541:, to whose ruling dynasty the Mermnads were connected by marriage: Alyattes's great-grandfather had married one of his daughters to the Ephesian tyrant Melas the Elder: Alyattes's grandfather Ardys had married his daughter Lyde to a grandson of Melas the Elder named Miletus (Lyde would later marry her own brother Sadyattes, and Alyattes would be born from this marriage); and Alyattes himself married one of his own daughters to the then tyrant of Miletus, a descendant of Miletus named Melas the Younger, and from this union would be born Pindar of Ephesus. One of the daughters of Melas the Younger might have in turn married Alyattes and become the mother of his less famous son, Pantaleon. Thanks to these close ties, Ephesus had never been subject to Lydian attacks and was exempt from paying tribute and offering military support to Lydia, and both the Greeks of Ephesus and the Anatolian peoples of the region, that is the Lydians and Carians, shared in common the temple of an Anatolian goddess equated by the Greeks to their own goddess Artemis. Lydia and Ephesus also shared important economic interests which allowed Ephesus to hold an advantageous position between the maritime trade routes of the Aegean Sea and the continental trade routes going through inner Anatolia and reaching Assyria, thus acting as an intermediary between the Lydian kingdom which controlled access to the trade routes leading to the inside of Asia and the Greeks inhabiting the European continent and the Aegean islands, and allowing Ephesus to profit from the goods transiting across its territory without fear of any military attack by the Lydians. These connections in turn provided Lydia with a port through which it could have access to the Mediterranean Sea.
896:, but the inhabitants of the city managed to successfully repel him with the help of the Colophonian cavalry. Following Alyattes's defeat, the Lydian kingdom and the city of Clazomenae concluded a reconciliation agreement which allowed Lydian craftsmen to operate in Clazomenae and allowed the kingdom of Lydia itself to participate in maritime trade, most especially in the olive oil trade produced by the craftsmen of Clazomenae, but also to use the city's port to export products manufactured in Lydia proper. Soon after capturing Smyrna and his failure to capture Clazomenae, Alyattes summoned the Colophonian cavalry to Sardis, where he had them massacred in violation of hospitality laws and redistributed their horses to Lydian cavalrymen, following which he placed Colophon itself under direct Lydian rule. The reason for Alyattes's breaking of the friendly relations with Colophon are unknown, although the archaeologist
885:
of Smyrna to export their products and import grain, Lydian craftsmen being allowed to settle in
Smyrniot workshops, and Alyattes having provided funding to the inhabitants of the city for the construction of their temple of Athena. Alyattes was thus able to acquire a port which gave the Lydian kingdom permanent access to the sea and a stable source of grain to feed the population of his kingdom through this attack. Smyrna was placed under the direct rule of a member of the Mermnad dynasty, and Alyattes had new fortification walls built for Smyrna from around 600 to around 590 BCE. Although under direct Lydian rule Smyrna's temple of Athena and its houses were rebuilt and the city was not forced to provide the Lydian kingdom with military troops or tribute, Smyrna itself was in ruins, and it would only be around 580 BCE, under the reign of Alyattes's son Croesus, that Smyrna would finally start to recover.
589:(citing Xenophilos, who wrote the history of Lydia), Lyde was the wife and sister of Alyattes, the ancestor of Croesus. Lyde's son, Alyattes, when he inherited the kingdom from his father, committed the terrible crime of tearing the clothes of respectable people and spitting on many. She too held her son back as much as she could and placated those who were insulted with kind words and actions. She showed all his compassion to her son and made him feel great love for himself. When she believes that he is loved enough and abstains from food and other things, citing his illness as an excuse, Xenophilos accompanies his mother that he does not eat in the same way and has changed enough to be extremely honest and fair (someone).Alyattes after seeing this becomes a changed man.
1695:,"Λύδη . Ταύτην φησὶν Ξενόφιλος, ὁ τὰς Λυδικὰς ἱστορίας γράψας, γυναῖκά τε καὶ ἀδελφὴν εἶναι Ἀλυάτεω (sic.) τοῦ Κροίσου προπάτορος. Ταύτης υἱὸς Ἀλυάτης (sic.) διαδεξάμενος τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς βασιλείαν ἐγένετο δεινῶς ὑβριστής, ὡς καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ἀξιολόγων ἀνδρῶν περισχίσαι καὶ προσπτύειν πολλοῖς. Αὐτὴ δὲ τὸν μὲν υἱὸν ὅσον ἐδύνατο κατέστελλεν, τοὺς δὲ ὑβριζομένους καὶ λόγοις χρηστοῖς καὶ ἔργοις ἠμείβετο. Πᾶσαν δὲ τῷ υἱῷ φιλοφροσύνην προσφέρουσα εἰς στοργὴν ἑαυτῆς πολλὴν αὐτὸν περιέτρεψε. Νομίσασα δὲ αὐτάρκως ἀγαπᾶσθαι, σκηψαμένη ἀσθένειαν σίτου καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀπέσχετο, τὸν δὲ παρεδρεύοντα καὶ ὁμοίως ἀσιτοῦντα κατασταλῆναι καὶ εἰς τοῦτο μεταβάλλεσθαι, ὥστε, φησίν, ὀρθότατον καὶ δικαιότατον αὐτὸν γενέσθαι."
