Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

1642:(CDC) estimated that about 1.7 million nosocomial infections occurred in the United States in 2002, with 99,000 associated deaths. The estimated incidence is 4.5 nosocomial infections per 100 admissions, with direct costs (at 2004 prices) ranging from $ 10,500 (£5300, €8000 at 2006 rates) per case (for bloodstream, urinary tract, or respiratory infections in immunocompetent people) to $ 111,000 (£57,000, €85,000) per case for antibiotic-resistant infections in the bloodstream in people with transplants. With these numbers, conservative estimates of the total direct costs of nosocomial infections are above $ 17 billion. The reduction of such infections forms an important component of efforts to improve healthcare safety. (BMJ 2007) MRSA alone was associated with 8% of nosocomial infections reported to the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network from January 2006 to October 2007. 908: 1712:

populations that had never been exposed to hospitals. In the mid-1990s, scattered reports of CA-MRSA outbreaks among US children were made. While HA-MRSA rates stabilized between 1998 and 2008, CA-MRSA rates continued to rise. A report released by the University of Chicago Children's Hospital comparing two periods (1993–1995 and 1995–1997) found a 25-fold increase in the rate of hospitalizations due to MRSA among children in the United States. In 1999, the University of Chicago reported the first deaths from invasive MRSA among otherwise healthy children in the United States. By 2004, the genome for various strains of MRSA were described.

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with MRSA were immediately isolated, and all staff were screened for MRSA and were prevented from working until they had completed a course of eradication therapy that was proven to work. Loss of control occurs because colonised people are discharged back into the community and then readmitted; when the number of colonised people in the community reaches a certain threshold, the "search and destroy" strategy is overwhelmed. One of the few countries not to have been overwhelmed by MRSA is the Netherlands: an important part of the success of the Dutch strategy may have been to attempt eradication of carriage upon discharge from hospital.

40: 900: 875:, and toxic shock syndrome, whereas the ST1:USA400 strain results in necrotizing pneumonia and pulmonary sepsis. Other community-acquired strains of MRSA are ST8:USA500 and ST59:USA1000. In many nations of the world, MRSA strains with different genetic background types have come to predominate among CA-MRSA strains; USA300 easily tops the list in the U.S. and is becoming more common in Canada after its first appearance there in 2004. For example, in Australia, ST93 strains are common, while in continental Europe ST80 strains, which carry SCC 1689: 920: 1211: 787: 6442: 5047: 3176: 1134:," regardless of whether or not they have a known infection. Workers with active infections are excluded from activities where skin-to-skin contact is likely to occur. To prevent the spread of staphylococci or MRSA in the workplace, employers are encouraged to make available adequate facilities that support good hygiene. In addition, surface and equipment sanitizing should conform to 1138:-registered disinfectants. In hospital settings, contact isolation can be stopped after one to three cultures come back negative. Before the patient is cleared from isolation, it is advised that there is dedicated patient-care or single-use equipment for that particular patient. If this is not possible, the equipment must be properly disinfected before it is used on another patient. 1602:

abscesses, septic thrombophlebitis, and severe ocular infections, including endophthalmitis. Pets can be reservoirs and pass on MRSA to people. In some cases, the infection can be symptomatic and the pet can develop a MRSA infection. Health departments recommend that the pet be taken to the veterinarian if MRSA infections keep occurring in the people who have contact with the pet.

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surrounding the lungs, drainage may be done along with antibiotic therapy. People with cystic fibrosis may develop respiratory complications related to MRSA infection. The incidence of MRSA in those with cystic fibrosis increased during 2000 to 2015 by five times. Most of these infections were HA-MRSA. MRSA accounts for 26% of lung infections in those with cystic fibrosis.

402:. Three studies by the Texas State Department of Health found the infection rate among football players was 16 times the national average. In October 2006, a high-school football player was temporarily paralyzed from MRSA-infected turf burns. His infection returned in January 2007 and required three surgeries to remove infected tissue, and three weeks of hospital stay. 1406:. Because the oral absorption of vancomycin and teicoplanin is very low, these agents can be administered intravenously to control systemic infections. Treatment of MRSA infection with vancomycin can be complicated, due to its inconvenient route of administration. Moreover, the efficacy of vancomycin against MRSA is inferior to that of anti-staphylococcal 1753:

a decline in such infection rates. Incidence of MRSA central line-associated blood-stream infections as reported by hundreds of intensive care units decreased 50–70% from 2001 to 2007. A separate system tracking all hospital MRSA bloodstream infections found an overall 34% decrease between 2005 and 2008. In 2010, vancomycin was the drug of choice.

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Across Europe, based mostly on data from 2013, seven countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, and Estonia, from lowest to highest) had low levels of hospital-acquired MRSA infections compared to the others, and among countries with higher levels, significant improvements

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In the US, the CDC issued guidelines on October 19, 2006, citing the need for additional research, but declined to recommend such screening. According to the CDC, the most recent estimates of the incidence of healthcare-associated infections that are attributable to MRSA in the United States indicate

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in their noses; of these, 2.5 million (2.6% of carriers) carry MRSA. A population review conducted in three U.S. communities showed the annual incidence of CA-MRSA during 2001–2002 to be 18–25.7/100,000; most CA-MRSA isolates were associated with clinically relevant infections, and 23% of people

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Infection after surgery is relatively uncommon, but occurs as much as 33% in specific types of surgeries. Infections of surgical sites range from 1% to 33%. MRSA sepsis that occurs within 30 days following a surgical infection has a 15–38% mortality rate; MRSA sepsis that occurs within one year has a

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Treatment is not standardized for other instances of MRSA infection in a wide range of tissues. Treatment varies for MRSA infections related to: subperiosteal abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia, cellulitis, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, mediastinitis, myocardial, perinephric, hepatic, and splenic

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2% ointment can be effective at reducing the size of lesions. A secondary covering of clothing is preferred. As shown in an animal study with diabetic mice, the topical application of a mixture of sugar (70%) and 3% povidone-iodine paste is an effective agent for the treatment of diabetic ulcers with

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Mathematical models describe one way in which a loss of infection control can occur after measures for screening and isolation seem to be effective for years, as happened in the UK. In the "search and destroy" strategy that was employed by all UK hospitals until the mid-1990s, all hospitalized people

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Prisons and military barracks can be crowded and confined, and poor hygiene conditions may proliferate, thus putting inhabitants at increased risk of contracting MRSA. Cases of MRSA in such populations were first reported in the United States and later in Canada. The earliest reports were made by the

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present in the upper respiratory tract, and on skin and in the gut mucosa. However, along with similar bacterial species that can colonize and act symbiotically, they can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues; the resultant infection has been

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Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, et al. (November 2008). "NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease

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infection had, on average, three times the length of hospital stay (14.3 vs. 4.5 days), incurred three times the total cost ($ 48,824 vs. $ 14,141), and experienced five times the risk of in-hospital death (11.2% vs 2.3%) than people without this infection. In a meta-analysis of 31 studies, Cosgrove

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Globally, MRSA infection rates are dynamic and vary year to year. According to the 2006 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program report, the incidence of MRSA bloodstream infections was 35.9% in North America. MRSA blood infections in Latin America was 29%. European incidence was 22.8%. The rate of

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In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried MRSA in their nose. Bacterial sepsis occurs with most (75%) of cases of invasive MRSA infection. In 2009, there were an estimated 463,017 hospitalizations due to MRSA, or a rate of 11.74 per 1,000 hospitalizations. Many of these infections

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has been successful in 87% of people. Linezolid is more effective in soft tissue infections than vancomycin. This is compared to eradication of infection in those with MRSA treated with vancomycin. Treatment with vancomycin is successful in approximately 49% of people. Linezolid belongs to the newer

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type IV, predominate. In Taiwan, ST59 strains, some of which are resistant to many non-beta-lactam antibiotics, have arisen as common causes of skin and soft tissue infections in the community. In a remote region of Alaska, unlike most of the continental U.S., USA300 was found only rarely in a study

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To prevent the spread of MRSA in the home, health departments recommend laundering materials that have come into contact with infected persons separately and with a dilute bleach solution; to reduce the bacterial load in one's nose and skin; and to clean and disinfect those things in the house that

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In health-care settings, isolating those with MRSA from those without the infection is one method to prevent transmission. Rapid culture and sensitivity testing and molecular testing identifies carriers and reduces infection rates. It is especially important to test patients in these settings since

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and ST250-MSSA integration. Historically, major MRSA clones ST2470-MRSA-I, ST239-MRSA-III, ST5-MRSA-II, and ST5-MRSA-IV were responsible for causing hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) infections. ST239-MRSA-III, known as the Brazilian clone, was highly transmissible compared to others and distributed

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After 72 hours, MRSA can take hold in human tissues and eventually become resistant to treatment. The initial presentation of MRSA is small red bumps that resemble pimples, spider bites, or boils; they may be accompanied by fever and, occasionally, rashes. Within a few days, the bumps become larger

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is used successfully. For bacteremia and endocarditis, vancomycin or daptomycin is considered. For children with MRSA-infected bone or joints, treatment is individualized and long-term. Neonates can develop neonatal pustulosis as a result of topical infection with MRSA. Clindamycin is not approved

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Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains emerged in late 1990 to 2000, infecting healthy people who had not been in contact with healthcare facilities. Researchers suggest that CA-MRSA did not evolve from HA-MRSA. This is further proven by molecular typing of CA-MRSA strains and genome comparison

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The first report of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) occurred in 1981, and in 1982, a large outbreak of CA-MRSA occurred among intravenous drug users in Detroit, Michigan. Additional outbreaks of CA-MRSA were reported through the 1980s and 1990s, including outbreaks among Australian Aboriginal

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thoroughly and regularly using soap and water or an alcohol-based sanitizer. Additional recommendations are to keep wounds clean and covered, avoid contact with other people's wounds, avoid sharing personal items such as razors or towels, shower after exercising at athletic facilities, and shower

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Treatment of MRSA infection is urgent and delays can be fatal. The location and history related to the infection determines the treatment. The route of administration of an antibiotic varies. Antibiotics effective against MRSA can be given by IV, oral, or a combination of both, and depend on the

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require businesses to provide toilets for their employees, along with washing facilities including soap or other suitable means of cleaning. Guidance on how many toilets to provide and what sort of washing facilities should be provided alongside them is given in the Workplace (Health, Safety and

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MRSA can be identified by swabbing the nostrils and isolating the bacteria found there. Combined with extra sanitary measures for those in contact with infected people, swab screening people admitted to hospitals has been found to be effective in minimizing the spread of MRSA in hospitals in the

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CA-MRSA in hospitalized patients pneumonia treatment begins before culture results. After the susceptibility to antibiotics is performed, the infection may be treated with vancomycin or linezolid for up to 21 days. If the pneumonia is complicated by the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

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As of 2013, no randomized clinical trials had been conducted to understand how to treat nonsurgical wounds that had been colonized, but not infected, with MRSA, and insufficient studies had been conducted to understand how to treat surgical wounds that had been colonized with MRSA. As of 2013,

934:, or other body-fluid samples, and in sufficient quantities to perform confirmatory tests early-on. Still, because no quick and easy method exists to diagnose MRSA, initial treatment of the infection is often based upon "strong suspicion" and techniques by the treating physician; these include 839:

into MSSA separately on its own. By mid-2000, CA-MRSA was introduced into healthcare systems and distinguishing CA-MRSA from HA-MRSA became a difficult process. Community-acquired MRSA is more easily treated and more virulent than hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). The genetic mechanism for the

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MRSA infection can occur associated with implants and joint replacements. Recommendations on treatment are based upon the length of time the implant has been in place. In cases of a recent placement of a surgical implant or artificial joint, the device may be retained while antibiotic therapy

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In skin abscesses, the primary treatment recommended is removal of dead tissue, incision, and drainage. More information is needed to determine the effectiveness of specific antibiotics therapy in surgical site infections (SSIs). Examples of soft-tissue infections from MRSA include ulcers,

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Needle-required drugs have caused an increase of MRSA, with injection drug use (IDU) making up 24.1% (1,839 individuals) of Tennessee Hospital's Discharge System. The unsanitary methods of injection causes an access point for the MRSA to enter the blood stream and begin infecting the host.

