535:
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320:
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638:
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45:
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771:. The authors suggest that this flood may have been the basis for the later myth, and contributed to the transition of cultures. They further argue that the timing is further evidence for the identification of the Xia with the Erlitou culture. However, no evidence of contemporaneous widespread flooding in the North China Plain has yet been found.
451:, Erlitou bronzes are significantly more advanced and prolific. The Erlitou culture not only has bronze tools and bell musical instruments, but also bronze weapons and unique animal-faced plaques, especially more than ten kinds of bronze vessels have been unearthed. This shows that the bronze casting of Erlitou is diverse and systematic.
1334:
Wu, Qinglong; Zhao, Zhijun; Liu, Li; Granger, Darryl E.; Wang, Hui; Cohen, David J.; Wu, Xiaohong; Ye, Maolin; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Lu, Bin; Zhang, Jin; Zhang, Peizhen; Yuan, Daoyang; Qi, Wuyun; Cai, Linhai; Bai, Shibiao (2016). "Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's Great Flood and
751:
identified all four phases of
Erlitou as Xia, and the construction of the Yanshi walled city as the founding of the Shang. Other scholars, particularly outside China, point to the lack of any firm evidence for such an identification, and argue that the historiographical focus of Chinese archaeology
407:
Urbanization began in Phase II, expanding to 300 ha (740 acres) with a population of around 11,000. A palace area of 12 ha (30 acres) was demarcated by four roads. It contained the 150 m × 50 m (490 ft × 160 ft) Palace 3, composed of three courtyards
518:
419:
In Phase IV, the population decreased to around 20,000, but building continued. Palace 6 was built as an extension of Palace 2, and
Palaces 10 and 11 were built. Phase IV overlaps with the Lower Phase of the Erligang culture (1600–1450 BC). Around 1600 BC, a walled city was built at
637:
534:
431:
was established 85 km (53 mi) to the east. There is no evidence of destruction by fire or war, but, during the Upper
Erligang phase (1450–1300 BC), all the palaces were abandoned, and Erlitou was reduced to a village of 30 ha (74 acres).
454:
Erlitou bronzes have obvious features imitating pottery, with plain surfaces or simple geometric patterns. In the third phase of the
Erlitou culture, the perforated decoration that was very popular throughout the Erlitou culture appeared on the bronze
415:
wall, and
Palaces 1, 7, 8 and 9 were built. Palace 1, the largest, had an area of 9,600 m (103,000 sq ft). Palaces 3 and 5 were abandoned and replaced by Palace 2, measuring 4,200 m (45,000 sq ft), and Palace 4.
1244:
747:, the last Xia capital. The traditional account of the overthrow of the Xia by the Shang has been identified with the ends of each of the four phases of the site by different authors. The
404:
During Phase I, covering 100 ha (250 acres), Erlitou was a rapidly growing regional center with an estimated population of several thousand people, but not yet an urban civilization.
763:
site on the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been dated to about 1920 BC. This date is shortly before the rise of the
Erlitou culture in the middle Yellow River valley and the
440:
The
Erlitou culture is the earliest large-scale bronze producing culture in China, with the new-fashioned section-mold process there to produce ritual vessels and other bronzes.
374:, which flows into the Yellow River. The city was 2.4 by 1.9 kilometres (1.5 by 1.2 mi); however, because of flood damage only 3 km (1.2 sq mi) are left.
1834:
627:, which appear several centuries later in the same region. However, no clear linkage has been proven yet, thus the symbols are currently considered markings or
378:
2268:
1395:
1094:
215:
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in China were found in the fourth stage of the
Erlitou culture, decorated with striped grid patterns. The earliest metal bells, with one found in the
358:, Erlitou is the largest site associated with the culture, with palace buildings and bronze smelting workshops. Erlitou monopolized the production of
543:
470:
site, and four in the
Erlitou site, dated to about 2000 BC, may have been derived from the earlier pottery prototype. The first bronze dagger-axe or
393:
2449:
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along a 150-metre axis, and Palace 5. A bronze foundry was established to the south of the palatial complex and was controlled by the elite.