381:
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517:, and a treaty of friendship as well as one of military alliance was concluded between Lydia and Miletus whereby, since Miletus lacked auriferous and other metallurgic resources while cereals were scarce in Lydia, trade of Lydian metal in exchange of Milesian cereal was initiated to seal these treaties, according to which Miletus voluntarily provided Lydia with military auxiliaries and would profit from the Lydian control of the routes in inner Anatolia, and Lydia would gain access to the markets and maritime networks of the Milesians in the Black Sea and at
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1040:. The tomb of Alyattes was excavated by the Prussian Consul General Ludwig Peter Spiegelthal in 1853, and by American excavators in 1962 and the 1980s, although by then it had been broken in and looted by tomb robbers who left only alabastra and ceramic vessels. Before it was plundered, the tomb of Alyattes would likely have contained burial gifts consisting of furniture made of wood and ivory, textiles, jewellery, and large sets of solver and gold bowls, pitchers, craters, and ladles.
757:, with the possibility that he may have rebuilt this city and placed a Phrygian ruler there: Pteria's strategic location would have been useful in protecting the Lydian Empire from attacks from the east, and its proximity to the Royal Road would have made of the city an important centre from which caravans could be protected. Phrygia under Lydian rule would continue to be administered by its local elites, such as the ruler of Midas City who held Phrygian royal titles such as
945:
1047:, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. The weight of either precious metal could not just be weighed so they contained an imprint that identified the issuer who guaranteed the value of its contents. Today we still use a token currency, where the value is guaranteed by the state and not by the value of the metal used in the coins. Almost all coins used today descended from his invention after the technology passed into Greek usage through
1100:
845:- it is very likely that a number of these populations had already been conquered under Alyattes, especially since information is attested only about the relations between the Lydians and the Phrygians in both literary and archaeological sources, and there is no available data concerning relations between the other mentioned peoples and the Lydian kings. The only populations Herodotus claimed were independent of the Lydian Empire were the
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1036:, in a large tumulus measuring sixty metres in height and of a diameter of two hundred and fifty metres. The tomb consisted of an antechamber and a chamber with a door separating them, was built of well fitted and clamped large marble blocks, its walls were finely finished on the inside, and it contained a now lost
892:, which included a military alliance according to which the city had to offer the service of its famous and feared cavalry, which was itself made up of the aristocracy of Colophon, to the Lydian kingdom should Alyattes request their help. Following the capture of Smyrna, Alyattes attacked the Ionian city of
884:
In 600 BCE, Alyattes resumed his military activities in the west, and the second Ionian city he attacked was Smyrna despite the Lydian kings having previously established good relations with the
Smyrniotes in the aftermath of a failed attack of Gyges on the city, leading to the Lydians using the port
900:
has suggested that
Alyattes might have concluded a treaty of friendship and a military alliance with Colophon to secure the city's non-interference in his military operations against the other Greek cities on the western coast of Asia Minor, but Colophon first violated these agreements with Alyattes
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with the
Carians and the Mysians because they believed these three peoples descended from three brothers. These alliances between the Lydian kings and the various Carian dynasts required the Lydian and Carian rulers had to support each other, and to solidify these alliances, Alyattes married a woman
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empires, and according to which the Lydian king imposed on the vassal rulers a "treaty of vassalage" which allowed the local
Phrygian rulers to remain in power, in exchange of which the Phrygian vassals had the duty to provide military support and sometimes offer rich tribute to the Lydian kingdom.
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raids and used the lack of a centralised
Phrygian state and the traditionally friendly relations between the Lydian and Phrygian elites to extend Lydian rule eastwards to Phrygia. Lydian presence in Phrygia is archaeologically attested by the existence of a Lydian citadel in the Phrygian capital of
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in the east. The kings of Lydia and of the former
Phrygian kingdom had already entertained friendly relations before the destruction of the latter by the Cimmerians. After defeating the Cimmerians, Alyattes took advantage of the weakening of the various polities all across Anatolia by the Cimmerian
512:
started by
Sadyattes. Alyattes's war with Miletus consisted largely of a series of raids to capture the Milesians' harvest of grain, which were severely lacking in the Lydian core regions. These hostilities lasted until Alyattes's sixth year (c. 630 BCE), when he finally made peace with the city's
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But there is one building to be seen there which is more notable than any, saving those of Egypt and
Babylon. There is in Lydia the tomb of Alyattes the father of Croesus, the base whereof is made of great stones and the rest of it of mounded earth. It was built by the men of the market and the
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as having been set as the border between the two kingdoms appears to have been a retroactive narrative construction based on symbolic role assigned by Greeks to the Halys as the separation between Lower Asia and Upper Asia as well as on the Halys being a later provincial border within the
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In
Polyaenus' account of the defeat of the Cimmerians, he claimed that Alyattes used "war dogs" to expel them from Asia Minor, with the term "war dogs" being a Greek folkloric reinterpretation of young Scythian warriors who, following the Indo-European passage rite of the
971:, an Iranian people who had expelled the majority of the Scythians from Western Asia after participating in the destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. After the majority of the Scythians were expelled by the Medes during that decade out of Western Asia and into the
1011:, and the possible wedding of a daughter of Cyaxares with either Alyattes or with his son Croesus. The border between the Lydian and Median empires was fixed at a yet undetermined location in eastern Anatolia; the Graeco-Roman historians' traditional account of the
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and rebuilt two temples of Athena in Assesos and then made peace with Miletus, is a largely legendary account of these events which appears to not be factual. This legendary account likely arose as a result of Alyattes's offerings to the sanctuary of Delphi.
