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy" 5588:

van Gorp M, Hilberink SR, Noten S, Benner JL, Stam HJ, van der Slot WM, et al. (June 2020).

3294: 2273: 1943:

The value of lost well-being (disability and premature death) was a further A$ 2.4 billion.

1887: 1602: 1583: 1571: 1366: 1230:

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (sometimes abbreviated DCP) is primarily associated with damage to the

865: 861: 806: 802: 753: 749: 733: 366: 121: 108: 12081: 11435: 10353:"From leisure and disability to disability leisure: developing data, definitions and discourses" 3989:

Hinchcliffe A, Rogers C (2007). "Sensory integration problems in children with cerebral palsy".

1930:

A$ 141 million (9.6%) was the DWL from transfers including welfare payments and taxation forgone

13009: 12317: 11890:"VOICES: Southern legislatures must dismantle poverty traps for disabled people | Facing South" 10253:"Increasing Wellness Through Physical Activity in Children With Chronic Disease and Disability" 6470: 5056:

Newman CJ, O'Regan M, Hensey O (July 2006). "Sleep disorders in children with cerebral palsy".

4556:

Meyers RC, Bachrach SJ, Stallings VA (2017). "Cerebral Palsy". In Ekvall SW, Ekvall VK (eds.).

4320:"Surgical correction of equinus deformity in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review" 2575: 2542: 2342: 2105: 1980: 1883: 1439: 1357: 1152: 868:), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood. 821: 677: 358: 12913: 9611:"Therapy and equipment needs of people with cerebral palsy and like disabilities in Australia" 8871: 8530:"A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence" 5898: 5710: 4826: 4502:

Klingels K, De Cock P, Molenaers G, Desloovere K, Huenaerts C, Jaspers E, et al. (2010).

3361:

Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. (February 2007).

3319:

Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. (February 2007).

2916:

Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. (February 2007).

1369:

quality improvement programme increased its usage in England from 71% in 2018 to 83% in 2020.

13045: 12500: 11380: 10749: 9571:"Hand impairments and their relationship with manual ability in children with cerebral palsy" 8051:

Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Duley L, Pryde PG, et al. (October 2017).

7139:"Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebral palsy: improving long-term care" 4678:

Donkor CM, Lee J, Lelijveld N, Adams M, Baltussen MM, Nyante GG, et al. (January 2019).

2982: 2545:, a British comedian and actress, is incorporating her cerebral palsy into her comedic style. 2417: 2371: 2208: 1976: 1829: 1266: 1202: 967: 963: 837: 625: 461: 362: 10625:(Report). Albany: New York State Developmental Disabilities Planning Council. Archived from 6093:"Risks associated with delivering infants 2 to 6 weeks before term--a review of recent data" 5924:

Saunders NR, Hellmann J, Farine D (October 2011). "Cerebral palsy and assisted conception".

5501:

Ozturk M, Oktem F, Kisioglu N, Demirci M, Altuntas I, Kutluhan S, et al. (April 2006).

4272:

Veilleux LN, Rauch F (October 2017). "Muscle-Bone Interactions in Pediatric Bone Diseases".

1269:

form of cerebral palsy. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy can be divided into two different groups;

511:, more commonly excessive storage issues than voiding issues. Those with voiding issues and 13201: 13029: 12391: 12332: 8747:

Blake SF, Logan S, Humphreys G, Matthews J, Rogers M, Thompson-Coon J, et al. (2015).

8327: 7780:"Early detection, societal support needed to combat cerebral palsy in the PHL | Rory Visco" 7366: 7095:

Rethlefsen SA, Ryan DD, Kay RM (October 2010). "Classification systems in cerebral palsy".

2601: 2459: 2053: 1997: 1895: 1622: 1559: 1376: 1174: 1140: 784: 696: 539: 418: 414: 382: 230: 220: 12556: 12526: 12258: 8189:

Shih ST, Tonmukayakul U, Imms C, Reddihough D, Graham HK, Cox L, et al. (June 2018).

2264:, whose act revolves around his CP. Blue was also on the 2004 U.S. Paralympic soccer team. 1996:" denotes the attribute of spasticity in types of spastic CP. In 1952 a UK charity called 8: 12848: 12365: 12287: 12029: 11300: 11101: 10452:"The importance of leisure in the lives of persons with congenital physical disabilities" 8528:

Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, Campbell L, Dark L, Morton N, et al. (October 2013).

7455:

McHale DP, Jackson AP, Levene MI, Corry P, Woods CG, Lench NJ, et al. (April 2000).

4223:"Limb Length Discrepancy and Corticospinal Tract Disruption in Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy" 2501: 2445: 2396: 2125: 2060: 1841: 1462: 1443: 991: 957: 913: 660:

Speech and language disorders are common in people with cerebral palsy. The incidence of

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McIntyre S, Morgan C, Walker K, Novak I (November 2011). "Cerebral palsy--don't delay".

2362: 2048:"Chal chaal chaal tu bala" more than 50 CP kids have acted. The famous classical singer 1438:, a social worker, a physiotherapist, an orthotist, a speech and language therapist, an 13024: 12684: 12360: 11474: 11263: 11221: 11209: 11178: 11165: 11140: 11121: 11117: 11078: 11051: 11032: 10989: 10976: 10959: 10940: 10805: 10721: 10668: 10600: 10552: 10527: 10427: 10402:

Imms C (2008). "Children with cerebral palsy participate: a review of the literature".

10372: 10328: 10282: 10144: 10119: 10100: 9926: 9668: 9512: 9418: 9369: 9277: 9252: 9195: 9133: 9106: 9082: 9055: 9036: 8822: 8797: 8773: 8748: 8724: 8699: 8668: 8559: 8496: 8471: 8452: 8404: 8379: 8351: 8191:"Economic evaluation and cost of interventions for cerebral palsy: a systematic review" 8163: 8138: 8079: 8052: 8028: 8003: 7976: 7951: 7920: 7895: 7854: 7755: 7728: 7648: 7540: 7523:

Straub K, Obrzut JE (2009). "Effects of cerebral palsy on neurophsyological function".

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challenging perspectives around the worth of infants with a disability, as well as the

1706:

it is a non-progressive disease, they may be unprepared for the greater effects of the

1590: 1563: 1352: 1166: 1143:(bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement). 1136: 1105: 1058:

Once a person is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, further diagnostic tests are optional.

1043: 788: 737: 523: 485: 240: 74: 11421: 9845: 6552: 5937: 5874: 5857: 2755:"An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 604: 12884: 12766: 12238: 11974: 11737: 11466: 11312: 11267: 11258: 11239: 11225: 11213: 11182: 11170: 11125: 11083: 11024: 10993: 10981: 10932: 10897: 10856: 10797: 10792: 10775: 10713: 10699: 10660: 10604: 10592: 10557: 10508: 10473: 10419: 10376: 10320: 10274: 10233: 10190: 10149: 10092: 10030: 9988: 9930: 9889: 9812: 9771: 9754:

Miller S, Reid D (December 2003). "Doing play: competency, control, and expression".

9730: 9711:

Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists Ottawa, ON, Canada; 1997/2002. p. 34.

9672: 9592: 9551: 9516: 9478: 9410: 9361: 9356: 9339: 9320: 9282: 9233: 9187: 9138: 9087: 9040: 9028: 8989: 8950: 8877: 8850: 8827: 8778: 8729: 8672: 8660: 8551: 8501: 8444: 8409: 8343: 8274: 8260: 8222: 8168: 8119: 8084: 8033: 7981: 7925: 7846: 7842: 7760: 7683: 7640: 7635: 7618: 7544: 7478: 7437: 7310: 7237: 7189: 7170: 7112: 7072: 7022: 6991: 6979: 6942: 6889: 6837: 6769: 6715: 6703: 6645: 6607: 6566: 6509: 6381: 6329: 6255: 6212: 6163: 6122: 6065: 6034: 6022: 5982: 5941: 5904: 5879: 5838: 5798: 5716: 5678: 5631: 5619: 5559: 5524: 5451: 5402: 5375: 5324: 5301: 5289: 5243: 5202: 5159: 5132: 5085: 5073: 5038: 4997: 4948: 4944: 4913: 4872: 4832: 4799: 4761: 4709: 4660: 4615: 4569: 4523: 4503: 4452: 4403: 4349: 4289: 4254: 4195: 4152: 4102: 4053: 3994: 3963: 3914: 3841: 3767: 3702: 3690: 3652: 3592: 3515: 3464: 3441: 3396: 3384: 3379: 3362: 3342: 3264: 3182: 3147: 3098: 3040: 2986: 2939: 2833: 2819: 2776: 2489: 2455: 2330: 2138: 2130: 2112: 1720: 1668: 1618: 1427: 1084: 917: 857: 645: 422: 315: 295: 199: 46: 12924: 12853: 11478: 11036: 10944: 10809: 10725: 10431: 10332: 10286: 10104: 10010: 9373: 9199: 8969: 8456: 8355: 7858: 7246: 7034: 6901: 6521: 6267: 6224: 6077: 5555: 4960: 4811: 4627: 4597: 4535: 4301: 4207: 4065: 3991:

Children with Cerebral Palsy: a manual for therapists, parents and community workers

3975: 3926: 3746: 3354: 3276: 2951: 2788: 1923:

cerebral palsy (CP) in Australia was A$ 1.47 billion or 0.14% of GDP. Of this:

1021:

Intrauterine and neonatal insults (many of which are infectious) increase the risk.

13019: 12676: 11458: 11253: 11205: 11160: 11152: 11113: 11073: 11063: 11016: 10971: 10924: 10887: 10846: 10836: 10787: 10776:"Adults with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a mapping review of long-term outcomes" 10703: 10695: 10672: 10652: 10584: 10547: 10539: 10500: 10463: 10411: 10364: 10312: 10264: 10225: 10180: 10139: 10131: 10084: 10057: 10022: 9980: 9953: 9918: 9879: 9841: 9802: 9791:"Playfulness in children with and without disability: measurement and intervention" 9763: 9664: 9582: 9543: 9508: 9474: 9422: 9400: 9351: 9312: 9272: 9264: 9225: 9177: 9169: 9128: 9118: 9077: 9067: 9020: 8985: 8981: 8946: 8942: 8817: 8809: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8652: 8563: 8541: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8436: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8335: 8300: 8264: 8256: 8212: 8202: 8158: 8150: 8115: 8111: 8074: 8064: 8023: 8015: 7971: 7963: 7915: 7907: 7838: 7750: 7740: 7675: 7652: 7630: 7532: 7505: 7468: 7427: 7300: 7292: 7232: 7219: 7160: 7150: 7104: 7062: 7014: 6969: 6928: 6881: 6759: 6751: 6693: 6637: 6597: 6556: 6548: 6501: 6371: 6363: 6319: 6311: 6247: 6202: 6175: 6153: 6112: 6104: 6057: 6012: 5972: 5933: 5869: 5830: 5788: 5778: 5747: 5668: 5658: 5645:

Marpole R, Blackmore AM, Gibson N, Cooper MS, Langdon K, Wilson AC (24 June 2020).

