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During the past few decades, archaeologists have conducted many studies concerning the dating of the earliest domestic cattle, sheep, and goats in China (Yuan, 2015, 2021; Cai et al., 2018; Brunson et al., 2020; Hu, 2021). However, the timing and paths of early dispersal for domestic cattle and caprines into China are still unclear. One view is that domestic cattle and caprines were introduced into the Gansu-Qinghai (GQ) region from the Hexi
Corridor during the Majiayao culture period (5600-5000BP), and then spread to other parts of China (Yuan, 2015, 2021). Another view is that domestic cattle and caprines spread eastward through the Eurasian grasslands, first passing through the Mongolian Plateau at ∼5500-4500 cal BP before moving south into China (Jaang 2015; Cai et al., 2018; Hu, 2021).
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Intermediaries in these exchanges were disparate groups in a broad border area of relatively high land around the heart of China, the
Central Plains. The societies of central China were already so advanced that, when these foreign innovations were adopted, they were transformed within highly organised social and cultural systems.
1455:
1324:
The early cultural exchanges between the East and the West are mainly reflected in several aspects: first, in the late
Neolithic period of painted pottery culture, the Yangshao culture (5000-3000 BC) from the Central Plains spreadwestward, which had a great impact on Majiayao culture (3000-2000 BC),
873:
have researched climate changes during the
Majiayao culture and the results indicate that the climate was wet during 5830 to 4900 BP, which promoted the development of early and middle Majiayao culture in eastern Qinghai province. However, from 4900 to 4700 BP, the climate underwent droughts in this
640:
The most distinctive artifacts of the
Majiayao culture are the painted pottery. During the Majiayao phase, potters decorated their wares with designs in black pigment featuring sweeping parallel lines and dots. Pottery of the Banshan phase is distinguished by curvilinear designs using both black and
540:
The
Majiayao culture benefited from the warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene, which led to flourishing agricultural production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural
576:
in the People's
Republic of China, it has since been considered a distinct culture, named after the original site, whereas previously it had been referred to as the "Gansu Yangshao" culture. This culture developed from the middle Yangshao (Miaodigou) phase, through an intermediate Shilingxia phase.
1612:
Zooarchaeological and genetic research shows that the earliest domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats emerged in
Western Asia and Northeast Africa at ∼10,000 cal BP (Loftus et al., 1994; Bradley et al., 1998; Zeder and Hesse, 2000; Marshall and Hildebrand 2002; Tong, 2004; Daly et al., 2018, 2021).
1569:
in the north-eastern rim of the Tarim basin would seem reasonable and needs to be kept open for the future archaeological finds. In other words, the possibility for the dispersal of early copperbased metallurgy from the
Eurasian steppe into Xinjiang and further east to Gansu cannot be excluded at
1499:
The development of several key technologies in China —bronze and iron metallurgy and horse-drawn chariots— arose out of the relations of central China, of the
Erlitou period (c. 1700–1500 BC), the Shang (c.1500–1046 BC) and the Zhou (1046–771 BC) dynasties, with their neighbours in the steppe.
961:
The long period of warm and humid climatic conditions from the Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene favoured the development and expansion of the Majiayao and Qijia cultures. This stable and agriculturally suitable climate was conducive to increased food production, which contributed to rapid
537:, China. The culture existed from 3300 to 2000 BC. The Majiayao culture represents the first time that the upper Yellow River region was widely occupied by agricultural communities and it is famous for its painted pottery, which is regarded as a peak of pottery manufacturing at that time.
860:
circa 8000 BCE. Their introduction in China may have been through the Hexi Corridor during the Majiayao culture period, although an alternative may be a route through the Eurasian grasslands and then through the Mongolian plateau circa 3500-2500 BCE.
840:, Gansu, and dated to 2900–2740 BC. Further copper and bronze objects have been found at Machang-period sites in Gansu. Metallurgy spread to the middle and lower Yellow River region in the late 3rd millennium BC. Contacts between the
652:. The manufacture of large amounts of painted pottery means there were professional craftspeople to produce it, which is taken to indicate increasing social complexity. Control over the production process and quality declined by the
962:
population growth. However, the continuous aridification that began in the Late Holocene led to a decline in agricultural production and insufficient food and water supply, which hampered population growth and cultural development.