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might have also been either killed during another Cimmerian attack in 653 BCE or deposed that year for his inability to successfully protect Lydia from the Cimmerian incursions. Alyattes thus succeeded his father Sadyattes amidst extreme turmoil in 635 BCE.
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With the defeat of the Cimmerians having created a power vacuum in Anatolia, Alyattes continued his expansionist policy in the east, and of all the peoples to the west of the Halys River whom Herodotus claimed Alyattes's successor Croesus ruled over - the
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artificers and the prostitutes. There remained till my time five corner-stones set on the top of the tomb, and on these was graven the record of the work done by each kind: and measurement showed that the prostitutes' share of the work was the greatest.
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entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to Central Anatolia until they were themselves expelled by the
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Alyattes was the son of the king Sadyattes of Lydia and his sister and queen, Lyde of Lydia, both the children of the king Ardys of Lydia. Alyattes ascended to the kingship of Lydia during period of severe crisis: during the 7th century BCE, the
2172:"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in
857:. Modern estimates nevertheless suggest that it is not impossible that the Lydians might have subjected Lycia, given that the Lycian coast would have been important for the Lydians because it was close to a trade route connecting the
769:(commander of the armies), but were under the authority of the Lydian kings of Sardis and had a Lydian diplomatic presence at their court, following the framework of the traditional vassalage treaties used since the period of the
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from the Carian aristocracy with whom he had a son, Croesus, who would eventually succeed him. These connections established between the Lydian kings and the Carian city-states ensured that the Lydians were able to control
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Alyattes's offering to Delphi might have been sent to please the sanctuary of Apollo and the Delphains, especially the priests, to impress the Greek visitors of the sanctuary, and to influence the oracle to advise to
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The status of Gordion and Dascylium is however less clear, and it is uncertain whether they were also ruled by local Phrygian kings vassal to the Lydian king, or whether they were directly ruled by Lydian governors.
416:). Bury and Meiggs concluded that Ardys and Sadyattes reigned through an unspecified period in the second half of the 7th century BC, but they did not propose dates for Alyattes except their assertion that his son
1051:- a Greek princess from Cyme who was likely one of his wives (assuming he was referred to a dynastic 'Midas' because of the wealth his coinage amassed and because the electrum was sourced from Midas' famed river
2228:: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in
491:, except for its citadel. It is probable that Ardys was killed during this Cimmerian attack or was deposed in 637 BC for being unable to protect Lydia from the Cimmerian attacks, and Ardys's son and successor
983:
that these Scythian refugees be handed to him, a war broke out between the Median and Lydian Kingdoms in 590 BCE which was waged in eastern Anatolia beyond Pteria. This war lasted five years, until a
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Immediately after this first victory of his over the Cimmerians, Alyattes expelled from the Lydian borderlands a final remaining pocket of Cimmerian presence who had been occupying the nearby city of
404:. Herodotus 1.16, 1.25, 1.86 gave reign lengths for Gyges' successors, but there is uncertainty about these as the total exceeds the timespan between 652 (probable death of Gyges, fighting the
427:
records, Anthony Spalinger has convincingly deduced dated Gyges's death to 644 BCE, and Alexander Dale has consequently dated Alyattes's reign as starting in c. 635 BCE and ending in 585 BCE.
979:. These Scythians left Median-ruled Transcaucasia and fled to Sardis, because the Lydians had been allied to the Scythians. After Alyattes refused to accede to the demands of the Median king
1403:
A. Ramage, "Golden Sardis", King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. 18.
1028:
Alyattes died shortly after the Battle of the Eclipse, in 585 BCE itself, following which Lydia faced a power struggle between his son Pantaleon, born from a Greek woman, and his other son
876:, although the reason for this intervention is yet unknown. Alyattes's son Croesus, as governor of Adramyttium, had to provide his father with Ionian Greek mercenaries for this war.