5609: 5601: 5571: 5551: 5514: 5441: 5433: 5365: 5355: 5279: 5271: 5233: 5192: 5122: 5112: 5065: 5028: 4987: 4940: 4905: 4864: 4791: 4751: 4743: 4699: 4691: 4650: 4607: 4561: 4515: 4481: 4442: 4434: 4393: 4383: 4339: 4331: 4281: 4244: 4234: 4185: 4177: 4127: 4092: 4045: 3953: 3906: 3837: 3833: 3732: 3682: 3642: 3634: 3604: 3584: 3548: 3505: 3497: 3431: 3423: 3374: 3332: 3260: 3256: 3174: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3088: 3078: 3030: 3020: 2978: 2929: 2823: 2815: 2766: 2536: 2506: 2463: 2407: 2352: 2214: 2089: 2069: 1891: 1853: 1816: 1745: 1517: 1294: 1235: 1170: 1132: 1088: 1015: 889: 378: 215: 11691: 9253:"Sexuality of Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy: Experienced Limitations and Needs" 8656: 8293:"NHS quality improvement programme reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in newborns" 5647:"Evaluation and Management of Respiratory Illness in Children With Cerebral Palsy" 1566:

but have normal intelligence. Intellectual level among people with CP varies from

12878: 12783: 12209:"Comedian Francesca Martinez: "Surely I can't be more unfunny than Patsy Palmer"" 11620: 11579: 11462: 11020: 10744: 10656: 10269: 10252: 10088: 8069: 7296: 6755: 6505: 6251: 6061: 5437: 4868: 4181: 3588: 2525:

is hypothesized to have had cerebral palsy on the basis of his reported symptoms.

2451: 2315: 2002: 1672: 1594: 1543: 1502: 1490: 1389: 1270: 1186: 1182: 716: 569: 402: 370: 268: 12126:"Britain's Got Talent: Jack Carroll to coin it with TV show, DVD and book deals" 11914: 11811:"'Special': Groundbreaking new Netflix series stars gay man with cerebral palsy" 10368: 8813: 8686: 8339: 8154: 7679: 6933: 6916: 6469:. United Cerebral Palsy Research and Education Foundation (U.S.). Archived from 6191:"The association of cerebral palsy with birth asphyxia: a definitional quagmire" 5275: 4015: 3863: 3670: 2001:

uncoordinated, anxious, or unskilled in sports. The charity changed its name to

908:

In babies who are born at term risk factors include problems with the placenta,

12707: 11864: 10588: 10229: 10120:"Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy" 9922: 9767: 9547: 9024: 8470:

Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG (January 2013).

8304: 7947: 7911: 6974: 6957: 6602: 6585: 5751: 5605: 5503:"Bladder and bowel control in children with cerebral palsy: case-control study" 5479: 4909: 4485: 3686: 3638: 3552: 2554: 2355:, Australian Paralympian, the fastest athlete with cerebral palsy in the world. 2346: 2226: 2052:

has given her voice to the song penned by Prof. Jayant Dhupkar and composed by

1993: 1837: 1784: 1606: 1525:

with adjustable functional elements to improve safety when standing and walking

1494: 1486: 1451: 1435: 1246: 983: 872: 773: 688: 425:. However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe. 386: 225: 12889: 12425: 12155: 12007: 11839:"'I don't think I've ever seen a disabled character written like that before'" 10928: 10415: 10061: 10026: 9984: 9316: 9268: 9229: 9173: 9123: 9072: 7967: 7559: 7536: 7108: 6956:

McCay KD, Hu P, Shum HP, Woo WL, Marcroft C, Embleton ND, et al. (2022).

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Jenks KM, de Moor J, van Lieshout EC, Maathuis KG, Keus I, Gorter JW (2007).

8993: 8019: 7745: 6735: 4917: 4795: 3694: 3025: 2990: 2427: 2377: 2303: 2293: 2267: 2187: 2169: 2077: 2073: 2049: 1875: 1868: 1864: 1845: 1792: 1729: 1470: 1231: 1162: 1135:, (bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement), 1072: 995: 929: 637: 438: 347: 339: 177: 12838: 12611: 12259:"Interview - Zak Ford-Williams - Taking on the Elephant Man - Able Magazine" 11298: 10892: 10875: 7727:

Allen J, Zareen Z, Doyle S, Whitla L, Afzal Z, Stack M, et al. (2021).

7702:"World Cerebral Palsy Day 2023: What is it and how does it affect a person?" 7473: 7456: 6405: 6284: 5663: 5117: 4388: 4239: 3737: 3720: 3065:

Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020).

2388: 1342:

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

1311:

was developed at the free university in Amsterdam, the VU medisch centrum.

13014: 11588: 11470: 11316: 11217: 11174: 11087: 11068: 11028: 10985: 10936: 10901: 10860: 10801: 10717: 10664: 10596: 10561: 10543: 10512: 10477: 10423: 10324: 10278: 10237: 10194: 10167:

Bloemen M, Van Wely L, Mollema J, Dallmeijer A, de Groot J (October 2017).

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Eunson P (September 2016). "Aetiology and epidemiology of cerebral palsy".

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Kent R (2013). "Chapter 38: Cerebral Palsy". In Barnes MP, Good DC (eds.).

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Phoebe-Rae Taylor, British actress known for her role as Melody Brookes in

2358: 2299: 2192: 2096: 2065: 1936:

A$ 129 million (8.8%) was the value of the informal care for people with CP

1821: 1753: 1539: 1466: 1262: 1178: 1100: 1076: 1059: 1027:

can cause the mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells.

999: 944: 909: 846: 761: 745: 741: 721: 692: 687:

systems may assist the child in developing spoken language skills. Overall

649: 512: 493: 168: 10960:"Prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy in Europe" 10468: 10451: 10316: 9957: 9893: 9587: 9570: 9251:

Wiegerink D, Roebroeck M, Bender J, Stam H, Cohen-Kettenis P (June 2011).

9007:

Meyns P, Kerkum YL, Brehm MA, Becher JG, Buizer AI, Harlaar J (May 2020).

8612:"Cerebral Palsy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" 7805:"Cerebral Palsy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke" 7026: 6740:"Report of a workshop on research gaps in the treatment of cerebral palsy" 6682:"A systematic review of tests to predict cerebral palsy in young children" 6352:"De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy" 6300:"De novo point mutations in patients diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy" 6140:

McIntyre S, Taitz D, Keogh J, Goldsmith S, Badawi N, Blair E (June 2013).

5977: 5960: 5834: 4655: 4642: 4423:"Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy: conservative treatment" 3363:"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" 3321:"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" 3178: 2918:"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006" 405:

may help relax stiff muscles. Surgery may include lengthening muscles and

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Chang E (January 2015). "Preterm birth and the role of neuroprotection".

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Understanding cerebral palsy : a guide for parents and professionals

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Mughal MZ (September 2014). "Fractures in children with cerebral palsy".

3293:. The Cerebral Palsied Association of the Philippines Inc. Archived from 2426:, an American comedian, actor, and writer. He had a television series on 2245: 2237: 1979:) instead of as "handicapped". "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the 1478: 1454:); surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release tight muscles; 1161:

or high muscle tone often resulting in stiff, jerky movements. Itself an

876: 665: 611:

can make walking more difficult for people with CP and high muscle tone.

573: 489: 481: 430: 160: 9693:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. p. 705-709. 8217: 7155: 5360: 4470:

Roberts A (September 2012). "The surgical treatment of cerebral palsy".

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disabilities can lead better lives if they have financial independence.

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McCay KD, Ho ES, Shum HP, Fehringer G, Marcroft C, Embleton ND (2020).

6885: 6698: 6681: 6349: 6297: 6207: 6190: 6158: 6141: 6017: 6000: 5614: 5284: 5181:"Chronic Pain Assessment Tools for Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review" 5033: 5016: 4372:"The management of scoliosis in children with cerebral palsy: a review" 4190: 4097: 4080: 2771: 2754: 2567: 2528: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2423: 2334: 2200: 2020: 1975:

Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability (

1787:

discusses paralysis and weakness of the arms and legs; the modern word

1380: 1254: 1209: 1190: 1158: 1024: 1003: 825: 661: 593: 547: 470: 299: 250: 85: 54: 12821: 12688: 11102:"Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2005" 10504: 9182: 8440: 7510:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1997)3:2<153::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-S

6641: 4121: 3958: 3941: 3910: 3534: 2966: 2504:, a British disability issues consultant and activist, who starred in 1157:

Spastic cerebral palsy is the type of cerebral palsy characterized by

13129: 12919: 12669:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

12475:"10 Celebrities With Physical Deformities You May Have Never Noticed" 11648: 8242: 5583: 5581: 4695: 4131: 2257: 2222: 1756:. Between 1990 and 2003, rates of cerebral palsy remained the same. 1530: 1522: 1455: 1409: 1385: 1258: 1243: 956:

being one of the possible enzymes involved. Most inherited cases are

916:, a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency 896: 709: 629: 598: 589: 577: 543: 433:

in the 5th century BCE. Extensive study began in the 19th century by

331: 89: 64: 59: 12667:

Leon EF (January 1948). "The imbecillitas of the emperor Claudius".

2753:

Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jetté N, Pringsheim T (June 2013).

13088:

Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised

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Amen J, ElGebeily M, El-Mikkawy DM, Yousry AH, El-Sobky TA (2018).