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MRSA is becoming a critical problem in children; studies found 4.6% of patients in U.S. health-care facilities, (presumably) including hospital nurseries, were infected or colonized with MRSA. Children and adults who come in contact with day-care centers, playgrounds, locker rooms, camps,

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are less serious, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are 80,461 invasive MRSA infections and 11,285 deaths due to MRSA annually. In 2003, the cost for a hospitalization due to MRSA infection was US$ 92,363; a hospital stay for MSSA was $ 52,791.

1013:(PCR) testing is the most precise method for identifying MRSA strains. Specialized culture media have been developed to better differentiate between MSSA and MRSA and, in some cases, such media can be used to identify specific strains that are resistant to different antibiotics. 627:

expression. MRSA is able to thrive in hospital settings with increased antibiotic resistance but decreased virulence – HA-MRSA targets immunocompromised, hospitalized hosts, thus a decrease in virulence is not maladaptive. In contrast, CA-MRSA tends to carry lower-fitness cost

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Sahebnasagh R, Saderi H, Owlia P. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from clinical samples in Tehran by detection of the mecA and nuc genes. The First Iranian International Congress of Medical Bacteriology; 4–7 September; Tabriz, Iran. 2011. 195

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dormitories, classrooms and other school settings, and gyms and workout facilities are at higher risk of contracting MRSA. Parents should be especially cautious of children who participate in activities where sports equipment is shared, such as football helmets and uniforms.

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MRSA is frequently a media topic, especially if well-known personalities have announced that they have or have had the infection. Word of outbreaks of infection appears regularly in newspapers and television news programs. A report on skin and soft-tissue infections in the

161:. MRSA began as a hospital-acquired infection but has become community-acquired, as well as livestock-acquired. The terms HA-MRSA (healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired MRSA), CA-MRSA (community-associated MRSA), and LA-MRSA (livestock-associated MRSA) reflect this. 1649:

estimated that the incidence of nosocomial infections in Europe ranges from 4% to 10% of all hospital admissions. As of early 2005, the number of deaths in the United Kingdom attributed to MRSA has been estimated by various sources to lie in the area of 3,000 per year.

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toxin 1 genes. Under the new international typing system, this strain is now called MRSA252. EMRSA 15 is also found to be one of the common MRSA strains in Asia. Other common strains include ST5:USA100 and EMRSA 1. These strains are genetic characteristics of HA-MRSA.

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mortality rate of around 55%. There may be increased mortality associated with cardiac surgery. There is a rate of 12.9% in those infected with MRSA while only 3% infected with other organisms. SSIs infected with MRSA had longer hospital stays than those who did not.

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offers suggestions for preventing the contraction and spread of MRSA infection which are applicable to those in community settings, including incarcerated populations, childcare center employees, and athletes. To prevent the spread of MRSA, the recommendations are to

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Cleaning the wound of dead tissue and draining abscesses is the first action to treat the MRSA infection. Administration of antibiotics is not standardized and is adapted by a case-by-case basis. Antibiotic therapy can last up to 3 months and sometimes even longer.

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In 2004, MRSA was first isolated on a Dutch pig farm leading to further investigations of livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has been observed in Korea, Brazil, Switzerland, Malaysia, India, Great Britain, Denmark, and China.

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Fritz SA, Garbutt J, Elward A, Shannon W, Storch GA (June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus colonization in children seen in a practice-based research network".

1430:, began appearing in the late 1990s. The first identified case was in Japan in 1996, and strains have since been found in hospitals in England, France, and the US. The first documented strain with complete (>16 μg/ml) resistance to vancomycin, termed 806:(MSSA) gives rise to a number of genetically different MRSA lineages. These genetic variations within different MRSA strains possibly explain the variability in virulence and associated MRSA infections. The first MRSA strain, ST250 MRSA-1, originated from SCC 663:

encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which differs from other penicillin-binding proteins as its active site does not bind methicillin or other β-lactam antibiotics. As such, PBP2a can continue to catalyze the transpeptidation reaction required for

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Evaluation for the replacement of a prosthetic valve is considered. Appropriate antibiotic therapy may be administered for up to six weeks. Four to six weeks of antibiotic treatment is often recommended, and is dependent upon the extent of MRSA infection.

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during 2004–05 demonstrated that nearly one in 300 residents had such an infection in the course of a year and that greater than 85% of these infections occurred outside of the healthcare setting. A 2004 study showed that people in the United States with

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recommend that those with wound drainage that cannot be covered and contained with a clean, dry bandage and those who cannot maintain good hygiene practices be reassigned, and patients with wound drainage should also automatically be put on

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are large elements that typically contain additional resistance genes and are characteristically isolated from HA-MRSA strains. Conversely, CA-MRSA is associated with types IV and V, which are smaller and lack resistance genes other than

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all MRSA infections in Europe ranged from 50% in Portugal down to 0.8% in Sweden. Overall MRSA infection rates varied in Latin America: Colombia and Venezuela combined had 3%, Mexico had 50%, Chile 38%, Brazil 29%, and Argentina 28%.

794:, which are essential for cell wall synthesis and thus for bacterial life, by permanently binding to their active sites. Some forms of MRSA, however, express a different PBP that will not allow the antibiotic into its active site. 1866:

aimed to assess the effectiveness of wearing gloves, gowns and masks to help stop the spread of MRSA in hospitals, however no eligible studies were identified for inclusion. The review authors concluded that there is a need for

1704:. In 1996, vancomycin resistance was reported in Japan. In many countries, outbreaks of MRSA infection were reported to be transmitted between hospitals. The rate had increased to 22% by 1995, and by 1997 the level of hospital 6963:

Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y (February 2005). "The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges".

5666:"Genesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), how treatment of MRSA infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control" 2962:

Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, Richet HM, Jarvis WR, Boyce JM, et al. (May 2003). "SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus".

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Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, de Waure C, Cataldo MA, La Torre G, Cauda R (September 2009). "Rapid screening tests for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis".

2164:"Focus on the prophylaxis, epidemiology and therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections and a position paper on associated risk factors: the perspective of an Italian group of surgeons" 1795:

in 2004–05 demonstrated MRSA was the most common cause of these infections among those incarcerated there. Lawsuits filed against those who are accused of infecting others with MRSA are also popular stories in the media.

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of these people. Several studies, however, including one by Blot and colleagues, that have adjusted for underlying disease still found MRSA bacteremia to have a higher attributable mortality than methicillin-susceptible

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MRSA can infect the central nervous system and form brain abscess, subdural empyema, and spinal epidural abscess. Excision and drainage can be done along with antibiotic treatment. Septic thrombosis of cavernous or

1438:, appeared in the United States in 2002. In 2011, a variant of vancomycin was tested that binds to the lactate variation and also binds well to the original target, thus reinstating potent antimicrobial activity. 1666:

In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried MRSA in their noses. There are concerns that the presence of MRSA in the environment may allow resistance to be transferred to other bacteria through

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is inhibited at a concentration of vancomycin less than or equal to 4 μg/ml, it is said to be susceptible. If a concentration greater than 32 μg/ml is necessary to inhibit growth, it is said to be resistant.

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Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM, Westh H, et al. (April 2012). "Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods".

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Several newly discovered strains of MRSA show antibiotic resistance even to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Strains with intermediate (4–8 μg/ml) levels of resistance, termed glycopeptide-intermediate

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genotypes confer different microbiological characteristics, such as different antimicrobial resistance rates. Different genotypes are also associated with different types of infections. Types I–III SCC

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is genetically based; resistance is mediated by the acquisition of extrachromosomal genetic elements containing genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. Examples of such elements include

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are associated with an increased risk of colonisation of MRSA. Reducing use of antibiotic classes that promote MRSA colonisation, especially fluoroquinolones, is recommended in current guidelines.

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Wang R, Braughton KR, Kretschmer D, Bach TH, Queck SY, Li M, et al. (December 2007). "Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA".

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element and the constraints of horizontal gene transfer, a minimum of five clones are thought to be responsible for the spread of MRSA infections, with clonal complex (CC) 8 most prevalent. SCC

398:, and related athletic facilities offer potential sites for MRSA contamination and infection. Athletes have been identified as a high-risk group. A study linked MRSA to the abrasions caused by 3361: 3491: 7562: 1458:

are used to treat more severe infections that do not respond to glycopeptides such as vancomycin. Current guidelines recommend daptomycin for VISA bloodstream infections and endocarditis.

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then being licensed in England to treat resistant infections. Other reports of MRSA began to be described in the 1970s. Resistance to other antibiotics was documented in some strains of

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was reported in 2001, but infection rates have been at consistently low levels. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, no linezolid resistance was found in staphylococci collected from

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Maintaining the necessary cleanliness may be difficult for people if they do not have access to facilities such as public toilets with handwashing facilities. In the United Kingdom, the

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Diagram depicting antibiotic resistance through alteration of the antibiotic's target site, modeled after MRSA's resistance to penicillin. Beta-lactam antibiotics permanently inactivate

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and more painful; they eventually open into deep, pus-filled boils. About 75 percent of CA-MRSA infections are localized to skin and soft tissue and usually can be treated effectively.

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Loeb MB, Main C, Eady A, Walker-Dilks C, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (2003-10-20). "Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization".

4019:"Comparison of microbiological and clinical characteristics based on SCCmec typing in patients with community-onset meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia" 1618:

was identified as one of the six leading pathogens for deaths associated with resistance in 2019 and 100,000 deaths caused by MRSA were attributable to antimicrobial resistance.

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were diagnosed with MRSA. Tynes and Nicks apparently did not contract the infection from each other, but whether Banks contracted it from either individual is unknown. In 2015,

4355:"Dominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)" 1423: 2108:"Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children" 668:

cross-linking, enabling cell wall synthesis even in the presence of antibiotics. As a consequence of the inability of PBP2a to interact with β-lactam moieties, acquisition of

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Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten C, Venkataraman L, et al. (July 2001). "Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus".

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In 1961, the first known MRSA isolates were reported in a British study, and from 1961 to 1967, infrequent hospital outbreaks occurred in Western Europe and Australia, with

1387:, a fifth-generation cephalosporin, is the first beta-lactam antibiotic approved in the US to treat MRSA infections in skin and soft tissue or community-acquired pneumonia. 5473: 5445: 325:

Both surgical and nonsurgical wounds can be infected with HA-MRSA. Surgical site infections occur on the skin surface, but can spread to internal organs and blood to cause

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These distinctions were thoroughly investigated by Collins et al. in 2001, and can be explained by the fitness differences associated with carriage of a large or small SCC

2371:"Community-based educational intervention to limit the dissemination of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada" 8032: 5846:

Siegman-Igra Y, Reich P, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Schwartz D, Giladi M (2005). "The role of vancomycin in the persistence or recurrence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia".