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and its contents had been removed by early plunderers of the tomb. All that was left were some broken alabaster vases, pottery and charcoal. On the summit of the mound were large
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XXI (2018) no. 497, auctioned for USD 2750. This particular coin does not bear an inscription, but it is from the same punch as contemporary coins which have the inscription
1420:. Robert W. Wallace, "KUKALIM, WALWET, and the Artemision Deposit: Problems in Early Anatolian Electrum Coinage: Studies in Money and Exchange" in: Peter G. Van Alfen (ed.)
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La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
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La Lydie d'Alyatte et Crésus: Un royaume à la croisée des cités grecques et des monarchies orientales. Recherches sur son organisation interne et sa politique extérieure
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561:. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Alyattes's offerings consisted of a large silver crater and an iron crater-stand which had been made by welding by
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by supporting Clazomenae with its cavalry against Alyattes's attack, prompting the Lydian king to retaliate by massacring the mounted aristocracy of Colophon.
991:(hence called the Battle of the Eclipse) opposing the Lydian and Median armies, which both sides interpreted as an omen to end the war. The Babylonian king
142:
975:, a war broke out between the Median Empire and another group of Scythians, probably members of a splinter group who had formed a kingdom in what is now
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in 1854, who found that it covered a large vault of finely cut marble blocks approached by a flat-roofed passage of the same stone from the south. The
1032:, born from a Carian noblewoman, out of which the latter emerged successful. The tomb of Alyattes is located in Sardis at the site now called
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In the south, Alyattes continued what had been the Lydian policy since Gyges's reign of maintaining alliances with the city-states of the
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from Western Asia in the 600s BCE. This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom
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Alyattes had inherited more than one war from his father, and soon after his ascension and early during his reign, with
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1119: — a large mound of earth with a substructure of huge stones. (38.5723401, 28.0451151) It was excavated by
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Alyattes's eastern conquests extended the Lydian Empire till the Upper Euphrates according to the scholar
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succeeded him in 560 BC. The timespan 560–546 BC for the reign of Croesus is almost certainly accurate.
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as the governor of Adramyttium, and he soon expelled these last remaining Cimmerians from Asia Minor.
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487:, attacked Lydia. They defeated the Lydians again and for a second time sacked the Lydian capital of
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Unlike with the other Greek cities of Anatolia, Alyattes always maintained very good relations with
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were defeated, Sardis was sacked, and Gyges was killed, following which he was succeeded by his son
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1327:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings"
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acted as mediators in the ensuing peace treaty, which was sealed by the marriage of Cyaxares's son
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2188:. Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 33.
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525:'s account of Alyattes's illness, caused by Lydian troops' destruction of the temple Athena in
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This cites A. von Ölfers, "Über die lydischen Königsgräber bei Sardes," Abh. Berl. Ak., 1858.
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through alliances with Carian dynasts ruling over fortified settlements, such as Mylasa and
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1735:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology"
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At some point in the later years of his reign, Alyattes conducted a military campaign in
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The status of the other Ionian Greek cities on the western coast of Asia Minor, that is
733:. Lydian troops might have been stationed in the aforementioned locations as well as in
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credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of Alyattes, whom
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meant "lion-ness" (i.e. the state of being a lion), and was composed of the Lydian term
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suggests that Alyattes's control of Phrygia might have extended to the east of the
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967:. This expansionism brought the Lydian Empire in conflict in the 590s BCE with the
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The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World
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Like his great-grandfather Gyges, Alyattes also dedicated lavish offerings to the
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286:). Alyattes is therefore sometimes mentioned as the originator of coinage, or of
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2458:[THE DOG WARRIORS: Werewolves and Scythian invasions in Asia Minor].
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Alyattes also initially initiated friendly relations with the Ionian city of
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Dates for the Mermnad kings are uncertain and are based on a computation by
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725:, as well as Lydian architectural remains in northwest Phrygia, such as in
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However, based on an analysis of sources contemporary with Gyges, such as
2455:"LES GUERRIERS-CHIENS: Loups-garous et invasions scythes en Asie Mineure"
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A relief depicting mounted Lydian warriors on slab of marble from a tomb.
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2681:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 776.
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ever built", with a diameter of 360 meters and a height of 61 meters.
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Agoranomia: Studies in Money and Exchange Presented to John H. Kroll
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was moreso an important site for Lydia because it was situated near
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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for one century, and to facilitate this he re-founded the city of
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Alyattes started his reign by continuing the hostilities with the
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267:. He died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son
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2501:(2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.).
1961:"The Western Expansion of the Median 'Empire': A Re-Examination"
1507:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications"
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XV no. 1241 (3 January 2012). Auctioned in 2013 for CHF 25000. (
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Polemos: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research on War and Peace
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2004:. First U.S. Edition: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 182.
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1773:
1067:
technique and stamped with a lion's head, the symbol of the
677:, would ritually take on the role of wolf- or dog-warriors.
1083:
Section of the tomb of Alyattes. It is "one of the largest
1079:
925:
905:
626:
464:. In 637 BCE, during the seventh regnal year of Ardys, the
275:
2236:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 12.