2522: 2403: 2392: 1957: 1812: 1498: 1469:

to improve quality of life, such as tendon releases, hip rotation,

1372: 1274: 1092: 979: 829: 474: 457: 398: 394: 351: 327: 263: 258: 116: 10825:"Adults with Cerebral Palsy: Navigating the Complexities of Aging" 10118:

Verschuren O, Peterson MD, Balemans AC, Hurvitz EA (August 2016).

7498:

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

6962:

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

5903:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 264. 5578: 4501: 1432:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

12950: 10380: 10117: 8317: 2134: 2015:

Category:Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes

1777: 1712: 1404: 1239: 1063: 921: 780: 765: 608: 369:. Diagnosis is based on the child's development. Blood tests and 319: 303: 172: 12867: 12864: 12742:

Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

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Zaffuto-Sforza CD (February 2005). "Aging with cerebral palsy".

9155: 8931: 6822: 6467:"Infection in the Newborn as a Cause of Cerebral Palsy, 12/2004" 4013: 3861: 3246: 2888: 1732:

may improve the coping potential of adults with CP as they age.

836:. This is associated with cerebral palsy and is suggestive of a 12833: 12797: 11528: 10769: 10767: 10526:

Lawrence H, Hills S, Kline N, Weems K, Doty A (November 2016).

9973:

International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders

9654: 9337: 7416:"Use of botulinum toxin type A in children with cerebral palsy" 5178: 4143: 4141: 3360: 3318: 2915: 1773: 1567: 1213: 987: 795: 757: 669: 323: 307: 98: 12637: 11967:"Neil Young files for divorce from Pegi, his wife of 36 years" 11195: 10620:

Uncertain Future – Aging and Cerebral Palsy: Clinical Concerns

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Kent RM (2012). "Cerebral palsy". In Barnes M, Good D (eds.).

8373: 8188: 7457:"A gene for ataxic cerebral palsy maps to chromosome 9p12-q12" 5260: 4930: 3116:

Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019).

2802:

Haak P, Lenski M, Hidecker MJ, Li M, Paneth N (October 2009).

2333:, British stage and screen actor, known for Lord Remington in 2145:

man with mild cerebral palsy. It is based on O'Connell's book

1388:

may lead to an increased risk of cerebral palsy in the child.

12806: 11299:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (January 2004).

11138: 10015:

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

10011:"Common medical comorbidities associated with cerebral palsy" 9497: 9218:

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

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Trabacca A, Vespino T, Di Liddo A, Russo L (September 2016).

5542:

Wimalasundera N, Stevenson VL (June 2016). "Cerebral palsy".

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Hirsh AT, Gallegos JC, Gertz KJ, Engel JM, Jensen MP (2010).

4079:

Ozel S, Switzer L, Macintosh A, Fehlings D (September 2016).

3939: 3718: 3490:

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

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An average of 55.5% of people with cerebral palsy experience

437:, after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little's disease". 311: 11373:"NIRAMAYA Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE)" 11141:"Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis" 10764: 9250: 9105:

Ploeger HE, Waterval NF, Nollet F, Bus SA, Brehm MA (2019).

8749:"Sleep positioning systems for children with cerebral palsy" 8472:"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy" 8249:

Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition

8050: 7136: 5644: 5587: 4138: 4078: 2448:, has a mild form of cerebral palsy that causes him to limp. 12557:"Paralympics 2012: Hannah Cockroft wins second sprint gold" 9338:

Strauss D, Brooks J, Rosenbloom L, Shavelle R (July 2008).

9054:

Waterval NF, Nollet F, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (October 2019).

8746: 8527: 8374:

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, Makrides M, McIntyre S,

8101: 7665: 6139: 5341: 3896: 3115: 2296:, Producer and Stage Actor, known for Extraordinary Bodies. 2218: 953: 343: 183: 12108:"Jason Benetti Is Voice of Hope in Face of Cerebral Palsy" 9703: 9701: 9699: 9634:"Patients & Clients: Learn About Occupational Therapy" 9471:

Neurological Rehabilitation Handbook of Clinical Neurology

9053: 8697: 8469: 8004:"Cerebral palsy litigation: change course or abandon ship" 7950:, Han S, Makrides M, McIntyre S, et al. (June 2018). 6535:

Mwaniki MK, Atieno M, Lawn JE, Newton CR (February 2012).

5500: 5422:"Multimorbidity in Middle-Aged Adults with Cerebral Palsy" 5393:

Krigger KW (January 2006). "Cerebral palsy: an overview".

5220:

Novak I, Hines M, Goldsmith S, Barclay R (November 2012).

5219: 3486:"Pathophysiology of muscle contractures in cerebral palsy" 3164: 2752: 2306:

and was the first contestant with a disability to compete.

2276:, British comedian and runner-up in the seventh season of 16:

Group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood

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Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective.

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Armand S, Decoulon G, Bonnefoy-Mazure A (December 2016).

7047: 6679: 6627: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4020:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). 2532: 2287: 2142: 1939:

A$ 40 million (2.8%) was direct health system expenditure

1461:

Surgical intervention in CP children may include various

1067: 772:

assessment in particular are considered risk factors for

648:

tests have been found to be a very reliable indicator of

588:

are also encountered, among others. Children may develop

526:

issues. Adults with cerebral palsy have a higher risk of

41:

A child with cerebral palsy being assessed by a physician

13156:

Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes

11050:

Paul S, Nahar A, Bhagawati M, Kunwar AJ (30 July 2022).

11049: 10873: 9104: 7875:

Grunt S. "Geh-Orthesen bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese".

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Working in the US in the 1880s, Canadian-born physician

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Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N (August 2017).

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Blackman JA, Svensson CI, Marchand S (September 2018).

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

636:

Children with severe cerebral palsy, particularly with

9211: 9209: 9006: 8635: 7726: 6826:

Cerebral Palsy in Under 25s: Assessment and Management

6733: 6285:"Causes and Risk Factors of Cerebral Palsy | CDC" 5923: 5715:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 190. 5712:

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4542: 3868:

Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management

3367:

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Supplement

3325:

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Supplement

2922:

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. Supplement

1512: 515:

overactivity can deteriorate as adults and experience

12612:"'They wanted to drown me at birth - now I'm a poet'" 12527:"Paralympics 2012: Cockroft wins first GB track gold" 11240:"The Definition and Classification of Cerebral Palsy" 10774:

Kembhavi G, Darrah J, Payne K, Plesuk D (July 2011).

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The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

6240:

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

6090: 6050:

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

5419: 4317: 3823: 3611: 2137:

on 12 April 2019. It was written, produced and stars

1346:

Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada

12811: 11757:

gave me the sense of being an actor in my own right"

11492: 11490: 11488: 10874:

Horsman M, Suto M, Dudgeon B, Harris SR (May 2010).

10449: 10302: 10250: 9970: 9636:. The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc 9568: 9527: 7936: 6914: 6680:

Bosanquet M, Copeland L, Ware R, Boyd R (May 2013).

6237: 5099:

Dutt R, Roduta-Roberts M, Brown CA (February 2015).

4831:(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 250. 2801: 994:, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as 748:

may also arise. Adults with cerebral palsy may have

488:) cause increasing gait difficulties in the form of 10914: 9788: 9623:

Disability Series. Cat. no. DIS 49. Canberra: AIHW.

9206: 8137:Zeng X, Xue Y, Tian Q, Sun R, An R (January 2016). 7616: 7090: 7088: 7086: 4732:"Symptom burden in individuals with cerebral palsy" 3870:, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2531:, American comedian, comic actor and writer of the 2302:, an American beauty queen who represented Iowa at 1589:Puberty in young adults with cerebral palsy may be 1338:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