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Graveland H, Duim B, van Duijkeren E, Heederik D, Wagenaar JA (December 2011). "Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans".

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Shi CM, Nakao H, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H (November 2007). "Mixture of sugar and povidone-iodine stimulates healing of MRSA-infected skin ulcers on db/db mice".

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Janknegt R (June 1997). "The treatment of staphylococcal infections with special reference to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacoeconomic considerations".

4197:"Epidemiologic distribution of the arginine catabolic mobile element among selected methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates" 1580:

continues. If the placement of the device has occurred over 3 weeks ago, the device may be removed. Antibiotic therapy is used in each instance sometimes long-term.

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advocates regulations on the use of antibiotics in animal feed to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant strains of MRSA. MRSA is established in animals and birds.

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Diagnostic microbiology laboratories and reference laboratories are key for identifying outbreaks of MRSA. Normally, a bacterium must be cultured from blood, urine,

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Furthermore, with MRSA's high contagion rate, a common risk factor is individuals who are in constant contact with someone who has injected drugs in the past year.

3095:"Use of antibiotics in animal agriculture & emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones: need to assess the impact on public health" 3965:"Recruitment of the mecA gene homologue of Staphylococcus sciuri into a resistance determinant and expression of the resistant phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus" 1370:, though treatment protocols vary and serum levels of antibiotics vary widely from person to person and may affect outcomes. The effective treatment of MRSA with 6842:"Outcome and attributable mortality in critically Ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 1265: 329:. Transmission can occur between healthcare providers and patients because some providers may neglect to perform preventative hand-washing between examinations. 5096:

Strategies to Prevent Hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Acute Care Facilities. (2019, December 16). Retrieved March 19, 2021, from

6022:"A redesigned vancomycin engineered for dual D-Ala-D-ala And D-Ala-D-Lac binding exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant bacteria" 2293:

Otter JA, French GL (November 2011). "Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains as a cause of healthcare-associated infection".

2246:"Skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalised patients with diabetes: culture isolates and risk factors associated with mortality, length of stay and cost" 3678: 349:

in US state prisons. In the news media, hundreds of reports of MRSA outbreaks in prisons appeared between 2000 and 2008. For example, in February 2008, the

322:(HA-MRSA). Generally, those infected by MRSA stay infected for just under 10 days, if treated by a doctor, although effects may vary from person to person. 5459: 318:

and susceptible to infection of all kinds, including MRSA; an infection by MRSA is called healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant

6924:"The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database" 6883:"A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004–2005" 1840:

The delivery of inhaled antibiotics along with systematic administration to treat MRSA are being developed. This may improve the outcomes of those with

4135: 3371: 3021:"Infection control strategies for preventing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes for older people" 6750: 3806:"Transcription and translation products of the cytolysin gene psm-mec on the mobile genetic element SCCmec regulate Staphylococcus aureus virulence" 3306: 1749:

report a death rate of 34% within 30 days among people infected with MRSA, a rate similar to the death rate of 27% seen among MSSA-infected people.

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Domestic pets are susceptible to MRSA infection by transmission from their owners; conversely, MRSA-infected pets can also transmit MRSA to humans.

3503: 3333: 2475:"Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1233: 7138: 6071:"Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates" 8885: 8880: 8025: 1001:

gene, which confers resistance to a number of antibiotics, is always present in MRSA and usually absent in MSSA; however, in some instances, the

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Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022).

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people regularly touch, such as sinks, tubs, kitchen counters, cell phones, light switches, doorknobs, phones, toilets, and computer keyboards.

891:

production animals (primarily pigs, but also cattle and poultry), where it can be transmitted to humans as LA-MRSA (livestock-associated MRSA).

7382:"Multi-Body-Site Microbiome and Culture Profiling of Military Trainees Suffering from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections at Fort Benning, Georgia" 1221: 4748:"Joint scientific report of ECDC, EFSA and EMEA on meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in livestock, companion animals and food" 7303: 4893: 3857:"Genome-wide analysis of the regulatory function mediated by the small regulatory psm-mec RNA of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 6280: 4399:"Roles of 34 virulence genes in the evolution of hospital- and community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 868: 543:, which may suppress virulence in HA-acquired MRSA strains. In addition, this locus encodes strain-dependent gene regulatory RNAs known as 2655: 8018: 6450: 5114: 5055: 4246:"Arginine catabolic mobile element encoded speG abrogates the unique hypersensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to exogenous polyamines" 3184: 2222: 1639: 1431: 1278: 1104: 346: 8865: 5181: 3643:

Chambers HF (February 2001). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mechanisms of resistance and implications for treatment".

7948:"Gloves, gowns and masks for reducing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the hospital setting" 7455: 6783:"Complete genomes of two clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains: evidence for the rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance" 5331: 5001: 6480:

note: a search must be performed on the website; it is interactive and the statistics are based upon the most current information,

2685:"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic" 571:

types ranging in size from 21 to 67 kb have been identified; they are designated types I–VI and are distinguished by variation in

8309: 4531:

Daum RS (July 2007). "Clinical practice. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus".

5274:"Controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: quantifying the effects of interventions and rapid diagnostic testing" 4488:

Calfee DP (2011). "The epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus".

2747:"Staphylococcus aureus prevalence from dairy cows in India act as potential risk for community-associated infections?: A review" 1741:, concluded that MRSA bacteremia is associated with increased mortality as compared with MSSA bacteremia (odds ratio= 1.93; 95% 1562:

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of topical or systematic antibiotics for nasal or extra-nasal MRSA infection.

8855: 6396:"The changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: a national observational study" 5891:"Inhibition of cell wall turnover and autolysis by vancomycin in a highly vancomycin-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus" 5420: 1188:

Care should be taken when trying to drain boils, as disruption of surrounding tissue can lead to larger infections, including

1079:

of MRSA, even though in many of these cases the bacteria reside in the nostril and the patient will not present any symptoms.

7618: 7602: 4936: 4876: 4849: 2838: 2806: 1380: 1125:, current US guidance does not require workers with MRSA infections to be routinely excluded from the general workplace. The 297: 5981:"Antibacterial susceptibility of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated at the Hershey Medical Center" 770:(ACME) is a virulence factor present in many MRSA strains but not prevalent in MSSA. SpeG-positive ACME compensates for the 8443: 8333: 7483: 1927:"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in surgical wounds" 7355: 5799:"Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study" 1871:

to be conducted to help determine if the use of gloves, gowns, and masks reduces the transmission of MRSA in hospitals.

5424: 5215:"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and the community: stealth dynamics and control catastrophes" 3544:"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections and Injection Drug Use, Tennessee, USA, 2015-2017" 1671:(viruses that infect bacteria). The source of MRSA could come from hospital waste, farm sewage, or other waste water. 1468:

became available in the 1990s and are comparable to vancomycin in effectiveness against MRSA. Linezolid resistance in

8679: 8060: 8010: 5097: 1251: 1229: 767: 498:, which stops β-lactam antibiotics from inactivating the enzymes (transpeptidases) critical for cell wall synthesis. 1185:

whether strategies to eradicate MRSA colonization of people in nursing homes reduced infection rates was not known.

6624:

Graham PL, Lin SX, Larson EL (March 2006). "A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization".

5496:"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in non surgical wounds" 5477: 5341: 2863:"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in non surgical wounds" 1715:

The observed increased mortality among MRSA-infected people arguably may be the result of the increased underlying

372:

increases the risk that MRSA will develop among the livestock and other animals that may reside near them; strains

814:

In the UK, the most common strains of MRSA are EMRSA15 and EMRSA16. EMRSA16 has been found to be identical to the

8284: 8264: 8232: 8213: 7429: 5474:"Government Response to the Communities and Local Government Committee Report on the Provision of Public Toilets" 4181: 3068: 1281:

called for a duty on local authorities to develop a public toilet strategy, this was rejected by the Government.

1135: 856: 841: 272: 4611:"Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin--positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006" 3199:"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors" 7775:"Identification of kinase modulators as host-directed therapeutics against intracellular methicillin-resistant 7753: 1313: 410: 8001:

information, prevention, statistics, at risk groups, causes, educational resources, and environmental factors.

7277: 3769:

Pantosti A, Sanchini A, Monaco M (June 2007). "Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus".

997:(MSSA), MRSA is slow-growing on a variety of media and has been found to exist in mixed colonies of MSSA. The 8187: 5187:. Group Health Cooperative/Tacoma-Pierce County Health Dept./Washington State Dept. of Health. Archived from 1646: 1343: 1131: 1126: 7773:

van den Biggelaar RH, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJ, van Doorn CL, Meiler E, de Ries AS, et al. (2024).

7050:"Mortality after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in two hospitals in Oxfordshire, 1997–2003: cohort study" 4660:"New insights into meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogenesis, treatment and resistance" 938:

procedures, which are employed in clinical laboratories for quickly detecting and identifying MRSA strains.

907: 8822: 8496: 8105: 5649: 5644: 5336: 3280: 1521: 44: 3444:"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units" 1383:

recommends vancomycin, linezolid, or clindamycin (if susceptible) for treating those with MRSA pneumonia.

8860: 8325: 8204: 7946:

López-Alcalde J, Mateos-Mazón M, Guevara M, Conterno LO, Solà I, Cabir Nunes S, et al. (July 2015).

6757: 1868: 1290: 699: 369: 158: 7887:"SAAP-148 Eradicates MRSA Persisters Within Mature Biofilm Models Simulating Prosthetic Joint Infection" 7885:

Scheper H, Wubbolts JM, Verhagen JA, de Visser AW, van der Wal RJ, Visser LG, et al. (2021-01-29).

2519:"Challenges and Strategies for Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Transmission in Nursing Homes" 1270: 8870: 8482: 7145: 4018: 3524: 1849: 1528:). No conclusive evidence has been found about the best antibiotic regimen to treat MRSA colonization. 946: 791: 6436:"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013 – Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance – CDC" 1056:

can be quantified by determining the amount of the antibiotic that must be used to inhibit growth. If

277:

People who spend time in confined spaces with other people, including occupants of homeless shelters,

205:

People who are frequently in crowded places, especially with shared equipment and skin-to-skin contact

8237: 7828:

Bravo-Santano N, Stölting H, Cooper F, Bileckaja N, Majstorovic A, Ihle N, et al. (March 2019).

7121: 5797:

Chang FY, Peacock JE, Musher DM, Triplett P, MacDonald BB, Mylotte JM, et al. (September 2003).

3238:

Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, Srinivasan A, Phelan L, Garfinkel B, et al. (February 2005).

2906:

Jacobs A (2014). "Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: status and trends".

2862: 1443: 1296: 1179: 1040:(VRSA). One strain is only partially susceptible to vancomycin and is called vancomycin-intermediate 1010: 632:

elements to offset the increased virulence and toxicity expression required to infect healthy hosts.

336:

are at risk for all the reasons above, further complicated by their generally weaker immune systems.

111: 7830:"Host-directed kinase inhibitors act as novel therapies against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus" 7219:

Anonye BO, Nweke V, Furner-Pardoe J, Gabrilska R, Rafiq A, Ukachukwu F, et al. (October 2020).

2977: 1848:

has been used for years in MRSA in eastern countries, and studies are ongoing in western countries.

915:

isolate is a control that is not resistant to oxacillin; the other three isolates are MRSA-positive.

