Staphylococcus aureus

760: 2466: 1030: 272: 33: 2527: 283: 2018: 59: 2565:). This allows for resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics, and obviates their clinical use during MRSA infections. Studies have explained that this mobile genetic element has been acquired by different lineages in separate gene transfer events, indicating that there is not a common ancestor of differing MRSA strains. Interestingly, one study suggests that MRSA sacrifices virulence, for example, toxin production and invasiveness, for survival and creation of biofilms 742: 10611: 2119: 1696:- which most likely powers the secretion systems and has been hypothesised forming part of the translocation channel. The other proteins are EsaA, EssB, EssA, that are membrane proteins that function alongside EssC to mediate protein secretion. The exact mechanism of how substrates reach the cell surface is unknown, as is the interaction of the three membrane proteins with each other and EssC. 1038: 2303:-transpeptidase inhibits the enzyme's functionality and it can no longer catalyze the formation of the cross-links. As a result, cell wall formation and degradation are imbalanced, thus resulting in cell death. In most countries, however, penicillin resistance is extremely common (>90%), and first-line therapy is most commonly a penicillinase-resistant 2708:). A number of problems with these antibiotics occur, such as the need for intravenous administration (no oral preparation is available), toxicity, and the need to monitor drug levels regularly by blood tests. Also, glycopeptide antibiotics do not penetrate very well into infected tissues (this is a particular concern with infections of the brain and 2792:) which includes the MdeA pump as well as the NorA pump and the MATE (Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion) to which it belongs the MepA pump. For transport, these families use an electrochemical potential and an ion concentration gradient, while the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family acquires its energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. 2242:. These sequences are then assigned a number which give to a string of several numbers that serve as the allelic profile. Although this is a common method, a limitation about this method is the maintenance of the microarray which detects newly allelic profiles, making it a costly and time-consuming experiment. 2097:

strains use staphyloxanthin as a defence against the normal human immune system. Drugs designed to inhibit the production of staphyloxanthin may weaken the bacterium and renew its susceptibility to antibiotics. In fact, because of similarities in the pathways for biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin and

1915:

biofilm has high resistance to antibiotic treatments and host immune response. One hypothesis for explaining this is that the biofilm matrix protects the embedded cells by acting as a barrier to prevent antibiotic penetration. However, the biofilm matrix is composed with many water channels, so this

1382:

biofilm-mediated infections involves surgical removal of the infected device followed by antibiotic treatment. Conventional antibiotic treatment alone is not effective in eradicating such infections. An alternative to postsurgical antibiotic treatment is using antibiotic-loaded, dissolvable calcium

3100:

in February 2014. In 2015, Pfizer has commenced a phase 2b trial regarding the SA4Ag vaccine. Phase 1 results published in February 2017 showed a very robust and secure immunogenicity of SA4Ag. The vaccine underwent clinical trial until June 2019, with results published in September 2020, that did

2245:

With PFGE, a method which is still very much used dating back to its first success in 1980s, remains capable of helping differentiate MRSA isolates. To accomplish this, the technique uses multiple gel electrophoresis, along with a voltage gradient to display clear resolutions of molecules. The

1687:

A secretion system is a highly specialised multi-protein unit that is embedded in the cell envelope with the function of translocating effector proteins from inside of the cell to the extracellular space or into a target host cytosol. The exact structure and function of T7SS is yet to be fully

733:(RM) system. This system exists to protect the bacterium from foreign DNA by digesting it. Exchange of DNA between the same lineage is not blocked, since they have the same enzymes and the RM system does not recognize the new DNA as foreign, but transfer between different lineages is blocked. 994:

was found to be capable of natural genetic transformation, but only at low frequency under the experimental conditions employed. Further studies suggested that the development of competence for natural genetic transformation may be substantially higher under appropriate conditions, yet to be

2439:

antibiotic, is commonly used to combat MRSA. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, but unlike β-lactam antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics target and bind to amino acids in the cell wall, preventing peptidoglycan cross-linkages from forming. MRSA strains are most often found

1732:. Tsai is a transmembrane protein that confers immunity to the producer strain of TspA, as well as the attacked strains. There is genetic variability of the C-terminal domain of TspA therefore, it seems like the strains may produce different TspA variants to increase competitiveness. 2738:

for the appropriate use of vancomycin. In situations where the incidence of MRSA infections is known to be high, the attending physician may choose to use a glycopeptide antibiotic until the identity of the infecting organism is known. After the infection is confirmed to be due to a

676:

cause an infection within a host. The different strains can secrete different enzymes or bring different antibiotic resistances to the group, increasing its pathogenic ability. Thus, there is a need for a large number of mutations and acquisitions of mobile genetic elements.

2250:

fragments then transition down the gel, producing specific band patterns that are later compared with other isolates in hopes of identifying related strains. Limitations of the method include practical difficulties with uniform band patterns and PFGE sensitivity as a whole.

2784:. Efflux pumps are membrane-integrated proteins that are physiologically needed in the cell for the exportation of xenobiotic compounds. They are divided into six families, each of which has a different structure, function, and transport of energy. The main efflux pumps of 1916:

hypothesis is becoming increasingly less likely, but a biofilm matrix possibly contains antibiotic‐degrading enzymes such as β-lactamases, which can prevent antibiotic penetration. Another hypothesis is that the conditions in the biofilm matrix favor the formation of

1371:, and cosmetic surgical implants. After implantation, the surface of these devices becomes coated with host proteins, which provide a rich surface for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Once the device becomes infected, it must be completely removed, since 5794:

Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, Fournet JC, Lina G, Bes M, et al. (March 2002). "Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients".

2854:(including MRSA) generally is through human-to-human contact, although recently some veterinarians have discovered the infection can be spread through pets, with environmental contamination thought to play a relatively less important part. Emphasis on basic 1943:

Studies in biofilm development have shown to be related to changes in gene expression. There are specific genes that were found to be crucial in the different biofilm growth stages. Two of these genes include rocD and gudB, which encode for the enzyme's

5833: 3053:

infection. The development of Nabi's StaphVax was stopped in 2005 after phase III trials failed. Intercell's first V710 vaccine variant was terminated during phase II/III after higher mortality and morbidity were observed among patients who developed

1241:

lasts 30 minutes to eight hours, with the illness itself lasting from 30 minutes to 3 days. Preventive measures one can take to help prevent the spread of the disease include washing hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food. The

2258:

to distinguish any form of mutations. Although this technique is often inexpensive and less time-consuming, the chance of losing discriminatory power making it hard to differentiate between MLST clonal complexes exemplifies a crucial limitation.

9192: 6624:

Ha KP, Clarke RS, Kim GL, Brittan JL, Rowley JE, Mavridou DAI, Parker D, Clarke TB, Nobbs AH, Edwards AM. Staphylococcal DNA Repair Is Required for Infection. mBio. 2020 Nov 17;11(6):e02288-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02288-20. PMID 33203752; PMCID:

1145:

can lie dormant in the body for years undetected. Once symptoms begin to show, the host is contagious for another two weeks, and the overall illness lasts a few weeks. If untreated, though, the disease can be deadly. Deeply penetrating

1599:. This form of gastroenteritis is self-limiting, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1–6 hours after ingestion of the toxin, with recovery in 8 to 24 hours. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and major abdominal pain. 627:

can be sorted into ten dominant human lineages. There are numerous minor lineages as well, but these are not seen in the population as often. Genomes of bacteria within the same lineage are mostly conserved, with the exception of

2661:

isolates are sensitive to penicillin, with a similar picture in the rest of the world. The β-lactamase-resistant penicillins (methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and flucloxacillin) were developed to treat penicillin-resistant

2681:(MRSA) is not only a human pathogen causing a variety of infections, such as skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), pneumonia, and sepsis, but it also can cause disease in animals, known as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). 1191:(AD), more commonly known as eczema. It is mostly found in fertile, active places, including the armpits, hair, and scalp. Large pimples that appear in those areas may exacerbate the infection if lacerated. Colonization of 6689:

Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Speziale P, Montanaro L, Costerton JW (September 2012). "Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials".

7646:

Bonomo RA, Van Zile PS, Li Q, Shermock KM, McCormick WG, Kohut B (October 2007). "Topical triple-antibiotic ointment as a novel therapeutic choice in wound management and infection prevention: a practical perspective".

724:

within the bacteria. This such regulator has been linked to the virulence level of the bacteria. Loss of function mutations within this gene have been found to increase the fitness of the bacterium containing it. Thus,

688:

of humans without causing symptoms or infection. This allows it to be passed throughout the human population, increasing its fitness as a species. However, only approximately 50% of the human population are carriers of

3115:

In addition to vaccine development, research is being performed to develop alternative treatment options that are effective against antibiotic resistant strains including MRSA. Examples of alternative treatments are

4890:

Latha T, Anil B, Manjunatha H, Chiranjay M, Elsa D, Baby N, Anice G. MRSA: the leading pathogen of orthopedic infection in a tertiary care hospital, South India. African health sciences. 2019 Apr 16;19(1):1393-401.

2837:

can be present on the skin of the host, a large proportion of its carriage is through the anterior nares of the nasal passages and can further be present in the ears. The ability of the nasal passages to harbour

9664: 9645: 2014:. Transpeptidases, such as the sortases responsible for anchoring factors like protein A to the staphylococcal peptidoglycan, are being studied in hopes of developing new antibiotics to target MRSA infections. 2610:

moiety to either the amine or the alcohol key functional group (or both groups) of the antibiotic. This changes the charge or sterically hinders the antibiotic, decreasing its ribosomal binding affinity. In

5830: 1246:

recommends staying away from any food if ill, and wearing gloves if any open wounds occur on hands or wrists while preparing food. If storing food for longer than 2 hours, it is recommended to keep the food

1724:

EsaE, which stabilises EsaD structure and brings EsaD to EssC for secretion. Strains that produce EsaD also co-produce EsaG, a cytoplasmic anti-toxin that protects the producer strain from EsaD's toxicity.

2880:, and then pass it on to the next patient being treated. Introduction of the bacteria into the bloodstream can lead to various complications, including endocarditis, meningitis, and, if it is widespread, 1735:

Toxins that play a role in intraspecies competition confers an advantage by promoting successful colonisation in polymicrobial communities such as the nasopharynx and lung by outcompeting lesser strains.

671:

It has been proposed that one possible reason for the great deal of heterogeneity within the species could be due to its reliance on heterogeneous infections. This occurs when multiple different types of

2666:, and are still used as first-line treatment. Methicillin was the first antibiotic in this class to be used (it was introduced in 1959), but only two years later, the first case of methicillin-resistant 2803:

and the result is an excessive expulsion of the antibiotic outside the cell, which makes its action ineffective. Efflux pumps also contribute significantly to the development of impenetrable biofilms.

2764:

truly resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics was only reported in 2002. Three cases of VRSA infection had been reported in the United States as of 2005. At least in part the antimicrobial resistance in

2583:, were once effective against staphylococcal infections until strains evolved mechanisms to inhibit the aminoglycosides' action, which occurs via protonated amine and/or hydroxyl interactions with the 2842:

results from a combination of a weakened or defective host immunity and the bacterium's ability to evade host innate immunity. Nasal carriage is also implicated in the occurrence of staph infections.

1911:(eDNA) and sometimes polysaccharide intercellular antigen (PIA). S. aureus biofilms are important in disease pathogenesis, as they can contribute to antibiotic resistance and immune system evasion. 7431:

Korzeniowski O, Sande MA (October 1982). "Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: A prospective study".

5098:

Hogan S, Zapotoczna M, Stevens NT, Humphreys H, O'Gara JP, O'Neill E (June 2017). "Potential use of targeted enzymatic agents in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-related infections".

2126:

Depending upon the type of infection present, an appropriate specimen is obtained accordingly and sent to the laboratory for definitive identification by using biochemical or enzyme-based tests. A

6740:

de la Fuente-Núñez C, Reffuveille F, Fernández L, Hancock RE (October 2013). "Bacterial biofilm development as a multicellular adaptation: antibiotic resistance and new therapeutic strategies".

2189:(a pink color) tests are all done. For staphylococcal food poisoning, phage typing can be performed to determine whether the staphylococci recovered from the food were the source of infection. 3980:"Passive immunization with anti-glucosaminidase monoclonal antibodies protects mice from implant-associated osteomyelitis by mediating opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus megaclusters" 9117: 3793:

van Belkum A, Melles DC, Nouwen J, van Leeuwen WB, van Wamel W, Vos MC, et al. (January 2009). "Co-evolutionary aspects of human colonisation and infection by Staphylococcus aureus".

2780:

Among the various mechanisms that MRSA acquires to elude antibiotic resistance (e.g., drug inactivation, target alteration, reduction of permeability) there is also the overexpression of

2806:

By directly modulating efflux pumps' activity or decreasing their expression, it may be possible to modify the resistant phenotype and restore the effectiveness of existing antibiotics.

2231:, spa locus typing, and SCCmec typing are often conducted more than others. With these methods, it can be determined where strains of MRSA originated and also where they are currently. 2219:

and its ability to adapt to each modified antibiotic, two basic methods known as "band-based" or "sequence-based" are employed. Keeping these two methods in mind, other methods such as

466: 2873:

is an incredibly hardy bacterium, as was shown in a study where it survived on polyester for just under three months; polyester is the main material used in hospital privacy curtains.

9167: 986:

is a reproductive process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by

6957:

Zhu J, Lu C, Standland M, Lai E, Moreno GN, Umeda A, et al. (February 2008). "Single mutation on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A can disrupt its dimerization".

697:

is carried asymptomatically in humans, including factors that are specific to an individual person. According to a 1995 study by Hofman et al., these factors may include age, sex,

1109:

from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment.

1429:

colonized within pet dogs presented as resistant to at least one antibiotic. The nasal region has been implicated as the most important site of transfer between dogs and humans.

8031:"Dominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)" 1328:

around 80%. With antibiotic treatment, case fatality rates range from 15% to 50% depending on the age and health of the patient, as well as the antibiotic resistance of the

9728: 7741:"Evolution of mobile genetic element composition in an epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: temporal changes correlated with frequent loss and gain events" 9278:"Four-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine 4C-staph enhances Fcγ receptor expression in neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates S. aureus infection in neutropenic mice" 7896:

Sakon J, Liao HH, Kanikula AM, Benning MM, Rayment I, Holden HM (November 1993). "Molecular structure of kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase determined to 3.0-A resolution".

2858:

techniques are, therefore, effective in preventing its transmission. The use of disposable aprons and gloves by staff reduces skin-to-skin contact, so further reduces the

3919:"PATHOGEN SAFETY DATA SHEET – INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES." Staphylococcus cells have a diameter of 0.7–1.2 um. Staphylococcus Aureus. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011. Web 729:

must make a trade-off to increase their success as a species, exchanging reduced virulence for increased drug resistance. Another barrier to evolution is the Sau1 Type I

9786: 9088: 8498:

Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, et al. (December 2005). "The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections".

2323:, but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys. The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. Adjunctive 2673:

Despite this, MRSA generally remained an uncommon finding, even in hospital settings, until the 1990s, when the MRSA prevalence in hospitals exploded, and it is now

2591:. Three main mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms are currently and widely accepted: aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, ribosomal mutations, and active 1880:

region at the 5'UTR. Deletion of the motif resulted in IcaR repressor accumulation and inhibition of biofilm development. The biofilm formation is the main cause of

720:

has quick reproductive and micro-evolutionary rates, there are multiple barriers that prevent evolution with the species. One such barrier is AGR, which is a global

8283:

Sengupta M, Jain V, Wilkinson BJ, Jayaswal RK (June 2012). "Chromatin immunoprecipitation identifies genes under direct VraSR regulation in Staphylococcus aureus".

1383:

sulfate beads, which are implanted with the medical device. These beads can release high doses of antibiotics at the desired site to prevent the initial infection.

6775:

McLaughlin RA, Hoogewerf AJ (August 2006). "Interleukin-1beta-induced growth enhancement of Staphylococcus aureus occurs in biofilm but not planktonic cultures".

5706:"Prevalence of genes encoding pyrogenic toxin superantigens and exfoliative toxins among strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and nasal specimens" 10778: 8121:"Outcome and attributable mortality in critically Ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 2869:

have been reported in hospitals across America. Transmission of the pathogen is facilitated in medical settings where healthcare worker hygiene is insufficient.

6530:

Xue T, Zhang X, Sun H, Sun B (February 2014). "ArtR, a novel sRNA of Staphylococcus aureus, regulates α-toxin expression by targeting the 5' UTR of sarT mRNA".

2876:

The bacteria are transported on the hands of healthcare workers, who may pick them up from a seemingly healthy patient carrying a benign or commensal strain of

1289:

throughout much of the industrialized world. Infection is generally associated with breaks in the skin or mucosal membranes due to surgery, injury, or use of

9066: 664:

genome is non-coding and thus can differ from bacterium to bacterium. An example of this difference is seen in the species' virulence. Only a few strains of

4902:"Dynamics of biofilm formation and the interaction between Candida albicans and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)" 6483:"Characterization of SSR42, a novel virulence factor regulatory RNA that contributes to the pathogenesis of a Staphylococcus aureus USA300 representative" 9147:

for "A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of GSK Biologicals' Staphylococcal Investigational Vaccine in Healthy Adults" at

7352:"Comparison of genetic backgrounds of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Portuguese hospitals and the community" 1781:

is growing. This can be facilitated by factors such as increased biofilm formation in the presence of increased levels of such small RNAs. For example,

1728:

TspA is another toxin that mediates intraspecies competition. It is a bacteriostatic toxin that has a membrane depolarising activity facilitated by its

3236:"Analysis of transcription of the Staphylococcus aureus aerobic class Ib and anaerobic class III ribonucleotide reductase genes in response to oxygen" 2451:, a protein synthesis inhibitor that is produced naturally by Pseudomonas fluorescens and has seen success for treatment of S. aureus nasal carriage. 1868:

mRNA (mRNA coding for the repressor of the main expolysaccharidic compound of the bacteria biofilm matrix) demonstrated that the 3'UTR binding to the

9193:"Pfizer Begins Phase 2b Study of Its Investigational Multi-antigen Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine in Adults Undergoing Elective Spinal Fusion Surgery" 9110: 8406:

Campos A, Arias A, Betancor L, Rodríguez C, Hernández AM, López Aguado D, et al. (July 1998). "Study of common aerobic flora of human cerumen".