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(1995). 10305:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 9946:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 9569:Arnould C, Penta M, Thonnard JL (November 2007). 8001: 7094: 6834:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 6823:National Guideline Alliance (UK) (January 2017). 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6586:"Causal hypothesis for some congenital anomalies" 6091:Poets CF, Wallwiener D, Vetter K (October 2012). 5890: 4777: 4775: 3988: 3862:National Guideline Alliance (UK) (January 2017), 2574:, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the 1803:, meaning paralysis or paresis respectively. The 1711:similar declines. Chronic disease risk, such as 978:After birth, other causes include toxins, severe 813:during sleep, malnutrition, among other factors. 13168: 12030:"Comedian Geri Jewell headlines diversity event" 11669:"Charting unexplored territory in Indian cinema" 11436:"Bell's Palsy & Other Facial Nerve Problems" 11401: 9729:(2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. 9536:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 8369: 8367: 8365: 8238: 8236: 8184: 8182: 7083: 5896: 5764: 5594:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 4858: 4318:Shore BJ, White N, Kerr Graham H (August 2010). 3463:. 3. Vol. 110. Elsevier. pp. 443–459. 2889:"CEREBRAL PALSY, SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIC, 1; CPSQ1" 2341:and Harry Hardacre in The Hardacres, as well as 2203:, Zeke and Ben. In 1986, Young helped found the 2083:New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film 1719:and increasing problems with balance. Increased 441:first named it "cerebral palsy" from the German 11052:"A Review on Recent Advances of Cerebral Palsy" 11006: 10822: 9943: 9865: 9829: 9615:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW 9386: 9303:(June 2006). "Cerebral palsy life expectancy". 7896:"Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy" 7413: 6917:"Unifying Person and Vehicle Re-identification" 6188: 5767:"Optimal management of umbilical cord prolapse" 5420:Cremer N, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD (June 2017). 4640: 4582: 4497: 4495: 3725:Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research 3483: 3314: 3312: 2406:, an American actor best known for his role as 1728:Rehabilitation or social programs that include 768:in people with cerebral palsy or a more severe 492:, due to tightness of the Achilles tendon, and 373:may be used to rule out other possible causes. 11940:"Neil Young Files for Divorce From Pegi Young" 11274: 10823:Kumar DS, Perez G, Friel KM (September 2023). 10642: 10004: 10002: 9823: 9648: 9491: 9387:Day SM, Reynolds RJ, Kush SJ (December 2015). 9340:"Life expectancy in cerebral palsy: an update" 9215: 9060:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 8636:Ravault L, Darbois N, Pinsault N (July 2020). 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8136: 7560:"Recent advances in dyskinetic cerebral palsy" 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 6955: 6809: 6656: 6182: 5264:Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 4924: 4772: 4725: 4723: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 1336:has not helped to prevent CP, and in 2014 the 13125:Selective percutaneous myofascial lengthening 12966: 11292: 11189: 10519: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10041: 9782: 9720: 9562: 9331: 8698:Pennington L, Goldbart J, Marshall J (2004). 8687:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538147/ 8362: 8233: 8179: 7997: 7995: 6133: 5917: 4828:Neurology for the Speech-Language Pathologist 4560:. 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Physiotherapie Canada 10493:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 10490: 10450:Specht J, King G, Brown E, Foris C (2002). 9999: 9964: 9937: 9691:Willard and Spackman's occupational therapy 8753:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8704:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8512: 8476:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8384:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8104:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7956:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7828: 7729:"Multi-Organ Dysfunction in Cerebral Palsy" 7617:Krägeloh-Mann I, Horber V (February 2007). 7414:Nolan KW, Cole LL, Liptak GS (April 2006). 7265: 6630:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 6459: 5820: 5765:Sayed Ahmed WA, Hamdy MA (21 August 2018). 5049: 4720: 4420: 3826:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3714: 3712: 3627:Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma 3559: 3532: 3223: 3122:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3006: 2964: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2361:'s son Aditya, about whom he has written a 1322:Gait types 5 is also known as crouch gait. 1242:that occur during brain development due to 715:There is also a high likelihood of chronic 12973: 12959: 12353: 12074: 11781: 11683: 11145:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10964:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10957: 10780:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10445: 10443: 10441: 10395: 10339: 10173:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10124:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 10008: 9753: 9657:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 9501:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 9393:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 9344:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 8534:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 8195:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 7992: 7623:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 7551: 7394:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7278: 7212: 7210: 7208: 6686:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 6623: 6621: 6279: 6277: 6195:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 6146:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 6084: 6005:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 5816: 5814: 5812: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5058:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 5021:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 4891: 4360: 4085:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 4024: 3535:"The medical management of cerebral palsy" 3002: 3000: 2958: 2808:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2759:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2099:, an American actor with CP, stars in the 1907:Gross Motor Function Classification System 1807:(460–c. 370 BCE), and the manuscript 1118:Gross Motor Function Classification System 770:Gross Motor Function Classification System 691:is associated with problems of cognition, 685:augmentative and alternative communication 564:Gross Motor Function Classification System 32: 12472: 12200: 12048: 11335: 11257: 11164: 11094: 11077: 11067: 11056:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 10975: 10891: 10850: 10840: 10791: 10707: 10551: 10467: 10350: 10268: 10184: 10143: 9883: 9852: 9806: 9727:Play in occupational therapy for children 9586: 9404: 9355: 9276: 9181: 9132: 9122: 9081: 9071: 8869: 8821: 8772: 8723: 8545: 8495: 8403: 8268: 8216: 8206: 8162: 8078: 8068: 8027: 7975: 7919: 7754: 7744: 7634: 7557: 7472: 7431: 7304: 7236: 7191:Clinical Classification of Cerebral Palsy 7164: 7154: 7066: 6973: 6932: 6763: 6697: 6601: 6560: 6395: 6375: 6323: 6231: 6206: 6157: 6116: 6016: 5976: 5873: 5792: 5782: 5672: 5662: 5613: 5518: 5445: 5369: 5359: 5283: 5237: 5196: 5126: 5116: 5032: 4991: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4755: 4703: 4654: 4566:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199398911.003.0009 4446: 4397: 4387: 4343: 4308: 4248: 4238: 4189: 4096: 4014:National Guideline Alliance (UK) (2019). 3957: 3736: 3646: 3623:"Cerebral palsy in children: An overview" 3509: 3484:Mathewson MA, Lieber RL (February 2015). 3452: 3435: 3378: 3336: 3141: 3092: 3082: 3034: 3024: 3007:Zhao M, Li XY, Xu CY, Zou LP (May 2015). 2933: 2827: 2770: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 12787:) is being considered for deletion. See 12306: 12276: 11964: 11730: 11724: 11666: 11618: 11612: 10298: 10296: 9013:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 8095: 4824: 4641:Bell KL, Samson-Fang L (December 2013). 3709: 3577:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B 3051: 2983:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2019.16.011 2638: 2498:, Indian-British writer, poet, activist. 2458:specialising in sprint distances in the 2416:. He is also a celebrity ambassador for 2387: 2324:, British stand-up comedian and actress. 2312:, British comedian, writer and activist. 2232: 2117:(2018–) is a procedural drama series on 1956:In the United States, many states allow 1516: 1403: 1293: 1181:of the brain, a specific portion of the 943: 820: 12396:Institute for Middle East Understanding 12324: 12174: 11836: 11702: 11679:from the original on 27 September 2013. 11660: 11572: 11496: 11448: 10438: 10047: 9910:British Journal of Occupational Therapy 9789:Okimoto AM, Bundy A, Hanzlik J (2000). 8002:Sartwelle TP, Johnston JC (June 2015). 7356: 7326: 7324: 7205: 7143:Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 7097:The Orthopedic Clinics of North America 6618: 6583: 6274: 6047: 5993: 5809: 5771:International Journal of Women's Health 5708: 5689: 5392: 5149: 4469: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 2997: 2713:"Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research" 2260:, winner of the fourth season of NBC's 2217:, a British racing driver competing in 1351:In those at risk of an early delivery, 948:Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern 727: 361:, poor coordination in locomotion have 13187:Congenital disorders of nervous system 13169: 12507:from the original on 10 September 2012 12440: 12330: 12088:from the original on 13 September 2010 12056:"Josh Blue wins "Last Comic Standing"" 11808: 11790:from the original on 24 September 2016 11710:"Vegitha, carving a niche for herself" 11635: 11578: 11343:"Medicaid.gov: Self Directed Services" 11323:from the original on 19 September 2007 10577:Research in Developmental Disabilities 10218:Research in Developmental Disabilities 9906: 9866:Missiuna C, Pollock N (October 1991). 9299: 8967: 7870: 7868: 7659: 7495: 7216: 6853:from the original on 10 September 2017 6189:Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB (March 2013). 5855: 5735: 5348:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4845: 4647:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4220: 4035: 3671:"Volume 1997. 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Archived from 12389: 12314:"HarperCollins Publishers India Ltd" 12188:from the original on 6 November 2008 11845:from the original on 16 October 2020 10401: 9468: 8592:from the original on 6 February 2017 7321: 7253:from the original on 2 February 2017 7225:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics 6441:Johns Hopkins Pediatric Neurosurgery 3881: 3621:Agarwal A, Verma I (December 2012). 3458: 3409: 2965:赵会玲, 冯欢欢, 李晓捷, 庞伟 (20 August 2019). 1446:, a neurologist and a neurosurgeon. 1122:Manual Ability Classification System 720:"floppy" babies might be lethargic. 562:, particularly children with higher 346:, certain infections or exposure to 12392:"Maysoon Zayid: Actor and Comedian" 12231:"Birds of Paradise Theatre Company" 11689: 11631:from the original on 30 April 2011. 