1632:
1603:
2089:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
1911:
1172:
from the 8th century B.C., such as the tomb of Alyattes.
1063:= 168 grains of wheat). The coins were produced using an
935:
Lydia's borders under the reign of Alyattes's son Croesus
360:), meaning "lion", to which was added an abstract suffix
1785:
1713:
565:, thus combining Lydian and Ionian artistic traditions.
384:
Electrum trite, Alyattes, Lydia, 610-560 BC. (inscribed
1443:
Wallace, “KUKALIṂ”, pl. 1, 1–4 = Weidauer Group XVIII,
630:
An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors
1797:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1156:
were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the
764:
758:
499:
400:(1975) who estimated c.687–c.652 BC for the reign of
2712:
2349:(1975) . Burn, A. R.; de Sélincourt, Aubrey (eds.).
1434:
670:
361:
347:
341:
323:
223:
164:
1979:: S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria. pp. 1–12.
1615:
1107:Alyattes' tomb still exists on the plateau between
1059:symbolism). He standardised the weight of coins (1
479:, under their king Kobos, and in alliance with the
2453:
2430:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland);
1733:
1505:
1267:
1055:); she was also likely the mother of Croesus (see
282:(and his successor Croesus was the first to issue
879:
243:; reigned c. 635-585 BC), sometimes described as
2778:
2597:
2109:Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia
1905:
1043:He created the first coins in history made from
452:. In 644 BCE, the Cimmerians, led by their king
1973:Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia
638:approval and in alliance with the Lydians, the
2555:(1991). "The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia". In
621:
2273:(Fourth ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
2203:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1384:"Summary of Herodotus | First Floor Tarpley"
367:
353:
333:
216:
154:
2230:Bénisti, Mireille; K, Thanikaimony (2003).
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1424:, American Numismatic Society (2006) 37–49.
2448:
2404:
2261:
1803:
1779:
1662:Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars
1484:
1472:
1460:
1152:Some authors have suggested that Buddhist
529:, and which was cured after he heeded the
274:Alyattes was the first monarch who issued
2497:
2345:
2287:
1955:
1893:
1861:
1791:
1719:
1609:
1503:
1490:
1416:is inscribed on some of the coins of the
1370:
456:, attacked Lydia for the third time. The
46:Coin of Alyattes. Circa 620/10-564/53 BC.
2667:
2321:
2229:
2198:On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of
2149:
1809:
1731:
1704:
1659:
1545:
1512:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1258:
1256:
1098:
1090:
1078:
943:
939:
930:
780:
625:
379:
2551:
2055:
1647:
663:claim finally defeated the Cimmerians.
592:
298:The most likely etymology for the name
14:
2779:
2143:
2105:
1999:
1917:
1822:
1570:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1262:
580:
544:
2132:
2082:
2002:Sapiens: a Brief History of Humankind
1253:
2367:
2207:History of Indian and Indonesian art
2037:from the original on 22 January 2010
1626:
1324:
853:, who had already been conquered by
711:
368:
304:derives it, via a form with initial
2233:Stylistics of Buddhist art in India
2181:
1843:from the original on 9 October 2022
1591:from the original on 9 October 2022
1307:
1115:to the north of the Lydian capital
960:, who identified Alyattes with the
729:, and in the Phrygian Highlands at
24:
2464:Review of the History of Religions
2024:
1993:
1670:University of North Carolina Press
1364:
500:Initial relations with the Ionians
471:tribe who had migrated across the
25:
2818:
2688:
2460:Revue de l'histoire des religions
2371:(1988). "The Eastern Greeks". In
708:, where rich mines were located.
430:
2655:
2204:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972).
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
40:
27:King of Lydia (c.635 - c.585 BC)
2802:7th-century BC monarchs in Asia
2797:6th-century BC monarchs in Asia
2713:
2416:The Cimmerians in the Near East
2411:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient
2218:
2192:
2182:Rao, P. R. Ramachandra (2002).
2166:
2155:
2126:
2099:
2076:
2049:
2018:
1949:
1918:Leloux, Kevin (December 2016).
1855:
1725:
1698:
1686:
1653:
1478:
1466:
1184:Alyattes tumulus reconstitution
1095:Tomb of Alyattes, 19th century.
165:
2531:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1963:. In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.;
1504:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978).
1454:
1433:Interpreted as the given name
1427:
1406:
1397:
1376:
1238:Weidauer Group XVII, 108 var.
1232:
880:Later wars against the Ionians
13:
1:
2757:
2623:The Cambridge Ancient History
2573:The Cambridge Ancient History
2381:The Cambridge Ancient History
2297:The Cambridge History of Iran
1752:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527
1225:
692:. Alyattes installed his son
375:
247:, was the fourth king of the
63:
2605:(1991). "The Scythians". In
2331:. Rutgers University Press.