2922:

systems have an advantage, as they do not attack metals or plastics used in medical environments, and do not contribute to antibacterial resistance.

713:

production. In conclusion, there is evidence that any strain of this bacterium can become invasive, as this is highly dependent upon human factors.

1668:. The bicomponent toxin PVL is associated with severe necrotizing pneumonia in children. The genes encoding the components of PVL are encoded on a 8820:

Bolton KJ, Dodd CE, Mead GC, Waites WM (1988). "Chlorine resistance of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry processing plants".

10752: 9779: 3655:"Evolutionary genomics of Staphylococcus aureus: insights into the origin of methicillin-resistant strains and the toxic shock syndrome epidemic" 2724: 2315:, both of which have the same mechanism of action as penicillin) or vancomycin, depending on local resistance patterns. Combination therapy with 684:

species is its co-evolution with its human hosts. Over time, this parasitic relationship has led to the bacterium's ability to be carried in the

9009: 8785:

Wu X, Su YC (August 2014). "Effects of frozen storage on survival of Staphylococcus aureus and enterotoxin production in precooked tuna meat".

693:, with 20% as continuous carriers and 30% as intermittent. This leads scientists to believe that there are many factors that determine whether 578:

can cause wound infections after noticing groups of bacteria in pus from a surgical abscess during a procedure he was performing. He named it

10791: 3868: 2007:

as measured by survival in blood, which has led to speculation that protein A-contributed virulence requires binding of antibody Fc regions.

8768: 9160: 1477:(bound and free coagulases) which facilitates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to cause clots which is important in skin infections. 7690:

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022).

895:

appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with

10207: 7550:"Adjunctive rifampicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" 2731: 2363: 2204:. Recent genetic advances have enabled reliable and rapid techniques for the identification and characterization of clinical isolates of 1024: 428: 4813: 3533: 2208:

in real time. These tools support infection control strategies to limit bacterial spread and ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics.

1402:

have been found to have biofilm matrix-degrading ability, thus may be used as biofilm dispersal agents in combination with antibiotics.

9772: 9222:

for "Safety and Efficacy of SA4Ag Vaccine in Adults Having Elective Posterior Instrumented Lumbar Spinal Fusion Procedure (STRIVE)" at

9041: 4612:

Curran JP, Al-Salihi FL (August 1980). "Neonatal staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: massive outbreak due to an unusual phage type".

2746: 1243: 5267: 2723:

Because of the high level of resistance to penicillins and because of the potential for MRSA to develop resistance to vancomycin, the

10872: 4727:"Secondary bacterial infection of eczema and other common skin conditions: antimicrobial prescribing. NICE guideline [NG190]" 3890: 7792:"Methicillin resistance alters the biofilm phenotype and attenuates virulence in Staphylococcus aureus device-associated infections" 2925:

An important and previously unrecognized means of community-associated MRSA colonization and transmission is during sexual contact.

1222:. For these reasons, they are only recommended for people who not only present symptoms on the skin but feel systematically unwell. 10726: 8451:"Suppression of innate immunity by a nasal carriage strain of Staphylococcus aureus increases its colonization on nasal epithelium" 5611:"Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications" 2331:

bacteraemia, but randomised controlled trial evidence has shown this to be of no overall benefit over standard antibiotic therapy.

6235:"A Staphylococcus aureus small RNA is required for bacterial virulence and regulates the expression of an immune-evasion molecule" 3065:

vaccines candidate PentaStaph was sold in 2011 to GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. The current status of PentaStaph is unclear. A

668:

are associated with infections in humans. This demonstrates that there is a large range of infectious ability within the species.

10765: 10063: 6865:

Schneewind O, Fowler A, Faull KF (April 1995). "Structure of the cell wall anchor of surface proteins in Staphylococcus aureus".

2299:, an enzyme that when functional, cross-links chains of peptidoglycan that form bacterial cell walls. The binding of β-lactam to 4079:"Expression of a cryptic secondary sigma factor gene unveils natural competence for DNA transformation in Staphylococcus aureus" 6021:"EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections" 201: 9510:

Routine and extended internal quality control for MIC determination and disk diffusion as recommended by EUCAST: version 10.0

7286: 7261: 3962: 2700:, because of its availability as an oral drug. First-line treatment for serious invasive infections due to MRSA is currently 2499:

ring of the penicillin molecule, rendering the antibiotic ineffective. Penicillinase-resistant β-lactam antibiotics, such as

1761:

Altogether, T7SS and known secreted effector proteins are a strategy of pathogenesis by improving fitness against competitor

1758:

resulted in significantly reduced resistance to neutrophils and reduced virulence in murine skin and blood infection models.

1158: 6910:"Virulence of protein A-deficient and alpha-toxin-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus isolated by allele replacement" 1624:(SSSS), which occurs most commonly in infants and young children. It also may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries. The 10197: 6335:"Insights into the regulation of small RNA expression: SarA represses the expression of two sRNAs in Staphylococcus aureus" 5347: 1621: 1204: 10087: 6184:"Staphylococcus aureus RNAIII binds to two distant regions of coa mRNA to arrest translation and promote mRNA degradation" 2696:). Resistance to these antibiotics has also led to the use of new, broad-spectrum anti-Gram-positive antibiotics, such as 2440:

associated with institutions such as hospitals, but are becoming increasingly prevalent in community-acquired infections.

10877: 10770: 7049:"Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity" 6575:"Contribution of teg49 small RNA in the 5' upstream transcriptional region of sarA to virulence in Staphylococcus aureus" 6135:"Contribution of teg49 small RNA in the 5' upstream transcriptional region of sarA to virulence in Staphylococcus aureus" 1580: 980:

strains are coagulase-positive and incorrect species identification can impact effective treatment and control measures.

5662:"egc, a highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus" 1425:, especially in times of outbreak. In a 2008 study by Boost, O'Donoghue, and James, it was found that just about 90% of 9530:"Reduction of the peptidoglycan crosslinking causes a decrease in stiffness of the Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope" 3492: 2684:

MRSA infections in both the hospital and community setting are commonly treated with non-β-lactam antibiotics, such as

925:, and in its absence or targeted inhibition, the daughter cells remain attached to one another and appear as clusters. 3452:

Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis".

385: 10433: 9814: 9764: 5755:"Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia" 4704: 1645: 1637: 608:

infections were fatal in the majority of patients. However, doctors discovered that the use of penicillin could cure

596:, a related bacterium. In the early 1930s, doctors began to use a more streamlined test to detect the presence of an 8855:

Mead GC, Adams BW (1986). "Chlorine resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from turkeys and turkey products".

6997:"Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to cope with oxidative stress" 1940:

distribution, where an antigen may be present in some areas of the biofilm, but completely absent from other areas.

9736: 8939:

Liu Z, Norman G, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Wong JK, Crosbie EJ, Wilson P, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (May 2017).

5906:"The type VII secretion system of Staphylococcus aureus secretes a nuclease toxin that targets competitor bacteria" 4130:"Staphylococcus aureus competence genes: mapping of the SigH, ComK1 and ComK2 regulons by transcriptome sequencing" 2224: 1814: 1641: 8375:"Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus carriage among health-care professionals of a tertiary care hospital" 2010:

Protein A in various recombinant forms has been used for decades to bind and purify a wide range of antibodies by

1765:

species as well as increased virulence via evading the innate immune system and optimising persistent infections.

1363:

biofilm is the predominant cause of orthopedic implant-related infections, but is also found on cardiac implants,

10857: 10796: 10665: 10038: 10018: 9986: 9967: 9711: 2254:

Spa locus typing is also considered a popular technique that uses a single locus zone in a polymorphic region of

1945: 1924:

biofilms also have high resistance to host immune response. Though the exact mechanism of resistance is unknown,

1854: 1046: 730: 6433:"A cis-antisense RNA acts in trans in Staphylococcus aureus to control translation of a human cytolytic peptide" 1347:

formed on medical devices implanted in the body or on human tissue. It is commonly found with another pathogen,

9378:"Identification of kinase modulators as host-directed therapeutics against intracellular methicillin-resistant 3978:

Varrone JJ, de Mesy Bentley KL, Bello-Irizarry SN, Nishitani K, Mack S, Hunter JG, et al. (October 2014).

1869: 1494: 361: 9237:"SA4Ag, a 4-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine, rapidly induces high levels of bacteria-killing antibodies" 4778: 4565:"Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression" 9941: 9325:

Scheper H, Wubbolts JM, Verhagen JA, de Visser AW, van der Wal RJ, Visser LG, et al. (29 January 2021).

6384:"Experimental discovery of small RNAs in Staphylococcus aureus reveals a riboregulator of central metabolism" 4038:"Identification and Differentiation of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus aureus by Polymerase Chain Reaction" 3181:

Standard strain used for testing penicillin potency and by which the penicillin unit was originally defined.

2894:

can be used in conjunction with ethanol to increase the duration of the sanitizing action. The prevention of

2789: 2011: 759: 9376:

van den Biggelaar RH, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJ, van Doorn CL, Meiler E, de Ries AS, et al. (2024).

7790:

Pozzi C, Waters EM, Rudkin JK, Schaeffer CR, Lohan AJ, Tong P, et al. (5 April 2012). Sullam PM (ed.).

6638:

Ruiz de los Mozos I, Vergara-Irigaray M, Segura V, Villanueva M, Bitarte N, Saramago M, et al. (2013).

3750:

Fitzgerald JR (January 2014). "Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during human colonization and infection".

1952:, which are important for amino acid metabolism. Studies have shown biofilm development rely on amino acids 1394:, and plant-derived antibiotic agents are being studied. These agents have shown inhibitory effects against 701:, and smoking. They also determined some genetic variations in humans that lead to an increased ability for 10867: 10576: 10250: 9859: 7843:"Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics" 3097: 2078:

modified to lack staphyloxanthin are less likely to survive incubation with an oxidizing chemical, such as

1529:, which can be categorized into three groups. Many of these toxins are associated with specific diseases. 1042: 864: 58: 6640:"Base pairing interaction between 5'- and 3'-UTRs controls icaR mRNA translation in Staphylococcus aureus" 4790:"Staphylococcal Food Poisoning." Food Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4 October 2016, 3356:"Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management" 1015:

can cause disease under certain host and environmental conditions, it is characterized as a "pathobiont".

616:

became widespread amongst this bacterium population and outbreaks of the resistant strain began to occur.

10862: 10079: 9958: 3564:"Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue" 2830: 2484:

was found to be the second leading pathogen for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance in 2019.

1661: 538: 423:

is one of the leading pathogens for deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of

9327:"SAAP-148 Eradicates MRSA Persisters Within Mature Biofilm Models Simulating Prosthetic Joint Infection" 8072:"Emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Should it be a concern?" 2003:. In fact, studies involving mutation of genes coding for protein A resulted in a lowered virulence of 1895:

are groups of microorganisms, such as bacteria, that attach to each other and grow on wet surfaces. The

1739:

There are also T7 effector proteins that play role a in pathogenesis, for example mutational studies of

10842: 10601: 10236: 9035:"Strengthening the immune system as an antimicrobial strategy against Staphylococcus aureus infections" 8941:"Nasal decontamination for the prevention of surgical site infection in Staphylococcus aureus carriers" 3876: 3628: 3125: 3045:

While some of these vaccines candidates have shown immune responses, others aggravated an infection by

2554: 2444: 2220: 583: 470: 159: 7154: 2615:, the best-characterized aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme is aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase 4' IA ( 10806: 9991: 9002: 8320:"Flavonolignans from silymarin modulate antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus" 7841:

Carter AP, Clemons WM, Brodersen DE, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V (September 2000).

5445:"Nuclease expression by Staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps" 4655:

George SM, Karanovic S, Harrison DA, Rani A, Birnie AJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, et al. (October 2019).

3083:

to evaluate its GSK2392103A vaccine. As of 2016, this vaccine is no longer under active development.

3066: 1682: 983: 8162:"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility" 3511: 3290:"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks" 2768:

can be explained by its ability to adapt. Multiple two component signal transduction pathways helps

2338:

was uncommon when penicillin was first introduced in 1943. Indeed, the original Petri dish on which

960:) to water and oxygen. Catalase-activity tests are sometimes used to distinguish staphylococci from 10471: 10465: 10172: 10032: 9878: 9679: 2474: 2460: 1872:

can interfere with the translation initiation complex and generate a double stranded substrate for

1834: 1829:

must survive such damages caused by the hosts' defenses. The two protein complex RexAB encoded by

1219: 987: 896: 721: 550: 439: 286: 9751: 8890:

van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, Kluytmans J, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (October 2008).

7548:

Thwaites GE, Scarborough M, Szubert A, Nsutebu E, Tilley R, Greig J, et al. (February 2018).

7509:"Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic" 3108:

and now part of GlaxoSmithKline, published promising pre-clinical results of their four-component

271: 10847: 10422: 10133: 9928: 8745: 7842: 6382:

Bohn C, Rigoulay C, Chabelskaya S, Sharma CM, Marchais A, Skorski P, et al. (October 2010).

6182:

Chevalier C, Boisset S, Romilly C, Masquida B, Fechter P, Geissmann T, et al. (March 2010).

4726: 4457:

Monnot GC, Wegrecki M, Cheng TY, Chen YL, Sallee BN, Chakravarthy R, et al. (January 2023).

2973: 2465: 2348: 2343: 2065: 1949: 1877: 1822: 1248: 1199:

is believed to exploit defects in the skin barrier of persons with atopic dermatitis, triggering

1102: 706: 652:

to continually evolve and gain new traits. There is a great deal of genetic variation within the

629: 542: 373: 7739:

Jamrozy D, Coll F, Mather AE, Harris SR, Harrison EM, MacGowan A, et al. (September 2017).

3929: 3562:

Schlecht LM, Peters BM, Krom BP, Freiberg JA, Hänsch GM, Filler SG, et al. (January 2015).

2598:

Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes inactivate the aminoglycoside by covalently attaching either a

2090:

when inoculated into wounds, whereas wounds infected with the unpigmented strains quickly heal.

1743:

have suggested that EsxB and EsxC contribute to persistent infection in a murine abscess model.

10757: 10627: 10528: 10321: 9980: 9935: 9884: 9528:

Loskill P, Pereira PM, Jung P, Bischoff M, Herrmann M, Pinho MG, et al. (September 2014).

9472:

Kearns AM, Ganner M, Holmes A (August 2006). "The 'Oxford Staphylococcus': a note of caution".

8705:"Heterosexual transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 8203:"Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene" 7507:

Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG, Abrutyn E, Corey GR, Levine DP, et al. (March 2009).

6432: 3898: 3894: 3872: 3121: 3008: 2728: 2674: 2320: 2086:, while many of the pigmented colonies survive. In mice, the pigmented strains cause lingering 2083: 1414: 1306: 1080: 1065: 327: 234: 9513:. Växjö, Sweden: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. p. 9. 9276:

Torre A, Bacconi M, Sammicheli C, Galletti B, Laera D, Fontana MR, et al. (August 2015).

8574:

Munir MT, Pailhories H, Eveillard M, Irle M, Aviat F, Federighi M, et al. (August 2020).

8201:

Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, Boulton ML, Tenover FC, Downes FP, et al. (April 2003).

5753:

Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, et al. (November 1999).

4805: 4791: 4752: 4514:

Kobayashi T, Glatz M, Horiuchi K, Kawasaki H, Akiyama H, Kaplan DH, et al. (April 2015).

3101:

not demonstrate a significant reduction in Postoperative Bloodstream Infection after Surgery.

2304: 1007:

can be present in the upper respiratory tract, gut mucosa, and skin as a member of the normal

10852: 10819: 10549: 10542: 10381: 10127: 9902: 5059:"Anti-biofilm agents: recent breakthrough against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus" 3537: 2654: 2620: 2592: 2588: 2488: 1750:

lysis, therefore suggested as contributing to the evasion of host immune system. Deletion of

1286: 1029: 613: 604:

testing, which enables detection of an enzyme produced by the bacterium. Prior to the 1940s,

502: 143: 9034: 7404:

Kim J (2009). "Understanding the Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus".

4964:"Characteristics of bacterial biofilm associated with implant material in clinical practice" 3034:

have been conducted for several vaccines candidates such as Nabi's StaphVax and PentaStaph,

10700: 10555: 10534: 10202: 10141: 9921: 9914: 9581:"Evolution of hypervirulence by a MRSA clone through acquisition of a transposable element" 9541: 7854: 7466:

Bayer AS, Bolger AF, Taubert KA, Wilson W, Steckelberg J, Karchmer AW, et al. (1998).

7316: 7109: 6874: 6032: 5973: 5505: 5008:

Archer NK, Mazaitis MJ, Costerton JW, Leid JG, Powers ME, Shirtliff ME (1 September 2011).

4913: 4844:"Future challenges and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with emphasis on MRSA" 4516:"Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Drives Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis" 3802: 3759: 3666: 2931:

is killed in one minute at 78 °C and in ten minutes at 64 °C but is resistant to

2895: 2228: 1985: 1596: 1544: 907: 637: 592: 582:

after its clustered appearance evident under a microscope. Then, in 1884, German scientist

526: 424: 9579:

Benson MA, Ohneck EA, Ryan C, Alonzo F, Smith H, Narechania A, et al. (August 2014).

8318:

Holasová K, Křížkovská B, Hoang L, Dobiasová S, Lipov J, Macek T, et al. (May 2022).