733:
1094:"The spatiotemporal pattern of the Majiayao cultural evolution and its relation to climate change and variety of subsistence strategy during late Neolithic period in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, northwest China"
947:
Li, Yu; Zhang, Zhansen; Zhou, Xueru; Gao, Mingjun; Li, Haiye; Xue, Yaxin; Duan, Junjie (1 May 2023). "Paleo-environmental changes and human activities in Shiyang River Basin since the Late Glacial".
1646:
746:. The symbols include net patterns, eight-angled star patterns, connected-shell patterns, petal patterns, vortex patterns etc... Many motifs were already known from the preceding
648:
In contrast to plain pottery, the Majiayao painted pottery was produced at large, centralised workshops. The largest Neolithic workshop found in China is at Baidaogouping,
874:
area, which may be responsible for the decline and eastward movement of prehistoric cultures during the period of transition from early-mid to late Majiayao culture.
1125:
641:
red paints. Machang-phase pottery is similar, but often not as carefully finished. Its development is associated with interaction between hunter-gatherers in the
1785:
2219:
1403:
Collection of Ancient Chinese Cultural Relics, Volume 1: Primitive Society (1.7 million - 4000 BC) and The Xia and Shang Dynasties (21st - 11th Century BC)
1343:
Collection of Ancient Chinese Cultural Relics, Volume 1: Primitive Society (1.7 million - 4000 BC) and The Xia and Shang Dynasties (21st - 11th Century BC)
1584:"Direct dating of the earliest domesticated cattle and caprines in northwestern China reveals the history of pastoralism in the Gansu-Qinghai region"
816:
2400:
2353:
2330:
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phase, potentially due to greater demand for pottery to use in funeral rituals, similar to what Hung Ling-yu calls the "modern Wal-Mart syndrome".
869:
Scholars have come to the conclusion that the development of the Majiayao culture was highly related to climate changes. A group of scholars from
2481:
2229:
708:
768:
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succeeded the Majiayao culture at sites in three main geographic zones: eastern Gansu, central Gansu, and western Gansu/eastern Qinghai.
191:
1778:
197:
2593:
736:, The Swastika symbol was particularly used during the final Majiayao Machang period (2300-2000 BCE), and became a current symbol in
976:"Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau"
792:
496:
724:
The Majiayao culture used a wide variety of symbols in its pottery, some of them abstract and geometric, including the well-known
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780:
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Both a cross notation and a swastika symbol are popular decorative patterns and marks on Machang phase pottery vessels.
900:
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Pottery Production, Mortuary Practice, and Social Complexity in the Majiayao Culture, NW China (ca. 5300-4000 BP)
1133:
1907:
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Anthropomorphic figure on a Majiayao culture painted pottery jar (3200-2000 BCE) National Museum of China.
837:
1582:
Ren, Lele; Yang, Yishi; Qiu, Menghan; Brunson, Katherine; Chen, Guoke; Dong, Guanghui (1 August 2022).
1456:"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"
2519:
820:
The Majiayao culture was part of the "Arc of the eastern Steppe", next to the Central Plain of China.
261:
1897:
1873:
17:
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and then continued to spread to Xinjiang and Central Asia through the transition of Hexi corridor
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304:
1703:
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248:
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present and will have to be considered when further archaeological evidence becomes available.
1341:
1218:
1428:
1371:
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1161:
1401:
684:
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2524:
2445:
2122:
1625:"Climate Change; Researchers from Lanzhou University Describe Findings in Climate Change".
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8:
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2009:
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Four big circles are found on its belly, with the swastika pattern inside each circle.
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Majiayao phase (3300–2500 BC) sites are mostly found on terraces along: the upper
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1984:
1933:
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the argument for possible Afanasievo-Xinjiang contact based on the finds at the
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The archaeological site was first found in 1924 near the village of Majiayao in
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2015:
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spread to the Majiayao culture, and then further to Xinjiang and Central Asia.