1906:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1435:
765:
759:
440:, a nomadic people from the
362:
348:
342:
324:
319:), itself originally from a
315:
300:
239:
224:
7:
2621:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2571:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
2106:Taylor, Richard P. (2000).
2056:Mundall, Robert A. (2002).
2000:Harari, Yuval Noah (2015).
1920:"The Battle of the Eclipse"
1666:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
1449:Classical Numismatics Group
1269:"Notes on Two Lydian Texts"
1248:Classical Numismatics Group
987:occurred in 585 BCE during
622:Wars against the Cimmerians
10:
2823:
2631:Cambridge University Press
2581:Cambridge University Press
2432:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
2389:Cambridge University Press
2305:Cambridge University Press
2254:
1660:Mikalson, John D. (2003).
671:
657:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
354:
334:
309:
233:
217:
155:
2765:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2710:
2353:. London: Penguin Books.
2328:The Empire of the Steppes
2112:. ABC-CLIO. p. 381.
2062:Columbia Academic Commons
1286:10.1515/kadm.1996.35.1.49
1220:Alyattes tomb inner vault
1007:with Alyattes's daughter
196:
186:
174:
148:
128:
112:
100:
96:
86:
76:
59:
51:
39:
34:
2700:22 December 2012 at the
2083:Ratte, Philippe (1993).
1732:Phillips, E. D. (1972).
1343:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008
1325:Dale, Alexander (2015).
1208:Alyattes tomb passageway
1023:
716:Alyattes turned towards
263:, and great-grandson of
2678:Encyclopædia Britannica
1693:Tractatus de mulieribus
1103:Tomb of Alyattes today.
1074:
753:to include the city of
587:Tractatus de mulieribus
408:) and 547/546 (fall of
293:
2507:New Haven, Connecticut
2085:"The Tomb of Atyattes"
2058:"The birth of coinage"
2031:A History of the World
2027:"Gold Coin of Croesus"
1823:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1571:Leloux, Kevin (2018).
1485:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1473:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1461:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1264:Browne, Gerald Michael
1196:Alyattes tomb entrance
1150:
1104:
1096:
1088:
953:
936:
786:
631:
389:
2535:Yale University Press
2476:10.3406/rhr.1993.1478
1139:
1102:
1094:
1082:
947:
940:War against the Medes
934:
855:Neo-Babylonian Empire
784:
629:
383:
119:Plain of Sardis (now
2633:. pp. 547–590.
2583:. pp. 619–665.
2391:. pp. 196–221.
2291:(1985). "Media". In
2136:Rude Stone Monuments
1832:(PhD). Vol. 2.
1580:(PhD). Vol. 1.
1137:described the tomb:
593:Relations with Caria
2599:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
2537:. p. 146-153.
2271:A History of Greece
1867:"Alyattes of Lydia"
1834:University of Liège
1672:. p. 115-116.
1582:University of Liège
581:Lyde of Lydia story
545:Offerings to Delphi
2307:. pp. 94–95.
2133:Fergusson, James.
1896:, p. 125-126.
1650:, p. 643-655.
1418:Artemision deposit
1105:
1097:
1089:
954:
937:
787:
632:
390:
2775:
2774:
2766:Succeeded by
2704:by Jona Lendering
2695:Alyattes of Lydia
2640:978-1-139-05429-4
2615:Hammond, N. G. L.
2611:Edwards, I. E. S.
2590:978-1-139-05429-4
2565:Hammond, N. G. L.
2561:Edwards, I. E. S.
2544:978-1-588-39205-3
2499:Ivantchik, Askold
2450:Ivantchik, Askold
2441:978-3-727-80876-0
2406:Ivantchik, Askold
2398:978-0-521-23447-4
2377:Hammond, N. G. L.
2314:978-0-521-20091-2
2293:Gershevitch, Ilya
2139:. pp. 31–32.
2011:978-0-06-231609-7
1986:978-9-990-93968-2
1969:Rollinger, Robert
1957:Rollinger, Robert
1782:, p. 95-125.
1740:World Archaeology
1679:978-0-807-82798-7
1018:Achaemenid Empire
993:Nebuchadnezzar II
712:Eastern conquests
642:under their king
473:Thracian Bosporus
206:
205:
170:
16:(Redirected from
2814:
2762:
2759:
2742:Preceded by
2732:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2682:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2644:
2594:
2548:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2457:
2445:
2421:
2402:
2364:
2342:
2318:
2289:Diakonoff, I. M.
2284:
2248:
2247:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:10.7916/D8Q531TK
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2025:Dowler, Amelia.
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1612:, p. 94-55.
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1509:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1463:, pp. 82–83
1458:
1452:
1439:, equivalent to
1438:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1322:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1271:
1260:
1251:
1236:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1148:
948:The Median king
898:John Manuel Cook
768:
762:
674:
673:
563:Glaucus of Chios
444:who had invaded
371:
370:
365:
359:
358:
351:
345:
339:
338:
336:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
327:
318:
312:
311:
303:
242:
237:
227:
222:
221:
219:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
168:
167:
162:
160:
159:
158:
157:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤𐤯𐤤𐤮
72:
68:
65:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2807:Mermnad dynasty
2777:
2776:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2702:Wayback Machine
2691:
2686:
2671:, ed. (1911). "
2656:
2654:
2641:
2625:. Vol. 3.