651:

gene responsible for resistance to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics. After acquisition of

173:

Although usually carried without symptoms, MRSA often presents as small red pustular skin infections

8717: 8711: 8418: 8278: 8124: 6284: 5707:"Teicoplanin pharmacokinetics in intravenous drug abusers being treated for bacterial endocarditis" 3804:

Kaito C, Saito Y, Nagano G, Ikuo M, Omae Y, Hanada Y, et al. (February 2011). Cheung A (ed.).

1347: 888: 559:; both genes encode recombinases that mediate the site-specific integration and excision of the SCC 483: 467: 103: 99: 84: 5032: 4897: 4699:"Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, rural southwestern Alaska" 1541:

for the treatment of MRSA infection, but it is still used in children for soft-tissue infections.

8875: 8668: 8379: 8174: 6154: 3608:

Jensen SO, Lyon BR (June 2009). "Genetics of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus".

2570: 1860: 1395: 1150: 942: 923: 107: 7329: 6155:"Non-susceptibility trends among staphylococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06" 5135:

Banach DB, Bearman G, Barnden M, Hanrahan JA, Leekha S, Morgan DJ, et al. (February 2018).

1379:

class of antibiotics which has been shown to be effective against both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. The

8774: 8567: 8226: 8181: 8130: 7097: 5705:

Rybak MJ, Lerner SA, Levine DP, Albrecht LM, McNeil PL, Thompson GA, et al. (April 1991).

5664:

Schentag JJ, Hyatt JM, Carr JR, Paladino JA, Birmingham MC, Zimmer GS, et al. (May 1998).

2972: 1853: 1407: 1339: 1331: 899: 860: 350: 66: 48: 2369:

Golding GR, Quinn B, Bergstrom K, Stockdale D, Woods S, Nsungu M, et al. (January 2012).

880:

of MRSA strains from outbreaks in 1996 and 2000 as well as in surveillance from 2004 to 2006.

778:

and facilitates stable skin colonization, wound infection, and person-to-person transmission.

8890: 8795: 8788: 8627: 8437: 8373: 8148: 8007:

information on the bacteria, exposure in the workplace, and reducing risks of being infected.

5410: 5213:

Cooper BS, Medley GF, Stone SP, Kibbler CC, Cookson BD, Roberts JA, et al. (July 2004).

3672: 2934: 2659: 1788: 872: 589: 225: 75: 31: 6637: 3240:"A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players" 903:

A selective and differential chromogenic medium for the qualitative direct detection of MRSA

8801: 8780: 8448: 8387: 8167: 8160: 7841: 7708: 7380:

Singh J, Johnson RC, Schlett CD, Elassal EM, Crawford KB, Mor D, et al. (2016-10-26).

7232: 6922:

Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, Kluytmans J, Hedblom EC, Smulders M, et al. (2005).

6794: 6463: 5285: 5226: 4077: 3917: 2106:

Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. (February 2011).

1403: 1399: 1158: 1076: 827: 475: 418: 250: 17: 6490:

Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, et al. (2007).

5188: 4353:

Johnson AP, Aucken HM, Cavendish S, Ganner M, Wale MC, Warner M, et al. (July 2001).

1692:

Incidence of MRSA in human blood samples in countries which took part in the study in 2017

993:. It is frequently found in grape-like clusters or chains. Unlike methicillin-susceptible 145:

MRSA infection is common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open

8: 8343: 8303: 8153: 8056: 7460: 6781:

Holden MT, Feil EJ, Lindsay JA, Peacock SJ, Day NP, Enright MC, et al. (June 2004).

6435: 4609:

Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Bozdogan B, Courvalin P, et al. (April 2007).

1813:) have been investigated for their activity in inhibiting MRSA. Specifically, these are: 1807:

Various antibacterial chemical extracts from various species of the sweetgum tree (genus

1766: 1319:

specific circumstances and patient characteristics. The use of concurrent treatment with

706:. This is achieved by MecR1-mediated cleavage of MecI, which alleviates MecI repression. 422: 7845: 7805: 7774: 7712: 7508: 7236: 6798: 5621: 5596: 5516: 5495: 5494:

Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (November 2013). Gurusamy KS (ed.).

5345: 5289: 5230: 5008: 4658:

Gould IM, David MZ, Esposito S, Garau J, Lina G, Mazzei T, et al. (February 2012).

4195:

Goering RV, McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Bonnstetter KK, Wolter DJ, Tenover FC (June 2007).

4160: 4081: 3921: 2883: 2861:

Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (November 2013). Gurusamy KS (ed.).

2601:"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among military recruits" 1947: 1926: 8895: 8641: 8524: 7972: 7947: 7923: 7886: 7862: 7829: 7734: 7672: 7645: 7591: 7406: 7381: 7253: 7220: 7196: 7171: 7074: 7049: 6989: 6727: 6702: 6668: 6649: 6565: 6516: 6491: 6376: 6324: 6299: 6226: 6199: 6135: 6046: 6021: 5871: 5828: 5779: 5565: 5540: 5392: 5308: 5273: 4814: 4723: 4698: 4635: 4610: 4591: 4513: 4330: 4305: 4270: 4245: 4221: 4196: 4173: 4103: 3881: 3856: 3832: 3805: 3581: 3568: 3543: 3468: 3443: 3419: 3394: 3160: 3135: 3111: 3094: 3045: 3020: 2998: 2771: 2746: 2709: 2684: 2625: 2543: 2518: 2445: 2424: 2397: 2370: 2275: 2190: 2163: 2050: 2023: 1999: 1974: 1774:, one of the earliest known medical textbooks, was found to have activity against MRSA 1590: 1273:, but no legal obligations exist on local authorities in the United Kingdom to provide 267:

People who spend time in coastal waters where MRSA is present, such as some beaches in

138:. Strains unable to resist these antibiotics are classified as methicillin-susceptible 95: 8040: 6817: 6782: 6315: 6123: 5915: 5890: 5815: 5798: 5731: 5706: 5249: 5214: 5110: 4966: 4675: 4455: 4037: 3940: 3905: 3855:

Cheung GY, Villaruz AE, Joo HS, Duong AC, Yeh AJ, Nguyen TH, et al. (July 2014).

3735: 3710: 2330:"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives" 1975:"Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota" 490:-like antibiotics, which normally prevent bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of 306:

As many as 22% of people infected with MRSA do not have any discernable risk factors.

8813: 8544: 8368: 8338: 7977: 7928: 7867: 7810: 7738: 7726: 7677: 7598: 7411: 7258: 7201: 7079: 7030: 6981: 6945: 6904: 6863: 6822: 6732: 6641: 6606: 6569: 6557: 6521: 6417: 6368: 6329: 6262: 6231: 6177: 6127: 6092: 6051: 6002: 5961: 5956: 5940:"The importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus" 5939: 5920: 5863: 5820: 5771: 5736: 5687: 5626: 5570: 5521: 5453: 5384: 5313: 5254: 5158: 4970: 4932: 4872: 4845: 4806: 4728: 4679: 4640: 4583: 4548: 4505: 4459: 4420: 4376: 4335: 4275: 4261: 4226: 4165: 4095: 4041: 3994: 3989: 3964: 3945: 3886: 3837: 3786: 3740: 3660: 3625: 3585: 3573: 3473: 3424: 3338: 3261: 3220: 3165: 3116: 3050: 2990: 2915: 2888: 2834: 2802: 2776: 2714: 2630: 2585: 2566: 2548: 2496: 2450: 2402: 2351: 2346: 2329: 2310: 2267: 2195: 2162:

Sganga G, Tascini C, Sozio E, Carlini M, Chirletti P, Cortese F, et al. (2016).

2129: 2055: 2004: 1952: 1863: 844:(PVL) genes are of particular interest because they are a unique feature of CA-MRSA. 315: 7537: 6993: 6881:

Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, Diep BA, Basuino L, Schwartz BS, et al. (June 2008).

6653: 6380: 6300:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 6139: 5906: 5875: 5832: 5783: 5396: 4517: 4177: 4107: 3980: 3002: 2599:

Zinderman CE, Conner B, Malakooti MA, LaMar JE, Armstrong A, Bohnker BK (May 2004).

1052:

and is less suspectible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistance to antibiotics in

8765: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7918: 7908: 7898: 7857: 7849: 7800: 7790: 7716: 7667: 7657: 7401: 7393: 7248: 7240: 7191: 7183: 7069: 7061: 7020: 6973: 6935: 6894: 6853: 6812: 6802: 6722: 6714: 6633: 6596: 6549: 6511: 6503: 6407: 6360: 6319: 6311: 6254: 6221: 6211: 6169: 6119: 6082: 6041: 6033: 5992: 5951: 5910: 5902: 5855: 5810: 5763: 5726: 5718: 5677: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5560: 5552: 5511: 5503: 5376: 5303: 5293: 5244: 5234: 5148: 4962: 4796: 4788: 4759: 4718: 4710: 4671: 4630: 4622: 4595: 4575: 4540: 4497: 4451: 4410: 4366: 4325: 4317: 4265: 4257: 4216: 4208: 4155: 4147: 4085: 4033: 3984: 3976: 3935: 3925: 3876: 3868: 3827: 3817: 3778: 3730: 3722: 3656: 3652: 3617: 3563: 3555: 3463: 3455: 3414: 3406: 3251: 3210: 3155: 3147: 3106: 3040: 3036: 3032: 2982: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2704: 2696: 2620: 2612: 2538: 2530: 2486: 2440: 2392: 2382: 2341: 2302: 2279: 2257: 2185: 2175: 2119: 2045: 2035: 1994: 1986: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1834: 1822: 1122: 935: 679: 282: 240: 70: 7170:

Harrison F, Roberts AE, Gabrilska R, Rumbaugh KP, Lee C, Diggle SP (August 2015).

5448:. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19 – via Internet Memory Foundation. 5098:

https://www.cdc.gov/hai/prevent/staph-prevention-strategies.html#anchor_1565005744

4818: 3442:

Bratu S, Eramo A, Kopec R, Coughlin E, Ghitan M, Yost R, et al. (June 2005).

847:

In the United States, most cases of CA-MRSA are caused by a CC8 strain designated

835:

between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA, which indicate that novel MRSA strains integrated SCC

523:) is a genomic island of unknown origin containing the antibiotic resistance gene 264:

People staying or working in a health-care facility for an extended period of time

39: 8538: 8252: 8079: 7221:"The safety profile of Bald's eyesalve for the treatment of bacterial infections" 6940: 6923: 6858: 6841: 6492:"Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002" 4988: 4501: 4397:

Diep BA, Carleton HA, Chang RF, Sensabaugh GF, Perdreau-Remington F (June 2006).

3822: 1841: 1818: 1771: 1006: 479: 434: 399: 7065: 3906:"The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" 2218: 1614:; of these, up to 53 million (2.7% of carriers) are thought to carry MRSA. 1504:

MRSA colonization is also found in nonsurgical wounds such as traumatic wounds,

486:. A defining characteristic of MRSA is its ability to thrive in the presence of 8696: 7853: 7795: 7244: 6787:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6507: 5415: 5278:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5219:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4792: 3910:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3904:

Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, Spratt BG (May 2002).

3872: 3284: 2306: 1688: 1517: 1513: 919: 414: 406: 7903: 7772: 6667:

Jernigan JA, Arnold K, Heilpern K, Kainer M, Woods C, Hughes JM (2006-05-12).