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411:
The city reached its peak in Phase III, and may have had a population of around 24,000. The palatial complex was surrounded by a two-meter-thick
1111:
2278:
319:
484:
307:, but there is no firm evidence, such as writing, to substantiate such a linkage, as the earliest evidence of Chinese writing dates to the
1827:
565:
Like other contemporaneous cultures in China, jade was worked into ritual objects at
Erlitou sites. These included ceremonial blades (
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748:
1799:
649:
2632:
2662:
623:
Symbols on ceramic pieces have been found at Erlitou culture sites, leading to speculation about possible connections with early
347:. Originally centered around Henan and Shanxi province, the culture spread to Shaanxi and Hubei provinces. After the rise of the
1532:
1820:
1773:
1752:
1698:
1659:
1603:
1576:
385:, Henan province, which has more than 2,000 items excavated from the Erlitou site in its collection, opened in October 2019.
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1763:
1857:
796:
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1096:
On the Casting Technique of Bronze Vessels of Erlitou and Erligang Culture in the Perspective of Decorative Complication
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definitively established the site as the last capital of the Shang, but such evidence is unavailable for earlier sites.
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appeared at the Erlitou site, where two were found among over 200 bronze artifacts (as of 2002) at the site. Three jade
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801:
579:
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1478:
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Production of bronzes and other elite goods ceased at the end of Phase IV, at the same time as the Erligang city of
283:
proposed a narrower date range of 1750–1530 BC. The culture is named after Erlitou, an archaeological site in
743:
in the traditional account. Since the late 1970s, archaeologists in China have tended to identify the site with
603:
1956:
716:
679:
capitals identified in traditional sources (red, with numbers for those from the "current text" version of the
658:
142:
2611:
591:
156:
739:
When Xu Xusheng first discovered Erlitou, he suggested that it was Bo, the first capital of the Shang under
2642:
1586:——— (2006). "Urbanization in China: Erlitou and its hinterland". In Storey, Glenn (ed.).
327:
1709:
756:
904:
720:(1st century BC), and their historicity, particularly regarding the Xia, is an area of debate for the
2568:
1710:"Establishing and refining the archaeological chronologies of Xinzhai, Erlitou and Erligang cultures"
721:
502:
1946:
1922:
1744:
303:
society in China. Chinese archaeologists generally identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the
1466:
1420:
Allan, Sarah (2007). "Erlitou and the Formation of Chinese Civilization: Toward a New Paradigm".
462:
Many archetypal Chinese artifacts were first found in Erlitou culture sites. The earliest bronze
17:
1595:
1564:
1245:"Identification of Writing in the Xia Period: A Study of Pottery Glyphs in the Erlitou Culture"
957:
359:
272:
1708:
Zhang, Xuelian; Qiu, Shihua; Cai, Lianzhen; Bo, Guancheng; Wang, Jinxia; Zhong, Jian (2014).
1587:
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valley. These originally oral traditions were recorded much later in histories such as the
1489:
323:
Map of discovered Erlitou culture sites; important sites are underscored with a green line
8:
2484:
2459:
2419:
2125:
1686:
1613:
Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology".
1348:
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2058:
1966:
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1878:
1669:
Lu, Jianchang (2006). "An Archeological Survey of the Jade Weapons in Pre-Qin Period".
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1982:
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A major goal of archaeology in China has been the search for the capitals of the
671:
284:
1812:
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The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China
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2011:
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551:
444:
363:
230:
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1356:
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2317:
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2130:
2082:
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1652:
The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age
1449:
Chen, Xuexiang (2003). "On the Buried Jade Unearthed in the Erlitou Site".
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492:
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690:
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304:
1634:
1112:"河南偃师二里头遗址发现新的铜器 New bronze ware found at Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan"
2372:
2300:
2016:
1999:
1987:
1940:
1910:
1514:
355:
308:
268:
122:
2396:
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2233:
1743:(2nd enlarged ed.). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of
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336:
89:
2216:
279:
valley from approximately 1900 to 1500 BC. A 2007 study using
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in Shandong, following the decline of the Longshan culture in the
2524:
2184:
2159:
2004:
1807:
744:
382:
351:, the site at Erlitou diminished in size but remained inhabited.
292:
1557:
A Review of Research on the Bronze Unearthed in the Erlitou Site
2147:
1471:
Suspended Music: Chime-Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China
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dynasties described in traditional accounts as inhabiting the
44:
2142:
2120:
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2021:
1724:
760:
729:
467:
296:
59:
958:"Erlitou Relic Museum opens in Central China – China.org.cn"
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of Chinese history. The discovery of writing in the form of
643:
Early symbols appearing on ceramics; from the site of Yanshi
838:
1720:(1). Translated by Zhang, Xuelian; Lee, Yun Kuen: 197–210.
1194:
1146:
850:
1030:
343:
The Erlitou culture may have evolved from the matrix of
1804:
Erlitou Site – Relics of the Capital of the Xia Dynasty
1559:. Cultural Relics of Central China. pp. 22–39, 56.