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2004:
1999:
1989:
1962:
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Liu, Li; Chen, Jian; Wang, Jiajing; Zhao, Yanan; Chen, Xingcan (2022-12-20).
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557:
334:
224:
97:
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991:
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2268:
2224:
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1994:
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The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age
1682:
1550:"Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age"
1310:
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The transition from Yangshao to Majiayao coincides, climatically, with the
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49:
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Reflections of Early China: Decor, Pictographs, and Pictorial Inscriptions
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1878:
1856:
1834:
1647:"A Discussion on Early Metals and the Origins of Bronze Casting in China"
1049:
1032:
956:
905:
609:
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The culture is often divided into three phases: Majiayao (3300–2500 BC),
824:
2323:
2251:
1967:
1950:
1938:
1891:
1861:
1294:"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"
910:
2347:
2212:
2184:
1696:
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Bronze technology was imported to China from the steppes. The oldest
725:
605:
597:
518:
2167:
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region and the westward expansion of agricultural Yangshao people.
544:
The Majiayao culture may be associated with the expansion of early
1054:. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Vol. 11.
1037:. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Vol. 15.
2475:
2135:
2110:
1955:
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have been considered for the transmission of bronze technology.
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833:
364:
37:
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object found in China was a knife found at a Majiayao site in
2093:
2071:
2044:
1972:
1220:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion
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526:
215:
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Bronze knife found in Dongxiang, Gansu (dated 2900–2740 BC)
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1748:(revised ed.), New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art,
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1073:
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Topographical and Archaeological Studies in the Far East
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frontal and rather realistic anthropomorphic depictions
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Domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats first appear in
923:
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1063:
1061:
1708:
The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States
1273:
1261:
1529:
1505:
1249:
1138:
1793:
1581:
1058:
667:Samples of Majiayao pottery from different phases
2575:
1479:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"
980:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
973:
1159:
946:
851:
1779:
1034:Researches into the prehistory of the Chinese
521:communities who lived primarily in the upper
136:
122:
581:(2500–2300 BC) and Machang (2300–2000 BC).
501:Majiayao culture and contemporary cultures
27:3300–2000 BC Chinese archaeological culture
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1772:
1743:
1243:
1189:
36:
1309:
1298:Region - Educational Research and Reviews
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1030:
1007:
584:At the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the
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807:
774:Machang Period Pottery (Swastika symbol)
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207:
1724:
1547:
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1399:
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1190:Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan (2004).
1166:. Oxford University Press. p. 38.
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14:
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828:Neolithic cultures in China 3000-2000
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798:Pot with 3-dimensional humanoid face
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1702:
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1535:
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1346:. ATF Press. pp. 123, 115, v.
1217:Insoll, Timothy (27 October 2011).
1180:
1150:
896:List of Neolithic cultures of China
732:, some of them figurative, such as
272:
24:
1689:Washington University in St. Louis
1557:Proceedings of the British Academy
1330:
1163:The Oxford Handbook of Early China
1160:Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (2020).
901:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
864:
25:
2605:
1588:Journal of Archaeological Science
1400:Guozhen, Wang (1 December 2019).
1340:Guozhen, Wang (1 December 2019).
844:and the Majiayao culture and the
560:, Gansu by Swedish archaeologist
2594:4th-millennium BC establishments
2557:
2548:
2547:
2537:
1048:Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1939).
1031:Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1943).
791:
779:
767:
755:
707:
695:
683:
671:
659:Pottery style emerging from the
564:, who considered it part of the
206:
190:
1744:Valenstein, Suzanne G. (1989),
1725:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012),
1618:
1575:
1541:
1447:
1420:
1393:
1376:. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.
1363:
1285:
1210:
1196:. Rowman Altamira. p. 42.
1134:Princeton University Art Museum
1746:A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics
1729:, Cambridge University Press,
1710:, Cambridge University Press,
1627:The Business of Global Warming
1477:Rawson, Jessica (April 2017).
1430:Studies in Chinese Archaeology
1292:Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021).
1193:Gender and Chinese Archaeology
1116:
1092:Dong, G.; et al. (2013).