6258: 5859: 5767: 5507: 5446:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives" 5380: 4017:

Kuo SC, Chiang MC, Lee WS, Chen LY, Wu HS, Yu KW, et al. (January 2012).

2534: 2262: 2245: 2180: 8849: 8242: 8095: 7662: 7397: 5556: 4764: 4747: 3782: 2600: 1845: 1814: 1728: 1668: 1376: 1363: 1274: 1154: 818:

36:USA200 strain, which circulates in the United States, and to carry the SCC

738:, which is responsible for penicillin resistance. The DNA sequences bound by 665: 510: 430: 426: 391: 154: 135: 6807: 5298: 5239: 3525:"Staph Infections and MRSA in Children: Prevention, Symptoms, and Treatment" 3410: 2387: 1990: 8674: 8359: 7981: 7932: 7871: 7814: 7730: 7681: 7415: 7262: 7205: 7083: 7034: 6985: 6949: 6908: 6867: 6826: 6736: 6718: 6645: 6610: 6561: 6525: 6421: 6372: 6364: 6333: 6266: 6235: 6181: 6131: 6096: 6055: 6006: 5965: 5867: 5824: 5630: 5574: 5525: 5388: 5317: 5258: 5162: 4974: 4810: 4732: 4714: 4697:

David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS (November 2008).

4683: 4644: 4626: 4587: 4552: 4509: 4463: 4424: 4380: 4371: 4354: 4339: 4279: 4230: 4169: 4099: 4090: 4065: 4064:

Collins J, Rudkin J, Recker M, Pozzi C, O'Gara JP, Massey RC (April 2010).

4045: 3998: 3949: 3930: 3890: 3841: 3790: 3744: 3664: 3629: 3577: 3559: 3477: 3459: 3428: 3307:"Third Tampa Bay Buccaneers player tests positive for MRSA staph infection" 3265: 3224: 3169: 3151: 3120: 3054: 2994: 2919: 2892: 2780: 2718: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2634: 2616: 2552: 2500: 2454: 2406: 2355: 2314: 2271: 2199: 2133: 2059: 2008: 1956: 1525: 1025: 672:

confers resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics in addition to methicillin.

438: 333: 7646:"Sweetgum: An ancient source of beneficial compounds with modern benefits" 7187: 5924: 5775: 5740: 5691: 5002:"Unnecessary Deaths: The Human and Financial Costs of Hospital Infections" 4151: 3076: 1799:

MRSA is the topic of radio programs, television shows, books, and movies.

1489:, abscesses, and SSIs. In surgical wounds, evidence is weak (high risk of 1330:

Both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA are resistant to traditional anti-staphylococcal

623:

I–III, is costly to the bacteria, resulting in a compensatory decrease in

8828: 8603: 8573: 8004: 7567: 7025: 7008: 6601: 6584: 6412: 6395: 6216: 6173: 5997: 5980: 5979:

Bozdogan B, Esel D, Whitener C, Browne FA, Appelbaum PC (November 2003).

5722: 5153: 5136: 5073: 4987:

Healthcare Settings. (2019, February 28). Retrieved March 19, 2021, from

4544: 4212: 3256: 3239: 2700: 2491: 2474: 2473:

Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, Pozzi E, Cauda R (January 2008).

2124: 2107: 2040: 1809: 1697: 1455: 1451: 1391: 1384: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1324: 1109: 1092: 864: 823: 642: 123: 7945: 7913: 7172:"A 1,000-Year-Old Antimicrobial Remedy with Antistaphylococcal Activity" 5845: 2641: 83:

in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to

8756: 8741: 8730: 8593: 8474: 8402: 8247: 8221: 8047: 7538:"Resistance: The Movie That Will Make You Care About Antibiotic Misuse" 4801: 4306:"Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection" 2244:

Lipsky BA, Tabak YP, Johannes RS, Vo L, Hyde L, Weigelt JA (May 2010).

1880: 1498: 1473: 1447: 1335: 1320: 1037: 848: 487: 373: 182: 119: 6037: 3621: 840:

enhanced virulence in CA-MRSA remains an active area of research. The

8701: 8608: 8465: 8428: 8273: 8051: 8043: 7619:"Facing the Future of Antibiotic Resistance – The Change Starts Here" 6153:

Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R (November 2008).

5541:"Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia" 5076:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4928: 3726: 3500:

Association for Professionals in Infection Control & Epidemiology

1761: 1716: 1537: 1494: 1465: 1461: 1439: 1371: 1367: 1193: 1021: 986: 974: 771: 695: 648: 624: 536: 491: 127: 80: 7827: 7721: 7696: 4866: 4833: 4659: 1338:. CA-MRSA has a greater spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility to 1269:

Welfare) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L24, available from

246:

Regular contact with someone who has injected drugs in the past year

8633: 8557: 8514: 8407: 8114: 8084: 7009:"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the critically ill" 6977: 6899: 6882: 6553: 6087: 6070: 5682: 5665: 4951: 4579: 4415: 4398: 4321: 3215: 3198: 2986: 1925:

Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (August 2013).

1830: 1486: 990: 982: 354: 235: 150: 7644:

Lingbeck JM, O'Bryan CA, Martin EM, Adams JP, Crandall PG (2015).

6069:

Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD, Daum RS (October 2003).

4778: 4136:"Genetic basis of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus" 786: 380:

are transmissible to humans. Generally, animals are asymptomatic.

202:

People with indwelling implants, prostheses, drains, and catheters

8647: 8530: 8070: 7430:"Hospital Infection Lawsuits are on the Rise – AboutLawsuits.com" 7218: 6701:

Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M (December 2005).

6068: 5597:"Linezolid versus vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections" 5111:"Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care Personnel, 1998" 4868:

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Loewen K, Schreiber Y, Kirlew M, Bocking N, Kelly L (July 2017).

1856:

are under study as adjunctive or alternative treatment for MRSA.

1826: 1792: 1610:

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people carry some form of

1088: 1084: 471: 268: 27:

Bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans

7884: 7169: 6020:

Xie J, Pierce JG, James RC, Okano A, Boger DL (September 2011).

4346: 4244:

Joshi GS, Spontak JS, Klapper DG, Richardson AR (October 2011).

3711:"Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus" 2658:. The University of Chicago Medical Center. 2010. Archived from 2472: 1727:

A population-based study of the incidence of MRSA infections in

1653:

In the United States, an estimated 95 million people carry

1402:

of vancomycin that has a similar activity spectrum but a longer

6751:"Community-acquired MRSA in Children with no predisposing risk" 4696: 3281:"Texas Football Succumbs to Virulent Staph Infection From Turf" 3237: 2517:

Dumyati G, Stone ND, Nace DA, Crnich CJ, Jump RL (April 2017).

1757:

had been made only in Bulgaria, Poland, and the British Isles.

1189: 978: 970: 931: 517: 326: 278: 229: 221: 131: 7643: 7356:"This Australian Says He and His Dead Friend Invented Bitcoin" 6840:

Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA (October 2002).

6297: 6109: 4066:"Offsetting virulence and antibiotic resistance costs by MRSA" 3362:"MRSA infection leaves Giants' Daniel Fells in dire situation" 3136:"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cat and owner" 2368: 2327: 1220:

deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a

698:. In the presence of a β-lactam antibiotic, MecR1 initiates a 314:

People who are hospitalized, including the elderly, are often

7144:. Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from 6585:"Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK" 5595:

Yue J, Dong BR, Yang M, Chen X, Wu T, Liu GJ (January 2016).

5411:"The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992" 4243: 2831:

Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology

2598: 1509: 884: 377: 217: 146: 115: 7998: 7124:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 8, 2011. 6921: 6703:"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming" 6666: 6200:"Inhaled Antibiotic Therapy in Chronic Respiratory Diseases" 5134: 4440: 4352: 2422: 7513: 6839: 6489: 6470:. Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2017 4745: 4565: 4396: 3014: 3012: 2961: 1505: 1490: 1398:

used to treat MRSA infections. Teicoplanin is a structural

815: 213: 7379: 7278:"Thousand-year-old Anglo-Saxon potion kills MRSA superbug" 5978: 5796: 2656:"MRSA History Timeline: The First Half-Century, 1959–2009" 1536:

In skin infections and secondary infection sites, topical

7007:

Hardy KJ, Hawkey PM, Gao F, Oppenheim BA (January 2004).

6700: 6393: 6349: 5704: 5663: 5137:"Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings" 3903: 3334:"Dodgers' Justin Turner nears return from MRSA infection" 2161: 395: 209: 6780: 6677:

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6394:

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6248: 6152: 5212: 4063: 3009: 1837:, 2-phenylpropyl alcohol, and 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate. 945:

test that detects the PBP2a protein. PBP2a is a variant

339: 169: 7006: 6582: 6538: 4657: 3441: 1266:

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

734:, respectively, and normally function as regulators of 6962: 5493: 5366: 4608: 3854: 3768: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2516: 1968: 1966: 1924: 965:(also abbreviated SA at times), methicillin-resistant 8005:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7637: 7116: 7114: 6583:

Johnson AP, Pearson A, Duckworth G (September 2005).

5489: 5487: 5271: 2328:

Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF, Kluytmans JA (March 2006).

2243: 1972: 1028:. These resistant strains may or may not possess the 587:

is thought to have originated in the closely related

79:. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat 7563:"Line of Duty series 4: Everything you need to know" 7484:"MRSA: The Drug-Resistant 'Superbug' That Won't Die" 5332:"MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)" 3962: 3803: 3492:"National Prevalence Study of Methicillin-Resistant 2105: 1973:

Schenck LP, Surette MG, Bowdish DM (November 2016).

871:. The ST8:USA300 strain results in skin infections, 761: 482:, which can be transferred between bacteria through 7509:""Should I Worry About...?" MRSA (TV Episode 2004)" 7275: 6681:(Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.). Cited in Emerg Infect Dis 6197: 6193: 6191: 6019: 4436: 4434: 3541: 3018: 2847: 2833:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2586:"Dangerous staph germs found at West Coast beaches" 1963: 1920: 1918: 1916: 911:MRSA resistance to oxacillin being tested. The top 655:, the gene must be integrated and localized in the 293:

People who are immunocompromised and also colonized

7590: 7111: 5484: 2028:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1479: 258:School children sharing sports and other equipment 6880: 4831: 4772: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 3677:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3196: 3092: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2429:infection: Literature review and clinical update" 2418: 2416: 2219:"General Information About MRSA in the Community" 1708:infections attributable to MRSA had reached 50%. 287:Veterinarians, livestock handlers, and pet owners 198:A select few of the populations at risk include: 8847: 7783:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 7330:"MRSA: The tiny bacteria that can tackle giants" 6188: 5532: 5458:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5272:Bootsma MC, Diekmann O, Bonten MJ (April 2006). 4431: 4188: 4016: 3133: 3019:Hughes C, Tunney M, Bradley MC (November 2013). 941:Another common laboratory test is a rapid latex 619:plasmid. Carriage of large plasmids, such as SCC 441:was hospitalized with a serious MRSA infection. 7047: 6623: 5888: 5645:"FDA Approves Teflaro for Bacterial Infections" 5594: 4129: 4127: 3197:Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP (January 2003). 3134:Vitale CB, Gross TL, Weese JS (December 2006). 1893: 1852:, including host kinase inhibitors, as well as 1164: 7999:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7456:"Doc who treated superbug vic was sued before" 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 4989:https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/index.html 4651: 4286: 3963:Wu SW, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A (April 2001). 3542:Parikh MP, Octaria R, Kainer MA (March 2020). 2512: 2510: 2461: 2413: 1544: 8026: 6532: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5033:"Personal Prevention of MRSA Skin Infections" 4781:International Journal of Medical Microbiology 4664:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4444:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 4026:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 3861:International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2567:"Study: Beachgoers More Likely to Catch MRSA" 2213: 2211: 2209: 1277:, and although in 2008, the House of Commons 1218:The examples and perspective in this section 1145: 7133: 7131: 7048:Wyllie DH, Crook DW, Peto TE (August 2006). 6683:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6198:Maselli DJ, Keyt H, Restrepo MI (May 2017). 5538: 4746:Panel on Biological Hazards (16 June 2009). 4690: 4133: 4124: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2425:"Community-associated methicillin-resistant 1565: 1366:). MRSA can be eradicated with a regimen of 811:in Argentina, Czech Republic, and Portugal. 710:is further controlled by two co-repressors, 702:that leads to transcriptional activation of 579:gene complexes. Owing to the size of the SCC 494:material. This is due to a resistance gene, 7952:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7276:Thompson N, Smith-Spark L (31 March 2015). 6966:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 6542:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 6251:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6204:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5848:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 5601:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5581: 5500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5265: 5141:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 4392: 4390: 3093:Mehndiratta PL, Bhalla P (September 2014). 3088: 3086: 3025:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2965:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2957: 2955: 2867:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2792: 2790: 2507: 2292: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 1931:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1113:before using swimming pools or whirlpools. 926:showing MRSA resistant to an oxacillin disk 110:. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are a 30:"MRSA" redirects here. For other uses, see 8033: 8019: 7098:"Healthcare-associated infections—HAI—CDC" 6451:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6387: 5115:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5092: 5090: 5061: 5056:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4470: 4303: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3185:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2799:Mayo Clinic internal medicine board review 2744: 2223:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2206: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 1640:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1279:Communities and Local Government Committee 1236:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1105:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 347:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7971: 7922: 7912: 7902: 7861: 7804: 7794: 7720: 7671: 7661: 7405: 7304:"Bucs' Nicks, Tynes have MRSA infections" 7252: 7195: 7128: 7073: 7024: 6939: 6898: 6857: 6816: 6806: 6726: 6600: 6589:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 6515: 6411: 6323: 6225: 6215: 6162:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 6086: 6045: 5996: 5985:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 5955: 5914: 5814: 5730: 5681: 5620: 5564: 5515: 5307: 5297: 5248: 5238: 5152: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4825: 4800: 4763: 4722: 4634: 4414: 4370: 4359:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 4329: 4269: 4220: 4159: 4089: 3988: 3939: 3929: 3880: 3831: 3821: 3734: 3567: 3467: 3418: 3359: 3331: 3304: 3255: 3214: 3159: 3110: 3044: 2976: 2882: 2770: 2725: 2708: 2682: 2624: 2583: 2542: 2490: 2479:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2444: 2396: 2386: 2345: 2261: 2189: 2179: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2123: 2049: 2039: 1998: 1946: 1583: 1553: 1252:Learn how and when to remove this message 453: 69:that are genetically distinct from other 6345: 6343: 6026:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5753: 5176: 5174: 5172: 4524: 4387: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3642: 3272: 3083: 2952: 2796: 2787: 2592: 1687: 918: 906: 898: 785: 593:species and transferred horizontally to 429:was infected while the team visited the 168: 38: 8310:Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection 7694: 6638:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006 6464:"ResistanceMap – Antibiotic Resistance" 5128: 5102: 5087: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3751: 3592: 3395:"MRSA: the problem reaches paediatrics" 3278: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2559: 2066: 2021: 14: 8886:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions 8881:Infection-related cutaneous conditions 8848: 7353: 5937: 5539:Choo EJ, Chambers HF (December 2016). 4922: 4911: 4864: 4858: 4487: 3099:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2905: 2678: 2676: 2140: 1327:agents may have a synergistic effect. 309: 261:College students living in dormitories 8014: 7327: 6340: 5711:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 5169: 4999: 4885: 4059: 4057: 4055: 3715:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 3685: 3496:(MRSA) in U.S. Healthcare Facilities" 1381:Infectious Disease Society of America 1200: 754:operator to repress transcription of 567:chromosome. Currently, six unique SCC 340:Prison inmates and military personnel 298:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 164: 8444:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 7754:"The viruses that may save humanity" 6540:Control and Prevention, 2006–2007". 5889:Sieradzki K, Tomasz A (April 1997). 4530: 4140:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 4005: 3708: 3484: 3392: 2828: 2815: 1574: 1204: 302:People who have had thoracic surgery 290:People who ingest unpasteurized milk 7535: 7373: 6283:. Keep Kids Healthy. Archived from 5944:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5369:Archives of Dermatological Research 5324: 5108: 4533:The New England Journal of Medicine 3244:The New England Journal of Medicine 2801:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2673: 2577: 2334:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1596: 1476: cases between 2001 and 2006. 1044:(VISA). GISA, a strain of resistant 1020:have emerged that are resistant to 1005:gene is present in MSSA but is not 24: 7992: 7751: 7593:Superbug: The Fatal Menace of MRSA 6449:from websites or documents of the 5054:from websites or documents of the 4891: 4842:Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics 4403:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 4052: 3183:from websites or documents of the 2523:Current Infectious Disease Reports 2168:World Journal of Emergency Surgery 1844:and other respiratory infections. 357:started treating an average of 12 281:inmates, and military recruits in 25: 8907: 8680:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis 5816:10.1097/01.md.0000091184.93122.09 4676:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.028 4456:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.030 4038:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.08.014 2932: 2295:The Journal of Hospital Infection 2024:"Microbiome in atopic dermatitis" 1593:can sometimes be a complication. 1271:Health and Safety Executive Books 1173: 1036:has also developed resistance to 768:arginine catabolic mobile element 762:Arginine catabolic mobile element 531:contains additional genes beyond 208:People with weak immune systems ( 8866:Healthcare-associated infections 7939: 7878: 7821: 7766: 7745: 7697:"Phage therapy gets revitalized" 7688: 7611: 7583: 7555: 7529: 7501: 7476: 7448: 7422: 7347: 7321: 7296: 7269: 7212: 7163: 7090: 7041: 7000: 6956: 6915: 6874: 6833: 6774: 6743: 6694: 6660: 6617: 6576: 6483: 6456: 6445: This article incorporates 6440: 6428: 6400:American Journal of Epidemiology 6291: 6273: 6242: 6146: 6103: 6062: 5957:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01343.x 5342:US National Institutes of Health 5050: This article incorporates 5045: 4832:Francois P, Schrenzel J (2008). 4304:Gordon RJ, Lowy FD (June 2008). 4262:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07809.x 4201:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4134:Berger-Bächi B (November 1999). 3399:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3360:Rappoport I (October 11, 2015). 3179: This article incorporates 3174: 2745:Gopal S, Divya KC (March 2017). 2347:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01341.x 1410:against methicillin-susceptible 1209: 1024:, clindamycin, teicoplanin, and 8285:Group B streptococcal infection 8233:Group A streptococcal infection 7597:. Free Press. 1 February 2011. 6013: 5972: 5931: 5907:10.1128/jb.179.8.2557-2566.1997 5882: 5839: 5790: 5747: 5698: 5657: 5637: 5466: 5438: 5425:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 5403: 5360: 5206: 5025: 4993: 4981: 4955:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 4945: 4925:Manual of clinical microbiology 4834:"Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of 4739: 4602: 4559: 4237: 4114: 3981:10.1128/JB.183.8.2417-2424.2001 3956: 3897: 3848: 3797: 3636: 3535: 3517: 3502:. June 25, 2007. Archived from 3435: 3386: 3353: 3332:Hernandez D (August 12, 2015). 3325: 3305:Yasinskas P (11 October 2013). 3298: 3231: 3190: 3127: 3061: 2926: 2899: 2683:David MZ, Daum RS (July 2010). 2362: 1781: 1605: 1480:Skin and soft-tissue infections 1136:Environmental Protection Agency 1048:, is glycopeptide-intermediate 969:is a gram-positive, spherical ( 956: 690:. MecI is usually bound to the 273:West Coast of the United States 193: 159:healthcare-associated infection 7964:10.1002/14651858.cd007087.pub2 7013:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5613:10.1002/14651858.CD008056.pub3 5074:"NIOSH MRSA and the Workplace" 5007:(2nd ed.). Archived from 3657:10.3810/pgm.02.2001.suppl12.65 3279:Epstein V (21 December 2007). 3037:10.1002/14651858.CD006354.pub4 2875:10.1002/14651858.CD010427.pub2 2763:10.14202/vetworld.2017.311-318 2321: 2286: 2237: 2015: 1939:10.1002/14651858.CD009726.pub2 1314:Medications used to treat MRSA 1307: 1284: 1098: 953:to be resistant to oxacillin. 13: 1: 8856:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 6928:Archives of Internal Medicine 6846:Archives of Internal Medicine 6316:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 6124:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05410-1 4967:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70150-1 2689:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1886: 1764:recipe found in the medieval 1647:British National Audit Office 1531: 1344:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1190:infection of the blood stream 1127:National Institutes of Health 1064: 476:transposable genetic elements 8823:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 6941:10.1001/archinte.165.15.1756 6887:Clinical Infectious Diseases 6859:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2229 6707:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6075:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5756:Pharmacy World & Science 5670:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5650:Food and Drug Administration 5545:Infection & Chemotherapy 5337:National Library of Medicine 4703:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4615:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4502:10.1097/NAN.0b013e31823061d6 4310:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3823:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001267 3548:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3448:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3203:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3140:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2605:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2112:Clinical Infectious Diseases 1869:randomized controlled trials 1778:and in skin wounds in mice. 1522:arterial insufficiency ulcer 1302: 1165:Public health considerations 1116: 1069: 949:that imparts the ability of 894: 694:promoter and functions as a 678:is under the control of two 462: 94:that has developed (through 45:scanning electron micrograph 7: 7328:Cohen E (12 October 2015). 