1388:"Massive flood may have led to China's earliest empire"
1047:
1045:
886:
862:
1315:
1170:
1079:
Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process
1006:
926:
443:
Although the remains of bronze have been found in the
424:, about 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Erlitou.
1224:. Lone Cove, Australia: Global Book. pp. 246–247
1134:
996:
994:
981:
979:
191:
1594:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp.
1273:
Chinese City And Urbanism: Evolution And Development
1182:
1057:
1042:
964:
778:
1569:
The Chinese Neolithic: trajectories to early states
1396:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
826:
814:
666:
287:, Henan. It was widely spread throughout Henan and
1490:"Building the chronology of early Chinese history"
1291:
1270:
1158:
1018:
991:
976:
938:
1842:
874:
299:. Most archaeologists consider Erlitou the first
2624:
1465:
1333:
1128:
916:
914:
912:
1796:: Exhibition brochure, National Gallery of Art.
1303:
401:The site's growth is divided into four phases.
1828:
1739:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006) .
1707:
909:
844:
161:
147:
1768:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1685:
1473:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
856:
397:Architectural layout of palace 1 (phase III)
1533:"Stunning Capital of Xia Dynasty Unearthed"
1835:
1821:
43:
2658:2nd-millennium BC establishments in China
1513:
478:were also discovered from the same site.
1554:
1152:
670:
392:
326:
318:
1649:
1385:
1321:
1212:
1200:
1176:
932:
14:
2625:
1816:
1794:The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology
1612:
1555:Liang, Honggang; Sun, Shuyun (2004).
1419:
1277:. World Scientific. pp. 45, 60.
1188:
1109:
1092:
1063:
1051:
1036:
970:
892:
868:
832:
820:
524:Ornamental bronze plaque inlaid with
335:鉞) with pattern of crosses inlaid in
1448:
1164:
1075:
2607:
1590:Urbanism in the Preindustrial World
1585:
1563:
1487:
1309:
1297:
1268:
1242:
1024:
1012:
1000:
985:
944:
880:
797:List of Neolithic cultures of China
757:large outburst flood at Jishi Gorge
597:Jade ritual blade with ornate edges
362:, including the earliest recovered
24:
1732:
1668:
1530:
1140:
920:
802:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
585:Jade ritual blade with seven holes
25:
2674:
1783:
749:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
569:) as well as ritual dagger-axes (
2638:Archaeological cultures of China
2606:
2597:
2596:
2586:
1531:Li, Jinhui (November 10, 2003).
1451:Cultural Relics of Central China
781:
667:Relation to traditional accounts
657:
648:
636:
602:
590:
578:
542:
533:
517:
501:
483:
435:
339:, dated between 1800 and 1500 BC
2633:1959 archaeological discoveries
1650:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012).
1379:
1327:
1262:
1236:
1206:
1103:
1086:
1069:
950:
314:
2663:19th-century BC establishments
1693:. Cambridge University Press.
1691:The Archaeology of Early China
1654:. Cambridge University Press.
1571:. Cambridge University Press.
1413:
898:
717:Records of the Grand Historian
560:
263:
192:
162:
148:
13:
1:
1843:Prehistoric cultures of China
807:
755:Archaeological evidence of a
708:
79:
1671:Military Historical Research
1422:The Journal of Asian Studies
7:
774:
27:Bronze Age culture in China
10:
2679:
1269:Sit, Victor F. S. (2010).
675:Erlitou sites (black) and
618:
29:
2582:
2569:Yellow River civilization
2559:
2516:
2493:
2458:
2435:
2388:
2333:
2249:
2194:
2074:
1975:
1871:
1848:
1627:10.1017/s0003598x00095983
1434:10.1017/S002191180700054X
1215:"Early Chinese Dynasties"
1131:, pp. 132, 329, 342.
722:Doubting Antiquity School
388:
254:
207:
203:
185:
178:
173:
169:
155:
141:
136:
132:
128:
118:
108:
98:
88:
75:
65:
54:
42:
2250:Middle and Upper Yangtze
1745:Harvard University Press
1467:von Falkenhausen, Lothar
1386:Normile, Dennis (2016).
609:Jade ritual dagger-axe (
143:Traditional Chinese
83: 1900–1500 BC
49:Erlitou in eastern China
30:Not to be confused with
1762:Fong, Wen, ed. (1980).
1357:10.1126/science.aaf0842
1213:Dematte, Paola (2007).