9743:from the original on 15 April 2015. 9098: 7865: 7387: 6434: 5961:"Cerebral palsy in preterm infants" 5900:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics 5858:"Fighting cerebral palsy in Africa" 5823:The New England Journal of Medicine 4933:The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 4421:Rutz E, Brunner R (November 2013). 3416:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2894:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 2876: 2592:Cerebral palsy sport classification 2199:Two sons of Canadian rock musician 2182:Category:People with cerebral palsy 2064:(1989) is a drama film directed by 1852:in particular as risk factors. The 1513:Orthotics in the concept of therapy 1507:constraint-induced movement therapy 1485:the best evidence are medications ( 966:is sometimes genetic and can cause 888:also more likely to be born with a 188:Certain infections during pregnancy 13: 13197:Neurological disorders in children 12980: 12294:from the original on 24 April 2012 11782:Rovenstine D (20 September 2016). 11759:. 16 February 2014. Archived from 11600:from the original on 9 August 2007 11554:"Cerebral Palsy: a Guide for Care" 11210:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3 11118:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01195.x 10977:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00848.x 9833:Early Childhood Research Quarterly 9689:Blesedell CE, Cohn ES, Schell AB. 9669:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01356.x 9575:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 9513:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01356.x 9111:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 8802:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 7580:from the original on 4 March 2016. 7461:European Journal of Human Genetics 7285:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 7068:10.1212/01.WNL.0000117981.35364.1B 6791:"Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury" 6780: 6416:from the original on 21 April 2017 6410:Cerebral Palsy Home | NCBDDD | CDC 6097:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 5070:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01316.x 4894:"Cerebral palsy and communication" 4427:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 4324:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 3852: 3338:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x 3207:. 5 September 2014. Archived from 2935:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x 2625:Incorrectly stated as 11% in 2013 2056:winner Isaac Thomas Kottukapally. 1967: 1917: 1805:works of the school of Hippocrates 973: 14: 13223: 12791:to help reach a consensus. › 12730: 12354:Heydarpour R (21 November 2006). 12343:from the original on 11 May 2009. 12184:. Las Vegas: CBS. 10 April 2008. 12082:""Last Comic Standing" biography" 12062:from the original on 28 June 2010 12036:from the original on 7 March 2012 11560:from the original on 17 July 2007 11509:from the original on 29 July 2016 11404:"The Big Story. Financially able" 11353:from the original on 19 June 2017 10009:Pruitt DW, Tsai T (August 2009). 9725:. 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Archived from 11521: 11442: 11428: 11414: 11395: 11365: 11259:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00201.x 11232: 11132: 11043: 11000: 10908: 10867: 10816: 10793:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03914.x 10732: 10700:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01052.x 10679: 10636: 10611: 10568: 10484: 10244: 10208: 10200: 10160: 10111: 10068: 10050:Counselling Psychology Quarterly 9626: 9603: 9429: 9380: 9357:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03000.x 9293: 9244: 9149: 9047: 9000: 8961: 8925: 8890: 8863: 8838: 8789: 8740: 8691: 8679: 8629: 8604: 8570: 8420: 8311: 8285: 8261:10.1136/archdischild-2022-324579 8130: 8044: 7887: 7843:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x 7822: 7797: 7771: 7720: 7694: 7668:Journal of Pediatric Health Care 7636:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00144.x 7598:from the original on 2 July 2013 7516: 7489: 7448: 7407: 7381: 7350: 7238:10.1097/00008526-200212000-00004 7181: 7041: 6949: 6908: 6874:The Medical Journal of Australia 6865: 6590:Twin Research and Human Genetics 5426:The American Journal of Medicine 4945:10.1097/01376517-200410000-00004 4859:Beukelman DR, Mirenda P (1999). 4170:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 3380:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00480.x 2820:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03428.x 2570:was about cerebral palsy, which 2492:activist, author and journalist. 2175: 882: 832:) vein thrombosis, in a case of 12803:Cerebral Palsy Information Page 12638:"Lord of Glencoe Simon Stevens" 12000:"The Driver - Nicolas Hamilton" 11731:Champlin C (21 December 1989). 11621:"DVD Savant Review: Goodbye CP" 10958:Johnson, Ann (September 2002). 10257:Current Sports Medicine Reports 9723:"Play and occupational therapy" 7390:"What is Cerebral Palsy? | CDC" 6428: 6406:"Cerebral Palsy | NCBDDD | CDC" 6343: 6291: 5952: 5849: 5758: 5729: 5638: 5556:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001184 5535: 5494: 5462: 5413: 5386: 5335: 5308: 5254: 5213: 5172: 5143: 5092: 5008: 4967: 4885: 4818: 4671: 4634: 4463: 4414: 4265: 4214: 4161: 4113: 4072: 4007: 3982: 3933: 3817: 3787: 3753: 3663: 3526: 3477: 3403: 3283: 3201:"How many people are affected?" 3193: 3158: 2967:"注射用鼠神经生长因子联合康复训练治疗脑性瘫痪患儿的临床疗效" 2619: 2596:disability sport classification 2019:Maverick documentary filmmaker 1735: 1637: 1615:Australian Bureau of Statistics 1501:), therapy (bimanual training, 903: 805:of both food/drink and saliva, 779:Related conditions can include 522:Children with CP may also have 517:upper urinary tract dysfunction 11837:Houston M (12 February 2019). 9756:Cyberpsychology & Behavior 9721:Parham LD, Primeau LA (2008). 9707:Townsend E, Stanton S, Law M. 8986:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.070 8947:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.001 8765:10.1002/14651858.CD009257.pub2 8716:10.1002/14651858.CD003466.pub2 8488:10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub3 8396:10.1002/14651858.CD012077.pub2 8116:10.1002/14651858.cd009395.pub2 5897:William B. Carey, ed. (2009). 5478:. 10 July 2015. Archived from 4221:Kim HS, Son SM (August 2022). 3838:10.1002/14651858.CD008624.pub3 3461:Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3261:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.003 3134:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2 2909: 2844: 2795: 2440:If at Birth You Don't Succeed. 1783:The medical literature of the 1521:Child with cerebral palsy and 1120:-Expanded and Revised and the 932:, and infections in the baby. 558:Children with CP are prone to 365:, and writhing movements have 1: 12776: 12132:. 8 June 2013. Archived from 11965:Michaels S (27 August 2014). 11716:. 7 June 2011. Archived from 10917:Disability and Rehabilitation 10645:Disability and Rehabilitation 10404:Disability and Rehabilitation 10351:Aitchison C (December 2003). 10077:Disability and Rehabilitation 9846:10.1016/s0885-2006(00)00052-1 9162:Developmental Neuropsychology 8657:10.1080/17518423.2019.1687599 8378:, et al. 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There may be problems with 155:Often unknown or brain injury 13151:Cerebral palsy organizations 13074:General movements assessment 12587:"Perspectives on Disability" 11667:Alawadhi N (26 March 2011). 11463:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006747 11021:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829455d8 10657:10.3109/09638288.2013.775359 10270:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000548 10089:10.3109/09638288.2012.715721 8899:"The new generation of AFOs" 8578:"Cerebral palsy – Treatment" 8070:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002398 7558:Hou M, Zhao J, Yu R (2006). 7297:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181870ba7 6756:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003116 6584:Pharoah PO (December 2005). 6506:10.3109/14767058.2012.663161 6252:10.3109/14767058.2012.671871 6062:10.3109/14767058.2012.667600 5739:Paediatrics and Child Health 5438:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.044 4898:Paediatrics and Child Health 4869:10.1080/07434619912331278735 4684:Food Science & Nutrition 4473:Paediatrics and Child Health 4274:Current Osteoporosis Reports 4182:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181fc35dd 4038:Current Osteoporosis Reports 3946:Neurourology and Urodynamics 3795:"Symptoms of Cerebral palsy" 3681:(1): 153–160. January 1997. 3589:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000503 3540:Paediatrics and Child Health 3013:Neural Regeneration Research 2221:. He is the half-brother of 1628: 1549: 1418:Management of cerebral palsy 1040:general movements assessment 1033: 791:, or behavioural disorders. 509:lower urinary tract symptoms 447:(cerebral child-paralysis). 413:and Lycra splints and other 407:cutting overly active nerves 204:Based on child's development 7: 12703:"Cerebral Palsy Litigation" 11869:ReelAbilities International 11584:"A brief history of "spaz"" 10369:10.1080/0968759032000127353 8873:Orthoses for cerebral palsy 8814:10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256 8340:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.11.012 8155:10.1097/MD.0000000000002451 7778:Visco R (9 November 2023). 7680:10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.06.007 7279:O'Shea TM (December 2008). 6934:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2980269 5856:Burton A (September 2015). 5276:10.1016/j.rehab.2019.12.011 5156:Jessica Kingsley Publishers 3763:Children With Diverse Needs 2585: 2164:(2021) is a documentary by 1334:Electronic fetal monitoring 1189:is effective in decreasing 939: 655: 533: 139:Prenatal to early childhood 10: 13228: 13207:Developmental disabilities 13192:Disorders causing seizures 13146:People with cerebral palsy 12243:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 11809:Kacala A (12 April 2019). 11619:Erickson G (22 May 2007). 11594:University of Pennsylvania 10589:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103514 10230:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.045 9923:10.1177/030802269605901208 9768:10.1089/109493103322725397 9548:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.06.014 9025:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.02.009 8305:10.3310/nihrevidence_58371 8008:Journal of Child Neurology 7912:10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013 6975:10.1109/TNSRE.2021.3138185 6603:10.1375/183242705774860141 5752:10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.011 5606:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.01.009 4910:10.1016/j.paed.2008.05.013 4784:Journal of Child Neurology 4486:10.1016/j.paed.2012.03.004 3687:10.1177/006947709703500120 3639:10.1016/j.jcot.2012.09.001 3553:10.1016/j.paed.2016.04.013 2852:"Cerebral Palsy: Overview" 2804:"Cerebral palsy and aging" 2382:Cliffside Park, New Jersey 2179: 2012: 1766: 1750:disability rights movement 1684:Participation and barriers 1658: 1599:Gynecological examinations 1580:activities of daily living 1475:selective dorsal rhizotomy 1415: 1223: 1200: 1150: 1146: 1081:arteriovenous malformation 13138: 13115: 13080: 13068: 13056:Dyskinetic cerebral palsy 13038: 13005:Upper motor neuron lesion 12995: 12988: 12899: 12815: 12767:Resources in your library 12473:ABS Staff (4 June 2014). 