7066:10.1136/bmj.38834.421713.2F 6626:Annals of Internal Medicine 4490:Journal of Infusion Nursing 1874: 1802: 1545:Endocarditis and bacteremia 1291:Antibiotic use in livestock 1232:, discuss the issue on the 857:Panton–Valentine leukocidin 842:Panton–Valentine leukocidin 700:signal transduction cascade 444: 386: 370:Antibiotic use in livestock 149:, invasive devices such as 10: 8912: 7854:10.1038/s41598-019-41260-8 7796:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367938 7245:10.1038/s41598-020-74242-2 6508:10.1177/003335490712200205 4894:"MRSA latex test for PBP2" 4871:. Caister Academic Press. 4844:. Caister Academic Press. 4793:10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.004 3873:10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.04.008 2914:(6): 623–48, quiz 649–52. 2584:Marchione M (2009-09-12). 2307:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.04.028 1850:Host-directed therapeutics 1683: 1674: 1661: 1658:required hospitalization. 1621: 1311: 1288: 1177: 1146:Restricting antibiotic use 947:penicillin-binding protein 781: 746:are identical; therefore, 364: 29: 8812: 8764: 8755: 8728: 8694: 8658: 8617: 8601: 8592: 8555: 8512: 8464: 8427: 8416: 8401: 8357: 8324: 8295: 8263: 8238:Streptococcal pharyngitis 8212: 8203: 8141: 8113: 8104: 8093: 8078: 8069: 7904:10.3389/fmicb.2021.625952 7891:Frontiers in Microbiology 6259:10.1002/14651858.CD003340 5860:10.1080/00365540510038488 5508:10.1002/14651858.CD010427 5381:10.1007/s00403-007-0776-3 2535:10.1007/s11908-017-0576-7 2433:Canadian Family Physician 2263:10.1007/s00125-010-1672-5 2181:10.1186/s13017-016-0086-1 1566:Bone and joint infections 1444:quinupristin/dalfopristin 1297:World Health Organization 1180:Decolonization (medicine) 1011:Polymerase chain reaction 802:in methicillin-sensitive 501: 8718:Pseudomembranous colitis 8712:Clostridioides difficile 7663:10.4103/0973-7847.156307 7398:10.1128/mSphere.00232-16 5938:Schito GC (March 2006). 5557:10.3947/ic.2016.48.4.267 4765:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.301r 3783:10.2217/17460913.2.3.323 3313:. ESPN Internet Ventures 1501:to eradicate MRSA SSIs. 1424:vancomycin-intermediate 1396:glycopeptide antibiotics 484:horizontal gene transfer 468:Antimicrobial resistance 104:multiple drug resistance 100:horizontal gene transfer 85:antimicrobial resistance 8669:Clostridium perfringens 8380:Urinary tract infection 7695:Reardon S (June 2014). 7139:"Outcomes in EHCI 2015" 6808:10.1073/pnas.0402521101 6669:"Methicillin-resistant 6468:resistancemap.cddep.org 5895:Journal of Bacteriology 5768:10.1023/A:1008609718457 5299:10.1073/pnas.0510077103 5240:10.1073/pnas.0401324101 4865:Mackay IM, ed. (2007). 3969:Journal of Bacteriology 3659:(inactive 2024-09-12). 3411:10.1136/adc.2003.045534 2388:10.1186/1471-2458-12-15 1991:10.1002/1873-3468.12455 1745:). In addition, Wyllie 1408:beta-lactam antibiotics 1332:beta-lactam antibiotics 635: 186:called a "pathobiont". 157:are at greater risk of 108:beta-lactam antibiotics 98:) or acquired (through 8775:Ureaplasma urealyticum 8568:Listeria monocytogenes 8272:bacitracin resistant, 8131:Pneumococcal infection 6719:10.3201/eid1112.050428 6673:as community pathogen" 6447:public domain material 6365:10.1542/peds.2007-2104 5052:public domain material 4715:10.3201/eid1411.080381 4627:10.3201/eid1304.061316 4250:Molecular Microbiology 4091:10.1038/ismej.2009.151 3931:10.1073/pnas.122108599 3560:10.3201/eid2603.191408 3460:10.3201/eid1106.040885 3393:Gray JW (April 2004). 3181:public domain material 3152:10.3201/eid1212.060725 2617:10.3201/eid1005.030604 2573:. Reuters. 2009-02-16. 1854:antimicrobial peptides 1817:, cinnamyl cinnamate, 1693: 1584:Central nervous system 1554:Respiratory infections 1342:(like co-trimoxazole ( 927: 916: 904: 795: 454:Intravenous drug users 181:is part of the normal 174: 90:MRSA is any strain of 67:gram-positive bacteria 56:Methicillin-resistant 52: 8796:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 8789:Mycoplasma genitalium 8628:Clostridium botulinum 8374:Enterococcus faecalis 8149:Viridans streptococci 7777:Staphylococcus aureus 7650:Pharmacognosy Reviews 7434:www.aboutlawsuits.com 7188:10.1128/mBio.01129-15 6679:Staphylococcus aureus 6671:Staphylococcus aureus 6496:Public Health Reports 5421:The National Archives 4836:Staphylococcus aureus 4152:10.1007/s000180050023 3645:Postgraduate Medicine 3494:Staphylococcus aureus 2935:"Is MRSA Contagious?" 2908:Radiologic Technology 2427:Staphylococcus aureus 1691: 1432:vancomycin-resistant 1157:, and in particular, 922: 910: 902: 873:necrotizing fasciitis 789: 590:Staphylococcus sciuri 251:quinolone antibiotics 179:Staphylococcus aureus 172: 76:Staphylococcus aureus 58:Staphylococcus aureus 42: 32:MRSA (disambiguation) 8802:Mycoplasma pneumonia 8781:Ureaplasma infection 8491:novobiocin resistant 8449:Toxic shock syndrome 8388:Enterococcus faecium 6287:on December 9, 2007. 6217:10.3390/ijms18051062 6168:(Suppl 2): ii65-74. 5723:10.1128/AAC.35.4.696 5154:10.1017/ice.2017.245 5035:. CDC. 9 August 2010 4927:. Washington, D.C.: 4545:10.1056/NEJMcp070747 4372:10.1093/jac/48.1.143 4213:10.1128/JCM.00273-07 3709:Lowy FD (May 2003). 3506:on September 7, 2007 3257:10.1056/NEJMoa042859 2701:10.1128/CMR.00081-09 2041:10.2147/CCID.S130013 1230:improve this section 828:toxic shock syndrome 774:hypersensitivity of 419:Tampa Bay Buccaneers 122:derivatives such as 112:broad-spectrum group 8734:(non-spore forming) 8344:Streptococcus bovis 8304:Streptococcus iniae 8052:Infectious diseases 7846:2019NatSR...9.4876B 7713:2014Natur.510...15R 7517:. 23 September 2004 7461:New York Daily News 7237:2020NatSR..1017513A 7122:"MRSA Surveillance" 6799:2004PNAS..101.9786H 5290:2006PNAS..103.5620B 5231:2004PNAS..10110223C 4316:(Suppl 5): S350–9. 4082:2010ISMEJ...4..577C 3922:2002PNAS...99.7687E 3771:Future Microbiology 3610:Future Microbiology 3374:on October 11, 2015 2797:Ficalora R (2013). 2588:. Associated Press. 2225:. 10 September 2013 1724:(MSSA) bacteremia. 1497:may be better than 985:. It does not form 924:Mueller–Hinton agar 851:, which carries SCC 511:cassette chromosome 433:. In October 2015, 423:Los Angeles Dodgers 310:Hospitalized people 228:recipients; severe 8861:Bacterial diseases 8642:Clostridium tetani 8525:Bacillus anthracis 8142:optochin resistant 8057:Bacterial diseases 7834:Scientific Reports 7354:Biddle S, Cush A. 7225:Scientific Reports 7026:10.1093/bja/aeh008 6602:10.1093/jac/dki266 6413:10.1093/aje/kws273 6310:(10325): 629–655. 6174:10.1093/jac/dkn353 5998:10.1093/jac/dkg457 5194:on 27 October 2011 5182:"Living With MRSA" 4256:(1). Wiley: 9–20. 3651:(2 Suppl): 43–50. 2492:10.1093/jac/dkm416 2125:10.1093/cid/ciq146 2022:Wollina U (2017). 1694: 1591:dural venous sinus 1201:Community settings 1132:Contact Precaution 1123:medical facilities 928: 917: 905: 889:intensively reared 798:Acquisition of SCC 796: 750:can also bind the 726:are homologous to 175: 165:Signs and symptoms 114:that include some 53: 8871:Staphylococcaceae 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8814:Anaeroplasmatales 8751: 8750: 8690: 8689: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8508: 8507: 8397: 8396: 8353: 8352: 8320: 8319: 8199: 8198: 7604:978-1-4165-5728-9 7436:. 2 December 2008 7284:. CNN/Time Warner 6713:(12): 1965–1966. 6281:"MRSA Infections" 6038:10.1021/ja207142h 4938:978-1-55581-371-0 4923:Murray P (2007). 4878:978-1-904455-18-9 4851:978-1-904455-29-5 3622:10.2217/fmb.09.30 3339:Los Angeles Times 3146:(12): 1998–2000. 3069:"PURE Bioscience" 2840:978-0-7817-3014-3 2808:978-0-19-994894-9 2375:BMC Public Health 2340:(Suppl 1): 9–15. 1985:(21): 3705–3720. 1864:systematic review 1760:A 1,000-year-old 1575:Infected implants 1262: 1261: 1254: 1075:2% of people are 1016:Other strains of 563:element from the 361:cases per month. 316:immunocompromised 96:natural selection 16:(Redirected from 8903: 8766:Mycoplasmataceae 8762: 8761: 8742:Finegoldia magna 8615: 8614: 8599: 8598: 8497:S. saprophyticus 8425: 8424: 8414: 8413: 8210: 8209: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8090: 8076: 8075: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8011: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7926: 7916: 7906: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7808: 7798: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7724: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7675: 7665: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7596: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7392:(5): e00232–16. 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7199: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7102: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6943: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6810: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6756:. Archived from 6755: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6604: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6548:(11): 996–1011. 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6487: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6454: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6229: 6219: 6195: 6186: 6185: 6159: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6049: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5950:(Suppl 1): 3–8. 5935: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5818: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5624: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5502:(11): CD010427. 5491: 5482: 5481: 5476:. Archived from 5470: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344:. Archived from 5328: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5070: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014:on July 11, 2007 5013: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4920: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4896:. Archived from 4889: 4883: 4882: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4726: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4485: 4468: 4467: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4409:(11): 1495–503. 4394: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4301: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4207:(6): 1981–1984. 4192: 4186: 4185: 4180:. Archived from 4163: 4146:(9–10): 764–70. 4131: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4093: 4070:The ISME Journal 4061: 4050: 4049: 4023: 4014: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3933: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3825: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3766: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3727:10.1172/JCI18535 3706: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3605: 3590: 3589: 3571: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3370:. Archived from 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3194: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3075:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3058: 3048: 3031:(11): CD006354. 3016: 3007: 3006: 2980: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2869:(11): CD010427. 2858: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2751:Veterinary World 2742: 2723: 2722: 2712: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2652: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2546: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2470: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2390: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2265: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2183: 2159: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2103: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2043: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2002: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1922: 1835:cinnamyl alcohol 1823:benzyl cinnamate 1767:Bald's Leechbook 1744: 1743:CI = 1.93 ± 0.39 1597:Other infections 1257: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1197:MRSA infection. 936:quantitative PCR 680:regulatory genes 535:, including the 241:Intravenous drug 65:) is a group of 21: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8835: 8808: 8747: 8724: 8686: 8654: 8580: 8551: 8539:Bacillus cereus 8504: 8460: 8405: 8393: 8349: 8316: 8291: 8259: 8253:Rheumatic fever 8195: 8137: 8082: 8080:Lactobacillales 8065: 8039: 7995: 7993:Further reading 7990: 7989: 7958:(7): CD007087. 7944: 7940: 7883: 7879: 7826: 7822: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7722:10.1038/510015a 7707:(7503): 15–16. 7693: 7689: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7571:. 24 April 2017 7561: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7464:. November 2007 7454: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7352: 7348: 7338: 7336: 7326: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7308:Tampa Bay Times 7302: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7217: 7213: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7112: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7046: 7042: 7005: 7001: 6961: 6957: 6934:(15): 1756–61. 6920: 6916: 6893:(11): 1637–46. 6879: 6875: 6852:(19): 2229–35. 6838: 6834: 6793:(26): 9786–91. 6779: 6775: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6684: 6665: 6661: 6622: 6618: 6581: 6577: 6537: 6533: 6488: 6484: 6473: 6471: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6441: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6392: 6388: 6348: 6341: 6296: 6292: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6253:(4): CD003340. 6247: 6243: 6196: 6189: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6118:(9277): 207–8. 6108: 6104: 6067: 6063: 6032:(35): 13946–9. 6018: 6014: 5977: 5973: 5936: 5932: 5887: 5883: 5844: 5840: 5795: 5791: 5752: 5748: 5703: 5699: 5662: 5658: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5607:(1): CD008056. 