1129:von Falkenhausen (1994)
331:Bronze ceremonial axe (
157:Simplified Chinese
2334:Lower Yangtze and Huai
1957:Liaoning bronze dagger
1488:Lee, Yun Kuen (2002).
1153:Liang & Sun (2004)
686:
398:
354:Discovered in 1959 by
340:
324:
291:and later appeared in
273:archaeological culture
1506:10.1353/asi.2002.0006
1243:Cao, Dingyun (2004).
1110:Zheng, Guang (1991).
1093:Zhang, Hanyu (2020).
674:
396:
370:, a tributary of the
366:. The city is on the
360:ritual bronze vessels
330:
322:
2574:Yangtze civilization
1741:China: A New History
1722:Original article in
1687:Shelach-Lavi, Gideon
1537:China Through a Lens
1039:, pp. 889, 891.
752:is unduly limiting.
379:Erlitou Relic Museum
275:. It existed in the
2643:Bronze Age in China
2075:Middle Yellow River
1714:Chinese Archaeology
1349:2016Sci...353..579W
1322:Liu & Chen 2012
1252:Chinese Archaeology
1203:, pp. 256–258.
1201:Liu & Chen 2012
1177:Liu & Chen 2012
1143:, pp. 123–124.
1076:Peng, Peng (2020).
1015:, pp. 230–231.
933:Liu & Chen 2012
895:, pp. 897–899.
871:, pp. 489–490.
759:that destroyed the
227: /
39:
2195:Lower Yellow River
1976:Upper Yellow River
1872:Northeastern China
1494:Asian Perspectives
1335:the Xia dynasty".
1155:, pp. 35, 38.
687:
625:Chinese characters
399:
341:
325:
281:radiocarbon dating
231:34.693°N 112.689°E
55:Geographical range
37:
2620:
2619:
2564:Liao civilization
1775:978-0-87099-226-1
1754:978-0-674-01828-0
1700:978-0-521-19689-5
1661:978-0-521-64310-8
1605:978-0-8173-5246-2
1578:978-0-521-81184-2
1543:on March 21, 2015
1343:(6299): 579–582.
1189:Liu & Xu 2007
1064:Liu & Xu 2007
1052:Liu & Xu 2007
1037:Liu & Xu 2007
971:Liu & Xu 2007
893:Liu & Xu 2007
857:Shelach-Lavi 2015
845:Zhang et al. 2014
833:Liu & Xu 2007
769:North China Plain
211:
210:
199:
198:
180:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2670:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2590:
1947:Upper Xiajiadian
1923:Lower Xiajiadian
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1790:Bronze Age China
1779:
1758:
1721:
1704:
1682:
1665:
1646:
1621:(314): 886–901.
1609:
1593:
1582:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1539:. Archived from
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1517:
1484:
1462:
1445:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1331:
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1319:
1313:
1307:
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1295:
1289:
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1284:978-981-4293-730
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1082:. Cambria Press.
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113:Erligang culture
103:Longshan culture
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70:Bronze Age China
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40:
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32:Erligang culture
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1733:Further reading
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905:Shanghai Museum
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236:34.693; 112.689
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38:Erlitou culture
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1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1536:
1500:(1): 15–42.
1497:
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1453:(3): 23–37.
1450:
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1399:. Retrieved
1391:
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1258:(12): 76–83.
1255:
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1221:
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726:oracle bones
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315:Erlitou site
277:Yellow River
271:society and
262:
246:
244:
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187:Hanyu Pinyin
137:Chinese name
2648:Xia dynasty
2602:Archaeology
2485:Shirenzigou
2425:Fanchengdui
2420:Fanchengdui
2279:Tangjiagang
2257:Pengtoushan
1928:Xinglonggou
1906:Xinglonggou
1884:Xinglonggou
1853:Paleolithic
1515:10125/17161
1414:Works cited
1165:Chen (2003)
1118:(12): 1138.