1085:
1041:
1024:
967:
940:
891:History of metallurgy in China
786:Pot with standing human shapes
167:
137:
123:
13:
1:
1794:Prehistoric cultures of China
1637:
502:
69:
1433:. Chinese University Press.
1110:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.038
719:
7:
2584:Neolithic cultures of China
1460:Journal of World Prehistory
1223:. OUP Oxford. p. 444.
884:
852:Introduction of pastoralism
591:
10:
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627:
551:
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2520:Yellow River civilization
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2025:
1926:
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1799:
1666:10.1515/CHAR.2003.3.1.157
1600:10.1016/j.jas.2022.105627
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604:valley; middle and lower
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2201:Middle and Upper Yangtze
1454:Rawson, Jessica (2020).
1098:Quaternary International
949:Chinese Science Bulletin
916:
568:. Following the work of
132:Traditional Chinese
1370:Yang, Xiaoneng (2000).
992:10.1073/pnas.2212006119
762:Symbolic "Frog" pattern
118:Simplified Chinese
2285:Lower Yangtze and Huai
1908:Liaoning bronze dagger
1681:Hung, Ling-yu (2011),
1645:Bai, Yunxiang (2003),
1311:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242
829:
821:
813:
637:
562:Johan Gunnar Andersson
548:during the Neolithic.
1548:JIANJUN, MEI (2003).
1524:Liu & Chen (2012)
1495:10.15184/aqy.2016.276
1427:Zheng, Dekun (1982).
1080:Liu & Chen (2012)
935:Liu & Chen (2012)
827:
819:
811:
635:
2525:Yangtze civilization
1082:, pp. 216, 232.
957:10.1360/TB-2022-0965
546:Sino-Tibetan peoples
497:class=notpageimage|
2589:Bronze Age in China
2026:Middle Yellow River
1654:Chinese Archaeology
986:(51): e2212006119.
32:
2146:Lower Yellow River
1927:Upper Yellow River
1823:Northeastern China
1128:2013-08-17 at the
871:Lanzhou University
842:Afanasievo culture
830:
822:
814:
638:
574:modern archaeology
525:region in eastern
45:Geographical range
30:
2571:
2570:
2515:Liao civilization
1755:978-0-87099-514-9
1736:978-0-521-64310-8
1717:978-0-521-81184-2
1440:978-962-201-279-0
1413:978-1-925371-29-1
1383:978-0-942614-30-5
1353:978-1-925371-29-1
1244:Valenstein (1989)
1230:978-0-19-923244-4
1203:978-0-7591-0409-9
1173:978-0-19-932836-9
879:Piora Oscillation
750:(5000-3000 BCE).
572:, the founder of
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174:
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155:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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1874:Lower Xiajiadian
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1489:(356): 375–388.
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216:
214:
212:
211:
203:
198:
196:
168:Mǎjiāyáo Wénhuà
89:(5000-3000 BCE)
76:
72:
60:Neolithic China
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2534:
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2398:
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2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2340:Southern China
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2239:
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2222:
2217:
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2198:
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2195:
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2188:
2187:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2149:
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2143:
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2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:Xiaoshuangqiao
2125:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1678:
1660:(1): 157–165,
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1574:
1540:
1538:, p. 224.
1528:
1526:, p. 234.
1516:
1514:, p. 157.
1504:
1469:
1446:
1439:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1382:
1362:
1352:
1329:
1284:
1282:, p. 230.
1272:
1270:, p. 3–4.
1260:
1248:
1236:
1229:
1209:
1202:
1179:
1172:
1149:
1137:
1115:
1084:
1072:
1057:
1040:
1023:
966:
939:
937:, p. 232.
921:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
886:
883:
866:
863:
853:
850:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
790:
788:
785:
778:
776:
773:
766:
764:
761:
754:
728:symbol of the
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
706:
704:
701:
694:
692:
689:
682:
680:
678:Majiayao phase
677:
670:
668:
629:
626:
600:valley; upper
593:
590:
553:
550:
500:
495:
494:
205:
204:
189:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
164:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:Transcriptions
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
77: 2000 BC
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2606:
2595:
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2518:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
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2480:
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2466:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
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2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
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2070:
2069:
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2065:
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2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
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2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
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1911:
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1901:
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1751:
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1578:
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1520:
1513:
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1501:
1496:
1492:
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1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1406:. ATF Press.