12207:Lewis T (7 August 2011). 12032:. WMU News. 16 May 2002. 11841:. Sydney Morning Herald. 11497:Brindle D (22 May 2002). 10929:10.1080/09638280500158422 10416:10.1080/09638280701673542 10062:10.1080/09515079608256354 10027:10.1016/j.pmr.2009.06.002 9985:10.1080/13682820802389873 9317:10.1016/j.clp.2006.03.016 9269:10.1007/s11195-010-9180-6 9230:10.1016/j.pmr.2004.06.014 9174:10.1080/87565640701539758 9124:10.1186/s13047-019-0348-8 9073:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2 7968:10.1002/14651858.CD012409 7537:10.1007/s10882-009-9130-3 7109:10.1016/j.ocl.2010.06.005 6109:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0721 5475:Cerebral Palsy Foundation 5395:American Family Physician 4825:Love RJ, Webb WG (2013). 4748:10.1682/jrrd.2010.03.0024 4612:10.1080/09638280600836018 4520:10.3109/09638280903171469 4439:10.1007/s11832-013-0516-5 4336:10.1007/s11832-010-0268-4 4286:10.1007/s11914-017-0396-6 4050:10.1007/s11914-014-0224-1 3864:"Managing saliva control" 3502:10.1016/j.pmr.2014.09.005 3291:"What is cerebral palsy?" 3084:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119 2044:. In one of the songs of 1901:In 1997, Robert Palisano 1834:Claude François Lallemand 1226:Dyskinetic cerebral palsy 1196: 1009: 986:, physical brain injury, 954:glutamate decarboxylase-1 816: 734:intellectual disabilities 708:stiff joints, unsuitable 621:Gastro-oesophageal reflux 614: 578:plantar flexion deformity 367:dyskinetic cerebral palsy 277: 249: 208: 198: 159: 151: 143: 135: 107: 73: 45: 40: 31: 26: 12789:templates for discussion 12390:IMEU (18 October 2013). 12331:Franks T (7 July 2008). 11690:Rai A (3 January 2012). 11642:Borah P (28 June 2011). 11422:"Definition of Cerebral" 10842:10.3390/brainsci13091296 10357:Disability & Society 9257:Sexuality and Disability 8020:10.1177/0883073814543306 7746:10.3389/fped.2021.668544 7332:"Spastic cerebral palsy" 5507:Croatian Medical Journal 4796:10.1177/0883073814534320 4376:Journal of Spine Surgery 4149:Demos Medical Publishing 3948:(Submitted manuscript). 3760:Singh A (8 March 2021). 3026:10.4103/1673-5374.156989 2612: 2607:World Cerebral Palsy Day 2152:Australian drama serial 2008: 1717:post-impairment syndrome 1700: 1584:personal care assistants 1280: 1053:developmental disability 854:fetal growth restriction 840:as the underlying cause. 811:upper airway obstruction 13212:Communication disorders 13106:Modified Ashworth scale 13051:Athetoid cerebral palsy 12501:"IPC Athletics Records" 12422:"Celebrity Ambassadors" 12156:"SHORT FORM - MOBILITY" 11786:. EntertainmentWeekly. 11408:The Hindu Business Line 11377:thenationaltrust.gov.in 9305:Clinics in Perinatology 7733:Frontiers in Pediatrics 7474:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200445 7336:Cerebral Palsy Alliance 5965:Vojnosanitetski Pregled 5664:10.3389/fped.2020.00333 5651:Frontiers in Pediatrics 5118:10.3390/children2010078 4389:10.21037/jss.2016.09.05 4240:10.3390/children9081198 3738:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_48_18 3249:Brain & Development 2460:T34 classification 2166:Michael Joseph McDonald 1888:physical rehabilitation 1625:become more prominent. 1603:Breast self-examination 1572:intellectually disabled 866:umbilical cord prolapse 862:placental insufficiency 807:gastroesophageal reflux 803:oropharyngeal dysphagia 783:, sensory impairments, 754:cerebrovascular disease 640:issues, are at risk of 444:zerebrale Kinderlähmung 352:inherited genetic cause 122:Intellectual disability 13090:(gross motor function) 13010:Spastic cerebral palsy 12503:. www.paralympic.org. 11252:: 1–44. 28 June 2008. 10544:10.3138/ptc.2015-38LHC 9885:10.5014/ajot.45.10.882 9617:. 2006. Archived from 7946:Shepherd E, Salam RA, 7594:. Swope, Rodante P.A. 6011:(3): 316. March 2016. 5239:10.1542/peds.2012-0924 5198:10.1542/peds.2015-0273 4993:10.1542/peds.2017-1002 2576:University of Adelaide 2482:in her classification. 2399: 2241: 1990: 1981:University of Delaware 1526: 1467:neurological surgeries 1440:occupational therapist 1413: 1358:respiratory depression 1303: 1153:Spastic cerebral palsy 949: 841: 750:ischemic heart disease 676:dysfunction, and oral 624:utensils, and lack of 443: 359:spastic cerebral palsy 13046:Ataxic cerebral palsy 12745:Medical Knowledge app 11656:on 27 September 2013. 11499:"A very telling tale" 10893:10.1093/ageing/afq018 10469:10.5014/ajot.56.4.436 10317:10.1080/J006v23n01_05 9958:10.1080/J006v19n01_02 9588:10.2340/16501977-0111 8870:Novacheck TF (2008). 7592:"Athetoid Dyskinetic" 7388:CDC (18 April 2018). 5978:10.2298/VSP140321019D 5862:The Lancet. Neurology 5835:10.1056/NEJMra1505261 5432:(6): 744.e9–744.e15. 4656:10.1038/ejcn.2013.225 3179:10.3233/nre-2011-0631 2438:and is the author of 2418:United Cerebral Palsy 2391: 2236: 2209:Bridge School Benefit 1985: 1977:people-first language 1830:Johann Christian Reil 1809:On the Sacred Disease 1520: 1477:) or placement of an 1407: 1297: 1249:and hypoxic-ischemic 1203:Ataxic cerebral palsy 968:ataxic cerebral palsy 964:Cerebellar hypoplasia 947: 877:high bilirubin levels 838:hypercoagulable state 824: 626:hand-eye coordination 462:learning disabilities 419:alternative medicines 363:ataxic cerebral palsy 332:thinking or reasoning 13182:Cerebral palsy types 13030:Spastic quadriplegia 12563:. 6 September 2012. 11714:The Deccan Chronicle 11644:"Movie with a twist" 11288:on 21 November 2008. 11069:10.1155/2022/2622310 9808:10.5014/ajot.54.1.73 9477:. pp. 443–459. 9447:on 12 September 2016 7433:10.1093/ptj/86.4.573 6447:on 30 September 2015 6368:10.1093/brain/awv117 6316:10.1093/brain/awv117 5784:10.2147/IJWH.S130879 4017:Rationale and impact 3410:Song CS (May 2013). 2602:Inclusive recreation 2279:Britain's Got Talent 2054:National Film Awards 1998:The Spastics Society 1896:conductive education 1623:neoplastic disorders 1560:cognitive impairment 1556:progressive disorder 1377:apnea of prematurity 1175:spastic quadriplegia 1018:increases the risk. 912:, low birth weight, 785:urinary incontinence 728:Associated disorders 697:learned helplessness 560:low trauma fractures 540:bone mineral density 415:assistive technology 383:occupational therapy 231:Conductive education 221:Occupational therapy 12711:. 10 October 2005. 12481:on 21 December 2016 12368:on 21 November 2012 12288:Athletics Australia 11894:www.facingsouth.org 11763:on 5 September 2015 11582:(5 February 2007). 11383:on 27 February 2017 10383:on 9 September 2021 9441:abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS 8332:2017NeuTx..58...94A 7837:(Suppl 5): 98–108. 7369:on 17 December 2019 7156:10.2147/JMDH.S88782 7007:Pediatric Radiology 6362:(Pt 7): 1817–1832. 6310:(Pt 7): 1817–1832. 6287:. 15 December 2020. 5544:Practical Neurology 5482:on 24 December 2016 5361:10.2147/NDT.S235165 3428:10.1589/jpts.25.619 3297:on 20 December 2016 3167:NeuroRehabilitation 2864:on 15 February 2017 2598:for cerebral palsy. 2502:Simon James Stevens 2446:The Ying Yang Twins 2397:San Diego Comic-Con 2262:Last Comic Standing 1913:Society and culture 1842:William John Little 1444:orthopaedic surgeon 1290:Gait classification 1286:over the lifespan. 992:abusive head trauma 958:autosomal recessive 809:, motor disorders, 738:muscle contractures 552:articular cartilage 528:respiratory failure 466:Muscle contractions 435:William John Little 127:Learning disability 13096:(manual dexterity) 13081:Measurement scales 13025:Spastic hemiplegia 12989:Symptoms and signs 12900:External resources 12533:. 31 August 2012. 12361:The New York Times 12263:ablemagazine.co.uk 11675:. Chennai, India. 11157:10.1111/dmcn.15346 10186:10.1111/dmcn.13422 10136:10.1111/dmcn.13053 9406:10.1111/dmcn.12849 8974:Gait & Posture 8968:Kerkum YL (2016). 8935:Gait & Posture 8547:10.1111/dmcn.12246 8208:10.1111/dmcn.13653 7900:EFORT Open Reviews 7357:Knierim J (2020). 7338:. 18 November 2015 7217:Becher JG (2002). 7019:10.1007/BF02010628 6886:10.5694/mja2.12106 6795:Birth Injury Guide 6734:Lungu C, Hirtz D, 6699:10.1111/dmcn.12140 6500:(Suppl 1): 12–16. 6208:10.1111/dmcn.12016 6159:10.1111/dmcn.12017 6056:(Suppl 1): 21–24. 6018:10.1111/dmcn.12662 5709:Yarnell J (2013). 5232:(5): e1285–e1312. 5034:10.1111/dmcn.13930 4098:10.1111/dmcn.13196 3905:(sep25 7): g5474. 2772:10.1111/dmcn.12080 2580:defensive medicine 2572:Alastair MacLennan 2514:virtual nightclub 2456:wheelchair athlete 2400: 2322:Francesca Martinez 2282:, and winner of a 2242: 2133:that premiered on 1850:perinatal asphyxia 1609:at the age of 21. 1564:learning disorders 1527: 1414: 1353:magnesium sulphate 1304: 1167:spastic hemiplegia 1106:Fragile X syndrome 1085:subdural hematomas 1044:primitive reflexes 950: 924:just after birth, 920:, birth asphyxia, 842: 789:fecal incontinence 524:sensory processing 486:joint contractures 451:Signs and symptoms 330:and problems with 296:movement disorders 241:Orthopedic surgery 191:Difficult delivery 13164: 13163: 13064: 13063: 13039:Ataxia and others 12948: 12947: 12753:Library resources 12114:on 17 March 2013. 11738:Los Angeles Times 11151:(12): 1494–1506. 10632:on 3 August 2016. 10505:10.1002/ddrr.1131 10410:(24): 1867–1884. 10179:(10): 1004–1010. 9736:978-0-323-02954-4 9621:on 30 March 2015. 9542:(11): 1891–1897. 9484:978-0-444-59584-3 9399:(12): 1105–1118. 8883:978-0-323-03931-4 8856:978-3-13-151351-9 8616:www.ninds.nih.gov 8441:10.1136/bmj.g6661 7809:www.ninds.nih.gov 6843:978-1-4731-2272-7 6750:(12): 1293–1298. 6642:10.1002/ddrr.1106 6547:(9814): 445–452. 6246:(10): 2082–2087. 5932:(10): 1038–1043. 5910:978-1-4160-3370-7 5722:978-0-19-966053-7 5165:978-1-84905-060-9 4878:978-1-55766-333-7 4838:978-1-4831-4199-2 4575:978-0-19-939891-1 4120:Dewar RM (2020). 4000:978-81-7829-965-5 3959:10.1002/nau.22982 3911:10.1136/bmj.g5474 3773:978-81-939227-7-4 3470:978-0-444-52901-5 2977:(16): 1237–1240. 2549:Christopher Nolan 2490:disability rights 2436:Rollin' With Zach 2337:, Owen Davies in 2331:Zak Ford-Williams 2290:Comedy, Mobility. 2251:The Facts of Life 1819:'s 1642 painting 1669:physical activity 1428:multidisciplinary 1375:is used to treat 918:Caesarean section 828:showing a fetal ( 740:, abnormal gait, 646:Triceps skin fold 423:stem cell therapy 285: 284: 200:Diagnostic method 82:Poor coordination 21:Medical condition 13219: 13020:Spastic diplegia 12993: 12992: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12952: 12951: 12813: 12812: 12740: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12642:simonstevens.com 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12618:. 29 August 2020 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12424:. Archived from 12418: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12375: 12373: 12364:. Archived from 12351: 12345: 12344: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12320:on 11 June 2011. 12316:. Archived from 12310: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12290:. 1 March 2012. 12280: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12242: 12234: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12178: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12136:on 2 August 2013 12122: 12116: 12115: 12110:. Archived from 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12067: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12006:. Archived from 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11946:. 