8029:

Johnson AP, Aucken HM, Cavendish S, Ganner M, Wale MC, Warner M, et al. (July 2001).

6481:

Morrison JM, Miller EW, Benson MA, Alonzo F, Yoong P, Torres VJ, et al. (June 2012).

6286:"A bacterial regulatory RNA attenuates virulence, spread and human host cell phagocytosis" 5443:

Berends ET, Horswill AR, Haste NM, Monestier M, Nizet V, von Köckritz-Blickwede M (2010).

2756:

that has become resistant to the glycopeptides. The first case of vancomycin-intermediate

2477:: Its large capsule protects the organism from attack by the cow's immunological defenses. 2289: 2234:

With MLST, this technique of typing uses fragments of several housekeeping genes known as

1840: 1305:. Once the bacteria have entered the bloodstream, they can infect various organs, causing 8: 10097: 10057: 9907: 9810: 9668: 7307:

Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE (December 2008). "The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus".

5956:

Ulhuq FR, Gomes MC, Duggan GM, Guo M, Mendonca C, Buchanan G, et al. (August 2020).

2945:

The use of mupirocin ointment can reduce the rate of infections due to nasal carriage of

2891: 2025: 1721: 1576: 1551:(SEs) which have been identified to date and named alphabetically (SEA - SEZ), including 1061: 302: 9545: 9408: 9377: 9235:

Begier E, Seiden DJ, Patton M, Zito E, Severs J, Cooper D, et al. (February 2017).

7858: 7320: 7113: 7047:

Liu GY, Essex A, Buchanan JT, Datta V, Hoffman HM, Bastian JF, et al. (July 2005).

6878: 6036: 5977: 5869: 5509: 4917: 4483: 4458: 3806: 3763: 3715:

Lindsay JA (February 2010). "Genomic variation and evolution of Staphylococcus aureus".

3670: 1587:. Lack of antibody to TSST-1 plays a part in the pathogenesis of TSS. Other strains of 10395: 10278: 9673: 9605: 9580: 9562: 9529: 9353: 9326: 9302: 9277: 9223: 9148: 8965: 8940: 8916: 8891: 8872: 8868: 8837: 8833: 8606: 8575: 8475: 8450: 8431: 8101: 8006: 7981: 7878: 7818: 7791: 7767: 7740: 7716: 7691: 7672: 7623: 7598: 7574: 7549: 7376: 7351: 7218: 7130: 7097: 7073: 7048: 7021: 6996: 6842: 6811: 6703: 6666: 6639: 6599: 6574: 6555: 6507: 6482: 6463: 6408: 6383: 6359: 6334: 6310: 6285: 6261: 6234: 6210: 6183: 6159: 6134: 6110: 6079: 5996: 5957: 5930: 5905: 5881: 5820: 5637: 5610: 5528: 5493: 5469: 5444: 5420: 5391: 5323: 5290: 5244: 5227: 5203: 5186: 5162: 5137: 5034: 5009: 4936: 4901: 4868: 4843: 4681: 4656: 4637: 4589: 4564: 4563:

Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Two AM, Chun KA, Narala S, Geha RS, et al. (November 2016).

4540: 4515: 4496: 4406: 4380:"Impact of Environmental Cues on Staphylococcal Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Development" 4379: 4355: 4330: 4306: 4281: 4257: 4230: 4206: 4181: 4159: 4105: 4078: 4004: 3979: 3590: 3563: 3380: 3355: 3080: 2526: 2197: 2135: 1552: 1325: 1092: 306: 282: 53: 9794: 9508: 8892:"Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers" 8511: 7957: 7932: 7707: 7565: 7417: 6934: 6909: 6810:

Nassar R, Hachim M, Nassar M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Williams D, et al. (2021).

6055: 6020: 5808: 5730: 5705: 4182:"Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota" 3314: 3289: 3077: 10814: 10783: 10687: 10567: 10298: 10122: 10092: 9610: 9567: 9489: 9454: 9413: 9358: 9307: 9258: 8970: 8921: 8802: 8726: 8685: 8680: 8655: 8611: 8556: 8515: 8480: 8466: 8423: 8341: 8300: 8265: 8260: 8243: 8224: 8183: 8142: 8093: 8052: 8011: 7962: 7913: 7870: 7823: 7772: 7721: 7664: 7628: 7579: 7530: 7489: 7448: 7381: 7367: 7332: 7282: 7257: 7226: 7135: 7078: 7026: 6974: 6939: 6925: 6890: 6847: 6792: 6757: 6707: 6671: 6604: 6547: 6512: 6455: 6413: 6364: 6315: 6266: 6215: 6164: 6115: 6060: 6001: 5935: 5885: 5873: 5812: 5776: 5735: 5683: 5660:

Jarraud S, Peyrat MA, Lim A, Tristan A, Bes M, Mougel C, et al. (January 2001).

5642: 5591: 5586: 5561: 5533: 5474: 5425: 5372: 5328: 5249: 5208: 5167: 5115: 5080: 5039: 4941: 4873: 4686: 4629: 4594: 4545: 4500: 4488: 4411: 4360: 4311: 4262: 4211: 4151: 4110: 4059: 4009: 3958: 3869:"staphylococcus – definition of staphylococcus in English from the Oxford dictionary" 3818: 3775: 3732: 3694: 3689: 3654: 3595: 3488: 3465: 3434: 3429: 3404: 3385: 3319: 3265: 3260: 3251: 3235: 3210: 2899: 2859: 2339: 2293: 2102:, a drug developed in the context of cholesterol-lowering therapy was shown to block 2079: 1908: 1729: 1486: 1302: 1271: 1238: 1234: 1188: 1110: 936: 435: 345: 310: 298: 196: 110: 8876: 8841: 8576:"Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood ( 8435: 8391: 8374: 8105: 7692:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 7676: 6559: 5824: 5721: 5010:"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: properties, regulation, and roles in human disease" 4900:

Zago CE, Silva S, Sanitá PV, Barbugli PA, Dias CM, Lordello VB, et al. (2015).

4641: 3420: 2545:). SCCmec is a family of mobile genetic elements, which is a major driving force of 1317:. This disease is particularly prevalent and severe in the very young and very old. 557:. Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the U.S. are linked to staphylococcal infection. 10692: 10519: 9600: 9592: 9557: 9549: 9481: 9444: 9403: 9393: 9348: 9338: 9297: 9289: 9248: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8864: 8829: 8794: 8716: 8675: 8667: 8601: 8591: 8546: 8507: 8470: 8462: 8415: 8386: 8331: 8292: 8255: 8214: 8173: 8132: 8083: 8042: 8001: 7993: 7952: 7944: 7905: 7882: 7862: 7813: 7803: 7762: 7752: 7711: 7703: 7656: 7618: 7610: 7569: 7561: 7520: 7479: 7440: 7413: 7371: 7363: 7324: 7207:"Bacteriophage typing in investigations of staphylococcal food-poisoning outbreaks" 7179: 7125: 7117: 7068: 7060: 7016: 7008: 6966: 6929: 6921: 6882: 6837: 6827: 6784: 6749: 6699: 6661: 6651: 6594: 6586: 6539: 6502: 6494: 6467: 6447: 6403: 6395: 6354: 6346: 6305: 6297: 6256: 6246: 6205: 6195: 6154: 6146: 6105: 6095: 6050: 6040: 5991: 5981: 5925: 5917: 5865: 5804: 5766: 5725: 5717: 5673: 5632: 5622: 5581: 5573: 5523: 5513: 5464: 5456: 5415: 5407: 5362: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5239: 5198: 5187:"Coagulase positive staphylococcal colonization of humans and their household pets" 5157: 5149: 5107: 5070: 5029: 5021: 4975: 4931: 4921: 4863: 4855: 4708: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4621: 4584: 4576: 4535: 4527: 4478: 4470: 4401: 4391: 4350: 4342: 4329:

Kuehnert MJ, Hill HA, Kupronis BA, Tokars JI, Solomon SL, Jernigan DB (June 2005).

4301: 4293: 4252: 4242: 4201: 4193: 4163: 4141: 4100: 4090: 4049: 3999: 3991: 3836: 3810: 3767: 3724: 3684: 3674: 3585: 3575: 3461: 3457: 3424: 3416: 3375: 3367: 3309: 3301: 3255: 3247: 3093: 2998: 2953:

using antibiotics or antiseptics can reduce the rates of surgical site infections.

2693: 2395: 2369: 2209: 2082:, than pigmented strains. Mutant colonies are quickly killed when exposed to human 2057: 1992: 1873: 1460: 1349: 1310: 1267: 1132: 1114: 1068: 776: 747: 571: 401: 9433:"The acquisition of penicillin resistance by Staphylococcus aureus, strain Oxford" 9253: 9236: 9218: 9161:"Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus" 9143: 8671: 8629: 6788: 5494:"Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance macrophage killing of bacterial pathogens" 5411: 3403:

Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, Yoshioka D, Kim YH, Park A, et al. (November 2001).

3140:(called "type cultures") are used in research and in laboratory testing, such as: 1071:

about 30% of the human population, it can sometimes cause disease. In particular,

900: 10292: 10006: 9833: 9684: 9111:"Vaccines to prevent antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)infections" 8988: 8336: 8319: 8137: 8120: 7808: 7328: 6656: 6637: 6251: 6200: 5837: 5704:

Becker K, Friedrich AW, Lubritz G, Weilert M, Peters G, Von Eiff C (April 2003).

4926: 4531: 4095: 4077:

Morikawa K, Takemura AJ, Inose Y, Tsai M, Nguyen TL, Ohta T, et al. (2012).

3814: 3771: 3073: 2983: 2743:, treatment can be changed to flucloxacillin or even penicillin, as appropriate. 2735: 2139: 2046: 2029: 1798: 1628:

activity of the exfoliative toxins causes peeling of the skin observed with SSSS.

1364: 1357:

penetrate human tissue. A higher mortality is linked with multispecies biofilms.

932: 876: 458: 357: 9067:"Intercell, Merck terminate V710 Phase II/III trial against S. aureus infection" 8359: 6816:

Biofilms: An Insight From Re-analysis of Publicly Available Microarray Datasets"

5921: 5367: 4777:"Staphylococcus." Foodsafety.gov, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1237:

and achieves this by generating toxins in the food, which is then ingested. Its

381: 10615: 10450: 9398: 8596: 8088: 8071: 7444: 6080:"A Novel ESAT-6 Secretion System-Secreted Protein EsxX of Community-Associated 6025:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5966:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5678: 5661: 5346:

Cenci-Goga BT, Karama M, Rossitto PV, Morgante RA, Cullor JS (September 2003).

5111: 4712: 4474: 4429: 4054: 4037: 3853: 3841: 3728: 3659:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3039: 3031: 2904: 2568: 2557:(PBP2a or PBP2') that has a lower affinity for binding β-lactams (penicillins, 2520: 2492: 2312: 2017: 1917: 1794: 1510: 1506: 1444: 1418: 1084: 911: 853: 752: 710: 393: 377: 120: 32: 9658: 9654: 9553: 9375: 9343: 8419: 7757: 7484: 7467: 7096:

Liu CI, Liu GY, Song Y, Yin F, Hensler ME, Jeng WY, et al. (March 2008).

6832: 6753: 6543: 5306: 5153: 4580: 4459:"Staphylococcal phosphatidylglycerol antigens activate human T cells via CD1a" 549:. Each year, around 500,000 hospital patients in the United States contract a 10836: 10650: 9996: 9849: 7997: 7660: 7098:"A cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence" 6739: 6100: 5348:"Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows" 4331:"Methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus hospitalizations, United States" 3977: 3117: 2643: 2584: 2558: 2516: 2285: 2131: 1977: 1932:

produced by the host immune response. Host antibodies are less effective for

1904: 1846: 1669: 1478: 1448: 1391: 1314: 1290: 1263: 965: 915: 741: 518: 314: 9449: 9432: 8798: 7121: 6886: 6045: 5986: 5075: 5058: 4396: 4197: 751:

cells, which typically occur in clusters: The cell wall readily absorbs the

10428: 10113: 9614: 9571: 9493: 9458: 9417: 9362: 9311: 9262: 8974: 8925: 8806: 8730: 8689: 8656:"Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic" 8615: 8560: 8519: 8484: 8345: 8304: 8269: 8228: 8178: 8161: 8146: 8097: 8056: 8047: 8030: 8015: 7874: 7827: 7776: 7725: 7668: 7632: 7614: 7583: 7534: 7385: 7336: 7230: 7139: 7082: 7030: 6978: 6851: 6796: 6761: 6711: 6675: 6608: 6551: 6516: 6459: 6417: 6368: 6319: 6270: 6219: 6168: 6119: 6064: 6005: 5939: 5877: 5816: 5780: 5739: 5687: 5646: 5627: 5595: 5537: 5518: 5478: 5429: 5376: 5332: 5253: 5212: 5171: 5119: 5084: 5043: 5025: 4945: 4877: 4779:

https://www.foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/staphylococcus/

4690: 4657:"Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of eczema" 4598: 4549: 4492: 4415: 4364: 4346: 4315: 4266: 4215: 4155: 4114: 4063: 4013: 3848: 3822: 3779: 3736: 3698: 3679: 3599: 3580: 3469: 3438: 3389: 3269: 3234:

Masalha M, Borovok I, Schreiber R, Aharonowitz Y, Cohen G (December 2001).

2855: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2639: 2580: 2436: 2431:

which have become resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics. For this reason,

1705: 1584: 1548: 1540: 1417:

in chickens. Some believe health-care workers' dogs should be considered a

1298: 1170: 1118: 961: 660:

A study by Fitzgerald et al. (2001) revealed that approximately 22% of the

522: 494: 369: 8427: 8187: 7980:

Rolinson GN, Stevens S, Batchelor FR, Wood JC, Chain EB (September 1960).

7966: 7948: 7917: 7493: 7468:"Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications" 7452: 6943: 6894: 5492:

Monteith AJ, Miller JM, Maxwell CN, Chazin WJ, Skaar EP (September 2021).

5291:"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among dogs and their owners" 5138:"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among dogs and their owners" 4633: 4625: 3323: 2772:

to express genes that are required to survive under antimicrobial stress.

2122:

Typical gram-positive cocci, in clusters, from a sputum sample, Gram stain

453:

An estimated 21% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers of

10739: 10659: 10582: 10357: 10327: 9485: 9293: 8551: 8535:"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a family and its pet cat" 8534: 8219: 8202: 8160:

Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC (July 1997).

7064: 7012: 6590: 6399: 6350: 6301: 6150: 5228:"Staphylococcus aureus colonization in healthy horses in Atlantic Canada" 4247: 4036:

Matthews KR, Roberson J, Gillespie BE, Luther DA, Oliver SP (June 1997).

3653:

Fitzgerald JR, Sturdevant DE, Mackie SM, Gill SR, Musser JM (July 2001).

3520:

Skin infections are the most common. They can look like pimples or boils.

3371: 3305: 2781: 2705: 2685: 2512: 2500: 2277: 2186: 2107: 2099: 2061: 1592: 1572: 1088: 685: 645: 45: 7909: 7349: 7222: 7206: 6498: 5577: 4980: 4963: 3069:

document indicates that PentaStaph failed in the phase III trial stage.

2638:

gene, which originates from the Tn1546 transposon found in a plasmid in

2496: 10731: 10679: 10510: 10495: 10484: 10347: 10228: 10156: 10001: 9975: 9801: 9729:"Successful in vivo test of breakthrough Staphylococcus aureus vaccine" 7350:

Aires de Sousa M, Conceição T, Simas C, de Lencastre H (October 2005).

4859: 2603: 2576: 2562: 2432: 2324: 2316: 2272: 2127: 2050: 1900: 1858: 1841:

Strategies for post-transcriptional regulation by 3'untranslated region

1810: 1747: 1617: 1611: 1482: 1178: 1076: 1008: 648:, and staphylococcal cassette chromosomes. These elements have enabled 530: 514: 490: 349: 341: 290: 252: 100: 10744: 9637: 9596: 8296: 6970: 6451: 5460: 5314: 4146: 4129: 3995: 3354:

Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG (July 2015).

10713: 10455: 10362: 10219: 10182: 10027: 9805: 9797: 7866: 6078:

Dai Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Gao Q, Lu H, Meng H, et al. (5 May 2017).

5904:

Cao Z, Casabona MG, Kneuper H, Chalmers JD, Palmer T (October 2016).

5852:

Bowman L, Palmer T (October 2021). "The Type VII Secretion System of

4297: 3891:"aureus – definition of aureus in English from the Oxford dictionary" 3035: 2697: 2628: 2599: 2572: 2508: 2504: 2448: 2308: 2166: 1996: 1973: 1957: 1953: 1774: 1665: 1474: 1165:

infection. This can manifest in various ways, including small benign

1136: 1122: 973: 922: 601: 510: 498: 412: 397: 389: 337: 333: 80: 10621: 7245: 4282:"Staphylococcus colonization of the skin and antimicrobial peptides" 2634:

Glycopeptide resistance is typically mediated by acquisition of the

2360:

isolates were penicillin-resistant; by 1960, this had risen to 80%.

1876:. The interaction is between the UCCCCUG motif in the 3'UTR and the 477:

can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as

10718: 10644: 10610: 10387: 10311: 10268: 10161: 9868: 9838: 8721: 8704: 8153: 7933:"Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci" 7840: 7525: 7508: 5771: 5754: 3105: 2966: 2932: 2709: 2627:

moiety to the 4' hydroxyl group of many aminoglycosides, including

2292:. The four-membered β-lactam ring of penicillin is bound to enzyme 2158: 2147: 2000: 1929: 1657: 1625: 1568: 1526: 1436: 1368: 1208: 1200: 1174: 871:(round) bacterium also known as "golden staph" and "oro staphira". 698: 641: 482: 416: 408: 353: 70: 9089:"Nabi Biopharmaceuticals Completes Final PentaStaph(TM) Milestone" 8703:

Cook HA, Furuya EY, Larson E, Vasquez G, Lowy FD (February 2007).