1405:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1258:, p. 21.
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1147:, p. 27.
1146:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1070:, p. 20.
1069:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
963:
958:
954:
950:
943:
936:
931:
929:
927:
922:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
882:
880:
875:
872:
862:
859:
858:Western Asian
849:
847:
846:Qijia culture
843:
839:
835:
826:
818:
810:
794:
789:
782:
777:
770:
765:
758:
753:
752:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:representing
739:
735:
731:
727:
714:Machang phase
710:
705:
702:Banshan phase
698:
693:
690:Banshan phase
686:
681:
674:
669:
666:
665:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
646:
644:
634:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Bailong River
599:
589:
587:
586:Qijia culture
582:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Lintao County
549:
547:
542:
538:
536:
533:and northern
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
498:
490:
488:
475:
473:
462:
460:
459:
447:
445:
444:
432:
430:
429:
417:
415:
414:
402:
400:
399:
389:
387:
386:
374:
372:
371:
359:
357:
356:
344:
342:
341:
329:
327:
326:
314:
312:
311:
299:
297:
296:
284:
282:
281:
269:
256:
254:
243:
234:
232:
231:
219:
201:
193:
181:
177:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
147:
143:
135:
133:
129:
121:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:Qijia culture
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2269:Panlongcheng
2082:Yangguanzhai
2034:Nanzhuangtou
1945:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1683:
1657:
1653:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1342:
1323:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1219:
1212:
1192:
1162:
1140:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1075:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1026:
983:
979:
969:
960:
948:
942:
876:
868:
855:
831:
741:
723:
658:
647:
639:
622:Datong River
620:; and lower
616:valley; the
614:Yellow River
595:
583:
555:
543:
539:
523:Yellow River
514:
512:
506: -3000
482:
469:
455:
454:
452:
440:
439:
425:
424:
410:
409:
397:
396:
382:
381:
367:
366:
352:
351:
337:
336:
322:
321:
307:
306:
292:
291:
277:
276:
267:CIVILIZATION
250:
227:
226:
162:Hanyu Pinyin
112:Chinese name
50:Yellow River
2553:Archaeology
2436:Shirenzigou
2376:Fanchengdui
2371:Fanchengdui
2230:Tangjiagang
2208:Pengtoushan
1879:Xinglonggou
1857:Xinglonggou
1835:Xinglonggou
1804:Paleolithic
1104:: 155–161.
906:Xia dynasty
610:Daxia River
278:Corded Ware
94:Followed by
83:Preceded by
73: 3300
2578:Categories
2364:Dayangzhou
2324:Guangfulin
2314:Lingjiatan
2252:Sanxingdui
2220:Chengbeixi
2010:Maoqinggou
1968:Xishanping
1951:Xishanping
1939:Xishanping
1918:Chaodaogou
1892:Xituanshan
1862:Niuheliang
1847:Zhaobaogou
1830:Xinglongwa
1814:Bronze Age
1638:References
1594:: 105627.
1536:Liu (2005)
1512:Bai (2003)
1466:: 138–168.
911:Xishanping
529:, eastern
323:Afanasievo
75: – c.
2487:Xichengyi
2454:Dabenkeng
2348:Zengpiyan
2304:Majiabang
2293:Kuahuqiao
2237:Qujialing
2213:Bashidang
2185:Chengziya
2123:Zhengzhou
2077:Jiangzhai
2040:Peiligang
2016:Majiayuan
1980:Zhukaigou
1913:Jinggouzi
1903:Baijinbao
1886:Laohushan
1869:Xiaoheyan
1809:Neolithic
1674:164920328
1608:0305-4403
1483:Antiquity
1320:234007445
1304:(1): 18.
1280:Hung 2011
1268:Hung 2011
1256:Hung 2011
1145:Hung 2011
1068:Hung 2011
1000:0027-8424
838:Dongxiang
726:Neolithic
720:Symbolism
606:Tao River
598:Wei River
541:decline.