5593: 5582: 5537: 5533: 5492: 5485: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5270: 5266: 5225:(27): 10223–8. 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5170: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5088: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5062: 5046: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4830: 4826: 4777: 4773: 4744: 4740: 4695: 4691: 4656: 4652: 4607: 4603: 4568:Nature Medicine 4564: 4560: 4529: 4525: 4486: 4471: 4439: 4432: 4395: 4388: 4351: 4347: 4302: 4287: 4242: 4238: 4193: 4189: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4062: 4053: 4021: 4015: 4006: 3961: 3957: 3916:(11): 7687–92. 3902: 3898: 3867:(5–6): 637–44. 3853: 3849: 3816:(2): e1001267. 3802: 3798: 3767: 3752: 3707: 3686: 3670: 3669: 3641: 3637: 3606: 3593: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3440: 3436: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3277: 3273: 3236: 3232: 3195: 3191: 3175: 3132: 3128: 3091: 3084: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3017: 3010: 2978:10.1.1.575.8929 2960: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2939:Medicinenet.com 2931: 2927: 2904: 2900: 2859: 2848: 2841: 2829:Winn W (2006). 2827: 2816: 2809: 2795: 2788: 2743: 2726: 2681: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2597: 2593: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2515: 2508: 2471: 2462: 2421: 2414: 2367: 2363: 2326: 2322: 2291: 2287: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2207: 2160: 2141: 2104: 2067: 2020: 2016: 1971: 1964: 1933:(8): CD009726. 1923: 1894: 1889: 1877: 1842:cystic fibrosis 1819:ethyl cinnamate 1805: 1784: 1772:British Library 1742: 1686: 1677: 1664: 1624: 1608: 1599: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1556: 1547: 1534: 1482: 1390:Vancomycin and 1316: 1310: 1305: 1293: 1287: 1258: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1227: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1182: 1176: 1167: 1148: 1119: 1101: 1083:United States, 1072: 1067: 959: 897: 883:A MRSA strain, 784: 764: 640: 509:Staphylococcal 507: 480:genomic islands 465: 456: 447: 435:New York Giants 400:artificial turf 389: 367: 342: 312: 196: 167: 153:, and weakened 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8909: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8876:Staphylococcus 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8818: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8792: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8770: 8768: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8737: 8735: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8707: 8705: 8697:Clostridioides 8692: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8664: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8623: 8621: 8612: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8563: 8561: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8545:Food poisoning 8535: 8534: 8533: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483:S. epidermidis 8470: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8433: 8431: 8422: 8419:Staphylococcus 8411: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8365: 8363: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8336: 8330: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8269: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8120: 8118: 8108: 8099: 8088: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8054: 8038: 8037: 8030: 8023: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8002: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7938: 7877: 7820: 7765: 7744: 7687: 7636: 7625:. 18 July 2016 7610: 7603: 7582: 7554: 7528: 7500: 7475: 7447: 7421: 7372: 7346: 7320: 7295: 7268: 7211: 7162: 7151:on 6 June 2017 7127: 7110: 7089: 7040: 6999: 6978:10.1086/502522 6955: 6914: 6900:10.1086/587893 6873: 6832: 6773: 6742: 6693: 6659: 6616: 6575: 6554:10.1086/591861 6531: 6482: 6455: 6427: 6386: 6339: 6290: 6272: 6241: 6187: 6145: 6102: 6088:10.1086/378277 6061: 6012: 5971: 5930: 5901:(8): 2557–66. 5881: 5854:(8): 572–578. 5838: 5789: 5746: 5717:(4): 696–700. 5697: 5683:10.1086/520287 5676:(5): 1204–14. 5656: 5636: 5580: 5551:(4): 267–273. 5531: 5483: 5480:on 2012-09-19. 5465: 5437: 5416:UK legislation 5402: 5359: 5323: 5284:(14): 5620–5. 5264: 5205: 5168: 5147:(2): 127–144. 5127: 5101: 5086: 5060: 5024: 4992: 4980: 4944: 4937: 4910: 4884: 4877: 4857: 4850: 4824: 4771: 4738: 4709:(11): 1693–9. 4689: 4650: 4621:(4): 594–600. 4601: 4580:10.1038/nm1656 4574:(12): 1510–4. 4558: 4523: 4469: 4430: 4416:10.1086/503777 4386: 4345: 4322:10.1086/533591 4285: 4236: 4187: 4184:on 2013-02-12. 4123: 4113: 4051: 4004: 3975:(8): 2417–24. 3955: 3896: 3847: 3810:PLOS Pathogens 3796: 3750: 3721:(9): 1265–73. 3684: 3635: 3591: 3554:(3): 446–453. 3534: 3516: 3483: 3434: 3385: 3352: 3324: 3297: 3271: 3230: 3216:10.1086/345436 3189: 3126: 3082: 3079:on 2009-02-24. 3060: 3008: 2987:10.1086/502213 2951: 2925: 2898: 2846: 2839: 2814: 2807: 2786: 2757:(3): 311–318. 2724: 2672: 2640: 2591: 2576: 2558: 2506: 2460: 2439:(7): 512–520. 2412: 2361: 2320: 2285: 2236: 2205: 2139: 2065: 2014: 1962: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1804: 1801: 1783: 1780: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1623: 1620: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1518:pressure ulcer 1514:diabetic ulcer 1508:, and chronic 1481: 1478: 1462:Oxazolidinones 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1286: 1283: 1275:public toilets 1260: 1259: 1224:of the subject 1222:worldwide view 1217: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1174:Decolonization 1172: 1166: 1163: 1155:cephalosporins 1147: 1144: 1118: 1115: 1100: 1097: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 989:and it is not 958: 955: 896: 893: 887:, is found in 783: 780: 763: 760: 639: 634: 551:also contains 506: 500: 464: 461: 455: 452: 446: 443: 415:Johnthan Banks 407:Lawrence Tynes 388: 385: 366: 363: 341: 338: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 285: 283:basic training 275: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255:Elderly people 253: 247: 244: 238: 233: 206: 203: 195: 192: 166: 163: 155:immune systems 136:cephalosporins 51:ingesting MRSA 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8908: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8499: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8323: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8279:S. agalactiae 8275: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Scarlet fever 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8224:susceptible: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8125:S. pneumoniae 8122: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8096:Streptococcus 8092: 8089: 8086: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7769: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7606: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7586: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7182:(4): e01129. 7181: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7132: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7107:. 2019-06-03. 7106: 7099: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060:(7562): 281. 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7019:(1): 121–30. 7018: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6972:(2): 166–74. 6971: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6763:on 2017-12-09 6759: 6752: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6672: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632:(5): 318–25. 6631: 6627: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6595:(3): 455–62. 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6438:. 2019-05-07. 6437: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6406:(7): 666–74. 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359:(6): 1090–8. 6358: 6354: 6346: 6344: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6081:(8): 1050–8. 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5762:(3): 133–41. 5761: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375:(9): 449–56. 5374: 5370: 5363: 5348:on 2011-02-04 5347: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5034: 5028: 5010: 5003: 5000:McCaughey B. 4996: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961:(9): 546–54. 4960: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4900:on 2009-03-10 4899: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(2): 96–104. 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539:(4): 380–90. 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496:(6): 359–64. 4495: 4491: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450:(4): 273–82. 4449: 4445: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076:(4): 577–84. 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777:(3): 323–34. 3776: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3616:(5): 565–82. 3615: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454:(6): 808–13. 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3250:(5): 468–75. 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3182: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3105:(3): 339–44. 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2971:(5): 362–86. 2970: 2966: 2958: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695:(3): 616–87. 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2662:on 2020-02-18 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301:(3): 189–93. 2300: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2256:(5): 914–23. 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2118:(3): e18-55. 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Phage therapy 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:cinnamic acid 1812: 1811: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1729:San Francisco 1725: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:oxazolidinone 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:osteomyelitis 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:tetracyclines 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1256: 1253: 1245: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Glycopeptides 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 954: 952: 948: 944: 943:agglutination 939: 937: 933: 925: 921: 914: 909: 901: 892: 890: 886: 881: 878: 874: 870: 867:Q and K, and 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 838: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 809: 805: 801: 793: 788: 779: 777: 773: 769: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 671: 667: 666:peptidoglycan 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 638: 633: 631: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 606: 602: 599:Different SCC 597: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 515: 512: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 460: 451: 442: 440: 436: 432: 431:New York Mets 428: 427:Justin Turner 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 384: 381: 379: 375: 371: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 337: 335: 334:nursing homes 330: 328: 323: 321: 317: 307: 301: 299: 295: 292: 289: 286: 284: 280: 276: 274: 270: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 252: 248: 245: 242: 239: 237: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 200: 199: 191: 187: 184: 180: 171: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 86: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8891:Cat diseases 8821: 8794: 8787: 8773: 8740: 8729: 8710: 8695: 8675:Gas gangrene 8667: 8659: 8640: 8626: 8618: 8602: 8566: 8556: 8537: 8523: 8513: 8495: 8490: 8481: 8473: 8453: 8436: 8417: 8386: 8372: 8360:Enterococcus 8358: 8342: 8302: 8277: 8225: 8189:S. anginosus 8188: 8180: 8175:S. sanguinis 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8123: 8094: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7914:1887/3196064 7894: 7890: 7880: 7837: 7833: 7823: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7768: 7757:. Retrieved 7747: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7656:(17): 1–11. 7653: 7649: 7639: 7627:. Retrieved 7622: 7613: 7592: 7585: 7573:. Retrieved 7566: 7557: 7545:. Retrieved 7541: 7531: 7519:. Retrieved 7512: 7503: 7491:. Retrieved 7487: 7478: 7466:. Retrieved 7459: 7450: 7438:. Retrieved 7433: 7424: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7363:. Retrieved 7359: 7349: 7337:. Retrieved 7333: 7323: 7311:. Retrieved 7307: 7298: 7286:. Retrieved 7281: 7271: 7231:(1): 17513. 7228: 7224: 7214: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7153:. Retrieved 7146:the original 7104: 7092: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7016: 7012: 7002: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6765:. Retrieved 6758:the original 6745: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6685:. Retrieved 6680: 6676: 6670: 6662: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6502:(2): 160–6. 6499: 6495: 6485: 6472:. Retrieved 6467: 6458: 6430: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6356: 6352: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6285:the original 6275: 6250: 6244: 6207: 6203: 6165: 6161: 6148: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6029: 6025: 6015: 5991:(5): 864–8. 5988: 5984: 5974: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5809:(5): 333–9. 5806: 5802: 5792: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5648: 5639: 5604: 5600: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5499: 5478:the original 5468: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5414: 5405: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5346:the original 5335: 5326: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5196:. Retrieved 5189:the original 5144: 5140: 5130: 5120:December 18, 5118:. Retrieved 5109:CDC (1998). 5104: 5078:. Retrieved 5037:. Retrieved 5027: 5016:. Retrieved 5009:the original 4995: 4983: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4924: 4902:. 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