6995:

Clauditz A, Resch A, Wieland KP, Peschel A, Götz F (August 2006).

6283: 3233: 3049:. To date, none of these candidates provides protection against a 1920:, which are highly antibiotic-resistant, dormant bacterial cells. 10674: 10401: 10284: 9824: 8022: 7547: 7279:

Real-Time PCR in Microbiology: From Diagnosis to Characterization

6688: 6284:

Le Pabic H, Germain-Amiot N, Bordeau V, Felden B (October 2015).

4961: 3792: 3534:"Experimental Staph Vaccine Broadly Protective in Animal Studies" 3104:

In 2015, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, a former division of

3023: 2991: 2942:

have been described as being resistant to chlorine disinfection.

2916: 2887: 2716:). Glycopeptides must not be used to treat methicillin-sensitive 2624: 2134:

bacteria, cocci, in clusters. Second, the isolate is cultured on

2087: 2053: 1988: 1981: 1937: 1892: 1790: 1536: 1353:, forming multispecies biofilms. The latter is suspected to help 1344: 1294: 1203:

expression and therefore exacerbating symptoms. This can lead to

546: 506: 462: 443: 405: 90: 10705: 9324: 8373:

Latha T, Bhat, Hande M, Mukhopadyay C, Devi ES, Nayak B (2018).

8317: 5345: 2833:(also called nosocomial) and community-acquired MRSA. Although 2523:

are able to resist degradation by staphylococcal penicillinase.

1262:

is a common cause of major bone and joint infections, including

935:(meaning it can produce the enzyme catalase). Catalase converts 9649: 6573:

Kim S, Reyes D, Beaume M, Francois P, Cheung A (October 2014).

6181: 6133:

Kim S, Reyes D, Beaume M, Francois P, Cheung A (October 2014).

5185:

Hanselman BA, Kruth SA, Rousseau J, Weese JS (September 2009).

5097: 4035: 3086: 2881: 2607: 2538: 2281: 2212:

is increasingly being used to identify outbreaks of infection.

2198:

Diagnostic microbiology laboratories and reference laboratories

2182: 2170: 2130:

is first performed to guide the way, which should show typical

2118: 2071: 1782: 1693: 1560: 1556: 1502: 1399: 879:. In medical literature, the bacterium is often referred to as 868: 534: 478: 330: 9275: 8889: 8119:

Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA (October 2002).

7689: 6019:

Burts ML, Williams WA, DeBord K, Missiakas DM (January 2005).

4513: 3652: 3451: 2890:

has proven to be an effective topical sanitizer against MRSA.

9698: 8282: 7506: 7204: 6381: 5703: 5442: 3198:

Standard strain for EUCAST antimicrobial resistance testing.

2657:

to many commonly used antibiotics. In the UK, only 2% of all

2178: 1692:

type VII secretion system; EssC is a large integral membrane

1688:

elucidated. Currently, four proteins are known components of

1653: 1564: 857: 294: 8938: 8573: 8497: 8405: 8235: 8028: 7979: 7590: 6809: 6018: 5962:

type VII secretion system mediates intraspecies competition"

5793: 5609:

Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S (September 2020).

5226:

Burton S, Reid-Smith R, McClure JT, Weese JS (August 2008).

5225: 3353: 2760:(VISA) was reported in Japan in 1996; but the first case of 2406: 2378: 1447:

capsule protects the organism from recognition by the cow's

826: 8118: 8076:

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi

7205:

Saint-Martin M, Charest G, Desranleau JM (September 1951).

6994: 5608: 5491: 5184: 5007: 4792:

https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/staphylococcal.html

4654: 3487:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 65. 3287: 2819: 2688:(a lincosamine) and co-trimoxazole (also commonly known as 2419: 2411: 2398: 2384: 2288:

cross-linkages that provide the rigidity and strength in a

1786: 1218:

but their benefit is limited and they increase the risk of

1166: 1037: 844: 832: 829: 815: 800: 486: 9527: 8200: 7789: 6908:

Patel AH, Nowlan P, Weavers ED, Foster T (December 1987).

6480: 6084:

Lineage ST398 Contributes to Immune Evasion and Virulence"

5903: 5752: 4842:

Rasmussen RV, Fowler VG, Skov R, Bruun NE (January 2011).

4328: 3561: 2146:

to grow, producing yellow-colored colonies as a result of

809: 9704: 8372: 5268:"Staphylococcosis, Staphylococcal Arthritis, Bumble Foot" 4962:

Nandakumar V, Chittaranjan S, Kurian VM, Doble M (2013).

4127: 4076: 2541:, part of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC 1636:

Staphylococcal toxins that act on cell membranes include

1440: 1106: 794: 788: 265:

20% to 30% of the human population often without symptoms

8532: 8159: 7895: 7645: 7465: 6907: 6232: 5550:

Medical Laboratory Manual For Tropical Countries vol two

5288: 5135: 4841: 2949:

There is limited evidence that nasal decontamination of

1131:

is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on

8702: 8244:"Current and emerging serious Gram-positive infections" 8112: 7982:"Bacteriological studies on a new penicillin-BRL. 1241" 7738: 5659: 4899: 4456: 4175: 4173: 4128:

Fagerlund A, Granum PE, Håvarstein LS (November 2014).

2487:

Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by

2157:

Furthermore, for differentiation on the species level,

2151: 9578: 9234: 8743: 6723: 6721: 6572: 6132: 5131: 5129: 3405:"Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage" 1375:

biofilm cannot be destroyed by antibiotic treatments.

1214:

Antibiotics are commonly used to target overgrowth of

10599: 7599:"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?" 7306: 7046: 6864: 5559: 4605: 4371: 4179: 2642:

and codes for an enzyme that produces an alternative

2414: 2381: 2267:

For susceptible strains, the treatment of choice for

2200:

are key for identifying outbreaks and new strains of

2068:

which the host immune system uses to kill pathogens.

1928:

biofilms have increased growth under the presence of

1413:

can survive on dogs, cats, and horses, and can cause

1033:

3D Medical Animation still shot of Osteomyelitis bone

835: 818: 812: 806: 791: 782: 779: 9627: 8819: 6430: 5178: 4562: 4430:"Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings | HAI" 4180:

Schenck LP, Surette MG, Bowdish DM (November 2016).

4170: 3930:"Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety" 3402: 2822:. Even healthcare providers can be MRSA colonizers. 1861:, which may potentially have a regulatory function. 1181:, and more severe, invasive soft-tissue infections. 841: 797: 785: 612:

infections. Unfortunately, by the end of the 1940s,

537:. It is still one of the five most common causes of 364:, meaning that it can grow without oxygen. Although 6774: 6718: 6332: 5955: 5560:Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM (January 2000). 5126: 3445: 3288:Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H (July 1997). 2427:), is one of a number of greatly feared strains of 2401: 2375: 2372: 972:was differentiated from other staphylococci by the 823: 803: 9707:— Understand what the MRSA infection is all about. 9471: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7042: 7040: 4235:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 3518:. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, US. 2814:About 33% of the U.S. population are carriers of 1777:involved in the control of bacterial virulence in 8533:Sing A, Tuschak C, Hörmansdorfer S (March 2008). 7430: 7243: 6956: 5219: 4731:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 4377: 2319:may be used to treat serious infections, such as 2150:fermentation and subsequent drop in the medium's 1963: 1712:, has been shown to inhibit growth of competitor 10834: 9386:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 8761:Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6990: 6988: 6431:Sayed N, Jousselin A, Felden B (December 2011). 6233:Chabelskaya S, Gaillot O, Felden B (June 2010). 5958:"A membrane-depolarizing toxin substrate of the 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 2327:has been historically used in the management of 680:Another notable evolutionary process within the 434:(MRSA). The bacterium is a worldwide problem in 9212: 9210: 7973: 7930: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7295: 7089: 7037: 6333:Mauro T, Rouillon A, Felden B (December 2016). 4611: 2725:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1563:use. Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by 372:of the human microbiota, it can also become an 9091:(Press release). GLOBE NEWSWIRE. 27 April 2011 9040:. FORMATEX RESEARCH CENTER. 11 December 2013. 8360:"General Information: Community acquired MRSA" 6529: 5289:Boost MV, O'Donoghue MM, James A (July 2008). 5136:Boost MV, O'Donoghue MM, James A (July 2008). 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 3557: 3555: 2534:Resistance to methicillin is mediated via the 2284:species, penicillin inhibits the formation of 1547:(TSS). This group comprises 25 staphylococcal 9780: 9701:— Discusses how to prevent the spread of MRSA 9269: 9228: 8491: 7541: 7095: 6985: 6077: 5389: 4828: 3717:International Journal of Medical Microbiology 3506: 3504: 3409:Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 3283: 3281: 3279: 2192: 1825:. For infection of a host to be successful, 1648:, and several bicomponent toxins. Strains of 1481:(also known as spreading factor) breaks down 1335: 632:. Mobile genetic elements that are common in 239:other bacterial, viral and fungal infections, 9430: 9207: 9135: 7392: 7152: 5851: 4806:"Centers for disease control and prevention" 4322: 4121: 4070: 3613:Orent W (2006). "A Brief History of Staph". 2530:Susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. 2185:(a yellow color and rancid odor smell), and 2028:: The strain is producing a yellow pigment 1676: 1254: 1139:of toxins is part of the infection pathway. 9008:. Resources for the Future. 20 April 2009. 8945:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8896:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8442: 8352: 8194: 5390:Cheung GY, Bae JS, Otto M (December 2021). 4988: 4705:Eczema in children: uncertainties addressed 4661:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3552: 3454:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3227: 3213:, deaths of 12 children inoculated with an 2364:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 2346:observed the antibacterial activity of the 1672:found in community-associated MRSA strains. 1025:Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infection 705:to colonize, notably a polymorphism in the 457:, which can be found as part of the normal 9787: 9773: 8653: 8241: 7180:"Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) | Culture Media" 6727:Vidyasagar, A. (2016). What Are Biofilms? 3948: 3946: 3749: 3501: 3476: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3276: 2549:evolution. Resistance is conferred by the 2447:. One topical agent that is prescribed is 2443:Minor skin infections can be treated with 2106:pigmentation and disease progression in a 1555:as well as the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1509:to dissolve fibrin and aid in spread, and 1244:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 31: 9604: 9561: 9474:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 9448: 9407: 9397: 9352: 9342: 9301: 9252: 8964: 8915: 8854: 8744:Shafiei Y, Razavilar V, Javadi A (2011). 8720: 8679: 8605: 8595: 8550: 8474: 8448: 8390: 8335: 8259: 8218: 8177: 8166:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8136: 8087: 8069: 8046: 8035:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8005: 7956: 7817: 7807: 7766: 7756: 7715: 7622: 7573: 7524: 7483: 7375: 7276: 7237: 7129: 7072: 7020: 6933: 6841: 6831: 6665: 6655: 6620: 6618: 6598: 6506: 6440:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 6407: 6358: 6309: 6260: 6250: 6209: 6199: 6158: 6109: 6099: 6054: 6044: 5995: 5985: 5929: 5770: 5729: 5699: 5697: 5677: 5636: 5626: 5585: 5527: 5517: 5468: 5419: 5366: 5322: 5243: 5202: 5161: 5074: 5033: 4979: 4935: 4925: 4867: 4680: 4588: 4539: 4482: 4452: 4450: 4405: 4395: 4354: 4305: 4256: 4246: 4205: 4145: 4104: 4094: 4053: 4003: 3688: 3678: 3589: 3579: 3428: 3379: 3313: 3259: 2495:) production: an enzyme that cleaves the 1595:that is the causative agent of a type of 1390:biofilm involving nano silver particles, 8696: 7596: 6633: 6631: 5056: 4707:(Report). NIHR Evidence. 19 March 2024. 4569:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 3531: 2525: 2464: 2454: 2138:, which is a selective medium with 7.5% 2117: 2016: 1620:are exotoxins implicated in the disease 1207:, a severe form of which can be seen in 1036: 1028: 758: 740: 590:, discriminating and separating it from 281: 270: 10064:Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection 9760:– the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase 9726: 7649:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 6812:"Microbial Metabolic Genes Crucial for 4378:Kavanaugh JS, Horswill AR (June 2016). 4228: 3952: 3943: 3714: 3482: 3396: 3330: 3092:four-antigen vaccine SA4Ag was granted 2473:, which is one of the causal agents of 1187:is extremely prevalent in persons with 509:, to life-threatening diseases such as 10835: 9506: 9123:from the original on 10 September 2016 8408:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 7270: 7153:Shields P, Tsang AY (9 October 2006). 6615: 5694: 4447: 3629:"S. aureus clonal complex designation" 2113: 1489:, which breaks down the DNA, protects 1091:infections, particularly when skin or 856:σταφυλόκοκκος, "grape-cluster berry", 574:, a Scottish surgeon, discovered that 10626: 10625: 9768: 9047:from the original on 22 November 2015 7937:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 7931:Arthur M, Courvalin P (August 1993). 7155:"Mannitol Salt Agar Plates Protocols" 6628: 5951: 5949: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5847: 5845: 4957: 4955: 3710: 3708: 3612: 2960:Top common bacterium in each industry 2795:These pumps are overexpressed by MDR 1980:pentaglycine bridges (chains of five 1121:(infection of the heart valves), and 1083:. Additionally, it can cause various 344:of the body, frequently found in the 10807:a02ec546-17a4-48e1-bc36-cf6deb0a00ea 10198:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 9173:from the original on 11 October 2016 8784: 8654:Neely AN, Maley MP (February 2000). 8630:"CDC Media Relations: Press Release" 8449:Quinn GA, Cole AM (September 2007). 7053:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 5562:"Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus" 4816:from the original on 8 February 2016 4697: 4279: 4029: 2845: 1622:staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 1454: 1405: 1205:staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 1075:is one of the most common causes of 8539:The New England Journal of Medicine 8276: 8248:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8207:The New England Journal of Medicine 7403: 6532:Medical Microbiology and Immunology 5870:10.1146/annurev-micro-012721-123600 4803: 4384:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3131: 2646:to which vancomycin will not bind. 2181:(zone of clearance on DNase agar), 1113:put a person at particular risk of 396:. Pathogenic strains often promote 13: 9520: 8869:10.1111/j.1472-765X.1986.tb01566.x 8834:10.1111/j.1472-765X.1988.tb01208.x 7254:Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics 6704:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031 5946: 5892: 5842: 4952: 3705: 3525: 2739:methicillin-susceptible strain of 2720:(MSSA), as outcomes are inferior. 2623:. The enzyme is able to attach an 2619:). This enzyme has been solved by 2275:. An antibiotic derived from some 2064:which helps the microbe evade the 1153: 1018: 16:Species of gram-positive bacterium 14: 10889: 10434:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis 9623: 9015:from the original on 8 March 2016 8774:from the original on 2 July 2015. 8324:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 8070:Chen CJ, Huang YC (August 2018). 7418:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2009.01.002 7309:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 7211:Canadian Journal of Public Health 5100:The Journal of Hospital Infection 4231:"Microbiome in atopic dermatitis" 3795:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 3752:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2595:of the drug out of the bacteria. 2553:gene, which codes for an altered 2215:When observing the evolvement of 2060:, primarily by being a bacterial 1936:biofilm due to the heterogeneous 1559:which causes TSS associated with 1473:produces various enzymes such as 1398:embedded in biofilms. A class of 1251:(below 40 or above 140 °F). 1225: 1045:(SEM) depicts numerous clumps of 998: 10873:Healthcare-associated infections 10609: 9500: 9465: 9424: 9369: 9318: 9185: 9153: 9103: 9081: 9059: 9027: 8995: 8981: 8932: 8883: 8848: 8813: 8778: 8737: 8660:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 8647: 8622: 8567: 8526: 8467:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02615.x 8399: 8366: 8311: 8285:Canadian Journal of Microbiology 8261:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01138.x 8063: 7924: 7889: 7834: 7783: 7732: 7683: 7639: 7500: 7459: 7424: 7406:Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 7368:10.1128/JCM.43.10.5150-5157.2005 7356:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 7343: 7244:Francois P, Schrenzel J (2008). 6926:10.1128/IAI.55.12.3103-3110.1987 5710:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5392:"Pathogenicity and virulence of 4026:PreTest, Surgery, 12th ed., p.88 3252:10.1128/JB.183.24.7260-7272.2001 3136:A number of standard strains of 2902:. Nonflammable alcohol vapor in 2670:(MRSA) was reported in England. 2394: 2368: 2352:fungus was growing a culture of 2225:pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 1960:for proper metabolic functions. 1855:three prime untranslated regions 1683:Type VII secretion system (T7SS) 1525:is capable of secreting several 775: 57: 40:Scanning electron micrograph of 10039:Group B streptococcal infection 9987:Group A streptococcal infection 9437:Journal of General Microbiology 8857:Letters in Applied Microbiology 8822:Letters in Applied Microbiology 8754:(PTCC=1435) in Distilled Water" 8500:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 8392:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.23151 7246:"Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of 7198: 7172: 7146: 6950: 6901: 6858: 6803: 6768: 6742:Current Opinion in Microbiology 6733: 6682: 6566: 6523: 6474: 6424: 6375: 6326: 6277: 6226: 6175: 6126: 6071: 6012: 5787: 5746: 5722:10.1128/jcm.41.4.1434-1439.2003 5653: 5602: 5572:(1): 16–34, table of contents. 5553: 5544: 5485: 5436: 5383: 5339: 5282: 5260: 5232:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5191:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 5091: 5057:Chung PY, Toh YS (April 2014). 5050: 4893: 4884: 4797: 4784: 4771: 4753:"Staphylococcal Food Poisoning" 4745: 4719: 4648: 4556: 4507: 4422: 4273: 4222: 4020: 3984:Journal of Orthopaedic Research 3971: 3922: 3913: 3861: 3829: 3786: 3743: 3646: 3621: 3606: 3421:10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1064-1069.2001 2775: 1995:-binding protein, binds to the 1946:ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase 1903:slime layer and can consist of 1435:is one of the causal agents of 875:is nonmotile and does not form 736: 340:, and is a usual member of the 247:hand washing, cleaning surfaces 9431:Mayr-Harting A (August 1955). 8957:10.1002/14651858.CD012462.pub2 8908:10.1002/14651858.CD006216.pub2 4673:10.1002/14651858.CD003871.pub3 3953:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). 3462:10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2 3042:V710, VRi's SA75, and others. 1976:is anchored to staphylococcal 1964:Other immunoevasive strategies 1700:T7 dependent effector proteins 1320:Without antibiotic treatment, 984:Natural genetic transformation 914:. Complete separation of the 1: 9254:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.024 9069:. Merck & Co. 8 June 2011 8672:10.1128/JCM.38.2.724-726.2000 8512:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70295-4 8125:Archives of Internal Medicine 7708:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 7566:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32456-X 6789:10.1016/j.micpath.2006.04.005 5858:Annual Review of Microbiology 5809:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07877-7 5566:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 5412:10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688 3957:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. 3360:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3294:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3221: 2790:Major Facilitator Superfamily 2677:. Now, methicillin-resistant 2173:clot formation, positive for 2012:immunoaffinity chromatography 1837:of DNA double-strand breaks. 1804: 1495:neutrophil extracellular trap 1277: 10577:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 8709:Clinical Infectious Diseases 8337:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112806 8138:10.1001/archinte.162.19.2229 7809:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002626 7603:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7513:Clinical Infectious Diseases 7329:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.007 6657:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004001 6252:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000927 6201:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000809 5759:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4927:10.1371/journal.pone.0123206 4532:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.014 4335:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4286:Expert Review of Dermatology 4096:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003003 3955:Sherris Medical Microbiology 3815:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.012 3772:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.020 3098:Food and Drug Administration 2704:antibiotics (vancomycin and 2262: 1768: 1746:EsxX has been implicated in 1161:are the most common form of 1043:scanning electron micrograph 709:gene that results in larger 619: 565: 539:hospital-acquired infections 7: 9727:Packham C (16 March 2015). 9166:. ELSEVIER. 19 April 2016. 7433:Annals of Internal Medicine 5922:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.183 5368:10.4315/0362-028X-66.9.1693 3512:"Staphylococcal Infections" 3204: 3017: 2831:hospital-acquired infection 2809: 2356:. By 1950, 40% of hospital 1662:Panton-Valentine leukocidin 1485:and helps in spreading it. 1270:, and infections following 1195:drives inflammation of AD. 415:that binds and inactivates 352:. It is often positive for 10: 10894: 10878:Bacteria described in 1884 9399:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367938 8752:Staphylococcus Epidermidis 8597:10.3390/antibiotics9090535 8089:10.1016/j.jfma.2018.04.004 7445:10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-496 7281:. Caister Academic Press. 7256:. Caister Academic Press. 5679:10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.669 5449:Journal of Innate Immunity 5355:Journal of Food Protection 5295:Epidemiology and Infection 5142:Epidemiology and Infection 5112:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.008 4713:10.3310/nihrevidence_62438 4475:10.1038/s41590-022-01375-z 4055:10.4315/0362-028X-60.6.686 4042:Journal of Food Protection 3729:10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.013 3532:Bowersox J (27 May 1999). 2865:Recently, myriad cases of 2829:is an important source of 2555:penicillin-binding protein 2458: 2445:triple antibiotic ointment 2236:aroE, glpF, gmk, pta, tip, 2221:multilocus sequence typing 2193:Rapid diagnosis and typing 2056:. This pigment acts as a 1887: 1864:Further investigation of i 1821:through the production of 1720:. EsaD is cosecreted with 1680: 1609: 1465: 1458: 1336:Medical implant infections 1150:infections can be severe. 1022: 600:infection by the means of 584:Friedrich Julius Rosenbach 560: 541:and is often the cause of 411:, and the expression of a 376:, being a common cause of 278:on basic cultivation media 10634: 10566: 10518: 10509: 10482: 10448: 10412: 10371: 10355: 10346: 10309: 10266: 10218: 10181: 10170: 10155: 10111: 10078: 10049: 10017: 9992:Streptococcal pharyngitis 9966: 9957: 9895: 9867: 9858: 9847: 9832: 9823: 9631: 9554:10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.029 9507:EUCAST (1 January 2020). 9344:10.3389/fmicb.2021.625952 9331:Frontiers in Microbiology 9195:. Pfizer Inc. 7 July 2015 9116:. University of Chicago. 8420:10.1017/s002221510014126x 8242:Menichetti F (May 2005). 