26 August 2014 11936: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11911: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11755:Call the Midwife 11749: 11743: 11742: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11494: 11483: 11482: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11379:. Archived from 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11284:. Archived from 11278: 11272: 11271: 11261: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11168: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11112:(8): 571. 2007. 11098: 11092: 11091: 11081: 11071: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10979: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10895: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10844: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10795: 10771: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10748:. Archived from 10736: 10730: 10729: 10711: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10624: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10555: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10471: 10447: 10436: 10435: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10379:. Archived from 10348: 10337: 10336: 10300: 10291: 10290: 10272: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10224:(5): 1521–1529. 10212: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10198: 10188: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10147: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10006: 9997: 9996: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9887: 9863: 9850: 9849: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9810: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9718: 9712: 9705: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9630: 9624: 9622: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9590: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9475:Elsevier Science 9466: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9443:. Archived from 9433: 9427: 9426: 9408: 9384: 9378: 9377: 9359: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9213: 9204: 9203: 9185: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9126: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9085: 9075: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8909:. Archived from 8903:The O&P EDGE 8897:Muñoz S (2018). 8894: 8888: 8887: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8849:. Renata Horst. 8845:Horst R (2005). 8842: 8836: 8835: 8825: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8759:(11): CD009257. 8744: 8738: 8737: 8727: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8642: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8549: 8525: 8510: 8509: 8499: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8407: 8371: 8360: 8359: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8272: 8240: 8231: 8230: 8220: 8210: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8166: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8082: 8072: 8063:(10): e1002398. 8048: 8042: 8041: 8031: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7979: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7748: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7708:. 5 October 2023 7698: 7692: 7691: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7638: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7564: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7435: 7420:Physical Therapy 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7365:. Archived from 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7308: 7276: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7240: 7222: 7214: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7188:Ogoke C (2018). 7185: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7158: 7134: 7121: 7120: 7092: 7081: 7080: 7070: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6977: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6927:(1): 2169-3536. 6912: 6906: 6905: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6852: 6831: 6820: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6797:. 3 January 2022 6787: 6778: 6777: 6767: 6731: 6720: 6719: 6701: 6677: 6654: 6653: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6443:. Archived from 6437:"Cerebral Palsy" 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6379: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6327: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6210: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6161: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6020: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5818: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5786: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5706: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5666: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5617: 5600:(6): 1041–1052. 5585: 5576: 5575: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5287: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5200: 5191:(4): e947–e960. 5176: 5170: 5169: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5120: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4986:(6): e20171002. 4971: 4965: 4964: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4856: 4843: 4842: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4790:(8): 1108–1118. 4779: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4696:10.1002/fsn3.788 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4595: 4580: 4579: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4391: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4242: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4193: 4165: 4159: 4145: 4136: 4135: 4132:10.14264/90c2cf3 4117: 4111: 4110: 4100: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4033: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3961: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3894: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3850: 3849: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3572: 3557: 3556: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3513: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3382: 3358: 3340: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3244: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3128:(10): CD001408. 3113: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3086: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3028: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2885: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2860:. Archived from 2848: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2774: 2750: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2709: 2626: 2623: 2594:– describes the 2557:British Comedian 2462:. She holds the 2408:Walter White Jr. 2215:Nicolas Hamilton 2090:Call the Midwife 2070:Daniel Day-Lewis 2033: 1854:spastic diplegia 1817:Jusepe de Ribera 1746:low birth weight 1236:substantia nigra 1171:spastic diplegia 1016:chorioamnionitis 890:low birth weight 546:), the centres ( 446: 379:physical therapy 294:) is a group of 216:Physical therapy 36: 24: 23: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13216: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13160: 13134: 13111: 13102:(communication) 13076: 13060: 13034: 12984: 12979: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12895: 12894: 12824: 12792: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12761: 12760: 12756: 12749: 12741: 12733: 12728: 12718: 12716: 12701: 12700: 12696: 12665: 12661: 12651: 12649: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12610: 12609: 12605: 12595: 12593: 12591:Library Journal 12585: 12584: 12580: 12570: 12568: 12555: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12484: 12482: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12454:. 11 March 2016 12446: 12445: 12441: 12431: 12429: 12420: 12419: 12415: 12405: 12403: 12388: 12384: 12371: 12369: 12352: 12348: 12329: 12325: 12312: 12311: 12307: 12297: 12295: 12282: 12281: 12277: 12267: 12265: 12257: 12256: 12252: 12236: 12235: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12205: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12180: 12179: 12175: 12165: 12163: 12162:. 19 March 2024 12154: 12153: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12124: 12123: 12119: 12106: 12105: 12101: 12091: 12089: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12063: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12039: 12037: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 12004:nicolashamilton 11998: 11997: 11993: 11983: 11981: 11963: 11959: 11949: 11947: 11938: 11937: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11898: 11896: 11888: 11887: 11883: 11873: 11871: 11865:"6,000 Waiting" 11863: 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11835: 11831: 11821: 11819: 11807: 11803: 11793: 11791: 11780: 11776: 11766: 11764: 11751: 11750: 11746: 11729: 11725: 11720:on 9 June 2011. 11708: 11707: 11703: 11696:The Newsleak.in 11688: 11684: 11665: 11661: 11640: 11636: 11617: 11613: 11603: 11601: 11577: 11573: 11563: 11561: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11512: 11510: 11495: 11486: 11447: 11443: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11400: 11396: 11386: 11384: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11356: 11354: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11326: 11324: 11297: 11293: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11194: 11190: 11137: 11133: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11048: 11044: 11005: 11001: 10956: 10952: 10913: 10909: 10872: 10868: 10821: 10817: 10772: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10740:"CP and ageing" 10738: 10737: 10733: 10688:Obesity Reviews 10684: 10680: 10641: 10637: 10629: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10573: 10569: 10524: 10520: 10489: 10485: 10448: 10439: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10349: 10340: 10301: 10294: 10263:(12): 425–432. 10249: 10245: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10165: 10161: 10116: 10112: 10073: 10069: 10046: 10042: 10007: 10000: 9969: 9965: 9942: 9938: 9917:(12): 570–574. 9905: 9901: 9878:(10): 882–888. 9864: 9853: 9828: 9824: 9787: 9783: 9752: 9748: 9737: 9719: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9688: 9684: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9567: 9563: 9532: 9528: 9496: 9492: 9485: 9467: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9385: 9381: 9336: 9332: 9298: 9294: 9249: 9245: 9214: 9207: 9154: 9150: 9103: 9099: 9052: 9048: 9005: 9001: 8966: 8962: 8930: 8926: 8916: 8914: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8843: 8839: 8794: 8790: 8745: 8741: 8710:(2): CD003466. 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8540:(10): 885–910. 8526: 8513: 8482:(1): CD003311. 8468: 8464: 8425: 8421: 8390:(8): CD012077. 8372: 8363: 8320:Neurotoxicology 8316: 8312: 8299:. 30 May 2023. 8291: 8290: 8286: 8241: 8234: 8187: 8180: 8135: 8131: 8110:(2): CD009395. 8100: 8096: 8049: 8045: 8000: 7993: 7962:(6): CD012409. 7944: 7937: 7906:(12): 448–460. 7892: 7888: 7873: 7866: 7827: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7776: 7772: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7664: 7660: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7567:World J Pediatr 7562: 7556: 7552: 7521: 7517: 7494: 7490: 7453: 7449: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7277: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7215: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7135: 7124: 7093: 7084: 7046: 7042: 7003: 6999: 6954: 6950: 6913: 6909: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6829: 6821: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6781: 6732: 6723: 6678: 6657: 6626: 6619: 6582: 6578: 6533: 6529: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6473:on 29 July 2007 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6348: 6344: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6236: 6232: 6187: 6183: 6138: 6134: 6103:(43): 721–726. 