2591:
2575:. Vol. 3.
2545:
2488:
2486:
2442:
2426:, Switzerland;
2419:
2399:
2383:. Vol. 3.
2361:
2339:
2315:
2299:. Vol. 2.
2281:
2267:Meiggs, Russell
2257:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2223:
2219:
2197:
2193:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2081:
2077:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:Lendering, Jona
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1829:
1821:
1810:
1804:Ivantchik 1993b
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:Ivantchik 1993a
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1569:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1502:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1432:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1323:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1261:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1149:
1147:Herodotus 1-93.
1146:
1077:
1026:
942:
882:
714:
624:
595:
583:
547:
502:
442:Eurasian Steppe
433:
414:Cyrus the Great
378:
330:Lydian alphabet
296:
249:Mermnad dynasty
213:Lydian language
181:Mermnad dynasty
161:
156:
141:
137:
124:
117:
105:
70:
66:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Kings of Lydia
2789:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:Regnal titles
2734:
2733:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2690:
2689:External links
2687:
2685:
2684:
2669:Chisholm, Hugh
2646:
2645:
2639:
2619:Sollberger, E.
2607:Boardman, John
2595:
2589:
2569:Sollberger, E.
2557:Boardman, John
2549:
2543:
2527:United Kingdom
2495:
2470:(3): 305–330.
2446:
2440:
2397:
2373:Boardman, John
2365:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2323:Grousset, René
2319:
2313:
2285:
2279:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2226:Gisbert Combaz
2224:Commenting on
2217:
2191:
2165:
2162:Herodotus 1-93
2154:
2142:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2075:
2048:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1948:
1930:(2). Polemos.
1910:
1908:, p. 567.
1898:
1894:Diakonoff 1985
1883:
1854:
1808:
1796:
1794:, p. 151.
1792:Ivantchik 2006
1784:
1772:
1746:(2): 129–138.
1724:
1722:, p. 126.
1720:Diakonoff 1985
1712:
1697:
1685:
1678:
1652:
1631:
1629:, p. 197.
1614:
1610:Diakonoff 1985
1602:
1544:
1524:10.2307/599752
1518:(4): 400–409.
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1426:
1405:
1396:
1375:
1371:Herodotus 1975
1363:
1306:
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1073:
1025:
1022:
958:Igor Diakonoff
941:
938:
881:
878:
739:Afyonkarahisar
713:
710:
623:
620:
594:
591:
582:
579:
546:
543:
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432:
431:Life and reign
429:
398:Russell Meiggs
377:
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259:, grandson of
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2798:
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2790:
2788:
2787:585 BC deaths
2785:
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2755:
2754:
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2709:
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2664:public domain
2653:
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2642:
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2628:
2624:
2620:
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2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Taylor, T. F.
2600:
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2566:
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2554:
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2519:United States
2516:
2515:New York City
2512:
2511:United States
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:(in French).
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:0-14-051260-8
2356:
2352:
2351:The Histories
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:0-8135-1304-9
2334:
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2329:
2324:
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2280:0-333-15492-4
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2243:9788173052415
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2158:
2152:, p. 776
2151:
2150:Chisholm 1911
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2119:9780874369397
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2102:
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2059:
2052:
2036:
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2028:
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2013:
2007:
2003:
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1988:
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1978:
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1965:Roaf, Michael
1962:
1958:
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1937:
1933:
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1914:
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1757:
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1487:, p. 502
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 501
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973:Pontic Steppe
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230:Ancient Greek
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2649:Attribution:
2648:
2647:
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2572:
2502:
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2467:
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2030:
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1927:
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1870:
1857:
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1825:
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1743:
1739:
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1648:Mellink 1991
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1573:
1535:. Retrieved
1515:
1511:
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1444:
1440:
1429:
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1378:
1373:, p. 46
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1334:
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1297:. Retrieved
1280:(1): 49–52.
1277:
1273:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1162:Indus valley
1151:
1140:
1133:
1113:river Hermus
1106:
1049:Hermodike II
1042:
1027:
955:
903:
887:
883:
871:
861:region, the
788:
747:Kerkenes Daǧ
715:
679:
669:
665:
633:
596:
584:
567:
548:
536:
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475:and invaded
446:Western Asia
434:
425:Neo-Assyrian
422:
391:
385:
340:). The name
297:
278:, made from
273:
244:
208:
207:
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2553:Mellink, M.
2434:(Germany).
2369:Cook, J. M.
2263:Bury, J. B.
1936:2268/207259
1389:16 November
1356:10 November
1337:: 151–166.