7758:10.1186/s12864-017-4065-z 7485:10.1161/01.CIR.98.25.2936 6833:10.3389/fmicb.2020.607002 6820:Frontiers in Microbiology 6754:10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.013 6544:10.1007/s00430-013-0307-0 6088:Frontiers in Microbiology 5307:10.1017/s0950268807009326 5154:10.1017/S0950268807009326 4759:. hhs.gov. 4 October 2016 4581:10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.127 3854:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3842:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2958: 2334:Antibiotic resistance in 2045:are capable of producing 1899:biofilm is embedded in a 1677:Type VII Secretion system 1521:Depending on the strain, 1516: 1255:Bone and joint infections 261: 251: 243: 233: 222: 207: 195: 181: 174: 149: 142: 54:Scientific classification 52: 39: 30: 23: 10472:Pseudomembranous colitis 10466:Clostridioides difficile 7998:10.1136/bmj.1.5219.124-a 7661:10.1586/14787210.5.5.773 6101:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00819 3022:As of 2021, no approved 2461:Antimicrobial resistance 2366:(MRSA, often pronounced 2093:These tests suggest the 1857:(3'UTR) longer than 100 1815:DNA double-strand breaks 1421:of antibiotic-resistant 1249:below 4.4 or above 60 °C 1233:is also responsible for 1220:antimicrobial resistance 988:homologous recombination 731:restriction modification 722:accessory gene regulator 636:include bacteriophages, 551:staphylococcal infection 440:research and development 215:, Methicillin-resistant 211:Methicillin-susceptible 10423:Clostridium perfringens 10134:Urinary tract infection 9450:10.1099/00221287-13-1-9 8799:10.1111/1750-3841.12530 8787:Journal of Food Science 8746:"Thermal Death Time of 7277:Mackay IM, ed. (2007). 7122:10.1126/science.1153018 6887:10.1126/science.7701329 6487:Journal of Bacteriology 6046:10.1073/pnas.0405620102 5987:10.1073/pnas.2006110117 5076:10.1111/2049-632x.12141 4397:10.1074/jbc.R116.722710 4198:10.1002/1873-3468.12455 3240:Journal of Bacteriology 2974:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2344:Imperial College London 2066:reactive oxygen species 2037:Staphylococcal pigments 1950:glutamate dehydrogenase 1823:reactive oxygen species 763:Key characteristics of 707:glucocorticoid receptor 630:mobile genetic elements 346:upper respiratory tract 10858:Gram-positive bacteria 10529:Ureaplasma urealyticum 10322:Listeria monocytogenes 10026:bacitracin resistant, 9885:Pneumococcal infection 9585:Molecular Microbiology 9282:Infection and Immunity 9216:Clinical trial number 9141:Clinical trial number 9003:"A Shot Against MRSA?" 8989:"Food standard agency" 8379:Asian J Pharm Clin Res 7615:10.3201/eid0702.010204 7001:Infection and Immunity 6914:Infection and Immunity 6777:Microbial Pathogenesis 6579:Infection and Immunity 6388:Nucleic Acids Research 6339:Nucleic Acids Research 6290:Nucleic Acids Research 6139:Infection and Immunity 5628:10.3390/toxins12090584 5519:10.1126/sciadv.abj2101 5026:10.4161/viru.2.5.17724 4347:10.3201/eid1106.040831 4134:Molecular Microbiology 3895:OxfordDictionaries.com 3873:OxfordDictionaries.com 3680:10.1073/pnas.161098098 3581:10.1099/mic.0.083485-0 3122:antimicrobial peptides 3094:fast track designation 3009:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2752:(VRSA) is a strain of 2531: 2478: 2475:mastitis in dairy cows 2123: 2033: 1835:recombinational repair 1793:, SprA1, SSR42, ArtR, 1581:multiple organ failure 1307:infective endocarditis 1287:bloodstream infections 1285:is a leading cause of 1081:infective endocarditis 1053: 1047:methicillin-resistant 1034: 767: 756: 429:methicillin-resistant 386:respiratory infections 374:opportunistic pathogen 318: 279: 235:Differential diagnosis 10784:staphylococcus-aureus 10666:Staphylococcus aureus 10636:Staphylococcus aureus 10550:Mycoplasma pneumoniae 10543:Mycoplasma genitalium 10382:Clostridium botulinum 10128:Enterococcus faecalis 9903:Viridans streptococci 9754:Staphylococcus aureus 9720:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 9714:Staphylococcus aureus 9380:Staphylococcus aureus 8748:Staphylococcus Aureus 8362:. CDC. 25 March 2016. 7949:10.1128/AAC.37.8.1563 7943:(8). ASM: 1563–1571. 7248:Staphylococcus aureus 6082:Staphylococcus aureus 5960:Staphylococcus aureus 5666:Journal of Immunology 5394:Staphylococcus aureus 5063:Pathogens and Disease 4626:10.1542/peds.66.2.285 4280:Otto M (April 2010). 3536:. NIH. Archived from 3217:-contaminated vaccine 3146:Staphylococcus aureus 3126:host-directed therapy 3110:Staphylococcus aureus 2929:Staphylococcus aureus 2898:involves routine and 2896:nosocomial infections 2799:(Multidrug resistant 2747:Vancomycin-resistant 2679:Staphylococcus aureus 2668:Staphylococcus aureus 2621:X-ray crystallography 2589:30S ribosomal subunit 2571:antibiotics, such as 2529: 2482:Staphylococcus aureus 2468: 2455:Antibiotic resistance 2121: 2108:mouse infection model 2020: 1513:for drug resistance. 1471:Staphylococcus aureus 1433:Staphylococcus aureus 1411:Staphylococcus aureus 1386:Novel treatments for 1361:Staphylococcus aureus 1341:Staphylococcus aureus 1283:Staphylococcus aureus 1260:Staphylococcus aureus 1231:Staphylococcus aureus 1185:Staphylococcus aureus 1143:Staphylococcus aureus 1129:Staphylococcus aureus 1105:through contact with 1099:Staphylococcus aureus 1040: 1032: 1023:Further information: 929:Staphylococcus aureus 865:facultative anaerobic 771:Staphylococcus aureus 765:Staphylococcus aureus 762: 744: 638:pathogenicity islands 625:Staphylococcus aureus 614:penicillin resistance 588:Staphylococcus aureus 503:scalded skin syndrome 323:Staphylococcus aureus 285: 276:Staphylococcus aureus 274: 227:Staphylococcus aureus 217:Staphylococcus aureus 213:Staphylococcus aureus 176:Staphylococcus aureus 153:Staphylococcus aureus 25:Staphylococcus aureus 10556:Mycoplasma pneumonia 10535:Ureaplasma infection 10245:novobiocin resistant 10203:Toxic shock syndrome 10142:Enterococcus faecium 9739:on 19 September 2012 9294:10.1128/IAI.00258-15 8552:10.1056/NEJMc0706805 8220:10.1056/NEJMoa025025 8179:10.1093/jac/40.1.135 8048:10.1093/jac/48.1.143 7597:Chambers HF (2001). 7065:10.1084/jem.20050846 7013:10.1128/IAI.00204-06 6591:10.1128/IAI.02002-14 6151:10.1128/iai.02002-14 5836:14 July 2014 at the 4248:10.2147/CCID.S130013 3372:10.1128/CMR.00134-14 3306:10.1128/CMR.10.3.505 3144:Standard strains of 2860:risk of transmission 2229:bacteriophage typing 2049:— a golden-coloured 1884:implant infections. 1660:Φ-PVL that produces 1545:toxic shock syndrome 1378:Current therapy for 1095:have been breached. 908:reproduces asexually 593:Staphylococcus albus 527:toxic shock syndrome 425:antibiotic-resistant 413:cell-surface protein 362:facultative anaerobe 10868:Pathogenic bacteria 10488:(non-spore forming) 10098:Streptococcus bovis 10058:Streptococcus iniae 9806:Infectious diseases 9546:2014BpJ...107.1082L 9534:Biophysical Journal 7910:10.1021/bi00096a006 7904:(45): 11977–11984. 7859:2000Natur.407..340C 7321:2008InfGE...8..747D 7114:2008Sci...319.1391L 7108:(5868): 1391–1394. 6879:1995Sci...268..103S 6499:10.1128/JB.06708-11 6345:(21): 10186–10200. 6037:2005PNAS..102.1169B 5978:2020PNAS..11720836U 5972:(34): 20836–20847. 5910:Nature Microbiology 5578:10.1128/cmr.13.1.16 5510:2021SciA....7.2101M 4981:10.1038/pj.2012.130 4918:2015PLoSO..1023206Z 4848:Future Microbiology 4390:(24): 12556–12564. 3807:2009InfGE...9...32V 3764:2014InfGE..21..542F 3671:2001PNAS...98.8821F 3485:Williams Gynecology 3148: 3112:vaccine, 4C-staph. 2938:Certain strains of 2892:Quaternary ammonium 2818:and about 2% carry 2469:Bacterial cells of 2305:β-lactam antibiotic 2290:bacterial cell wall 2114:Classical diagnosis 2026:trypticase soy agar 1833:is employed in the 1664:(PVL), to increase 1497:-mediated killing. 1062:commensal bacterium 1011:. However, because 976:. However, not all 450:has been approved. 303:latex agglutination 10863:Bacterial diseases 10396:Clostridium tetani 10279:Bacillus anthracis 9896:optochin resistant 9811:Bacterial diseases 9486:10.1093/jac/dkl230 9224:ClinicalTrials.gov 9149:ClinicalTrials.gov 8793:(8): M1554–M1559. 8254:(Suppl 3): 22–28. 7702:(10325): 629–655. 7560:(10121): 668–678. 7159:www.asmscience.org 6400:10.1093/nar/gkq462 6351:10.1093/nar/gkw777 6302:10.1093/nar/gkv783 5270:. The Poultry Site 4860:10.2217/fmb.10.155 4229:Wollina U (2017). 3483:Hoffman B (2012). 3143: 2734:2006-09-23 at the 2532: 2479: 2161:(positive for all 2136:mannitol salt agar 2124: 2034: 1708:toxin secreted by 1618:Exfoliative toxins 1606:Exfoliative toxins 1573:low blood pressure 1553:enterotoxin type B 1505:to digest lipids, 1419:significant source 1343:is often found in 1326:case fatality rate 1303:hypodermic needles 1111:Joint replacements 1060:usually acts as a 1054: 1035: 768: 757: 471:reproductive tract 465:, and as a normal 368:usually acts as a 336:, a member of the 331:spherically shaped 319: 280: 202:Infectious disease 10843:Food microbiology 10830: 10829: 10815:Open Tree of Life 10628:Taxon identifiers 10597: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10568:Anaeroplasmatales 10505: 10504: 10444: 10443: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10262: 10261: 10151: 10150: 10107: 10106: 10074: 10073: 9953: 9952: 9694: 9693: 9597:10.1111/mmi.12682 8750:(PTCC=29213) and 8545:(11): 1200–1201. 8297:10.1139/w2012-043 8213:(14): 1342–1347. 8131:(19): 2229–2235. 7992:(7150): 564–567. 7853:(6802): 340–348. 7478:(25): 2936–2948. 7362:(10): 5150–5157. 7288:978-1-904455-18-9 7263:978-1-904455-29-5 7186:. 14 January 2020 6971:10.1021/bi7014597 6920:(12): 3103–3110. 6873:(5207): 103–106. 6698:(26): 5967–5982. 6585:(10): 4369–4379. 6493:(11): 2924–2938. 6452:10.1038/nsmb.2193 6394:(19): 6620–6636. 6296:(19): 9232–9248. 6145:(10): 4369–4379. 5803:(9308): 753–759. 5461:10.1159/000319909 4575:(11): 2192–2200. 4463:Nature Immunology 4192:(21): 3705–3720. 4147:10.1111/mmi.12767 3996:10.1002/jor.22672 3990:(10): 1389–1396. 3964:978-0-8385-8529-0 3879:on 18 August 2012 3665:(15): 8821–8826. 3574:(Pt 1): 168–181. 3246:(24): 7260–7272. 3211:Bundaberg tragedy 3202: 3201: 3015: 3014: 2900:terminal cleaning 2846:Infection control 2587:of the bacterial 2340:Alexander Fleming 2302: 2296: 2080:hydrogen peroxide 1991:A. Protein A, an 1984:residues) by the 1909:extracellular DNA 1907:, host proteins, 1730:C-terminal domain 1569:erythematous rash 1487:Deoxyribonuclease 1455:Virulence factors 1406:Animal infections 1324:bacteremia has a 1272:joint replacement 1239:incubation period 1189:atopic dermatitis 1117:, staphylococcal 937:hydrogen peroxide 933:catalase-positive 901:blood agar plates 863:, "golden") is a 436:clinical medicine 427:strains, such as 402:virulence factors 358:nitrate reduction 269: 268: 169:Medical condition 167: 166: 111:Staphylococcaceae 10885: 10823: 10822: 10810: 10809: 10800: 10799: 10787: 10786: 10774: 10773: 10761: 10760: 10748: 10747: 10735: 10734: 10722: 10721: 10709: 10708: 10696: 10695: 10683: 10682: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10623: 10622: 10614: 10613: 10605: 10520:Mycoplasmataceae 10516: 10515: 10496:Finegoldia magna 10369: 10368: 10353: 10352: 10251:S. saprophyticus 10179: 10178: 10168: 10167: 9964: 9963: 9865: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9845: 9844: 9830: 9829: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9766: 9765: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9735:. Archived from 9723: 9629: 9628: 9618: 9608: 9575: 9565: 9540:(5): 1082–1089. 9515: 9514: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9452: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9401: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9356: 9346: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9305: 9288:(8): 3157–3163. 9273: 9267: 9266: 9256: 9247:(8): 1132–1139. 9232: 9226: 9214: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9014: 9007: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8919: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8782: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8683: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8609: 8599: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8554: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8339: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8263: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8222: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8181: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8140: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8091: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8050: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8009: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7867:10.1038/35030019 7838: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7811: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7770: 7760: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7528: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7401: 7390: 7389: 7379: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7304: 7293: 7292: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7024: 7007:(8): 4950–4953. 6992: 6983: 6982: 6965:(6): 1667–1674. 6954: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6845: 6835: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6659: 6650:(12): e1004001. 6635: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6254: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6203: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6103: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6058: 6048: 6031:(4): 1169–1174. 6016: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5901: 5890: 5889: 5849: 5840: 5828: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5765:(5): 1128–1132. 5750: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5716:(4): 1434–1439. 5701: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5630: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5589: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5521: 5504:(37): eabj2101. 5498:Science Advances 5489: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5361:(9): 1693–1696. 5352: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5005: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4486: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4399: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4298:10.1586/edm.10.6 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4250: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4149: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4098: 4089:(11): e1003003. 4074: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4007: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3897:. Archived from 3888: 3886: 3884: 3875:. Archived from 3865: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3837:"Staphylococcus" 3833: 3827: 3826: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3692: 3682: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3583: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3415:(6): 1064–1069. 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3351: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3263: 3231: 3161:Year of deposit 3149: 3142: 3132:Standard strains 3061:Nabi's enhanced 2999:Escherichia coli 2956: 2955: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2825:The carriage of 2694:sulfamethoxazole 2631:and gentamicin. 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2300: 2294: 2210:Quantitative PCR 2058:virulence factor 2041:Some strains of 1461:Virulence factor 1350:Candida albicans 1311:septic arthritis 1293:devices such as 1268:septic arthritis 1133:medical implants 1115:septic arthritis 1093:mucosal barriers 1066:asymptomatically 1052:(MRSA) bacteria. 959: 958: 957: 949: 948: 899:, when grown on 867:, gram-positive 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 838: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 748:S. saprophyticus 572:Alexander Ogston 543:wound infections 172: 171: 155: 62: 61: 35: 21: 20: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10818: 10813: 10805: 10803: 10795: 10790: 10782: 10777: 10769: 10764: 10756: 10751: 10743: 10738: 10730: 10725: 10717: 10712: 10704: 10699: 10691: 10686: 10678: 10673: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10630: 10620: 10608: 10600: 10598: 10589: 10562: 10501: 10478: 10440: 10408: 10334: 10305: 10293:Bacillus cereus 10258: 10214: 10159: 10147: 10103: 10070: 10045: 10013: 10007:Rheumatic fever 9949: 9891: 9836: 9834:Lactobacillales 9819: 9793: 9752:Type strain of 9742: 9740: 9710: 9699:StopMRSANow.org 9695: 9690: 9689: 9640: 9626: 9621: 9523: 9521:Further reading 9518: 9505: 9501: 9470: 9466: 9429: 9425: 9374: 9370: 9323: 9319: 9274: 9270: 9233: 9229: 9215: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9154: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9082: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8951:(8): CD012462. 8937: 8933: 8902:(4): CD006216. 8888: 8884: 8853: 8849: 8818: 8814: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8756: 8742: 8738: 8701: 8697: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8578:Quercus petraea 8572: 8568: 8531: 8527: 8506:(12): 751–762. 8496: 8492: 8447: 8443: 8404: 8400: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8316: 8312: 8281: 8277: 8240: 8236: 8199: 8195: 8158: 8154: 8117: 8113: 8068: 8064: 8027: 8023: 7978: 7974: 7929: 7925: 7894: 7890: 7839: 7835: 7802:(4): e1002626. 7788: 7784: 7737: 7733: 7688: 7684: 7644: 7640: 7595: 7591: 7546: 7542: 7505: 7501: 7464: 7460: 7429: 7425: 7402: 7393: 7348: 7344: 7305: 7296: 7289: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7242: 7238: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7151: 7147: 7094: 7090: 7045: 7038: 6993: 6986: 6955: 6951: 6906: 6902: 6863: 6859: 6808: 6804: 6773: 6769: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6719: 6687: 6683: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6571: 6567: 6528: 6524: 6479: 6475: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6380: 6376: 6331: 6327: 6282: 6278: 6245:(6): e1000927. 6231: 6227: 6194:(3): e1000809. 6180: 6176: 6131: 6127: 6076: 6072: 6017: 6013: 5954: 5947: 5902: 5893: 5850: 5843: 5838:Wayback Machine 5792: 5788: 5751: 5747: 5702: 5695: 5658: 5654: 5607: 5603: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5490: 5486: 5441: 5437: 5388: 5384: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5224: 5220: 5183: 5179: 5134: 5127: 5096: 5092: 5055: 5051: 5006: 4989: 4968:Polymer Journal 4960: 4953: 4912:(4): e0123206. 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4840: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4653: 4649: 4610: 4606: 4561: 4557: 4512: 4508: 4455: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4376: 4372: 4327: 4323: 4278: 4274: 4227: 4223: 4178: 4171: 4126: 4122: 4075: 4071: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3901:on 16 July 2012 3889: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3847: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3791: 3787: 3748: 3744: 3723:(2–3): 98–103. 3713: 3706: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3560: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3481: 3477: 3456:(4): CD006289. 