519:neolithic
353:Bolshemys
2411:Xinjiang
2319:Liangzhu
2276:Feijiahe
2264:Erligang
2242:Shijiahe
2180:Longshan
2175:Dawenkou
2168:Xishuipo
2163:Yangshao
2118:Erligang
2089:Longshan
2067:Yangshao
1946:Majiayao
1852:Hongshan
1706:(2005),
1563:: 1–39.
1126:Archived
1018:36508670
951:: 3884.
885:See also
738:Buddhism
730:Swastika
592:Location
485:DYNASTIC
398:Hongshan
18:Majiayao
2563:History
2543:History
2502:Shajing
2476:Beifudi
2431:Subeshi
2359:Wucheng
2136:Huanbei
2111:Xinzhai
2106:Erlitou
2057:Dadiwan
1985:Xindian
1956:Banshan
1934:Dadiwan
1704:Liu, Li
1687:(PhD),
1009:9907151
743:samsara
654:Banshan
643:Qinghai
628:Pottery
579:Banshan
570:Xia Nai
552:History
535:Sichuan
531:Qinghai
383:Ancient
370:culture
355:culture
340:culture
325:culture
295:Culture
293:Yamnaya
280:Culture
230:Elamite
2497:Shanma
2459:Beinan
2446:Taiwan
2420:Xiaohe
2401:Qugong
2354:Shixia
2331:Maqiao
2309:Songze
2299:Hemudu
2257:Jinsha
2247:Baodun
2192:Yueshi
2158:Beixin
2099:Shimao
2062:Baijia
2052:Cishan
1752:
1733:
1714:
1672:
1606:
1437:
1410:
1380:
1350:
1318:
1227:
1200:
1170:
1016:
1006:
998:
834:bronze
804:Bronze
470:Qujia-
456:Majia-
441:Liang-
426:Dawen-
368:Sarazm
310:Araxes
265:VALLEY
228:Proto-
56:Period
48:upper
2482:Yumin
2468:Other
2426:Tarim
2396:Karuo
2388:Tibet
2153:Houli
2094:Taosi
2072:Banpo
2045:Jiahu
2005:Ordos
2000:Kayue
1990:Xicha
1973:Lajia
1963:Qijia
1842:Xinle
1670:S2CID
1650:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1316:S2CID
917:Notes
650:Gansu
527:Gansu
487:EGYPT
483:EARLY
411:Long-
338:Botai
308:Kura-
263:INDUS
251:Jeul-
217:SUMER
199:-3000
138:馬家窯文化
124:马家窑文化
66:Dates
2492:Siba
2225:Daxi
1995:Siwa
1750:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1604:ISSN
1435:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1014:PMID
996:ISSN
608:and
513:The
472:ling
413:shan
241:EBLA
1693:doi
1662:doi
1596:doi
1592:144
1561:121
1491:doi
1306:doi
1132:--
1106:doi
1102:316
1004:PMC
988:doi
984:119
953:doi
458:yao
443:zhu
428:kou
253:mun
2580::
1691:,
1668:,
1656:,
1652:,
1610:.
1602:.
1590:.
1586:.
1559:.
1555:.
1497:.
1487:91
1485:.
1481:.
1464:33
1462:.
1458:.
1386:.
1356:.
1332:^
1322:.
1314:.
1300:.
1296:.
1182:^
1152:^
1100:.
1096:.
1060:^
1012:.
1002:.
994:.
982:.
978:.
959:.
925:^
881:.
624:.
503:c.
70:c.
2478:)
2474:(
2422:)
2418:(
2350:)
2346:(
2295:)
2291:(
2138:)
2134:(
2036:)
2032:(
2018:)
2014:(
1894:)
1890:(
1787:e
1780:t
1773:v
1758:.
1739:.
1720:.
1695::
1676:.
1664::
1658:3
1598::
1493::
1443:.
1416:.
1308::
1302:3
1233:.
1206:.
1176:.
1112:.
1108::
1020:.
990::
955::
20:)
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