561:Jadeworking
305:Xia dynasty
301:state-level
234: /
222:112°41′20″E
109:Followed by
99:Preceded by
2627:Categories
2413:Dayangzhou
2373:Guangfulin
2363:Lingjiatan
2301:Sanxingdui
2269:Chengbeixi
2059:Maoqinggou
2017:Xishanping
2000:Xishanping
1988:Xishanping
1967:Chaodaogou
1941:Xituanshan
1911:Niuheliang
1896:Zhaobaogou
1879:Xinglongwa
1863:Bronze Age
1547:2009-02-03
1228:18 January
869:Allan 2007
821:Allan 2007
808:References
714:) and the
356:Xu Xusheng
309:Late Shang
269:Bronze Age
219:34°41′35″N
123:Xu Xusheng
119:Defined by
2536:Xichengyi
2503:Dabenkeng
2397:Zengpiyan
2353:Majiabang
2342:Kuahuqiao
2286:Qujialing
2262:Bashidang
2234:Chengziya
2172:Zhengzhou
2126:Jiangzhai
2089:Peiligang
2065:Majiayuan
2029:Zhukaigou
1962:Jinggouzi
1952:Baijinbao
1935:Laohushan
1918:Xiaoheyan
1858:Neolithic
1679:1009-3451
1643:162644060
1615:Antiquity
1459:1003-1731
1442:162264919
1373:206646492
1141:Lu (2006)
741:King Tang
526:turquoise
429:Zhengzhou
372:Luo River
337:turquoise
90:Type site
2460:Xinjiang
2368:Liangzhu
2325:Feijiahe
2313:Erligang
2291:Shijiahe
2229:Longshan
2224:Dawenkou
2217:Xishuipo
2212:Yangshao
2167:Erligang
2138:Longshan
2116:Yangshao
1995:Majiayao
1901:Hongshan
1689:(2015).
1567:(2004).
1524:67818363
1469:(1994).
1401:5 August
1365:27493183
1310:Lee 2002
1298:Liu 2004
1025:Liu 2004
1013:Liu 2004
1001:Liu 2004
986:Liu 2006
945:Liu 2004
881:Liu 2004
775:See also
555:cauldron
368:Yi River
311:period.
58:Western
2612:History
2592:History
2551:Shajing
2525:Beifudi
2480:Subeshi
2408:Wucheng
2185:Huanbei
2160:Xinzhai
2155:Erlitou
2106:Dadiwan
2034:Xindian
2005:Banshan
1983:Dadiwan
1565:Liu, Li
1345:Bibcode
1337:Science
921:Li 2003
745:Zhenxun
619:Symbols
549:Bronze
508:Bronze
490:Bronze
383:Luoyang
293:Shaanxi
264:Èrlǐtóu
251:Chinese
94:Erlitou
18:Erlitou
2653:Yanshi
2546:Shanma
2508:Beinan
2495:Taiwan
2469:Xiaohe
2450:Qugong
2403:Shixia
2380:Maqiao
2358:Songze
2348:Hemudu
2306:Jinsha
2296:Baodun
2241:Yueshi
2207:Beixin
2148:Shimao
2111:Baijia
2101:Cishan
1772:
1751:
1697:
1677:
1658:
1641:
1602:
1598:–189.
1575:
1522:
1477:
1457:
1440:
1371:
1363:
1281:
734:Anyang
528:pieces
512:goblet
496:goblet
422:Yanshi
389:Phases
289:Shanxi
285:Yanshi
261::
259:pinyin
253::
66:Period
2531:Yumin
2517:Other
2475:Tarim
2445:Karuo
2437:Tibet
2202:Houli
2143:Taosi
2121:Banpo
2094:Jiahu
2054:Ordos
2049:Kayue
2039:Xicha
2022:Lajia
2012:Qijia
1891:Xinle
1725:Kaogu
1639:S2CID
1520:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1248:(PDF)
1218:(PDF)
1116:Kaogu
761:Lajia
730:Yinxu
695:Shang
567:zhang
468:Taosi
445:Qijia
364:dings
297:Hubei
163:二里头文化
149:二里頭文化
76:Dates
60:Henan
2541:Siba
2274:Daxi
2044:Siwa
1770:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1675:ISSN
1656:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1455:ISSN
1403:2016
1392:News
1361:PMID
1279:ISBN
1230:2020
693:and
552:ding
464:ding
447:and
377:The
295:and
245:The
1631:hdl
1623:doi
1596:161
1510:hdl
1502:doi
1430:doi
1353:doi
1341:353
732:in
728:at
691:Xia
677:Xia
573:).
510:jue
493:jue
457:jue
333:yuè
255:二里頭
2629::
1806:,
1802:,
1792:,
1747:.
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1629:.
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1518:.
1508:.
1498:41
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1436:.
1426:66
1424:.
1394:.
1390:.
1367:.
1359:.
1351:.
1339:.
1254:.
1250:.
1220:.
1114:.
1044:^
993:^
978:^
911:^
709:c.
631:.
611:ge
571:ge
476:ge
472:ge
459:.
257:;
80:c.
2527:)
2523:(
2471:)
2467:(
2399:)
2395:(
2344:)
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