3450: 3446: 3401: 3397: 3352: 3331: 3286: 3277: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3207: 3134: 3074:GlaxoSmithKline 3032:clinical trials 3026:exists against 3020: 2984:Bacillus cereus 2920: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2848: 2812: 2778: 2736:Wayback Machine 2463: 2457: 2418: 2410: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2371: 2367: 2297:-transpeptidase 2265: 2195: 2116: 2047:staphyloxanthin 2030:staphyloxanthin 1966: 1918:persister cells 1890: 1878:Shine-Dalagarno 1843: 1807: 1771: 1685: 1679: 1614: 1597:gastroenteritis 1591:can produce an 1519: 1483:hyaluronic acid 1468: 1463: 1457: 1449:immune defenses 1408: 1365:vascular grafts 1338: 1280: 1257: 1228: 1159:Skin infections 1156: 1154:Skin infections 1101:infections can 1027: 1021: 1019:Role in disease 1001: 968:. Previously, 956: 953: 952: 951: 947: 944: 943: 942: 940: 918:is mediated by 840: 822: 778: 774: 739: 622: 568: 563: 459:skin microbiota 438:. Despite much 404:such as potent 378:skin infections 299:clumping factor 170: 163: 157: 151: 138: 56: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10891: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10848:Staphylococcus 10845: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10811: 10801: 10788: 10775: 10762: 10749: 10736: 10723: 10710: 10697: 10684: 10671: 10656: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10619: 10618: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10572: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10546: 10539: 10538: 10537: 10524: 10522: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10491: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10461: 10459: 10451:Clostridioides 10446: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10418: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10299:Food poisoning 10289: 10288: 10287: 10274: 10272: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237:S. epidermidis 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10187: 10185: 10176: 10173:Staphylococcus 10165: 10153: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10119: 10117: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10101: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10023: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9972: 9970: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9874: 9872: 9862: 9853: 9842: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9808: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9749: 9724: 9708: 9702: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9676: 9661: 9641: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632:Classification 9625: 9624:External links 9622: 9620: 9619: 9591:(4): 664–681. 9576: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9499: 9480:(2): 480–481. 9464: 9423: 9368: 9317: 9268: 9227: 9206: 9184: 9152: 9134: 9102: 9080: 9058: 9026: 8994: 8980: 8931: 8882: 8863:(6): 131–133. 8847: 8812: 8777: 8767:(11): 1551–4. 8736: 8722:10.1086/510681 8715:(3): 410–413. 8695: 8666:(2): 724–726. 8646: 8621: 8566: 8525: 8490: 8441: 8414:(7): 613–616. 8398: 8385:(3): 346–349. 8365: 8351: 8310: 8291:(6): 703–708. 8275: 8234: 8193: 8172:(1): 135–136. 8152: 8111: 8082:(8): 658–661. 8062: 8041:(1): 143–144. 8021: 7972: 7923: 7888: 7833: 7796:PLOS Pathogens 7782: 7731: 7682: 7655:(5): 773–782. 7638: 7609:(2): 178–182. 7589: 7540: 7526:10.1086/597031 7519:(6): 713–721. 7499: 7458: 7439:(4): 496–503. 7423: 7391: 7342: 7315:(6): 747–763. 7294: 7287: 7269: 7262: 7236: 7217:(9): 351–358. 7197: 7171: 7145: 7088: 7059:(2): 209–215. 7036: 6984: 6949: 6900: 6857: 6802: 6783:(2–3): 67–79. 6767: 6748:(5): 580–589. 6732: 6717: 6681: 6627: 6614: 6565: 6522: 6473: 6446:(1): 105–112. 6423: 6374: 6325: 6276: 6239:PLOS Pathogens 6225: 6188:PLOS Pathogens 6174: 6125: 6070: 6011: 5945: 5891: 5864:(1): 471–494. 5854:Staphylococcus 5841: 5786: 5772:10.1086/313461 5745: 5693: 5672:(1): 669–677. 5652: 5601: 5552: 5543: 5484: 5455:(6): 576–586. 5435: 5406:(1): 547–569. 5382: 5338: 5301:(7): 953–964. 5281: 5259: 5238:(8): 797–799. 5218: 5197:(9): 954–958. 5177: 5148:(7): 953–964. 5125: 5106:(2): 177–182. 5090: 5069:(3): 231–239. 5049: 5020:(5): 445–459. 4987: 4974:(2): 137–152. 4951: 4892: 4883: 4827: 4796: 4783: 4770: 4744: 4733:. 2 March 2021 4718: 4696: 4647: 4620:(2): 285–290. 4604: 4555: 4526:(4): 756–766. 4506: 4469:(1): 110–122. 4446: 4421: 4370: 4341:(6): 868–872. 4321: 4292:(2): 183–195. 4272: 4221: 4169: 4140:(3): 557–579. 4120: 4083:PLOS Pathogens 4069: 4048:(6): 686–688. 4028: 4019: 3970: 3963: 3942: 3921: 3912: 3860: 3857:(Online). n.d. 3845:(Online). n.d. 3828: 3785: 3742: 3704: 3645: 3620: 3615:Proto Magazine 3605: 3551: 3524: 3500: 3494:978-0071716727 3493: 3475: 3444: 3395: 3366:(3): 603–661. 3329: 3300:(3): 505–520. 3275: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3133: 3130: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 2995: 2988: 2987: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2918: 2909: 2847: 2844: 2811: 2808: 2777: 2774: 2727:has published 2569:Aminoglycoside 2559:cephalosporins 2521:flucloxacillin 2493:beta-lactamase 2459:Main article: 2456: 2453: 2313:flucloxacillin 2307:(for example, 2264: 2261: 2194: 2191: 2163:Staphylococcus 2115: 2112: 2095:Staphylococcus 2072:Mutant strains 2039: 2038: 1986:transpeptidase 1971: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1905:teichoic acids 1889: 1886: 1882:Staphylococcus 1842: 1839: 1806: 1803: 1770: 1767: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1656:, such as the 1634: 1630: 1629: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1534: 1518: 1515: 1511:beta-lactamase 1507:staphylokinase 1501:also produces 1467: 1464: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1445:polysaccharide 1407: 1404: 1392:bacteriophages 1337: 1334: 1279: 1276: 1256: 1253: 1235:food poisoning 1227: 1226:Food poisoning 1224: 1155: 1152: 1020: 1017: 1000: 999:Role in health 997: 974:coagulase test 954: 945: 916:daughter cells 912:binary fission 753:crystal violet 745:Gram stain of 738: 735: 711:corticosteroid 621: 618: 580:Staphylococcus 576:Staphylococcus 567: 564: 562: 559: 394:food poisoning 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 224: 220: 219: 209: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 183: 179: 178: 168: 165: 164: 158: 147: 146: 140: 139: 135:S. aureus 132: 130: 126: 125: 122:Staphylococcus 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 50: 49: 42:S. aureus 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10890: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10565: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10033:S. agalactiae 10029: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9997:Scarlet fever 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9978:susceptible: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9879:S. pneumoniae 9876: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9850:Streptococcus 9846: 9843: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9783: 9778: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9738: 9734: 9733:Medical Press 9730: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9616: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9512: 9511: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9372: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9221: 9220: 9213: 9211: 9194: 9188: 9169: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9119: 9112: 9106: 9090: 9084: 9068: 9062: 9043: 9036: 9030: 9011: 9004: 8998: 8990: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8361: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7185: 7184:Microbe Notes 7181: 7175: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6815: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6730: 6729:Live Science. 6724: 6722: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6644:PLOS Genetics 6641: 6634: 6632: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3556: 3540:on 5 May 2007 3539: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118:phage therapy 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2788:are the MFS ( 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2644:peptidoglycan 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:ribosomal RNA 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2517:dicloxacillin 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:penicillinase 2485: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2389: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2291: 2287: 2286:peptidoglycan 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2271:infection is 2270: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:gram-positive 2129: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:peptidoglycan 1975: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1671: 1670:bacteriophage 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:superantigens 1538: 1535: 1533:Superantigens 1532: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:Hyaluronidase 1476: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1315:osteomyelitis 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:machines, or 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:intravascular 1288: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:osteomyelitis 1261: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 938: 934: 930: 926: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859: 855: 849: 772: 766: 761: 754: 750: 749: 743: 734: 732: 728: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 678: 675: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 558: 556: 553:, chiefly by 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:osteomyelitis 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469:of the lower 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 403: 400:by producing 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332: 329: 328:gram-positive 325: 324: 316: 315:hyaluronidase 312: 308: 307:mannitol-salt 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 277: 273: 264: 260: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 236: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 200: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 161: 156: 154: 148: 145: 144:Binomial name 141: 137: 136: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 76: 75: 72: 69: 66: 65: 60: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 10853:Bacteriology 10635: 10575: 10548: 10541: 10527: 10494: 10483: 10464: 10449: 10429:Gas gangrene 10421: 10413: 10394: 10380: 10372: 10356: 10320: 10310: 10291: 10277: 10267: 10249: 10244: 10235: 10227: 10191: 10190: 10171: 10140: 10126: 10114:Enterococcus 10112: 10096: 10056: 10031: 9979: 9943:S. anginosus 9942: 9934: 9929:S. sanguinis 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9877: 9848: 9757: 9753: 9741:. Retrieved 9737:the original 9732: 9719: 9713: 9678: 9663: 9644: 9588: 9584: 9537: 9533: 9509: 9502: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9371: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9217: 9197:. Retrieved 9187: 9175:. Retrieved 9155: 9142: 9137: 9125:. Retrieved 9105: 9093:. Retrieved 9083: 9071:. Retrieved 9061: 9049:. Retrieved 9029: 9017:. Retrieved 8997: 8983: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8860: 8856: 8850: 8828:(2): 31–34. 8825: 8821: 8815: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8764: 8760: 8751: 8747: 8739: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8637:. Retrieved 8633: 8624: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8569: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8461:(1): 80–89. 8458: 8454: 8444: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8354: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8038: 8034: 8024: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7901: 7898:Biochemistry 7897: 7891: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7748: 7745:BMC Genomics 7744: 7734: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7412:(3): 17–23. 7409: 7405: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7312: 7308: 7278: 7272: 7253: 7247: 7239: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7188:. Retrieved 7183: 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7158: 7148: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7056: 7052: 7004: 7000: 6962: 6959:Biochemistry 6958: 6952: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6805: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6728: 6695: 6692:Biomaterials 6691: 6684: 6647: 6643: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6443: 6439: 6426: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6028: 6024: 6014: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5916:(1): 16183. 5913: 5909: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5713: 5709: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5546: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5358: 5354: 5341: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5262: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5145: 5141: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5017: 5013: 4971: 4967: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4886: 4854:(1): 43–56. 4851: 4847: 4818:. Retrieved 4809: 4799: 4786: 4773: 4761:. Retrieved 4756: 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4730: 4721: 4699: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4466: 4462: 4437:. Retrieved 4433: 4424: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4189: 4186:FEBS Letters 4185: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4022: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3954: 3933:. Retrieved 3924: 3915: 3903:. Retrieved 3899:the original 3881:. Retrieved 3877:the original 3863: 3852: 3840: 3831: 3801:(1): 32–47. 3798: 3794: 3788: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3720: 3716: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3636:. Retrieved 3632: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3571: 3568:Microbiology 3567: 3542:. Retrieved 3538:the original 3527: 3519: 3516:MedlinePlus 3515: 3484: 3478: 3453: 3447: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3363: 3359: 3297: 3293: 3243: 3239: 3229: 3214: 3145: 3137: 3135: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3096:by the U.S. 3089: 3085: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3027: 3021: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2856:hand washing 2851: 2849: 2839: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2782:efflux pumps 2779: 2776:Efflux pumps 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2722: 2717: 2714:endocarditis 2702:glycopeptide 2690:trimethoprim 2683: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2612: 2597: 2581:streptomycin 2567: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2442: 2437:glycopeptide 2428: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2321:endocarditis 2276: 2268: 2266: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2174: 2162: 2156: 2143: 2142:that allows 2125: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2075: 2070: 2042: 2040: 2021: 2009: 2004: 1972: 1942: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1896: 1891: 1881: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1844: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1808: 1778: 1773:The list of 1772: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706:endonuclease 1704:EsaD is DNA 1703: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1649: 1633:Other toxins 1602: 1588: 1585:skin peeling 1549:enterotoxins 1522: 1520: 1498: 1490: 1470: 1469: 1443:. Its large 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1410: 1409: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1299:hemodialysis 1282: 1281: 1259: 1258: 1230: 1229: 1215: 1213: 1196: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1171:folliculitis 1162: 1157: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1128: 1127: 1119:endocarditis 1098: 1097: 1072: 1057: 1055: 1048: 1012: 1004: 1002: 995:discovered. 991: 982: 977: 969: 966:streptococci 928: 927: 919: 904: 892: 888: 885:Staph aureus 884: 880: 872: 860: 770: 769: 764: 746: 737:Microbiology 726: 717: 715: 702: 694: 690: 681: 679: 673: 670: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 633: 624: 623: 609: 605: 597: 591: 587: 579: 575: 569: 554: 523:endocarditis 495:folliculitis 474: 473:of females. 454: 452: 447: 430: 420: 365: 322: 321: 320: 311:Baird-Parker 305:, growth on 275: 226: 216: 212: 189: 186:Staph aureus 185: 175: 152: 150: 134: 133: 121: 41: 24: 18: 10740:iNaturalist 10660:Wikispecies 10583:Erysipeloid 10358:Clostridium 10328:Listeriosis 10231:susceptible 9981:S. pyogenes 9936:S. sobrinus 9871:susceptible 9705:TheMRSA.com 9443:(1): 9–21. 9392:: 1367938. 9219:NCT02388165 9199:24 February 9144:NCT01160172 8634:www.cdc.gov 8584:Antibiotics 7472:Circulation 7190:31 December 7164:31 December 6538:(1): 1–12. 4810:Food Safety 4804:Woodson J. 3758:: 542–547. 3638:28 February 3081:blind study 3058:infection. 3036:Intercell's 2706:teicoplanin 2686:clindamycin 2653:has become 2640:enterococci 2563:carbapenems 2513:cloxacillin 2501:methicillin 2491:(a form of 2349:Penicillium 2278:Penicillium 2187:phosphatase 2100:cholesterol 2084:neutrophils 2062:antioxidant 1859:nucleotides 1811:neutrophils 1646:delta toxin 1638:alpha toxin 1593:enterotoxin 1543:can induce 1274:surgeries. 1089:soft-tissue 1003:In humans, 962:enterococci 686:nasopharynx 646:transposons 586:identified 348:and on the 317:production. 257:Antibiotics 182:Other names 46:false color 10837:Categories 10511:Mollicutes 10485:Finegoldia 10414:nonmotile: 10348:Clostridia 10229:novobiocin 10157:Bacillales 10002:Erysipelas 9976:bacitracin 9337:: 625952. 9177:10 October 8590:(9): 535. 8455:Immunology 8330:: 112806. 7751:(1): 684. 6826:: 607002. 6625:PMC7683395 5621:(9): 584. 5315:10397/7558 5274:22 October 4820:24 October 4763:23 October 4614:Pediatrics 4386:(Review). 3905:20 January 3883:20 January 3222:References 3076:started a 2947:S. aureus. 2850:Spread of 2801:S. aureus) 2729:guidelines 2604:nucleotide 2577:gentamicin 2433:vancomycin 2325:rifampicin 2317:gentamicin 2273:penicillin 2165:species), 2128:Gram stain 2051:carotenoid 1901:glycocalyx 1805:DNA repair 1775:small RNAs 1748:neutrophil 1681:See also: 1642:beta toxin 1612:Exfoliatin 1610:See also: 1415:bumblefoot 1367:, various 1278:Bacteremia 1179:cellulitis 1135:, and the 1077:bacteremia 1069:colonizing 1041:This 2005 1009:microbiota 545:following 531:bacteremia 515:meningitis 499:carbuncles 491:cellulitis 467:inhabitant 417:antibodies 398:infections 380:including 342:microbiota 297:activity, 291:blood agar 253:Medication 244:Prevention 101:Bacillales 10458:-forming) 10365:-forming) 10192:S. aureus 10050:ungrouped 10028:CAMP test 9922:S. oralis 9915:S. mutans 9798:Bacillota 9095:7 October 9073:7 October 9051:7 October 9019:7 October 6814:S. aureus 5886:236915377 5400:Virulence 5014:Virulence 4501:255039948 4241:: 51–56. 