6089: 6085: 6046: 6042: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5957: 5953: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5854: 5850: 5829:(10): 946–953. 5819: 5810: 5763: 5759: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5707: 5690: 5643: 5639: 5586: 5579: 5540: 5536: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5418: 5414: 5391: 5387: 5340: 5336: 5313: 5309: 5259: 5255: 5218: 5214: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5148: 5144: 5097: 5093: 5054: 5050: 5013: 5009: 4972: 4968: 4929: 4925: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4857: 4846: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4780: 4773: 4728: 4721: 4676: 4672: 4639: 4635: 4596: 4583: 4576: 4554: 4543: 4500: 4493: 4468: 4464: 4419: 4415: 4368: 4361: 4316: 4309: 4270: 4266: 4219: 4215: 4166: 4162: 4146: 4139: 4118: 4114: 4077: 4073: 4034: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3987: 3983: 3938: 3934: 3895: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3853: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3717: 3710: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3619: 3612: 3573: 3560: 3531: 3527: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3457: 3453: 3408: 3404: 3359:; Corrected in 3317: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3245: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3211:on 2 April 2015 3199: 3198: 3194: 3163: 3159: 3114: 3110: 3063: 3052: 3005: 2998: 2963: 2959: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2800: 2796: 2751: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2711: 2710: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2588: 2564: 2535:comedy series, 2454:, is a British 2452:Hannah Cockroft 2316:Robert Griswold 2310:Laurence Clarke 2184: 2178: 2027: 2017: 2011: 1970: 1968:Use of the term 1920: 1918:Economic impact 1915: 1905:introduced the 1884:musculoskeletal 1791:comes from the 1769: 1738: 1703: 1686: 1673:organized sport 1661: 1640: 1631: 1617:, in 2014, 104 1552: 1544:plantar flexion 1515: 1495:bisphosphonates 1491:botulinum toxin 1487:anticonvulsants 1481:baclofen pump. 1452:benzodiazepines 1420: 1402: 1390:Corticosteroids 1386:delay the birth 1363:NICE guidelines 1328: 1292: 1283: 1271:choreoathetosis 1238:in the form of 1228: 1222: 1205: 1199: 1187:Botulinum toxin 1183:cerebral cortex 1155: 1149: 1114: 1036: 1012: 976: 974:Early childhood 942: 930:low blood sugar 906: 885: 819: 730: 717:sleep disorders 705: 658: 617: 570:Hip dislocation 536: 494:scissoring gait 490:tip-toeing gait 453: 411:external braces 403:botulinum toxin 371:medical imaging 273: 269:Botulinum toxin 245: 236:External braces 194: 131: 103: 69: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13225: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13121: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12990: 12986: 12985: 12982:Cerebral palsy 12978: 12977: 12970: 12963: 12955: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939:Cerebral palsy 12930: 12916: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12897: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12881: 12870: 12856: 12841: 12825: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816:Classification 12810: 12809: 12800: 12794:Cerebral palsy 12770: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12758:Cerebral palsy 12751: 12750: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731:External links 12729: 12727: 12726: 12708:Radio National 12694: 12681:10.2307/283354 12659: 12629: 12603: 12578: 12548: 12518: 12492: 12465: 12439: 12428:on 9 June 2015 12413: 12382: 12346: 12323: 12305: 12275: 12250: 12222: 12199: 12173: 12147: 12117: 12099: 12073: 12047: 12021: 12010:on 3 June 2020 11991: 11957: 11931: 11906: 11881: 11856: 11829: 11801: 11774: 11744: 11733:"My Left Foot" 11723: 11701: 11682: 11659: 11634: 11611: 11571: 11545: 11520: 11484: 11457:(5): 233–235. 11441: 11427: 11413: 11394: 11364: 11334: 11291: 11273: 11231: 11204:(5): 326–337. 11188: 11131: 11093: 11042: 11015:(5): 369–374. 10999: 10970:(9): 633–640. 10950: 10923:(4): 183–191. 10907: 10886:(3): 294–299. 10880:Age and Ageing 10866: 10829:Brain Sciences 10815: 10786:(7): 610–614. 10763: 10731: 10694:(2): 171–182. 10678: 10635: 10610: 10567: 10538:(4): 398–407. 10518: 10483: 10462:(4): 436–445. 10437: 10394: 10363:(7): 955–969. 10338: 10292: 10243: 10207: 10159: 10130:(8): 798–808. 10110: 10083:(8): 647–655. 10067: 10040: 10021:(3): 453–467. 9998: 9979:(6): 864–882. 9963: 9936: 9899: 9851: 9840:(2): 229–246. 9822: 9781: 9762:(6): 623–632. 9746: 9735: 9713: 9695: 9682: 9647: 9625: 9602: 9581:(9): 708–714. 9561: 9526: 9507:(9): 723–727. 9490: 9483: 9458: 9428: 9379: 9350:(7): 487–493. 9330: 9311:(2): 545–555. 9292: 9263:(2): 119–128. 9243: 9224:(1): 235–249. 9205: 9168:(3): 861–879. 9148: 9097: 9046: 8999: 8960: 8924: 8913:on 6 June 2021 8889: 8882: 8862: 8855: 8837: 8808:(4): 263–271. 8788: 8739: 8690: 8678: 8651:(5): 309–320. 8628: 8603: 8569: 8511: 8462: 8419: 8361: 8310: 8284: 8255:(4): 342–347. 8232: 8201:(6): 543–558. 8178: 8129: 8094: 8043: 8014:(7): 828–841. 7991: 7935: 7886: 7864: 7821: 7796: 7784:BusinessMirror 7770: 7719: 7693: 7674:(3): 146–152. 7658: 7629:(2): 144–151. 7609: 7583: 7550: 7531:(2): 153–167. 7515: 7504:(2): 153–167. 7488: 7467:(4): 267–272. 7447: 7426:(4): 573–584. 7406: 7380: 7349: 7320: 7291:(4): 816–828. 7264: 7231:(4): 143–149. 7204: 7180: 7122: 7103:(4): 457–467. 7082: 7061:(6): 851–863. 7040: 7013:(1–2): 23–27. 6997: 6948: 6907: 6880:(3): 129–135. 6864: 6842: 6808: 6779: 6721: 6692:(5): 418–426. 6655: 6636:(2): 114–129. 6617: 6596:(6): 543–550. 6576: 6527: 6484: 6458: 6427: 6394: 6342: 6290: 6273: 6230: 6201:(3): 210–216. 6181: 6152:(6): 499–508. 6132: 6083: 6040: 5992: 5971:(4): 343–348. 5951: 5916: 5909: 5889: 5868:(9): 876–877. 5848: 5808: 5757: 5746:(9): 367–372. 5728: 5721: 5688: 5637: 5577: 5550:(3): 184–194. 5534: 5513:(2): 264–270. 5493: 5461: 5412: 5385: 5334: 5307: 5253: 5212: 5171: 5164: 5158:. p. 70. 5142: 5091: 5064:(7): 564–568. 5048: 5027:(9): 861–865. 5007: 4966: 4939:(5): 252–259. 4923: 4904:(9): 405–409. 4884: 4877: 4844: 4837: 4817: 4771: 4742:(9): 863–876. 4719: 4670: 4633: 4606:(6): 453–463. 4581: 4574: 4541: 4514:(5): 409–416. 4491: 4480:(9): 377–383. 4462: 4433:(5): 415–418. 4413: 4382:(4): 299–309. 4359: 4330:(4): 277–290. 4307: 4280:(5): 425–432. 4264: 4213: 4176:(8): 846–850. 4160: 4137: 4112: 4091:(9): 918–923. 4071: 4044:(3): 313–318. 4023: 4006: 3999: 3981: 3952:(3): 541–549. 3932: 3880: 3851: 3816: 3786: 3772: 3752: 3708: 3662: 3610: 3583:(3): 221–230. 3558: 3547:(9): 378–382. 3525: 3476: 3469: 3451: 3422:(5): 619–622. 3402: 3331:(s109): 8–14. 3308: 3282: 3255:(4): 285–292. 3222: 3192: 3157: 3108: 3050: 3019:(5): 819–828. 2996: 2973:(in Chinese). 2957: 2908: 2897:. 28 June 2016 2875: 2843: 2794: 2765:(6): 509–519. 2736: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2587: 2584: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2555:Lost Voice Guy 2552: 2546: 2540: 2526: 2515: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2449: 2442: 2421: 2386: 2385: 2375: 2372:Out of My Mind 2368: 2356: 2350: 2347:Joseph Merrick 2328: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2297: 2291: 2286:Award for his 2271: 2265: 2255: 2231: 2230: 2227:Lewis Hamilton 2212: 2197: 2177: 2174: 2139:Ryan O'Connell 2010: 2007: 1969: 1966: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1858:William Gowers 1838:Philippe Pinel 1785:ancient Greeks 1776:, an Egyptian 1768: 1765: 1737: 1734: 1702: 1699: 1685: 1682: 1660: 1657: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1607:cryptorchidism 1551: 1548: 1514: 1511: 1436:health visitor 1416:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1327: 1324: 1291: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1267:extrapyramidal 1247:encephalopathy 1224:Main article: 1221: 1218: 1201:Main article: 1198: 1195: 1151:Main article: 1148: 1145: 1113: 1112:Classification 1110: 1035: 1032: 1011: 1008: 984:lead poisoning 975: 972: 941: 938: 905: 902: 884: 881: 873:birth asphyxia 818: 815: 774:multimorbidity 729: 726: 704: 703:Pain and sleep 701: 689:language delay 674:velopharyngeal 657: 654: 642:undernutrition 616: 613: 535: 532: 452: 449: 387:speech therapy 288:Cerebral palsy 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 255: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 226:Speech therapy 223: 218: 212: 210: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 193: 192: 189: 186: 180: 175: 165: 163: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 119: 113: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 93: 83: 79: 77: 71: 70: 68: 67: 62: 57: 51: 49: 43: 42: 38: 37: 29: 28: 27:Cerebral palsy 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13224: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 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7785: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7707: 7706:BBC Newsround 7703: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 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London. 12130:The Mirror 12092:6 December 12066:6 December 12040:6 December 11984:17 October 11950:17 October 11924:17 October 11849:17 October 11753:"Being on 11513:6 December 11505:. London. 10651:(1): 1–9. 10583:: 103514. 9473:. Oxford: 9183:1871/34092 9066:(1): 120. 8596:6 February 8582:www.nhs.uk 8326:: 94–102. 7877:Pediatrica 7602:31 October 7257:29 January 6857:5 February 6832:. London: 5226:Pediatrics 5185:Pediatrics 5154:. London: 4980:Pediatrics 3731:(4): 148. 3675:Clin-Alert 3301:4 December 2971:中华实用儿科临床杂志 2901:26 January 2633:References 2568:litigation 2562:Litigation 2529:Tim Renkow 2496:Kuli Kohli 2486:Keah Brown 2480:400 metres 2476:200 metres 2472:100 metres 2464:Paralympic 2424:Zach Anner 2335:Bridgerton 2201:Neil Young 2180:See also: 2106:Speechless 2085:for 1989. 2025:Goodbye CP 2021:Kazuo Hara 2013:See also: 1992:The term " 1591:precocious 1400:Management 1344:, and the 1326:Prevention 1255:hypertonia 1220:Dyskinetic 1210:cerebellum 1191:spasticity 1159:spasticity 1137:hemiplegic 1004:meningitis 871:In Africa 826:Micrograph 662:dysarthria 594:prevalence 548:metaphyses 471:spasticity 342:, being a 251:Medication 55:Pediatrics 13130:Rhizotomy 13069:Diagnosis 12925:neuro/533 12920:eMedicine 12675:: 79–86. 12561:BBC Sport 12531:BBC Sport 11979:0261-3077 11919:Biography 11794:3 October 11767:12 August 11673:The Hindu 11649:The Hindu 11533:rtcil.org 11451:Neurology 11327:12 August 11268:221645066 11226:208246679 11198:Neurology 11183:251516376 11126:221650919 10994:221649047 10605:207936522 10387:19 August 10377:145317559 9931:147128197 9451:14 August 9301:Hutton JL 9041:212641072 9019:: 68–74. 8994:0966-6362 8673:207966055 8435:: g6661. 7545:144152618 7055:Neurology 6992:245457921 6943:214623895 6801:4 January 6744:Neurology 6736:Damiano D 6716:205066858 6035:221682193 6001:"Erratum" 5632:211122403 5323:: 26–30. 5302:211134380 5086:221675661 4918:1751-7222 3874:4 January 3703:208256249 3695:0069-4770 3397:221647898 2991:2095-428X 2318:, swimmer 2258:Josh Blue 2223:Formula 1 1629:Self-care 1550:Prognosis 1531:orthotics 1523:orthotics 1410:foot drop 1259:hypotonia 1244:bilirubin 1034:Diagnosis 897:gestation 830:placental 670:laryngeal 668:control, 630:Pneumonia 590:scoliosis 544:diaphyses 409:. 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