1125:sarcophagus
1121:Spiegelthal
1109:Lake Gygaea
1013:Halys River
843:Pamphylians
763:(king) and
751:Halys River
698:Adramyttium
686:Adramyttium
616:Aphrodisias
553:of the god
515:Thrasybulus
77:Predecessor
2781:Categories
2761: 635
2210:. p.
2095:(1): 1–12.
1765:5 November
1707:, p.
1595:5 December
1537:25 October
1299:9 November
1226:References
1131:of stone.
977:Azerbaijan
914:Teichiussa
894:Clazomenae
804:Mariandyni
735:Hacıtuğrul
731:Midas City
481:Cimmerians
438:Cimmerians
406:Cimmerians
394:J. B. Bury
376:Chronology
356:𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤
284:gold coins
245:Alyattes I
69: – c.
67: 635
2763:–585 BCE
2745:Sadyattes
2627:Cambridge
2577:Cambridge
2452:(1993b).
2428:Göttingen
2408:(1993a).
2385:Cambridge
2347:Herodotus
2301:Cambridge
2269:(1975) .
2185:Amaravati
2041:6 January
1627:Cook 1988
1412:The name
1351:165043567
1294:162312829
1170:Phoenicia
1135:Herodotus
1069:Mermnadae
1065:anvil die
1038:crepidoma
997:Syennesis
916:, Melie,
851:Cilicians
823:Thracians
796:Phrygians
760:lawagetai
727:Dascylium
682:Antandrus
661:Polyaenus
640:Scythians
571:Periander
523:Herodotus
519:Naucratis
493:Sadyattes
316:Waluáttēs
310:Ϝαλυάττης
257:Sadyattes
191:Sadyattes
143:Pantaleon
87:Successor
81:Sadyattes
2751:King of
2714:Walweteś
2698:Archived
2673:Alyattes
2489:26 April
2484:23671794
2424:Fribourg
2379:(eds.).
2325:(1970).
2035:Archived
1971:(eds.).
1959:(2003).
1941:30 April
1865:(2003).
1838:Archived
1586:Archived
1266:(1996).
1145:—
1111:and the
1057:croeseid
1053:Pactolus
1045:electrum
1034:Bin Tepe
1005:Astyages
989:a battle
981:Cyaxares
962:Biblical
950:Cyaxares
918:Erythrae
890:Colophon
839:Aeolians
808:Chalybes
775:Assyrian
766:wanaktei
702:Atarneus
636:Assyrian
508:city of
483:and the
477:Anatolia
466:Thracian
454:Lygdamis
363:-at(t)a-
343:Walweteś
325:Walweteś
301:Aluáttēs
288:currency
280:electrum
240:Aluáttēs
235:Ἀλυάττης
225:Walweteś
209:Alyattes
166:Walweteś
121:Bin Tepe
52:King of
35:Alyattes
2769:Croesus
2731:585 BCE
2723:dynasty
2721:Mermnad
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2466:].
2295:(ed.).
2255:Sources
2174:Eritrea
2033:. BBC.
1160:to the
1030:Croesus
1009:Aryenis
1001:Cilicia
922:Phocaea
910:Lebedus
847:Lycians
835:Dorians
831:Ionians
827:Carians
820:Bithyni
800:Mysians
792:Lydians
771:Hittite
723:Gordion
718:Phrygia
694:Croesus
599:Carians
575:Corinth
539:Ephesus
527:Assesos
513:tyrant
510:Miletus
485:Lycians
458:Lydians
418:Croesus
369:𐤠𐤯𐤠-
306:digamma
269:Croesus
176:Dynasty
139:Croesus
135:Aryenis
116:585 BCE
104:585 BCE
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1331:Kadmos
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1274:Kadmos
1244:WALWEL
1240:Triton
1168:or in
1154:stupas
1129:phalli
1117:Sardis
1085:tumuli
1061:stater
867:Cyprus
865:, and
863:Levant
859:Aegean
841:, and
755:Pteria
741:, and
706:Astyra
690:Aeolis
672:kóryos
653:Strabo
644:Madyes
612:Pedasa
603:Mylasa
559:Delphi
555:Apollo
551:oracle
531:Pythia
506:Ionian
489:Sardis
469:Treres
410:Sardis
386:KUKALI
321:Lydian
197:Mother
187:Father
150:Lydian
113:Burial
107:Sardis
2753:Lydia
2729:Died:
2480:JSTOR
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2420:(PDF)
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2200:Amrit
2178:Lydia
1977:Padua
1876:7 May
1847:1 May
1841:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1756:JSTOR
1589:(PDF)
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1528:JSTOR
1441:Gyges
1436:Kukaś
1347:S2CID
1290:S2CID
1166:Lydia
1024:Death
969:Medes
874:Caria
816:Thyni
743:Konya
649:Medes
608:Caria
462:Ardys
450:Gyges
402:Gyges
349:walwe
276:coins
265:Gyges
261:Ardys
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130:Issue
60:Reign
54:Lydia
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1943:2019
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