3215:S. aureus 3186:Rosenbach 3138:S. aureus 3090:S. aureus 3072:In 2010, 3063:S. aureus 3056:S. aureus 3051:S. aureus 3047:S. aureus 3028:S. aureus 3004:S. aureus 2994:industry 2979:S. aureus 2969:industry 2951:S. aureus 2940:S. aureus 2878:S. aureus 2871:S. aureus 2867:S. aureus 2852:S. aureus 2840:S. aureus 2835:S. aureus 2827:S. aureus 2816:S. aureus 2797:S. aureus 2786:S. aureus 2770:S. aureus 2766:S. aureus 2762:S. aureus 2758:S. aureus 2754:S. aureus 2749:S. aureus 2741:S. aureus 2718:S. aureus 2698:linezolid 2664:S. aureus 2659:S. aureus 2655:resistant 2651:S. aureus 2629:kanamycin 2617:ANT(4')IA 2613:S. aureus 2600:phosphate 2573:kanamycin 2547:S. aureus 2509:oxacillin 2505:nafcillin 2471:S. aureus 2449:mupirocin 2429:S. aureus 2358:S. aureus 2354:S. aureus 2336:S. aureus 2309:oxacillin 2269:S. aureus 2263:Treatment 2256:S. aureus 2248:S. aureus 2217:S. aureus 2206:S. aureus 2202:S. aureus 2175:S. aureus 2167:coagulase 2144:S. aureus 2104:S. aureus 2088:abscesses 2076:S. aureus 2043:S. aureus 2022:S. aureus 2005:S. aureus 1997:Fc region 1974:Protein A 1969:Protein A 1958:glutamate 1954:glutamine 1934:S. aureus 1930:cytokines 1926:S. aureus 1922:S. aureus 1913:S. aureus 1897:S. aureus 1874:RNase III 1851:S. aureus 1831:S. aureus 1827:S. aureus 1819:S. aureus 1779:S. aureus 1769:Small RNA 1763:S. aureus 1756:S. aureus 1741:S. aureus 1722:chaperone 1714:S. aureus 1710:S. aureus 1690:S. aureus 1666:virulence 1652:can host 1650:S. aureus 1589:S. aureus 1539:known as 1527:exotoxins 1523:S. aureus 1499:S. aureus 1491:S. aureus 1475:coagulase 1439:in dairy 1427:S. aureus 1423:S. aureus 1396:S. aureus 1388:S. aureus 1380:S. aureus 1373:S. aureus 1369:catheters 1355:S. aureus 1330:S. aureus 1322:S. aureus 1216:S. aureus 1197:S. aureus 1193:S. aureus 1163:S. aureus 1148:S. aureus 1137:repressor 1123:pneumonia 1073:S. aureus 1058:S. aureus 1049:S. aureus 1013:S. aureus 1005:S. aureus 992:S. aureus 978:S. aureus 970:S. aureus 923:autolysin 920:S. aureus 905:S. aureus 897:hemolysis 893:S. aureus 881:S. aureus 873:S. aureus 727:S. aureus 718:S. aureus 703:S. aureus 695:S. aureus 691:S. aureus 682:S. aureus 674:S. aureus 666:S. aureus 662:S. aureus 654:S. aureus 650:S. aureus 634:S. aureus 620:Evolution 610:S. aureus 606:S. aureus 602:coagulase 598:S. aureus 570:In 1880, 566:Discovery 555:S. aureus 511:pneumonia 507:abscesses 475:S. aureus 461:, in the 455:S. aureus 448:S. aureus 431:S. aureus 421:S. aureus 390:sinusitis 382:abscesses 370:commensal 366:S. aureus 360:and is a 338:Bacillota 334:bacterium 287:Hemolysis 262:Frequency 197:Specialty 190:S. aureus 160:Rosenbach 129:Species: 81:Bacillota 10758:10034438 10645:Wikidata 10388:Botulism 10312:Listeria 10269:Bacillus 9908:S. mitis 9869:optochin 9743:18 March 9615:24962815 9572:25185544 9494:16735421 9459:13252206 9418:38590439 9409:10999543 9363:33584628 9312:26015481 9263:28143674 9168:Archived 9118:Archived 9042:Archived 9010:Archived 8975:28516472 8926:18843708 8877:86676949 8842:84137649 8807:25039601 8769:Archived 8731:17205449 8690:10655374 8639:22 March 8616:32847132 8561:18337614 8520:16310147 8485:17472720 8436:29362695 8346:35303568 8305:22571705 8270:15811021 8229:12672861 8147:12390067 8106:21659477 8098:29754805 8057:11418528 8016:14438510 7875:11014183 7828:22496652 7777:28870171 7726:35065702 7677:31594289 7669:17914912 7633:11294701 7584:29249276 7535:19207079 7386:16207977 7337:18718557 7231:14879282 7223:41980177 7140:18276850 7083:16009720 7031:16861688 6979:18193895 6852:33584569 6797:16769197 6762:23880136 6712:22695065 6676:24367275 6609:25092913 6560:18371872 6552:23955428 6517:22493015 6460:22198463 6418:20511587 6369:27596601 6320:26240382 6271:20532214 6220:20300607 6169:25092913 6120:28529509 6065:15657139 6006:32769205 5940:27723728 5878:34343022 5834:Archived 5825:20400336 5817:11888586 5781:10524952 5740:12682126 5688:11123352 5647:32927913 5596:10627489 5538:34516771 5479:20829609 5430:33522395 5377:14503727 5333:17678561 5254:18978975 5213:19949556 5172:17678561 5120:28351512 5085:24453168 5044:21921685 4946:25875834 4906:PLOS ONE 4878:21162635 4814:Archived 4691:31684694 4642:21783186 4599:27381887 4550:25902485 4520:Immunity 4493:35265979 4484:10389259 4439:19 April 4416:27129223 4365:15963281 4316:20473345 4267:28260936 4216:27730630 4156:25155269 4115:23133387 4064:31195568 4014:24992290 3849:"aureus" 3823:19000784 3780:23624187 3737:19811948 3699:11447287 3600:25332378 3470:19821358 3439:11687441 3390:26016486 3270:11717286 3205:See also 3169:Oxford H 3164:Comment 3106:Novartis 3087:Pfizer's 3030:. Early 3018:Research 2967:Catering 2933:freezing 2810:Carriage 2732:Archived 2710:meninges 2497:β-lactam 2329:S aureus 2227:(PFGE), 2223:(MLST), 2159:catalase 2148:mannitol 2001:antibody 1893:Biofilms 1789:, SprC, 1718:in vitro 1658:prophage 1626:protease 1537:Antigens 1437:mastitis 1345:biofilms 1332:strain. 1295:cannulas 1209:newborns 1201:cytokine 1175:impetigo 889:Staph a. 699:diabetes 642:plasmids 483:impetigo 463:nostrils 388:such as 354:catalase 229:bacteria 107:Family: 77:Phylum: 71:Bacteria 67:Domain: 10820:1090496 10732:3227657 10706:2486313 10675:BacDive 10651:Q188121 10616:Biology 10402:Tetanus 10373:motile: 10285:Anthrax 9825:Bacilli 9722:. 1280. 9685:D013211 9606:4127135 9563:4156677 9542:Bibcode 9354:7879538 9303:4496606 9241:Vaccine 8966:6481881 8917:8988859 8607:7558063 8476:2265977 8428:9775288 8188:9249217 8007:1952878 7967:8215264 7918:8218273 7883:4408938 7855:Bibcode 7819:3320603 7768:5584012 7717:8841637 7624:2631711 7575:5820409 7494:9860802 7453:6751182 7377:1248511 7317:Bibcode 7131:2747771 7110:Bibcode 7102:Science 7074:2213009 7022:1539600 6944:3679545 6895:7701329 6875:Bibcode 6867:Science 6843:7876462 6667:3868564 6600:4187880 6508:3370614 6468:8217681 6409:2965222 6360:5137438 6311:4627067 6262:2880579 6211:2837412 6160:4187880 6111:5418362 6094:: 819. 6033:Bibcode 5997:7456083 5974:Bibcode 5931:5325307 5638:7551944 5529:8442908 5506:Bibcode 5470:2982853 5421:7872022 5324:2870875 5245:2465786 5204:2726022 5163:2870875 5035:3322633 4937:4395328 4914:Bibcode 4869:3031962 4757:cdc.gov 4737:26 July 4682:6818407 4634:6447271 4590:5103312 4541:4407815 4407:4933443 4356:3367609 4307:2867359 4258:5327846 4207:7164007 4164:1568023 4106:3486894 4005:4234088 3935:8 April 3803:Bibcode 3760:Bibcode 3667:Bibcode 3633:PubMLST 3591:4274785 3544:28 July 3381:4451395 3324:9227864 3078:phase 1 3040:Merck's 3024:vaccine 2992:Medical 2888:Ethanol 2712:and in 2675:endemic 2649:Today, 2054:pigment 1989:sortase 1982:glycine 1938:antigen 1888:Biofilm 1716:strain 1466:Enzymes 1400:enzymes 716:Though 656:species 561:History 547:surgery 479:pimples 444:vaccine 406:protein 117:Genus: 97:Order: 91:Bacilli 87:Class: 10804:NZOR: 10745:486586 10719:STAPAU 10602:Portal 9756:at Bac 9674:041.11 9613: 9603: 9570: 9560: 9492: 9457: 9416: 9406: 9361: 9351: 9310: 9300: 9261: 9127:11 May 8973: 8963: 8924: 8914: 8875: 8840: 8805: 8729: 8688: 8678: 8614: 8604: 8559: 8518: 8483: 8473: 8434: 8426: 8344: 8303: 8268: 8227: 8186: 8145: 8104: 8096: 8055: 8014: 8004: 7986:Lancet 7965: 7958:188020 7955: 7916: 7881: 7873: 7847:Nature 7826: 7816: 7775: 7765: 7724: 7714: 7696:Lancet 7675: 7667: 7631: 7621: 7582: 7572: 7554:Lancet 7533: 7492: 7451: 7384: 7374: 7335: 7285: 7260: 7229: 7221: 7138: 7128: 7081: 7071: 7029: 7019: 6977: 6942: 6935:260034 6932: 6893: 6850: 6840: 6795: 6760: 6710: 6674: 6664: 6607: 6597: 6558: 6550: 6515: 6505: 6466: 6458: 6416: 6406: 6367: 6357: 6318: 6308: 6269: 6259: 6218: 6208: 6167: 6157: 6118: 6108: 6063: 6056:545836 6053: 6004: 5994: 5938: 5928: 5884: 5876: 5823: 5815: 5797:Lancet 5779: 5738: 5731:153929 5728: 5686: 5645: 5635: 5615:Toxins 5594: 5584: 5536: 5526: 5477: 5467: 5428: 5418: 5375: 5331: 5321: 5252: 5242: 5211: 5201: 5170: 5160: 5118: 5083: 5042: 5032: 4944: 4934: 4876: 4866: 4689: 4679: 4667:(10). 4640: 4632: 4597: 4587: 4548: 4538: 4499: 4491: 4481: 4414: 4404: 4363: 4353: 4314: 4304: 4265: 4255: 4214: 4204: 4162: 4154: 4113: 4103: 4062: 4012: 4002: 3961: 3821: 3778: 3735: 3697: 3687: 3598: 3588: 3491: 3468: 3437: 3427: 3388: 3378: 3322: 3315:172932 3312: 3268: 3258: 2917:NAV-CO 2882:sepsis 2625:adenyl 2608:acetyl 2593:efflux 2561:, and 2539:operon 2519:, and 2282:fungal 2183:lipase 2171:fibrin 2098:human 1999:of an 1870:5' UTR 1853:carry 1813:cause 1797:, and 1783:RNAIII 1694:ATPase 1654:phages 1583:, and 1561:tampon 1557:TSST-1 1517:Toxins 1503:lipase 1313:, and 1103:spread 1056:While 877:spores 869:coccal 861:aureus 755:stain. 535:sepsis 533:, and 505:, and 409:toxins 392:, and 313:agar, 223:Causes 48:added 10753:IRMNG 10693:6ZFVH 10680:14487 10456:spore 10363:spore 9945:group 9800:(low- 9659:B95.6 9655:A41.0 9171:(PDF) 9164:(PDF) 9121:(PDF) 9114:(PDF) 9045:(PDF) 9038:(PDF) 9013:(PDF) 9006:(PDF) 8873:S2CID 8838:S2CID 8772:(PDF) 8757:(PDF) 8681:86187 8432:S2CID 8102:S2CID 7879:S2CID 7673:S2CID 7219:JSTOR 6556:S2CID 6464:S2CID 6436:(PDF) 5882:S2CID 5821:S2CID 5587:88931 5351:(PDF) 4638:S2CID 4497:S2CID 4160:S2CID 3690:37519 3430:96227 3261:95576 3192:29213 3189:12973 3158:ATCC 3155:NCTC 3152:Name 2606:, or 2179:DNAse 1847:mRNAs 1845:Many 1809:Host 1799:Teg49 1577:shock 1565:fever 1493:from 1167:boils 858:Latin 854:Greek 487:boils 442:, no 326:is a 295:DNase 208:Types 10797:1280 10792:NCBI 10779:LPSN 10766:ITIS 10727:GBIF 10714:EPPO 10208:MRSA 10162:Cat+ 9839:Cat- 9758:Dive 9745:2015 9680:MeSH 9669:9-CM 9611:PMID 9568:PMID 9490:PMID 9455:PMID 9414:PMID 9359:PMID 9308:PMID 9259:PMID 9201:2016 9179:2016 9129:2017 9097:2015 9075:2015 9053:2015 9021:2015 8971:PMID 8922:PMID 8900:2011 8803:PMID 8727:PMID 8686:PMID 8641:2024 8612:PMID 8557:PMID 8516:PMID 8481:PMID 8424:PMID 8342:PMID 8301:PMID 8266:PMID 8225:PMID 8184:PMID 8143:PMID 8094:PMID 8053:PMID 8012:PMID 7963:PMID 7914:PMID 7871:PMID 7824:PMID 7773:PMID 7722:PMID 7665:PMID 7629:PMID 7580:PMID 7531:PMID 7490:PMID 7449:PMID 7382:PMID 7333:PMID 7283:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7227:PMID 7192:2020 7166:2020 7136:PMID 7079:PMID 7027:PMID 6975:PMID 6940:PMID 6891:PMID 6848:PMID 6793:PMID 6758:PMID 6708:PMID 6672:PMID 6605:PMID 6548:PMID 6513:PMID 6456:PMID 6414:PMID 6365:PMID 6316:PMID 6267:PMID 6216:PMID 6165:PMID 6116:PMID 6061:PMID 6002:PMID 5936:PMID 5874:PMID 5813:PMID 5777:PMID 5736:PMID 5684:PMID 5643:PMID 5592:PMID 5534:PMID 5475:PMID 5426:PMID 5373:PMID 5329:PMID 5276:2013 5250:PMID 5209:PMID 5168:PMID 5116:PMID 5081:PMID 5040:PMID 4942:PMID 4874:PMID 4822:2017 4765:2016 4739:2024 4687:PMID 4665:2019 4630:PMID 4595:PMID 4546:PMID 4489:PMID 4441:2017 4412:PMID 4361:PMID 4312:PMID 4263:PMID 4212:PMID 4152:PMID 4111:PMID 4060:PMID 4010:PMID 3959:ISBN 3937:2016 3907:2016 3885:2016 3819:PMID 3776:PMID 3733:PMID 3695:PMID 3640:2024 3596:PMID 3546:2007 3489:ISBN 3466:PMID 3435:PMID 3386:PMID 3320:PMID 3266:PMID 3195:1884 3178:1943 3175:9144 3172:6571 3124:and 2820:MRSA 2636:vanA 2551:mecA 2435:, a 2240:yqiL 2238:and 2140:NaCl 1956:and 1948:and 1817:in 1795:SprX 1791:RsaE 1787:SprD 1752:essX 1441:cows 1087:and 1085:skin 1079:and 964:and 446:for 356:and 350:skin 309:and 162:1884 10771:369 10701:EoL 10688:CoL 10220:Cg- 10183:Cg+ 10125:+: 10123:BEA 10095:+: 10093:BEA 10030:+: 9802:G+C 9665:ICD 9646:ICD 9601:PMC 9593:doi 9558:PMC 9550:doi 9538:107 9482:doi 9445:doi 9404:PMC 9394:doi 9349:PMC 9339:doi 9298:PMC 9290:doi 9249:doi 8961:PMC 8953:doi 8912:PMC 8904:doi 8865:doi 8830:doi 8795:doi 8717:doi 8676:PMC 8668:doi 8602:PMC 8592:doi 8547:doi 8543:358 8508:doi 8471:PMC 8463:doi 8459:122 8416:doi 8412:112 8387:doi 8332:doi 8328:149 8293:doi 8256:doi 8215:doi 8211:348 8174:doi 8133:doi 8129:162 8084:doi 8080:117 8043:doi 8002:PMC 7994:doi 7953:PMC 7945:doi 7906:doi 7863:doi 7851:407 7814:PMC 7804:doi 7763:PMC 7753:doi 7712:PMC 7704:doi 7700:399 7657:doi 7619:PMC 7611:doi 7570:PMC 7562:doi 7558:391 7521:doi 7480:doi 7441:doi 7414:doi 7372:PMC 7364:doi 7325:doi 7126:PMC 7118:doi 7106:319 7069:PMC 7061:doi 7057:202 7017:PMC 7009:doi 6967:doi 6930:PMC 6922:doi 6883:doi 6871:268 6838:PMC 6828:doi 6785:doi 6750:doi 6700:doi 6662:PMC 6652:doi 6595:PMC 6587:doi 6540:doi 6536:203 6503:PMC 6495:doi 6491:194 6448:doi 6404:PMC 6396:doi 6355:PMC 6347:doi 6306:PMC 6298:doi 6257:PMC 6247:doi 6206:PMC 6196:doi 6155:PMC 6147:doi 6106:PMC 6096:doi 6051:PMC 6041:doi 6029:102 5992:PMC 5982:doi 5970:117 5926:PMC 5918:doi 5866:doi 5856:". 5831:PDF 5829:As 5805:doi 5801:359 5767:doi 5726:PMC 5718:doi 5674:doi 5670:166 5633:PMC 5623:doi 5582:PMC 5574:doi 5524:PMC 5514:doi 5465:PMC 5457:doi 5416:PMC 5408:doi 5363:doi 5319:PMC 5311:hdl 5303:doi 5299:136 5240:PMC 5199:PMC 5158:PMC 5150:doi 5146:136 5108:doi 5071:doi 5030:PMC 5022:doi 4976:doi 4932:PMC 4922:doi 4864:PMC 4856:doi 4709:doi 4677:PMC 4669:doi 4622:doi 4585:PMC 4577:doi 4573:136 4536:PMC 4528:doi 4479:PMC 4471:doi 4434:CDC 4402:PMC 4392:doi 4388:291 4351:PMC 4343:doi 4302:PMC 4294:doi 4253:PMC 4243:doi 4202:PMC 4194:doi 4190:590 4142:doi 4101:PMC 4091:doi 4050:doi 4000:PMC 3992:doi 3811:doi 3768:doi 3725:doi 3721:300 3685:PMC 3675:doi 3586:PMC 3576:doi 3572:161 3458:doi 3425:PMC 3417:doi 3376:PMC 3368:doi 3310:PMC 3302:doi 3256:PMC 3248:doi 3244:183 3067:WHO 2543:mec 2536:mec 2407:ɑːr 2392:or 2379:ɜːr 2342:of 2311:or 2177:), 2074:of 2024:on 1993:IgG 1866:caR 1849:in 1754:in 1107:pus 990:. 931:is 910:by 887:or 827:ɔːr 289:on 10839:: 10817:: 10794:: 10781:: 10768:: 10755:: 10742:: 10729:: 10716:: 10703:: 10690:: 10677:: 10662:: 10647:: 9905:: 9815:G+ 9813:: 9804:) 9731:. 9718:. 9683:: 9672:: 9657:, 9653:: 9650:10 9609:. 9599:. 9589:93 9587:. 9583:. 9566:. 9556:. 9548:. 9536:. 9532:. 9488:. 9478:58 9476:. 9453:. 9441:13 9439:. 9435:. 9412:. 9402:. 9390:14 9388:. 9384:. 9357:. 9347:. 9335:12 9333:. 9329:. 9306:. 9296:. 9286:83 9284:. 9280:. 9257:. 9245:35 9243:. 9239:. 9209:^ 8969:. 8959:. 8947:. 8943:. 8920:. 8910:. 8898:. 8894:. 8871:. 8859:. 8836:. 8824:. 8801:. 8791:79 8789:. 8763:. 8759:. 8725:. 8713:44 8711:. 8707:. 8684:. 8674:. 8664:38 8662:. 8658:. 8632:. 8610:. 8600:. 8586:. 8582:. 8580:)" 8555:. 8541:. 8537:. 8514:. 8502:. 8479:. 8469:. 8457:. 8453:. 8430:. 8422:. 8410:. 8383:11 8381:. 8377:. 8340:. 8326:. 8322:. 8299:. 8289:58 8287:. 8264:. 8252:11 8250:. 8246:. 8223:. 8209:. 8205:. 8182:. 8170:40 8168:. 8164:. 8141:. 8127:. 8123:. 8100:. 8092:. 8078:. 8074:. 8051:. 8039:48 8037:. 8033:. 8010:. 8000:. 7988:. 7984:. 7961:. 7951:. 7941:37 7939:. 7935:. 7912:. 7902:32 7900:. 7877:. 7869:. 7861:. 7849:. 7845:. 7822:. 7812:. 7798:. 7794:. 7771:. 7761:. 7749:18 7747:. 7743:. 7720:. 7710:. 7698:. 7694:. 7671:. 7663:. 7651:. 7627:. 7617:. 7605:. 7601:. 7578:. 7568:. 7556:. 7552:. 7529:. 7517:48 7515:. 7511:. 7488:. 7476:98 7474:. 7470:. 7447:. 7437:97 7435:. 7410:31 7408:. 7394:^ 7380:. 7370:. 7360:43 7358:. 7354:. 7331:. 7323:. 7311:. 7297:^ 7252:. 7225:. 7215:42 7213:. 7209:. 7182:. 7157:. 7134:. 7124:. 7116:. 7104:. 7100:. 7077:. 7067:. 7055:. 7051:. 7039:^ 7025:. 7015:. 7005:74 7003:. 6999:. 6987:^ 6973:. 6963:47 6961:. 6938:. 6928:. 6918:55 6916:. 6912:. 6889:. 6881:. 6869:. 6846:. 6836:. 6824:11 6822:. 6818:. 6791:. 6781:41 6779:. 6756:. 6746:16 6744:. 6720:^ 6706:. 6696:33 6694:. 6670:. 6660:. 6646:. 6642:. 6630:^ 6617:^ 6603:. 6593:. 6583:82 6581:. 6577:. 6554:. 6546:. 6534:. 6511:. 6501:. 6489:. 6485:. 6462:. 6454:. 6444:19 6442:. 6438:. 6412:. 6402:. 6392:38 6390:. 6386:. 6363:. 6353:. 6343:44 6341:. 6337:. 6314:. 6304:. 6294:43 6292:. 6288:. 6265:. 6255:. 6241:. 6237:. 6214:. 6204:. 6190:. 6186:. 6163:. 6153:. 6143:82 6141:. 6137:. 6114:. 6104:. 6090:. 6086:. 6059:. 6049:. 6039:. 6027:. 6023:. 6000:. 5990:. 5980:. 5968:. 5964:. 5948:^ 5934:. 5924:. 5912:. 5908:. 5894:^ 5880:. 5872:. 5862:75 5860:. 5844:^ 5819:. 5811:. 5799:. 5775:. 5763:29 5761:. 5757:. 5734:. 5724:. 5714:41 5712:. 5708:. 5696:^ 5682:. 5668:. 5664:. 5641:. 5631:. 5619:12 5617:. 5613:. 5590:. 5580:. 5570:13 5568:. 5564:. 5532:. 5522:. 5512:. 5500:. 5496:. 5473:. 5463:. 5451:. 5447:. 5424:. 5414:. 5404:12 5402:. 5398:. 5371:. 5359:66 5357:. 5353:. 5327:. 5317:. 5309:. 5297:. 5293:. 5248:. 5236:49 5234:. 5230:. 5207:. 5195:50 5193:. 5189:. 5166:. 5156:. 5144:. 5140:. 5128:^ 5114:. 5104:96 5102:. 5079:. 5067:70 5065:. 5061:. 5038:. 5028:. 5016:. 5012:. 4990:^ 4972:45 4970:. 4966:. 4954:^ 4940:. 4930:. 4920:. 4910:10 4908:. 4904:. 4872:. 4862:. 4850:. 4846:. 4830:^ 4812:. 4808:. 4755:. 4729:. 4685:. 4675:. 4663:. 4659:. 4636:. 4628:. 4618:66 4616:. 4593:. 4583:. 4571:. 4567:. 4544:. 4534:. 4524:42 4522:. 4518:. 4495:. 4487:. 4477:. 4467:24 4465:. 4461:. 4449:^ 4432:. 4410:. 4400:. 4382:. 4359:. 4349:. 4339:11 4337:. 4333:. 4310:. 4300:. 4288:. 4284:. 4261:. 4251:. 4239:10 4237:. 4233:. 4210:. 4200:. 4188:. 4184:. 4172:^ 4158:. 4150:. 4138:94 4136:. 4132:. 4109:. 4099:. 4085:. 4081:. 4058:. 4046:60 4044:. 4040:. 4008:. 3998:. 3988:32 3986:. 3982:. 3945:^ 3893:. 3871:. 3851:. 3839:. 3817:. 3809:. 3797:. 3774:. 3766:. 3756:21 3754:. 3731:. 3719:. 3707:^ 3693:. 3683:. 3673:. 3663:98 3661:. 3657:. 3631:. 3594:. 3584:. 3570:. 3566:. 3554:^ 3514:. 3503:^ 3464:. 3433:. 3423:. 3411:. 3407:. 3384:. 3374:. 3364:28 3362:. 3358:. 3332:^ 3318:. 3308:. 3298:10 3296:. 3292:. 3278:^ 3264:. 3254:. 3242:. 3238:. 3128:. 3120:, 3038:/ 3006:, 3002:, 2981:, 2977:, 2935:. 2905:CO 2884:. 2862:. 2602:, 2579:, 2575:, 2515:, 2511:, 2507:, 2503:, 2420:eɪ 2301:DD 2295:DD 2154:. 2152:pH 2110:. 2032:. 1801:. 1785:, 1644:, 1640:, 1579:, 1575:, 1571:, 1567:, 1451:. 1309:, 1297:, 1266:, 1211:. 1177:, 1173:, 1169:, 1125:. 1064:, 903:. 891:. 883:, 852:, 848:-/ 845:oʊ 839:,- 644:, 640:, 529:, 525:, 521:, 517:, 513:, 501:, 497:, 493:, 489:, 485:, 481:, 419:. 384:, 301:, 293:, 188:, 44:; 10604:: 10454:( 10361:( 10164:) 10160:( 10088:D 10080:γ 10019:B 9968:A 9959:β 9860:α 9841:) 9837:( 9788:e 9781:t 9774:v 9747:. 9716:" 9712:" 9667:- 9648:- 9638:D 9617:. 9595:: 9574:. 9552:: 9544:: 9496:. 9484:: 9461:. 9447:: 9420:. 9396:: 9382:" 9365:. 9341:: 9314:. 9292:: 9265:. 9251:: 9203:. 9181:. 9131:. 9099:. 9077:. 9055:. 9023:. 8991:. 8977:. 8955:: 8949:5 8928:. 8906:: 8879:. 8867:: 8861:3 8844:. 8832:: 8826:6 8809:. 8797:: 8765:5 8733:. 8719:: 8692:. 8670:: 8643:. 8618:. 8594:: 8588:9 8563:. 8549:: 8522:. 8510:: 8504:5 8487:. 8465:: 8438:. 8418:: 8395:. 8389:: 8348:. 8334:: 8307:. 8295:: 8272:. 8258:: 8231:. 8217:: 8190:. 8176:: 8149:. 8135:: 8108:. 8086:: 8059:. 8045:: 8018:. 7996:: 7990:2 7969:. 7947:: 7920:. 7908:: 7885:. 7865:: 7857:: 7830:. 7806:: 7800:8 7779:. 7755:: 7728:. 7706:: 7679:. 7659:: 7653:5 7635:. 7613:: 7607:7 7586:. 7564:: 7537:. 7523:: 7496:. 7482:: 7455:. 7443:: 7420:. 7416:: 7388:. 7366:: 7339:. 7327:: 7319:: 7313:8 7291:. 7266:. 7250:" 7233:. 7194:. 7168:. 7142:. 7120:: 7112:: 7085:. 7063:: 7033:. 7011:: 6981:. 6969:: 6946:. 6924:: 6897:. 6885:: 6877:: 6854:. 6830:: 6799:. 6787:: 6764:. 6752:: 6714:. 6702:: 6678:. 6654:: 6648:9 6611:. 6589:: 6562:. 6542:: 6519:. 6497:: 6470:. 6450:: 6420:. 6398:: 6371:. 6349:: 6322:. 6300:: 6273:. 6249:: 6243:6 6222:. 6198:: 6192:6 6171:. 6149:: 6122:. 6098:: 6092:8 6067:. 6043:: 6035:: 6008:. 5984:: 5976:: 5942:. 5920:: 5914:2 5888:. 5868:: 5827:. 5807:: 5783:. 5769:: 5742:. 5720:: 5690:. 5676:: 5649:. 5625:: 5598:. 5576:: 5540:. 5516:: 5508:: 5502:7 5481:. 5459:: 5453:2 5432:. 5410:: 5396:" 5379:. 5365:: 5335:. 5313:: 5305:: 5278:. 5256:. 5215:. 5174:. 5152:: 5122:. 5110:: 5087:. 5073:: 5046:. 5024:: 5018:2 4984:. 4978:: 4948:. 4924:: 4916:: 4880:. 4858:: 4852:6 4824:. 4794:. 4781:. 4767:. 4741:. 4715:. 4711:: 4693:. 4671:: 4644:. 4624:: 4601:. 4579:: 4552:. 4530:: 4503:. 4473:: 4443:. 4418:. 4394:: 4367:. 4345:: 4318:. 4296:: 4290:5 4269:. 4245:: 4218:. 4196:: 4166:. 4144:: 4117:. 4093:: 4087:8 4066:. 4052:: 4016:. 3994:: 3967:. 3939:. 3909:. 3887:. 3825:. 3813:: 3805:: 3799:9 3782:. 3770:: 3762:: 3739:. 3727:: 3701:. 3677:: 3669:: 3642:. 3617:. 3602:. 3578:: 3548:. 3497:. 3472:. 3460:: 3441:. 3419:: 3413:8 3392:. 3370:: 3326:. 3304:: 3272:. 3250:: 2919:2 2910:2 2692:/ 2423:/ 2415:s 2412:ɛ 2402:m 2399:ɛ 2396:/ 2388:/ 2385:ə 2382:s 2376:m 2373:ˈ 2370:/ 2169:( 955:2 950:O 946:2 941:H 939:( 842:l 836:s 833:ə 830:i 824:ˈ 819:s 816:ə 813:k 810:ɒ 807:k 804:ˈ 801:ə 798:l 795:ɪ 792:f 789:æ 786:t 783:s 780:ˌ 777:/ 773:( 658:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Staphylococcus aureus

Index